M130592 Anatomy & Terminology Module

Anatomy and Terminology Module
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Preface
This document is designed as a tool for all Covidien employees. Our goal is to provide the user with
information on medical terminology, human anatomy and surgical procedures as they apply to
Covidien products.
Acknowledgements
Molly Borman BioMedical Illustrations and Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. images are used with permission.
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Section 1: Word Construction

Most medical terms can be broken down into two or more components or word elements. This
guide teaches you how to use this fact to your advantage, providing you with a basic approach for
understanding unfamiliar medical terms. To define an unfamiliar term, you will simply:
1. Identify its word elements
2. Analyze the meaning of each word element
3. Put the meanings of all the word elements together to define the word as a whole
In order to use this approach, you will need to be familiar with the three basic types of word elements:
root words, suffixes and prefixes.
Root Words
The central meaning of a term is conveyed by a word element called the root word. It is the foundation
to which other word elements are added to build a complete, meaningful word. All terms have at least
one root word.
When being connected to other word elements, root words are converted into combining forms. A
combining form is a root word to which a combining vowel has been added in order to link the root
to a second root word or to a suffix. The most common combining vowel is o. Combining forms are
typically represented by the root word, followed by a slash (/), followed by the combining vowel.
In medical terminology, root words (and their associated combining forms) usually refer to anatomic
structures or physiological concepts. Memorizing just a few will enable you to understand a wide
variety of medical terms.
2014 Covidien. M130592 2014/03
Root Word and Combining Forms
Meaning
anter/o
front
arthr/o
joint
bil/o
bile, gall
carcin/o
cancer
cardi/o
heart
chol/e
bile, gall
col/o
colon, intestine
cysto/o
urinary bladder
duoden/o
duodenum
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
gyn/o
woman, female
hepat/o
liver
hyster/o
uterus
ile/o
ileum
jejun/o
jejunum
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
muscul/o
muscle
nas/o
nose
nephr/o
kidney
neur/o
nerves
oophor/o
ovaries
ovari/o
ovaries
pancreat/o
pancreas
peritone/o
peritoneum
pharyng/o
pharynx
proct/o
anus
pulmon/o
lungs
rect/o
rectum
respir/o
respiration
salping/o
fallopian tube
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
ur/o
urine
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
uter/o
uterus
vagin/o
vagina
ven/o
vein
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Suffixes
A suffix is a word element added after a root word to modify the basic meaning of the word.
Suffix
Meaning
-ectomy
surgical removal
-edema
swelling
-esis
condition
-gram
record
-graphy
recording
-itis
inflammation
-lysis
dissolution
-ology
study of
-oma
tumor, growth
-ostomy
surgical opening
-otomy
surgical incision
-pathy
disease
-plasty
surgical repair
-sclerosis
hardening
-scopy
visual exam
-stenosis
narrowing
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Prefixes
A prefix is a word element added before one or more root words to modify the basic meaning of the
root(s) and create a new word.
Prefix
Meaning
ante-
before, forward
anti-
against
bi-
two
brady-
slow
contra-
against, opposite side
di-
two
electro-
electrical
endo-
inside, within
hemi-
one-half
hyper-
excessive
hypo-
too little
inter-
between, among
intra-
within, inside
ipsi-
same, same side
laparo-
abdomen
macro-
large
micro-
small
para-
beside, beyond
peri-
surrounding
post-
after
pre-
before
pro-
before, in front of
pseudo-
false
quadri-
four
retro-
backward
semi-
one-half
sub-
under, beneath
supra-
over, above
tachy-
fast
trans-
across, through
tri-
three
uni-
one
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Word-Building Exercises
Break each of the following terms into its word elements. As in the examples below, draw a slash
between the letters to indicate where you think the word should be divided. Then write the definition
for the term.
Word
First Word Definition
Second Word Definition
Definition
cardi / ology
cardi = heart
ology = study of
study of the heart
vascu / litis
vascu = blood vessels
itis = inflammation
inflammation of blood vessels
bradycardia
cardiovascular
nephritis
arthroscopy
retroperitoneal
transurethral
peri-anal
transabdominal
colectomy
arthritis
mammoplasty
laparoscopy
peritonitis
ileostomy
hypothermic
postoperative
cholecystitis
gastrotomy
hyperthermic
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Using Suffixes in Word Building

Use the suffixes you have learned to build medical terms describing the following surgical procedures
Medical Term
Definition
1.
Surgical removal of the spleen
2.
Surgical removal of the gall bladder
3.
Surgical repair of a joint
4.
Creation of an opening in the stomach
5.
Surgical removal of all of the stomach
6.
Visualization of the abdomen using a scope/camera
7.
Surgical repair of the breast or breasts
8.
Inflammation of the peritoneum
9.
Surgical removal of the urinary bladder
10.
Freeing up or separating of tissue from surrounding structures or organs
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Section 2: Position and Direction
Direction
anterior
ascending
axillary
descending
distal
Positioned toward the front

Having an upward course
Commonly referred to as the underarm
Having a downward course
Farthest from the point of reference
inferior
Situated below; in reference to the lower surface or portion of an

organ or structure
lateral
Toward the side, farthest from the middle or median
medial
Toward the middle
posterior
Positioned toward the back
proximal
Closest to the point of reference
superior
Situated above, in reference to the upper surface or portion of an

organ or structure
transverse
Having a lateral course; a feature or organ that proceeds across
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Position
lateral position
lithotomy
prone
Patient lying on side

(left or right)
Patient on back with legs up

in stirrups, with head tilted
down slightly
Patient lying on front,

face down
reverse Trendelenburg
Patient on back with feet

tilted down and head slightly
elevated
supine
Patient lying on back, face up
Trendelenburg
Patient on back with head

tilted down and feet slightly
elevated
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Self-Test
1. If a surgeon refers to something as having a lateral course, or a feature or organ that proceeds
across, they are referring to which term?
a. transverse
b. ascending
c. descending
2. If a clinician refers to something being situated below a particular structure, it is _________.
a. anterior
b. posterior
c. inferior
3. A patient in the prone position would be lying on his/her_________.
a. back
b. side
c. front
4. If the point of origin is the duodenum, the ileum is _________ in relationship.
a. distal
b. proximal
c. superior
d. medial
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Task: You are describing the location of particular organs or structures to a colleague. Use the X as
the point of origin in describing the location of the subject organ/structure; e.g., anterior, posterior,
superior, etc.
A. ___________________________________
B. ___________________________________
C. ___________________________________
D. ___________________________________
E. ___________________________________
F. _ __________________________________
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Correctly label the following patient positions
1.
_________________________________
2.
_________________________________
3.
_________________________________
4.
_________________________________
5.
_________________________________
6.
_________________________________
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Notes
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Section 3: Abdominal Anatomy
antrum
appendix
ascending colon
cecum
colon
descending colon
Distal section of the stomach

Supplementary or dependent part attached to a main structure,
located in right lower quadrant
Extending from the cecum to the upper abdominal area, on
patients right
Pouch or cul-de-sac of the ascending colon connected to the
distal small bowel (ileum)
This comprises the main length of the large intestine and is
responsible for water absorption. It is divided into four sections,
lies distal to the cecum, and proximal to the rectum
Extending from the upper to the lower abdominal area, on
patients left
duodenum
Proximal portion of the small bowel; it connects to the distal

stomach
gallbladder
Pear-shaped reservoir for bile; lies just posteriorly to the liver
hemorrhoidal or gonadal vessels
hilum
hiler vessels
ileum
ileocecal valve
ileocecal vessels
I MA (general)
Blood supply to and from the rectum; branch off of the inferior
mesenteric artery and vein
A depression or pit at that part of an organ where the major
vessels and nerves enter
The vessels that enter an organ through the hilum
Distal portion of the small intestine
Located between the ileum and cecum, it controls passage of fluid
waste from the small bowel to the colon
Blood supply to and from the ileum (distal small bowel) and
cecum (proximal colon), branch off of the inferior mesenteric
artery and vein
Inferior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery and vein
Blood supply to and from the left colon, sigmoid colon, and
rectum
jejunum
Small bowel that extends between the duodenum and ileum
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left colic vessels
liver
mesentery
middle colic vessel
Blood supply to and from the left (descending) colon; branch off
of the inferior mesenteric artery and vein
Stores and filters blood; located in right upper quadrant
Membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall and
carrying the blood supply to these organs
Blood supply to and from the transverse colon; branches off of
the superior mesenteric artery and vein
omentum
A peritoneal fold extending from the stomach to adjacent organs

in the abdominal cavity
pancreas
Situated transversely behind the stomach; it produces and

secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream
pylorus
pyloric sphincter
right colic vessels
sigmoid colon
sigmoidal vessels
Junction point between the stomach and the duodenum

A ring of muscles that controls the passage of food from the
stomach into the duodenum
Blood supply to and from the right (ascending) colon; branch off
of the superior mesenteric artery and vein
The S-shaped end of the colon that leads into the rectum
Blood supply to and from the sigmoid colon; branch off of the
inferior artery and vein
small bowel
A coiled 20-foot-long tube that winds from the pyloric sphincter

of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine, filling
much of the abdominal cavity, where the nutrients are removed
from the bowel contents
spleen
Located in the left upper quadrant; it breaks down the red blood
cells and releases the hemoglobin
stomach
Lies between the esophagus and duodenum, stores food, located

in the upper left quadrant
superior mesenteric artery and vein
transverse colon
umbilicus
viscera
Blood supply to and from the right colon, liver, stomach, spleen
and small bowel
Extending from one side of the abdomen to the other
The navel or belly button
General term for contents of the abdomen
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Figure 3.1
Stomach in situ
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Figure 3.2
Arteries of stomach, liver and spleen
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Figure 3.3
Greater Omentum & Abdominal Viscera
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Figure 3.4
Omentum Raised
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Figure 3.5
Mucosa and
musculature of large intestine
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Figure 3.6
Arteries of large intestine
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Figure 3.7
Hepatic portal
vein and tributaries: portocaval anastomoses
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Be able to verbally trace the digestive system from beginning to end, including all structures and
landmarks:
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
cecum
ascending colon
hepatic flexure
transverse colon
splenic flexure
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anus
Figure 3.8

Alimentary canal
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Self-Test
1. The proximal portion of the small bowel is called the __________.
a. ileum
b. duodenum
c. jejunum
d. appendix
2. The appendix comes off of what part of the intestines?
a. ascending colon
b. cecum
c. ileum
d. descending colon
3. Which organ is located in the upper left quadrant and is responsible for disintegrating red blood
cells?
a. kidney
b. liver
c. pancreas
d. spleen
Write the definition for each of the anatomical terms below

Medical Term
Definition
1. ileum
2. liver
3. sigmoid colon
Write the terms for the definitions below

Medical Term
Definition
1.
Inflammation of the colon
2.
Blood supply to and from the left colon, sigmoid and rectum
3.
Surgical removal of the appendix
4.
Surgical creation of an opening between the colon and surface of the abdomen, usually to
allow elimination of bowel content
5.
Surgical repair of the abdomen
6.
Visual examination of the abdomen using a scope/camera
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Section 4: Pelvic Anatomy
Terminology
anus
bladder
cardinal ligament ( )
cervix ( )
fallopian tube ( )
Infundibular Pelvic (IP) vessel
inguinal
The sphincter muscle that regulates the lower digestive tract, just
distal to the rectum.
Sac-like organ in the pelvis that stores urine until excreted
Suspensory ligament for the posterior aspect of the uterus; contains
the uterine artery
Lower part of the uterus leading to the vagina, also referred to as the
neck of the uterus
Transport tube through which the egg travels to the uterus
The ligament that supports and supplies the blood to the fallopian
tube
Pertaining to the groin
ovarian ligament ( )
Attaches the ovaries to the fallopian tubes and upper portion of the
exterior uterus
ovary ( )
Almond-shaped structure responsible for generating the egg in the

female; one on each side of the uterus
perineum
The region between the anus and the external genitalia
prostate ( )
pubis
rectum
A donut-shaped muscular/glandular structure located beneath the

urinary bladder that surrounds the urethra
Pubic bone; the bladder rests upon it
Structure that stores feces and lies between the colon and the anus
round ligament ( )
Suspensory ligament for the anterolateral aspect of the uterus
ureter
Narrow tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
urethra
uterosacral ligament ( )
uterus ( )
Membranous tube that carries urine from the bladder to the external
exit of the body
Fibrous ligament that anchors the posterior uterus to the pelvic wall
A hollow, muscular, pear-shaped structure suspended in the pelvic
cavity by bands of connective tissue called ligaments
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Anatomy
Figure 4.1
Pelvic contents: female
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Figure 4.2
Female pelvic viscera
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Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4
Uterus and adnexa: anterior view
Frontal section
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Figure 4.5

Prostate and seminal vesicles (sagittal section)
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Figure 4.6

Urethra (male): anterior view
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Self-Test
Write the term for the definitions below
Medical Term
Definition
1.
Almond-shaped structure responsible for generating the egg in females
2.
The region between the anus and external genitalia
3.
Pelvic bone; the bladder rests on it
4.
A hollow, pear-shaped structure suspended in the female pelvic cavity
5.
Inflammation of the kidney
6.
7.
Visualization of the ureter using a scope/camera
8.
Referring to the kidney
9.
Transurethral resection of the prostate
1. The structure that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder is called the __________.
a. urethra
b. ureter
c. uterus
d. prostate
2. The structure that acts as a transport tube for the female eggs to travel to the uterus is the
__________.
a. ovary
b. cervix
c. perineum
d. fallopian tube
3. What is the suspensory ligament for the posterior aspect of the uterus that contains the uterine
artery?
a. round ligament
b. cardinal ligament
c. uterosacral ligament
d. ovarian ligament
Write the definition for the terms below.
Medical Term
Definition
1. urethra
2. inguinal
3. hysteroscopy
4. perineum
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Notes
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Section 5: Head and Neck Anatomy and Terminology
Glossary of Terms
jugular
mandible
parotid gland
parotidectomy
sternocleidomastoid muscle
strap muscle
thyroid
thyroidectomy
Large veins that return blood to the heart from the head and
neck
Referring to the jaw
Gland located near the ear, just above the jaw line
Surgical removal of the parotid gland, usually for malignancy
One of two muscles in the neck rising from the clavicle toward
the ear
The muscles on each side of the Adams apple that run from the
collarbone up under the jaw
An endocrine gland in the neck, anterior to and partially
surrounding the thyroid cartilage and upper rings of the trachea
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland
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Anatomy
Figure 5.1
Facial nerve branches and parotid gland
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Figure 5.2
Superficial veins and cutaneous nerves of neck

Figure 5.3

Thyroid gland: anterior view
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Figure 5.4
Head and neck ateries and nerves: anterior view
Gilroy et al., Atlas of Anatomy. All rights reserved.

Thieme 2008, www.thieme.com
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Figure 5.5
Head and neck veins: left lateral view
Gilroy et al., Atlas of Anatomy. All rights reserved.

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Self-Test
1. The generic term for jaw is the __________.
a. torso
b. crucible
c. tactile
d. mandible
2. The gland located just above the jaw near the ear is the __________.
a. tricuspid
b. carotid
c. parotid
d. thyroid
3. If a surgeon is surgically removing the endocrine gland in the neck that surrounds the upper rings
of the trachea, he or she is performing a __________.
a. parotidectomy
b. thyroidectomy
c. septoplexy
4. The muscles that lie on each side of the Adams apple and run from the collarbone up under the
jaw are known as the __________.
a. lat muscles
b. flap muscles
c. strap muscles
5. The term for any of the large vessels that return blood to the heart from the head and neck is
__________.
a. carotid
b. jugular
c. epiploic
d. mesenteric
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Section 6: Other Anatomy
Terminology
abdomen
Lies between the thoracic cavity and pelvic cavity, lined by the
peritoneum
aorta
The main vessel carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart and
lungs to the body
artery
Blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart and
lungs throughout the body
Calots triangle
duct
esophagus
fundus
hemorrhoid
IMA (cardiac)
Area bordered by the cystic duct, common hepatic duct and

lower edge of the liver, referenced during cholecystectomy
A tube or hollow structure
Passageway between pharynx and the stomach
Refers to the upper portion of a hollow organ or structure; e.g.,
stomach or uterus
Swollen veins in the lining of the anus, often causing rectal
bleeding and pain
Internal mammary artery, located on posterior aspect of chest
wall, used to bypass occluded blood vessels in the heart (CABG)
kidney
Filters toxins, waste, and ingested water and minerals from the
blood
larynx
Passageway between the oral cavity and the lungs
lumen
The inside of a tube-shaped structure; e.g., blood vessel
lymph node
Bean-shaped organ that filters and cleanses the clear fluid

transported by the lymphatic vessels
peritoneum
Serous membrane lining the pelvic and abdominal walls
pharynx
sphincter
Passageway for food between the oral cavity and esophagus

A circular shaped muscle that surrounds a natural opening; its
form helps close the opening; e.g., anal sphincter
2014 Covidien. M130592 2014/03
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thorax
vein
vena cava
vessel
Part of the body between the neck and respiratory diaphragm,

encased by the ribs; i.e., the chest
Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body back
to the heart and lungs
Large vein running along the right side of the spine that returns
the deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart and
lungs
Any channel for carrying fluid, such as blood
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Figure 6.1
Kidneys in situ: anterior view
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Figure 6.2

Gross structure of the kidney
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Self-Test
Write the definition for each of the terms below
Anatomy
Definition
larynx
esophagus
sphincter
peritoneum
duct
kidney
artery
vein
lumen
fundus
IMA (general)
1. The term for high blood pressure is ________.

a. extension
b. hypotension
c. hypertension
d. normotension
2. The term intra-abdominal refers to structures ________ the abdomen.
a. outside
b. inside
c. above
d. below
3. All of the following prefixes are used to describe a structures location except ________.
a. endo b. poly c. inter d. sub 5. The suffix -pathy means ________.
a. deficiency
b. disease (any type)
c. tumor (or other type of growth)
d. nourishment or development
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Section 7: Terminology
ablation
Removal of dead or diseased tissue, or the destruction of its

function
abscess
Collection of pus, usually as a result of infection
acute
adhesion
anastomosis
anemic
anomaly
aneurysm
aspirate
avascular
benign
bifurcate
bile
chronic
costal
distended
edema
embolus
endoscope
A condition that has a sudden onset or lasts a short period of

time
A fibrous band or structure by which structures abnormally
adhere or stick together
The joining of two (natural or man-made) tube-shaped
structures; e.g., blood vessels or bowel
A condition marked by a decrease in red blood cells
Deviation from what is accepted as normal
Swelling of a blood vessel at a weakened point in the vessel wall
To withdraw air or fluid, usually by a needle
Refers to tissue having no blood vessels or inadequate blood
supply
Refers to a tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to
other sites
To divide or separate into two parts
The yellow-green secretion of the liver that aids in digestion
Refers to long duration and frequent occurrence
Pertaining to the rib
Being enlarged
Swelling caused by a collection of large amounts of fluid in tissue
A mass of undisolved matter present in a vessel. Emboli may
be solid, gas, or liquid (e.g., air-embolusan air bubble in the
patients vein)
A scope that allows the surgeon to view virtually any structure in
the body
2014 Covidien. M130592 2014/03
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extra-peritoneal
extubate
Outside the peritoneal cavity; e.g., the kidneys lie extraperitoneally (outside the peritoneal cavity on the patients
posterior side)
Removal of a tube; e.g., removal of the endotracheal tube from
the patients mouth/throat
fistula
An abnormal passage from one structure/organ to another or

from one structure/organ to the surface of the body
hematoma
Collection of blood that has escaped from the vessels and

become trapped in the tissue of the skin or in an organ; e.g., a
blood blister or blood clot
in vitro
Biological process performed in the laboratory rather than in the

body
in vivo
Biological process performed in the body
incision
indication
intra-muscular
intravenous
A cut made into body tissue with a surgical scalpel

A sign or reason for prescribing a treatment or medication for
disease
Within the muscle
Refers to the inside of a vein
intubate
Insertion of a tube into any hollow organ, as into the larynx or

trachea (endotracheal tube in patients mouth/throat)
ischemia
Temporary lack of blood supply to an area
lesion
ligation or ligate
lipoma
A pathological change in tissue, an injury, wound or any other

tissue damage
To tie or bind with a ligature; e.g., suture, clips and staplers
(mechanical) or LigaSure and ultrasonics (energy-based)
A benign tumor containing fat
malignant
The process of disease that is severe, progressive and does not

respond to treatment
metastasis
The process by which tumor cells multiply and spread to other

organs
mobilization
To free up from surrounding or attached structures or organs
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morsilate
necrosis
To chew-up or break down into small pieces; e.g., to morsilate

a large structure or organ, enabling it to be removed through a
small incision
The death and breakdown of tissue
occlusion
Blockage, as in an artery
palliative
Term for soothing and/or relieving
palpate
To examine by hand, exerting light pressure with the fingers for

the purpose of feeling or examining
pedicle
A stem-like narrow part of a structure, a narrow strip of flap

tissue through which a structure receives its blood supply
peristalsis
pronate
renal
Involuntary muscular contractions occurring in a tubular

structure or organ; how food is moved through the intestines
The act of turning so as to face down; e.g., turning your hand so
the palm is facing downward
Relating to the kidneys
resection
Surgical removal of a structure or organ
stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of a canal or duct
stoma
stricture
Any opening between two structures or on the surface of a

structure; e.g., the opening between two portions of the intestine
in an anastomosis
Narrowing of a canal, duct or other passage
subcostal
Pertaining to below the rib
supinate
The act of turning so as to face up; e.g., turning your hand so the
palm is facing upward
transection
tumor
Cutting of tissue
An abnormal mass of tissue within the body
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Self-Test
Write the terms for the definitions below
Medical Term
Definition
1.
Being enlarged
2.
Refers to the cutting of tissue
3.
Process by which tumor cells multiply and spread to other organs
4.
Refers to the biological process performed in the body
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to other sites
11.
The joining of two (natural or man-made) tube-shaped structures; e.g., blood vessels or bowel
Write the definitions for the each of the following medical terms
Medical Term
Definition
1. peristalsis
2. aspirate
3. lipoma
4. anemic
5. sub-costal
6. hematoma
7. resection
8. palpate
9. lesion
10. ischemia
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Section 8: Surgical Procedures
abdominal perineal resection
appendectomy
cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of affected colon, rectum and anus.

Indication cancer of the lower rectum
Surgical removal of the gallbladder; if the procedure is performed
through a tube placed into the abdomen, it is called laparoscopic
cholecystectomy
colectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the colon, often to treat patients

with chronic colitis or Crohns disease
colostomy
Surgical creation of an opening between the colon and the

surface of the abdomen, usually to allow elimination of the feces
into a bag attached to the skin
cystectomy
esophagogastrectomy
gastrectomy
gastrotomy
hemorrhoidectomy

Surgical removal of diseased portions of the esophagus and
stomach
Surgical removal of the stomach
Creating a hole in the wall of the stomach
Surgical removal of hemorrhoids
hysterectomy ( )
Surgical removal of the uterus; surgery may be trans-abdominal

(TAH) or vaginal (TVH)
laparoscopy
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope
low anterior resection
mammoplasty ( )
mastectomy ( )
nephrectomy
Nissen fundoplication
Surgical removal of affected distal colon and portion of proximal

rectum.
Indication cancer
Surgical reconstruction of one or both breasts (bilateral)
Surgical removal of the breast
Surgical removal of the kidney
Surgical wrapping of the stomach around the esophagus and
suturing it to itself, usually to prevent gastric reflux
2014 Covidien. M130592 2014/03
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oophorectomy ( )
orchiectomy ( )
Surgical removal of one or both ovaries; if both ovaries are

removed, the procedure is called a bilateral oophorectomy
Surgical removal of one or both testes
prostatectomy ( )
Surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland
radical cystectomy
( ) Resection of the urinary bladder, distal ureters, pelvic lymph
nodes, and prostate
( ) Resection of the urinary bladder, distal ureters, urethra,
uterus, cervix, proximal third of the vagina
radical hysterectomy ( )
radical mastectomy ( )
salpingectomy ( )
sigmoidectomy
splenectomy
transplantation
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

(TURP) ( )
Whipple procedure
Surgical removal of uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and all

recognizable lymph nodes
Resection of the breast and axillary lymph nodes
Surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes
Surgical removal of the sigmoid colon
Indication cancer
Surgical implantation of an organ or structure from a compatible
donor into a recipient
Surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland by placing
a special prostatectomy endoscope (resectoscope) through the
urethra and removing pieces of the prostate gland through this
tube
Resection of the head of the pancreas, the entire duodenum,
portion of the jejunum, distal third of the stomach and lower
half of the common bile duct with reestablishment of biliary,
pancreatic and gastrointestinal tract systems
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Self-Test
Procedure
Definition (include all structures being removed)
1. laparoscopy
2. low anterior resection
3.
Visualization of the sigmoid colon using a scope
4.
Surgical wrapping of the stomach around the esophagus and suturing it to itself, usually for
gastric reflux
5. cystectomy
6. hemicolectomy
7. lap-cholecystectomy
8.
Abdominal approach to resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
9.
10. splenectomy
11. mastectomy
12.
Resection of the affected colon, rectum and anus
13.
Resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and all recognizable lymph nodes
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Section 9: Medical Conditions
cirrhosis
colitis
Crohns disease
cystitis
diverticulosis
endometriosis
gastritis
gastroenteritis
hemorrhoid
hepatitis
hernia
nephritis
nephroma
pancreatitis
peritonitis
prolapse
Chronic liver disease characterized by the destruction of liver cells,

eventually leads to impaired liver function and jaundice
Inflammation of the colon or large intestine, usually due to infection
Type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, usually affects the
distal ileum, but may affect any part of the GI tract from the lips to
the anus
Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually due to infection
Condition characterized by the presence of diverticula (abnormal
outpouchings of the intestinal wall); if the diverticula are inflamed,
the condition is called diverticulitis
When fragments of the lining of the uterus migrate out through
the fallopian tubes into the pelvis, becoming implanted in the
peritoneum and causing severe pain
Inflammation of the stomach, usually due to irritation, infection or
stress
Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine, usually due to
irritation or infection
Swollen, varicosed veins that protrude from the rectum and/or
anorectal canal; may be internal or external
Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by viral infection; the
infection is generally transmitted through blood products or sexual
contact
The protrusion of an organ or structure through weakened
abdominal tissue or membrane
Inflammation of the kidney, usually due to infection
Tumor arising from kidney tissue
Inflammation of the pancreas, often resulting in damage to the tissue
by digestive enzymes
Inflammation of the peritoneum, usually due to infection
Slipping of the uterus or rectum from its usual position, usually due
to stretching of the supportive ligaments
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Self-Test
1. Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually due to infection, is called _________.
a. prolapse
b. hepatitis
c. cystitis
2. A tumor rising from the kidney is called a _________.
a. nephritis
b. nephroma
c. nephrotomy
3. Inflammation of the colon or large intestine, usually due to infection, is called _________.
a. colitis
b. colectomy
c. colpotomy
d. Crohns disease
4. A slipping of the uterus from its usual position due to a stretching of the supportive ligaments is
known as _________.
a. hernia
b. prolapse
c. pronate
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appendix a: answer Key to Self-Tests

Section 1: Word Construction
Word
First Word Definition
Second Word Definition
Definition
cardi / ology
cardi = heart
ology = study of
study of the heart
vascu / litis
vascu = blood vessels
itis = inflammation
inflammation of blood vessels
bradycardia
brady = slow
cardia = heart
slow heart rate
cardiovascular
cardio = heart
vascular = blood
blood supply to the heart
nephritis
nephr = kidney
itis = inflamation
inflammation of the kidney
arthroscopy
arthro = joint
oscopy = viewing of
viewing of the joint
retroperitoneal
retro = behind
peritoneal = peritoneum
behind the peritoneum
transurethral
trans = through
urethral = urethra
through the urethra
peri-anal
peri = around
anal = anus
around the anus
transabdominal
trans = through
abdominal = abdomen
through the abdomen
colectomy
col = colon
ectomy = removal of
removal of the colon
arthritis
arthr = joint
itis = inflammation
inflammation of the joint
mammoplasty
mamm = breast
plasty = repair of
surgical repair of the breast
laparoscopy
laparo = abdomen
scopy = viewing of
viewing of the abdomen
peritonitis
periton(e) = peritoneum
itis = inflammation
inflammation of the peritoneum
ileostomy
ile = ileum
ostomy = an opening
an opening in the ileum
hypothermic
hypo = too little
thermic = temperature
below normal temperature
postoperative
post = after
operative = surgery
after surgery
cholecystitis
cholecyst = gall bladder
itis = inflammation
inflammation of the gall bladder
gastrotomy
gastr = stomach
otomy = incision
surgical incision into the stomach
hyperthermic
hyper = too high
thermic = temperature
above normal temperature
Medical Term
Definition
1. splenectomy
2. cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gall bladder
3. arthroplasty
Surgical repair of a joint
4. gastrotomy
Creation of an opening in the stomach
5. gastrectomy
Surgical removal of all of the stomach
6. laparoscopy
Visualization of the abdomen using a scope/camera
7. mammoplasty
Surgical repair of the breast or breasts
8. peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
9. cystectomy
10. mobilization
Freeing up or separating of tissue from surrounding structures or organs
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Section 2: Position and Direction

1. If a surgeon refers to something as having a lateral course, or a feature or organ that proceeds
across, they are referring to which term?
a. transverse
b. ascending
c. descending
2. If a clinician refers to something being situated below a particular structure, it is _________.
a. anterior
b. posterior
c. inferior
3. A patient in the prone position would be lying on his/her_________.
a. back
b. side
c. front
4. If the point of origin is the duodenum, the ileum is _________ in relationship.
a. distal
b. proximal
c. superior
d. medial
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A. superior
B. posterior
C. inferior
D. anterior
E. medial
F. lateral
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1.
lateral
2.
lithotomy
3.
reverse Trendelenberg
4.
supine
5.
Trendelenberg
6.
prone
2014 Covidien. M130592 2014/03
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Section 3: Abdominal Anatomy

1. The proximal portion of the small bowel is called the __________.
a. ileum
b. duodenum
c. jejunum
d. appendix
2. The appendix comes off of what part of the intestines?
a. ascending colon
b. cecum
c. ileum
d. descending colon
3. Which organ is located in the upper left quadrant and is responsible for disintegrating red blood
cells?
a. kidney
b. liver
c. pancreas
d. spleen
Medical Term
Definition
1. ileum
the distal portion of the small intestine
2. liver
stores and filters blood, located in the upper right quadrant
3. sigmoid colon
the S-shaped end of the colon that leads to the rectum
Medical Term
Definition
1. colitis
Inflammation of the colon
2. inferior mesenteric artery
Blood supply to and from the left colon, sigmoid, and rectum
3. appendectomy
4. colostomy
Surgical creation of an opening between the colon and surface of the abdomen, usually to
allow elimination of bowel content
5. abdominoplasty
Surgical repair of the abdomen
6. laparoscopy
Visual examination of the abdomen using a scope/camera
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Section 4: Pelvic Anatomy

Medical Term
Definition
1. ovaries
Almond-shaped structure responsible for generating the egg in females
2. perineum
The region between the anus and external genitalia
3. pubis
Pelvic bone; the bladder rests on it
4. uterus
A hollow, pear-shaped structure suspended in the female pelvic cavity
5. nephritis
Inflammation of the kidney
6. cystectomy
7. ureteroscopy
Visualization of the ureter using a scope/camera
8. renal
Referring to the kidney
9. TURP
Transurethral resection of the prostate
1. The structure that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder is called the __________.
a. urethra
b. ureter
c. uterus
d. prostate
2. The structure that acts as a transport tube for the female eggs to travel to the uterus is the
__________.
a. ovary
b. cervix
c. perineum
d. fallopian tube
3. What is the suspensory ligament for the posterior aspect of the uterus that contains the uterine
artery?
a. round ligament
b. cardinal ligament
c. uterosacral ligament
d. ovarian ligament
Medical Term
Definition
1. urethra
membranous tube that carries urine from the bladder to the external exit
of the body
2. inguinal
pertains to the groin
3. hysteroscopy
visualization of the uterus using a scope/camera
4. perineum
the region located between the anus and the external genitalia
2014 Covidien. M130592 2014/03
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Section 5: Head and Neck Anatomy and Terminology

1. The generic term for jaw is the __________.
a. torso
b. crucible
c. tactile
d. mandible
2. The gland located just above the jaw near the ear is the __________.
a. tricuspid
b. carotid
c. parotid
d. thyroid
3. If a surgeon is surgically removing the endocrine gland in the neck that surrounds the upper rings
of the trachea, he or she is performing a __________.
a. parotidectomy
b. thyroidectomy
c. septoplexy
4. The muscles that lie on each side of the Adams apple and run from the collar bone up under the
jaw are known as the __________.
a. lat muscles
b. flap muscles
c. strap muscles
5. The term for any of the large vessels that return blood to the heart from the head and neck is
__________.
a. carotid
b. jugular
c. epiploic
d. mesenteric
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Section 6: Other Anatomy

Anatomy
Definition
larynx
passageway between the oral cavity and the lungs
esophagus
passageway between the pharynx and the stomach
sphincter
a circular shaped muscle that surrounds a natural opening
peritoneum
serous membrane lining the pelvic and abdominal walls
duct
a tube or hollow structure
kidney
filters toxins, waste, and ingested water and minerals
artery
vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart and lungs to the body
vein
vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart and lungs
lumen
the inside of a tube-shaped structure; e.g., blood vessel
fundus
the upper portion of a hollow structure or organ; e.g., uterus or stomach
IMA (general)
inferior mesenteric artery
1. The term for high blood pressure is ________.

a. extension
b. hypotension
c. hypertension
d. normotension
2. The term intra-abdominal refers to structures ________ the abdomen.
a. outside
b. inside
c. above
d. below
3. All of the following prefixes are used to describe a structures location except ________.
a. endo b. poly c. inter d. sub 5. The suffix -pathy means ________.
a. deficiency
b. disease (any type)
c. tumor (or other type of growth)
d. nourishment or development
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Section 7: Terminology
Medical Term
Definition
1. distended
Being enlarged
2. transection
Refers to the cutting of tissue
3. metastasis
Process by which tumor cells multiply and spread to other organs
4. in vivo
Refers to the biological process performed in the body
5. necrosis
6. stricture
7. abscess
8. edema
9. chronic
10. benign
A tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to other sites
11. anastomosis
The joining of two (natural or man-made) tube-shaped structures; e.g., blood vessels or bowel
Medical Term
Definition
1. peristalsis
involuntary muscle contractions occuring in a tubular structure
2. aspirate
to withdraw air or fluid
3. lipoma
a benign tumor containing fat
4. anemic
a condition marked by a decrease in red blood cells
5. sub-costal
below the rib
6. hematoma
collection of blood that has escaped from vessels and become trapped in the tissue
of the skin or in an organ
7. resection
the surgical removal of an organ or structure
8. palpate
to examine by hand; light pressure with the fingers
9. lesion
pathological change in tissue, an injury or wound to tissue
10. ischemia
temporary lack of blood supply to an area
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Section 8: Surgical Procedures

Procedure
Definition (include all structures being removed)
1. laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdomen using a scope/camera
2. low anterior resection
surgical removal of the affected distal colon and portion of the proximal
rectum
3. sigmoidoscopy
Visualization of the sigmoid colon using a scope
4. Nissen fundoplication
Surgical wrapping of the stomach around the esophagus and suturing it to itself, usually
for gastric reflux
5. cystectomy
surgical removal of the urinary bladder
6. hemicolectomy
surgical removal of half the colon
7. lap-cholecystectomy
resecting the gall bladder using laparoscopic approach
8. TAH-BSO
Abdominal approach to resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
9. prostatectomy
10. splenectomy
surgical removal of the spleen
11. mastectomy
surgical removal of the breast
12. abdominal perineal resection
Resection of the affected colon, rectum and anus
13. radical hysterectomy
Resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and all recognizable lymph nodes
2014 Covidien. M130592 2014/03
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Section 9: Medical Conditions

1. Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually due to infection, is called _________.
a. prolapse
b. hepatitis
c. cystitis
2. A tumor rising from the kidney is called a _________.
a. nephritis
b. nephroma
c. nephrotomy
3. Inflammation of the colon or large intestine, usually due to infection, is called _________.
a. colitis
b. colectomy
c. colpotomy
d. Crohns disease
4. A slipping of the uterus from its usual position due to a stretching of the supportive ligaments is
known as _________.
a. hernia
b. prolapse
c. pronate
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M130592 2014/03
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2014 Covidien. M130592 2014/03
65
2014 Covidien. M130592 2014/03

M130592 Anatomy &amp; Terminology Module

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M130592 Anatomy &amp; Terminology Module

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Anatomy and Terminology Module

Section 1: Word Construction

Root Word and Combining Forms

against, opposite side

same, same side

First Word Definition

Second Word Definition

study of the heart

vascu = blood vessels

inflammation of blood vessels

Using Suffixes in Word Building

Surgical removal of the spleen

Surgical removal of the gall bladder

Surgical repair of a joint

Creation of an opening in the stomach

Surgical removal of all of the stomach

Visualization of the abdomen using a scope/camera

Surgical repair of the breast or breasts

Inflammation of the peritoneum

Surgical removal of the urinary bladder

Freeing up or separating of tissue from surrounding structures or organs

Section 2: Position and Direction

Positioned toward the front

Situated below; in reference to the lower surface or portion of an

Toward the side, farthest from the middle or median

Toward the middle

Positioned toward the back

Closest to the point of reference

Situated above, in reference to the upper surface or portion of an

Having a lateral course; a feature or organ that proceeds across

Patient lying on side

Patient on back with legs up

Patient lying on front,

Patient on back with feet

Patient lying on back, face up

Patient on back with head

Correctly label the following patient positions

Section 3: Abdominal Anatomy

Distal section of the stomach

Proximal portion of the small bowel; it connects to the distal

Pear-shaped reservoir for bile; lies just posteriorly to the liver

hemorrhoidal or gonadal vessels

Inferior mesenteric artery

inferior mesenteric artery and vein

Small bowel that extends between the duodenum and ileum

left colic vessels

middle colic vessel

A peritoneal fold extending from the stomach to adjacent organs

Situated transversely behind the stomach; it produces and

right colic vessels

Junction point between the stomach and the duodenum

A coiled 20-foot-long tube that winds from the pyloric sphincter

Lies between the esophagus and duodenum, stores food, located

superior mesenteric artery and vein

Arteries of stomach, liver and spleen

Greater Omentum & Abdominal Viscera

Arteries of large intestine

Write the definition for each of the anatomical terms below

Write the terms for the definitions below

Inflammation of the colon

Surgical removal of the appendix

Surgical repair of the abdomen

Visual examination of the abdomen using a scope/camera

M130592 Anatomy & Terminology Module

M130592 Anatomy & Terminology Module