Pages

MAY 2016 | www.hpac.
com
Fundamentals of Air Filtration

Managing Your Facilities:
Trends in Data-Center Thermal
Management
Design Solutions: Customization
Keeps Fan-Coil Changeout on
Schedule, Budget
News & Notes: 2016 IAQ
Standard Published by ASHRAE
Health-Care
HVAC
New Perspectives on Health-Care Ventilation

Operating-Room Energy Management
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EC effciency now available up to 17.5 hp.
The line of radial plenum fans with GreenTech EC motor technology has been
expanded again. And with the new product line comes a new name: RadiPac. The
RadiPac is available with up to 17.5 hp motor options, intelligent & aerodynamic
impeller design, and high-performance electronics suitable for horizontal and
vertical installations with impeller diameters up to 1250 mm (~50 in). Thanks to
plug and play functionality, it also reduces overall complexity. One more feature
of these fans is their big performance: up to 8,000 CFM at 8 in. wg. and up to
18,000 CFM various operating ranges. More information about air conditioning
and ventilation systems with EC can be found at: http://radipac.ebmpapst.us.
Circle 151
The engineers choice
INSIDE HPAC ENGINEERING

MAY 2016 VOL. 88, NO. 5
PUBLISHING OFFICES:
1100 Superior Ave.
8th Floor
Cleveland, OH 44114
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Fax: 216-696-3432
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FEATURES:
HOSPITALS AND HEALTH CARE
12
Although the author learned health-care HVAC the way many

designers dohe did projects, read handbooks, followed codes, used
the air-change table, balanced rooms for pressure, specified
controlstoday he thinks a lot differently, and he believes it is time for
the health-care HVAC industry to do the same. This article summarizes
some of what led to the change in his views.
By Travis R. English, PE, CEM, LEED AP
LINDA REINHARD
Vice President and Market Leader
ROBERT MADER
Editorial Director
312-840-8404
robert.mader@penton.com
SCOTT ARNOLD
Executive Editor
216-931-9980
scott.arnold@penton.com
HOSPITALS AND HEALTH CARE
20
SUSAN POSKIN
Ad Operations Specialist
SONJA CHEADLE
Audience Development Manager
ANGIE GATES
Group Digital Director
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DIRECTOR OF SALES/NORTH CENTRAL
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216-931-9725 Fax: 913-514-6663
david.kenney@penton.com
SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES/MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL/HOSPITALS AND HEALTH CARE/

COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDINGS/GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
26
Fundamentals of Air Filtration

Air quality is key to achieving acceptable indoor environments. With
so many air-filter technologies and performance-rating methods, it is
essential design engineers and operating personnel understand the
differences between them to make fully informed decisions regarding
air-filtration strategy. This article discusses recent research into filter
performance and shares insights that can be gleaned from that
research.
By Nathan L. Ho, PE
Managing Your Facilities ................ 4
New Products .............................. 10
News & Notes ................................ 6
Classifieds .................................. 31
Design Solutions ............................ 8
Ad Index ...................................... 32
WEB WORTHY
DAVID KIESELSTEIN
Chief Executive Officer
ISSN 1527-4055
HPAC Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning Engineering
is published monthly by Penton Media Inc., 9800 Metcalf
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HPAC ENGINEERING
Operating-Room Energy Management

The operating room (OR) typically is among the greatest sources of
revenue for a hospital and, thus, kept as busy as reasonably possible.
It should come as no surprise, then, that ORs account for a significant
portion of a hospitals overall energy use. This article discusses the role
of proper surgical-suite environmental control and energy
management in the cost-efficient operation of a hospital and provides
examples of four hospitals in the Southeastern United States that
completed successful energy-efficient environmental upgrades.
By Andre LeBlanc
ASHLEY M. DOLES
Content Design Specialist
New Perspectives on Health-Care Ventilation
MAY 2016
GALLERY: Vintage HVAC Advertisements, 1941

In 1941, the year the United States entered World
War II, print advertising focused intensely on patriotism
and American support, using robust war imagery and
pro-American messages. See for yourself with this
article, which contains a selection of advertisements
that appeared in HPAC Engineering in 1941:
http://bit.ly/ads_1941.
GALLERY: Most Popular HPAC Engineering

Humidity-Control Content
Looking to broaden and deepen your knowledge about
humidity control? Here is your guide to HPAC Engineerings
most-viewed humidification- and dehumidification-related
content: http://bit.ly/Humidity_Control.
Circle 152
Managing your Facilities

By JoHn Peter JP Valiulis, eMerson network Power, westerVille, oHio
Trends in Data-Center Thermal Management

Keys to superior performance, increased efficiency, and happier customers
n data-center thermal management, five trends are

dominating discussions and driving decisions:
Cooling the edge.
Upgrading for capacity and efficiency.
Water conservation.
Revolution in thermal controls.
System-performance accountability and certification.
Companies that address the challenges of these
trends will achieve superior performance, a more
productive and efficient environment, and happier
customers.
The most common upgrade is the addition of

variable-capacity components (fans and compressors)
to adjust cooling capacity according to IT load. A
10-hp fan running at 100-percent speed, for example,
uses 8.1 kWh of electricity. With a reduction in speed
to 90 percent, the fan uses only 5.9 kWh, a 27-percent
savings. At 70-percent speed, fan usage drops to
2.8 kWh, a 65-percent savings.
In every state, energy rebates from utilities and local
governments, which help to deliver faster returns
on investments, are available. Together, rebates and
efficiency gains can provide payback within months of
a thermal-system upgrade.
Cooling the Edge

The growth of colocation and cloud computing
has increased the importance of edge computing, as
companies strive to provide high-bandwidth content,
reduce latency, and enhance the mobile experience.
Remote network closets and server rooms, once a
secondary concern, are higher priorities, with companies seeking visibility into these spaces to ensure
greater system availability.
Information-technology (IT) managers want to
monitor environmental conditions within these
spaces, view the status of equipment, and dispatch
technicians to solve problems remotely. Recovery from
unplanned outages must be quick and hassle-free,
with the time spent by third-party service providers
minimized.
Technology for the remote monitoring of temperature
and humidity and the operating conditions of cooling
equipment in edge spaces exists. What is coming is
access to that information and the ability to manage and
track troubleshooting assignments and workflows on
mobile devices. Mobile management of closet cooling
systems will provide a higher level of protection and
security while allowing the individuals responsible for
the systems to resolve alarms quickly, speed maintenance, and free technicians to focus on other tasks.
Water Conservation
Minimizing the use of water for cooling in data
centers meets not only economic and operational
objectives, but sustainability ones.
We are having many new conversations about
saving water with customers. A recent survey of
engineers we conducted reveals more than half believe
pumped-refrigerant economization will be the No. 1
technology replacing chilled-water systems over the
next five years.
Large air-handling systems, such as indirect evaporative-cooling systems, are saving water. New epoxycoated aluminum heat exchangers with relatively large
surface areas allow for high levels of dry-effectiveness.
This means a unit can achieve a desired supply-air
temperature while remaining in dry operating mode
for a relatively long time, minimizing or eliminating the
need for mechanical or evaporative cooling.
Revolution in Thermal Controls

Todays thermal controls are highly sophisticated and
developed using human-centered design practices to
ensure data is available when and where expected.
These new controls operate at both the individualunit and system levels, using advanced machine-tomachine (M2M) communications, powerful analytics,
Upgrading for Capacity and Efficiency

Emerson Network Power estimates that in more
than 80 percent of enterprise data centers, significant
opportunities to reduce cooling energy costs by 20 to
50 percent exist. Last year, we surveyed IT, facilities,
and data-center managers in the United States and
Canada, learning half plan to upgrade their datacenter cooling systems before the end of 2016
(http://bit.ly/Emerson_survey).
4
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
As vice president, North America marketing, thermal management, for Emerson Network Power,
provider of critical-infrastructure technologies and life-cycle services, John Peter
JP Valiulis is responsible for evaluating
new technologies and developing highly
efficient and reliable controls and product
solutions for mission-critical applications.
Managing your FaCilities

and self-healing routines to ensure
greater protection, efficiency, and
insight into thermal conditions and
operations.
By harmonizing cooling systems,
avoiding conflicting operations,
these controls can improve thermalsystem energy efficiency by up to
50 percent compared with legacy
technologies. For example, in an
enterprise data center with 500
kW of IT load and energy costs of
10 cents per kilowatt-hour, annual
thermal-energy consumption can
be lowered from 380 kW to 184 kW,
yielding $171,690 in savings. That
can lower mechanical power-usage
effectiveness by more than 20 percent, from 1.76 to 1.37.
At the cooling-unit level, integrated controls provide a high
degree of protection and optimal
performance. They monitor hundreds of units and components;
include automated routines, lead/
lag, and cascading; and avoid unsafe operation through self-healing
capabilities.
At the system level, new supervisory controls offer a way to view
thermal operations across data
centers and utilize multi-unit
thermal-management routines
to remove heat while achieving
capital and operational savings.
By harmonizing the operation of
multiple units and providing quick
access to actionable data, these
controls can cut thermal-system
energy usage in half and reduce
deployment costs by 30 percent.
System-Performance Accountability and Certification

Insights gained from an individual-component or individual-unit
approach to data-center thermal
management can be misleading. A
comparison of individual components may show a performance
difference of 3 percent to 5 percent.
A comparison of individual cooling
units may show a performance
difference of 5 percent to 7 percent.

Depending on how well the units
interact and work with each other
through built-in M2M communication and advanced algorithms,
however, the performance difference may be as much as 30 percent.
Advanced tools that model performance and estimate costs enable
this type of system-level analysis
and comparison.
Another trend in system performance is testing standardization and
certification. In the past, there was
no certifying body or government
organization bringing accountability
concerning reliability and efficiency
to the data-center-cooling market.
Today, the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute certifies the capacity and efficiency
of data-center cooling equipment
based on ASHRAE standards and
U.S. Department of Energy regulations. This gives manufacturers

consistent standards for ratings and
helps to ensure customers get what
they pay for. States increasingly are
enforcing guidelines as well, as we
see in Title 24 requirements of the
California Energy Commission.
Conclusion
As with most technology evolution, data centers will incorporate
more advanced technologies at a
lower cost than was possible just a
few years prior. The result will be
superior functionality, more productive and efficient environments,
and happier customers.
Did you find this article useful?
Send comments and suggestions
to Executive Editor Scott Arnold at
scott.arnold@penton.com.
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Circle 153
May 2016
HPAC EnginEEring
FROM THE FIELD NEWS & NOTES
2016 IAQ Standard Published by ASHRAE
equirements concerning
multifamily residential
dwellings, environmental
tobacco smoke (ETS), and operations and maintenance are among
changes to ASHRAEs indoor-airquality standard.
The newly published ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016,
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor
Air Quality, sets minimum ventilation rates and other requirements
for commercial and institutional
buildings.
The latest version of Standard
62.1 contains changes that affect
high-rise residential spaces, the
indoor-air-quality procedure,
laboratory exhaust, and demandcontrol ventilation, Hoy Bohanon,
chair of the Standard 62.1 com-
Algae
Leaves
mittee, said. Designers and users

of the standards who are involved
with those spaces or processes will
benefit from using the up-to-date
requirements.
Multifamily-residential-dwelling
spaces have been removed from
the standard and now are covered
under ANSI/ASHRAE Standard
62.2, Ventilation and Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise
Residential Buildings, Bohanon
said. Areas outside of the dwelling
space, such as corridors, lobbies,
fitness rooms, and retail, remain
covered by Standard 62.1.
Other major changes include:
Revision of the definition of
ETS to include emissions from
electronic smoking devices and from
the smoking of cannabis.
Water filter optimizes

heat transfer efficiency
Insects
Airborne
Particles
Pollen
PROBLEM:
Cooling
Tower
Heat
Exchanger
Rust
Water
Filter
Line pressure powered Orival water filters

remove dirt down to micron size, of any
specific gravity, even lighter than water.
Single units handle flow rates from 10-5000
gpm and clean automatically without
interruption of system flow.
IV
213 S. Van Brunt St.

Englewood, NJ 07631
(800) 567-9767
(201) 568-3311 Fax (201) 568-1916
www.orival.com
filters@orival.com
Circle 154
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
Airborne dust and debris, microbiological

growth, pollen and other materials collect
in cooling towers. Combined with calcium
carbonate, magnesium silicate, rust, iron
chips, scale and other corrosion by-products,
they reduce heat transfer efficiency.
SOLUTION:
Automatic Self-Cleaning
WATER FILTERS
Revision of operations-andmaintenance requirements to more

closely align with the requirements
in ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 1802012, Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial-Building HVAC Systems.
The addition of requirements
for determining minimum ventilation rates by considering the
combined effects of multiple contaminants of concern on individual
organ systems.
The cost of Standard 62.1-2016
is $84 for ASHRAE members and
$99 for non-members. Copies can
be ordered by phone at 1-800-5274723 (United States and Canada)
or 404-636-8400, by fax at 678-5392129, or online at www.ashrae.org/
bookstore.
RESULTS:
Optimized heat transfer efficiency.
Elimination of unscheduled downtime
for maintenance.
Reduced chemical requirements.
Introducing the MOST EFFICIENT

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At up to 19.8 SEER and 11.4 HSPF, the J-II efficiency
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Circle 155
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FROM THE FIELD DESIGN SOLUTIONS
Vertical Floor Series fan-coil units

improve energy efficiency and
occupant comfort in Grant Towers.
Customization Keeps Fan-Coil

Changeout on Schedule, Budget
University updates residence quad for efficiency
s part of a multiyear renovation, Grant Towers, which

consists of four 12-story
residence halls, on the campus of
Northern Illinois University (NIU)
in DeKalb, Ill., received complete
upgrades of its mechanical systems
to improve both energy efficiency
and occupant comfort.
Vertical fan-coil units in two of
the residence towers were replaced
with 740 200- to 600-cfm-capacity
Vertical Floor Series fan-coil units
from International Environmental
(IEC). The triangular shape of the
50-plus-year-old buildings presented a significant challenge, as it
created odd exterior walls for installation. IECs customization capabilities were key to keeping the project
on track in meeting scheduling and
budgetary goals.
Without the ability to customize
the fan-coil-unit sizing, NIU would
have had to go in a completely different direction with the project, Jake
Vorac, vice president of Mechanical Sales Inc. in Davenport, Iowa,
said. It would have been a waterfall
8
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
effect of sorts, impacting everything

from the architectural renderings to
the furniture.
According to Vorac, each unit was
required to have fresh-air-intake
capabilities, something not available
with standard fan coils.
Overall energy savings was
a high priority for this project, as
these were some of the most energyintensive buildings on campus,
John Flemming, mechanical engineer and project manager for Rock
Island, Ill.-based KJWW Engineering Consultants, explained.
According to Flemming, the existing mechanical systems were using
100-percent outside air to ventilate
indoor spaces and exhaust air up to
the roof. To make distribution more
efficient, he and his team specified
a glycol runaround coil that would
bring fresh air indoors. The coil
would work in conjunction with the
outside-air openings designed as
part of the custom fan-coil cabinets.
This design enabled us to distribute fresh air to all floors much more
efficiently, Flemming said.
Installation of the IEC fan-coil

units was executed floor by floor.
This was a complete tear-out job,
which was efficiently managed in
stages by tackling and completing
one floor of the building at a time,
Vorac explained.
Based on experiences with the
first tower, the project team commissioned custom aesthetic panels
for the units in the second tower to
cover gaps resulting from differences in size between the existing
units and replacement units.
With the renovations, the buildings now feature three dorm-room
layouts, so we decided to customize
fan-coil-unit designs for each room
type, Flemming said. One 3-ft6-in. unit was specified for each
corner room, while two 5.2-ft--in.
units would be installed in the twowindow rooms, and a singular 7-ft-in. unit would go into the onewindow rooms.
Further customization of the
cabinet designs was provided to
accommodate specially developed
IEC valve packages required for the
unusual installations.
Weve seen a significantly faster
installation, which translates to hard
dollars and cents because were
not waiting on any outside suppliers, John Lauer, project superintendent for Cherry Valley, Ill.-based
Ringland-Johnson Construction,
said. When youve got a supplier
making custom units and providing
components like pre-fabricated end
panels, you just have to hope its all
going to come out uniform and look
intentional. IEC definitely delivered
on this, and everything looks very
cohesive.
Vorac added: I dont think theres
another manufacturer that could
have gotten this right. It was a complex job with many specials required
to get it done.
Information and photograph courtesy
of International Environmental (IEC).
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Circle 156
FROM THE FIELD NEW PRODUCTS

Air handler
The Performance Climate Changer air
handler provides energy efficiency,
good indoor-air quality, and quiet performance,
along with
the ability
for full integration into
a building management system. Indoor
and outdoor units in a variety of sizes
and configurations are available to provide the features and options needed
to meet project budgets, specifications, and time lines. Performance Climate Changer air handlers incorporate
component flexibility, integrated control options, and proven performance
to quietly heat and cool buildings with
clean, humidity-controlled air.
Trane
www.trane.com
Filtration systems
CleanAire
HEPA and Carbon Filter Paks
are designed
to be mounted
inline in the exhaust ducting
from a fume hood or contaminant source
up to 1,500 cfm. The systems include
a galvanized-steel housing with hinged
and gasketed access door for filter changeout and molded composite-resin inlet
and outlet plenums with duct-connection
collars sized to meet specification. Both
filters include a 30-percent pleated prefilter. They can be paired for applications
requiring particulate and fume removal.
HEMCO Corp.
www.hemcocorp.com/cafs.html
Electronically commutated
motors
NovaTorque has introduced 2,400-rpm
versions of its 3-hp through 15-hp permanent-magnet electronically commutated
motors with rated efficiencies of 93.5
percent to 95 percent. NovaTorques
2,400-rpm motors retain all of the advantages of its 900-, 1,200-, 1,800-,
and 3,600-rpm motors. These include a
10
HPAC ENGINEERING
MAY 2016
30-percent
to 50-percent reduction in motor
losses and
a 5-percent
to 20-percent reduction in energy use compared
with NEMA Premium induction motors.
NovaTorque motors are compatible
with all leading brands of variablefrequency drives. They are produced in
NEMA dimensions for easy substitution.
NovaTorque Inc.
www.novatorque.com
ers. Adaptive superheatusing electronic evaporators and valves to ensure

the level of refrigeration meets the exact
needs of the systemcan save up to
12 percent compared with more traditional methods. Smart Store offers electronically delivered services to optimize
daily operations and free up resources
in store and chain management.
Danfoss
http://smartstore.danfoss.com
Fault detection and

diagnostics
Heat exchanger
The BPX 2-in. brazed-plate
heat exchanger offers the
highest level of leak protection, safety, and thermal
efficiency for commercialbuilding and water-heating
applications. Four dedicated leak-detection ports
and a complete doublewall plate design provide
unique air-vent paths that ensure premium leak protection, while a true dedicated air gap ensures system control.
Other features include stainless-steel
plates that are vacuum-brazed together
to form a durable, integral piece that
can withstand high pressure and temperatures and a complete peripheral
braze that provides additional mechanical strength and durability.
Bell & Gossett, a Xylem brand
http://bellgossett.com
Smart food-store solution

Danfoss Smart Store enhances food
safety and lowers energy bills through integrated
control
of refrigeration,
HVAC,
lighting,
and other applications, connecting and
optimizing supermarkets from case to
cloud. It comprises several features
that significantly reduce the energy used
by refrigerated display cases and freez-
York Fault Detection and Diagnostics

(FDD) helps building professionals maximize rooftop-unit performance. Available
exclusively with Simplicity Smart Equipment Controls, FDD technology monitors
refrigeration-circuit temperature and
pressure, economizer operation, and
outdoor humidity and temperature. If
issues arise, FDD provides easy access
to detailed alerts, speeding response.
Johnson Controls
www.york.com
Humidification and cooling

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Circle 157
New Perspectives on
Health-Care Ventilation
How an experienced engineering manager arrived
at a new way of thinking about health-care HVAC
nuMber1411/iStock
By TRAVIS R. ENGLISH, PE, CEM, LEED AP

Kaiser Permanente
Anaheim, Calif.
Three years ago, if you would have asked me to

describe health-care HVAC, I would have given the
everyman answer: We move ample air to prevent
disease transmission. We control temperature and
humidity very tightly to control mold and bacteria.
We use high-efficiency filters and space pressure.
We do all of this to reduce risks of cross-contamination
and to keep patients safe. I may even have noted
20 percent to 30 percent of hospital-acquired infections
come from air, even though, at the time, I did not know
the source of those numbers (today, I do know, and I
do not repeat that statistic anymore).
Although I learned health-care HVAC the way
many designers doI did projects, read handbooks,
followed codes, used the air-change table, balanced
rooms for pressure, specified controlstoday I think
a lot differently, and I believe it is time for the healthcare HVAC industry to do the same. This article
summarizes some of what led to the change in my
views.
Why We Should Re-think Health-Care Ventilation

When it comes to energy, hospital buildings are
behind the timesto an increasingly embarrassing
extent. Hospitals use two to three times the energy of
other commercial buildings and are hardly the good
examples of environmental responsibility and publichealth awareness their owners want them to be.
Energy is an operating cost, falling under affordability of care. A new approach to ventilation could be an
opportunity for 20-percent to 30-percent energy savings
in acute-care spaces, more in some outpatient spaces.
For my employer, that is worth about $30 million and
130,000 metric tons of carbon a year.
Red herrings. Three years ago, I might have said most
hospital energy goes to plug loads, equipment, and
lighting. After all, hospitals are full of equipment and
run 24 hours a day seven days a week.
I since have learned ventilation is unquestionably
the largest consumer of hospital energy. Two-thirds
to three-quarters of a hospitals energy goes to HVAC
systems. Often, the biggest end use is HVAC reheat.
In many cases, a hospital could cut its plug or lighting
energy in half and realize only 5-percent energy
savings.
Travis R. English, PE, CEM, LEED AP, is engineering manager for health-care provider Kaiser Permanentes National
Facilities Planning group. He has more than 20 years of experience in the design and construction administration of
mechanical and power-distribution systems for institutional, commercial, laboratory, and health-care facilities. His
experience encompasses renewable-power systems, net-zero-building design, and building control systems.
12
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
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New PersPectives oN HealtH-care veNtilatioN
Three years ago, I might have

said a big fraction of a hospitals
energy goes to operating rooms
(ORs). ORs are energy-intense
and an opportunity for savings,
but, when looking at a portfolio of
hospitals, I realized ORs are only
a fraction of a hospitals footprint.
Their contribution to hospital
energy use is oversized, but not the
majority. It is safe to say most of the
energy hospitals use is consumed
outside of ORs.
Equipment, lights, and ORs
all represent opportunities for
savings, but none of them, alone or
in combination, can move the needle
more than 10 percent to 15 percent.
To significantly reduce the energy
footprint of hospitals, we must look
at HVAC outside of the OR.
Looking to 2030. State energy
codes and national energy standards are moving to net-zero and
should be there in 10 to 15 years.
As a goal, net-zero makes sense
for health-care buildings. You could
build a net-zero hospital right now,
if you added a massive on-site
generation plant. But for a broad
movement toward net-zero health
care, building consumption needs
to be reduced. It will be sad if
2030 comes and new commercial
buildingsexcept health careare
net-zero.
Where We Are
Facts. A lot of what will follow

is challenging. So, lets start by
acknowledging some commonly
agreed-upon ideas:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and other truly airborne diseases
can be isolated in a facility with pressurization, dilution, and exhaust.
Clean air matters in environments for severely immunocompromised patients (e.g., transplant
recipients). Fungal contamination
as low as 1 cfu per cubic meter has
been linked to infections.1
Construction dust can carry
14
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
spores (e.g., aspergillus) that cause

infection. This risk is elevated in
areas with immunocompromised
patients. Airtight construction
barriers and good construction
management can reduce this risk.
General room air distribution
has little effect on transmission
of droplet diseases, coughed or
sneezed particles with diameters
greater than 50 m (e.g., influenza,
respiratory syncytial virus).
Ultraviolet light and other technologies can kill airborne biological
particles. These have been used both
in and out of air systems to reduce
microbial contamination. In a few
cases, a reduction in infection has
been shown.
Clean ai r in O Rs ha s b een
correlated with reduced surgicalsite infection rate.
Myths. Now, lets review some
common misperceptions and exaggerations. I need to introduce these
by stating I believed nearly all of
them just three years ago.
Health-care ventilation rates are
normal. Some say the ventilation
rates used in health-care spaces are
roughly equivalent to those used in
office buildings and schools. This
is true on the hottest day of summer, but in most office buildings and
schools, air is used as needed, with
controls to limit reheat. In health
care, ventilation rates are used as
minimums; air is changed multiple
times every hour of the year, and
spaces often are over-ventilated. In
commercial spaces, 15 to 20 cfm of
outdoor air per person is typical. In
hospitals, three or four times that is
used, and room minimums are even
higher.
One hundred percent of air
should be exhausted. This idea is very
popular in England. Some engineers
say not returning air is preferable.
The idea all hospital air is dirty has
been fairly well debunked.2
All health-care spaces need to be
protected against airborne diseases.
This may be a carryover from the

days of open wards. Today, isolation
protocols and rooms are used. Additionally, airborne diseases sometimes are overestimated. I used to
think there were hundredsmaybe
thousandsof airborne diseases. It
turns out there are very few truly
airborne diseasesprimarily,
tuberculosis, smallpox, chickenpox,
measles, mumps, and rubella.3
Air changes and pressures are
designed to prevent infection. This
idea is fairly popular. In a 2013
survey of HVAC design engineers,
about 40 percent said air changes
are used to prevent infection. 4
For many major categories of
infectioncatheter, bloodstream,
mechanical ventilatorthere is no
reason to believe HVAC has any
bearing, aside from its supporting
role in basic hygiene. Most of the
air-change rates, pressures, and
temperatures we use are based on
tradition, rather than science.
Patient comfort is a specialty
application. This idea is very popular because, well, its true! However,
there is a second, sadder truth to go
with it: There has never been a study
on patient comfort. Most humancomfort studies use more generic
populations (e.g., offices, schools).
So, in health care, we actually know
significantly less about predicting
comfort than office designers do.
Yet our practices sometimes belie
we know more.
Certain temperature and humidity ranges control bacterial growth.
There is some truth to this, but it is
fuzzier than one would like. Different
organisms have different temperature and humidity responses; there
is no perfect state that controls them
all. There is a range within which
airborne microbial contamination
can be minimized, but the range is
broader and less rigid than we tend
to apply. Most importantly, there
is not good evidence tightly controlled spaces lead to better patient
outcomes. Some foreign standards

use wider control ranges, seemingly
without disaster.
We need very efficient filters
everywhere. During the early 1960s,
most U.S. hospitals had operable
windows and natural ventilation. In
time, that gave way to 100-percent
filtered air. Today, many U.S. engineers are skeptical of natural ventilationthey have not seen it done in
30 years. European engineers have a
hard time understanding thisthey
use natural ventilation every day.
We are protecting against a
pandemic. This interesting idea
crops up from time to time (perhaps dependent on the news): The
next airborne pandemic disease
could walk into your building tomorrow. It is well-intentioned, of
course, but also very flimsy. A complicated probability and risk assessment would be needed to show high
minimum ventilation rates are at all
effective in mitigating an outbreak,
and such an assessment has not yet
been done. I have heard: Weve
never had an airborne outbreak in
the United States, so the ventilation
rates must be working. Ill leave the
reader to judge that logic.
As firmly held as my beliefs on
these matters are, I urge you not to
take my word for any of this. Investigate your own beliefs; try to validate
them. To save you the time of combing through hundreds of journal
articles, as I have done, I offer the
following. It is a list of good metaanalysis papers on these topics.
Several easily can be found on the
Web free of charge:
Hospital Ventilation Standards
and Energy Conservation: A Summary of the Literature With Conclusions and Recommendations, FY 78
Final Report (LBL-8316) by Roger
L. DeRoos, Robert S. Banks, David
Rainer, Jonna L. Anderson, and
George S. Michaelsen. This 1978
report includes a review of 359
clinical papers. It found it is very
difficult to draw any precise conclusion on general ventilation rates

and infection.
Ventilation and Exhaust Air
Requirements for Hospitals by Jack
B. Chaddock (ASHRAE RP-312).
This 1983 study debunked 100percent exhaust. It is well worth
reading for the rest of its contents,
too. It says, Indications now are
that this risk has been overestimated, resulting in higher than
needed ventilation rates.
Role of Ventilation in Airborne
When it comes
to energy,
hospital buildings
are behind
the timesto an
increasingly
embarrassing
extent.
Transmission of Infectious Agents

in the Built Environment A Multidisciplinary Systematic Review by
Yuguo Li et al. This paper, published
in the February 2007 issue of Indoor
Air, concluded a lack of sufficient
data on specification and quantification of the minimum ventilation
requirements in hospitals, schools,
and offices.
Design Strategy for LowEnergy Ventilation and Cooling of
Hospitals by C. Alan Short and
Sura Al-Maiyah. This U.K. energy
study, published in Building
Research & Information in 2009
(Volume 37, Issue 3), includes a
review of literature on infection
control. When it comes to infection,
the authors conclude, True airborne infection is rare; what is

fairly common is the direct route of
infection.
Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings, edited by James Atkinson,
Yves Chartier, Carmen Lcia Pessoa-Silva, Paul Jensen, Yuguo Li,
and Wing-Hong Seto. This 2009
World Health Organization guideline includes a study of 65 scientific
papers. It says, There is moderate
evidence available to suggest that
insufficient ventilation is associated
with an increased risk of infection.
Re-read that sentence a few times.
It is my personal favorite, for both
what it says and what it does not say.
Literature Review: Room Ventilation and Airborne Disease Transmission by Farhad Memarzadeh.
Jointly published by the American
Society for Healthcare Engineering
and the Facility Guidelines Institute,
this 2013 meta-study features more
than 100 citations. It concludes we
do not have enough data to set
minimum air changes per hour
(ACH) on the basis of infection.
The Role of the Hospital Environment in Preventing HealthcareAssociated Infections Caused by
Pathogens Transmitted Through
the Air by Jesse T. Jacob, Altug
Kasali, James P. Steinberg, Craig
Zimring, and Megan E. Denham.
Published in the October 2013 issue
of Health Environments Research &
Design (HERD), this is a very useful
read. It was compiled by a team of
infectious-disease and architectural
researchers. It has a summary table
of 37 ventilation research studies
and gives concise statements
regarding what has been successful.
Change Is Hard
The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear
of the unknown.
H. P. Lovecraft
May 2016
HPAC EnginEEring
15
There is a night in Seattle I will

never forget. I had just explained to
a committee how most outpatient
facilities are Group B (business)
occupancies: We design them
to energy codes, we use variableair-volume systems, we use return
plenums; we do not, typically, use
air-change minimums.
From across the room, a member
of the audience looked me square
in the eyes and said loudly, Well,
how many people are you willing
to kill?
None, of course. To be utterly
clear, what I described is common
practice across the United States,
with decades of precedent. The
audience members response
reminded me how big of a barrier
fear can be.
The strong case for doing nothing. In health-care HVAC, there are
big questions, questions to which
we do notand may neverhave
complete answers:
How relevant are HVAC variables (outside-air ventilation rate,
total room ventilation rate, supplyair filtration, room air pattern, room
pressure) to disease transmission
or infection rates in health-care
occupancies?
In what rooms or spaces can
HVAC variables affect disease
transmission or infection rates?
What specific disease-transmission or infection rates can HVAC
variables affect?
The problem is not that we dont
have answers to these questions; it
is that our codes and standards represent that we do. Two generations
of architects and engineersmyself among themlearned that air
changes, pressures, and filters are
bedrocks of health and safety. Such
traditions are not easily shaken.
Codes and standards are written
by us. They both reflect and transmit
our shared beliefs from year to year.
Of course, code changes are notoriously slow. Increasing requirements
16
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
is not easy for a code group. In

the case of health-care ventilation,
decreasing requirements is even
harder. If even one person in the
room fears change, the proverbial
wheels can grind to a halt.
Often, the Other Way Works

Just Fine
Compare and contrast. The
simplest way to think fresh about
health-care ventilation in the United
States is to look at countries in
which it is different. I have reviewed
health-care ventilation guides from
scriptions. Many spaces, such as

restrooms, janitors closets, corridors, and dining areas, probably
could be removed, as, for example,
a janitors closet in a hospital is not
too different from a janitors closet
in a schoolwe could use the normal design. Several international
health-care standards do this, using
special HVAC in fewer spaces.
I think of management coach
Mark Horstman, who says, The
other way often works just fine,
explaining: Theres someone else
out there who has succeeded to the
Germany has no minimum humidity

requirement for ORs. Even worse, the United
Kingdom actively discourages humidifiers.
And in Germany and Japan, natural ventilation
is allowednay, encouragedin minorprocedure rooms.
the United Kingdom, Germany, and

Spain and learned a little about standards in Canada, Australia, Latin
America, and Japan. For me, this
has been an eye-opening experience. Sometimes, the contrasts are
shocking. For instance, Germany
has no minimum humidity requirement for ORs. Even worse, the
United Kingdom actively discourages humidifiers, saying they create
more risk than they avoid. And in
Germany and Japan, natural ventilation is allowednay, encouraged
in minor-procedure rooms! (The
windows have insect screens.) To a
U.S. engineer, this is horrifying.
Beyond the shock factor, the
clear contrast is the U.S. framework
is quite narrow. We use specific,
inflexible HVAC solutions. We have
long tables of space-by-space pre-
same level you have with exactly the

opposite intuitions you have. (They
wonder how you got where you are,
too.) Your idea that your way is the
right way is routinely controverted.
You just think its right because its
yours.
Clean spaces. We also can look at
domestic trends in HVAC, as some
technologies have matured quite a
bit over the last 30 years.
Take clean spaces, which have
surpassed health care. In 1978, a
designer using filters, laminar flow,
and over-pressure in an OR was the
avant-garde of clean-air-system design. During the 1990s, though, the
cleanroom industry took off. Today,
the best cleanroom designs are in
the semiconductor and pharmaceutical sectors. In comparison, our
OR designs look archaic. European
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hospitals are learning from cleanrooms. In the United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain, OR commissioning includes particle and microbial
testing using cleanroom methods.
Over the next 15 years, costeffective, real-time particle control is
realistic. There are examplesboth
U.S. and Europeanof real-time
particle counting in ORs. We need
these clean-system design ideas in
hospitals, or, at least, we ought not
exclude or prohibit them.
Comfort and indoor-air quality.

Todays design vocabulary for
indoor-air quality (IAQ) and comfort
also is much advanced. Health-care
codes use ACH and explicit temperature ranges. Both are outdated
and out of synch with most modern
design practice.
For IAQ design, approaches such
as those of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, are used
for most spaces. There are several
global standards for outdoor-air
ventilation, most of which use
similar methods.
For comfort, modern designers
use an algorithm to predict the
percent of people dissatisfied
(PPD) and predicted mean vote
(PMV). This is known as the PPD/
PMV methodology. It comes from
U.S. research, but is used globally.
In the United States, it is in ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 55, Thermal
Environmental Conditions for
Human Occupancy.
Moving to the Future

We need to acknowledge possibilities. Our current practices do not
deserve a monopoly. It is possible to
think beyond them without compromising the outcomes we all value.
I believe modernization of healthcare ventilation can be achieved
quickly. All of the expertise needed
to develop new approaches exists;
we need only to piece together best
practices from health-care and com18
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
mercial engineering, both domestic

and international. A new framework
might include:
A clear and transparent identification of clinical effects. Where
HVAC is intended to achieve a
clinical end should be articulated.
We should be clear about where
normal HVAC is appropriate. In
many spaces, there are no clinical
implications; the design drivers are
comfort and IAQ.
A sound basis in IAQ. We should
be using the best available IAQ
practices. Some spaces will require
a more exhaustive design practice.
The practice, however, should be
built on the same footing. It should
use common methods, common
metrics, and common language.
A sound basis in human-comfort methods. We always should
leverage the best available comfort
knowledge. We should use state-ofthe-art comfort design and assessment methods. Where comfort is
affected by ones physical state or
other factors, we should use the best
tools available. We should continue
to seek new ones.
Whats happening. Interest in
this reform is diverse. Since 2011,
my group has published research,
corresponded with code groups,
and encouraged a larger dialogue.
Our research has focused on the
history of U.S. standards, benchmarking among HVAC standards,
energy, and the relationship between HVAC and patient outcomes.
We have requested a few actions
from code groups, mostly concerning coordination and benchmarking. We have shared findings with
health-care owners, architects, and
engineers.
Architects and engineers are
taking creative approaches to forge
ahead. They often test the limits of
standards, sometimes going slightly
beyond. Chilled beams, natural
ventilation, and displacement ventilators are being deployed on U.S.
acute-care projects. Outpatient projects are being designed for very low
energy use competitive with the best
commercial designs.
Code groups are working on
solutions as well. In early 2015, one
independent group convened to
coordinate across clinical standards
and clarify operating protocols.
In late 2015, another independent
group started to investigate alternative health-care HVAC design methods. Smaller teams are coordinating
between domestic standards.
There are a few examples of netzero or near-net-zero hospitals.
More are to come. The examples to
date, however, are a bit opportunistic; there has been investment in renewables, but no deep reductions in
consumption. A new HVAC toolkit
would open the door to lower consumption, more net-zero hospitals,
and a greener health-care-building
sector.
References
1) Vonberg, R.P., & Gastmeier, P.
(2006, July). Nosocomial aspergillosis in outbreak settings. Journal of
Hospital Infection, 63, 246-254.
2) Chaddock, J.B. (1983). Ventilation and exhaust air requirements
for hospitals. Atlanta, GA: American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
3) Siegel, J.D., Rhinehart, E., Jackson, M., Chiarello, L., & HICPAC.
(2007). 2007 guideline for isolation
precautions: Preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings. Atlanta, GA: Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention.
4) English, T.R. (2014, May).
Engineers perspectives on hospital
ventilation. HPAC Engineering,
pp. 14-19. Available at http://bit.ly/
English_0514
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SUDOK1/ISTOCK
OPERATING-ROOM
Energy Management
By ANDRE LEBLANC
ConEdison Solutions
Tampa, Fla.
The operating room (OR) typically is among the

greatest sources of revenue for a hospital and, thus,
kept as busy as reasonably possible. The occupied
period of a typical OR may start before 6 a.m., when
nurses and support staff begin to prepare the surgical
environment. The performance of procedures typically
begins at 7 a.m. and continues into the evening,
sometimes until after 9 p.m., followed by a closing hour
of post-surgical occupancy.
With use like that, it should come as no surprise
ORs account for a significant portion of an institutions
overall energy use. This article discusses the role of
proper surgical-suite environmental control and energy
management in the cost-efficient operation of a
hospital and provides examples of four hospitals in the
Southeastern United States that completed successful
energy-efficient environmental upgrades.
The Evolution From Prescriptive and Quantitative to

Performance-Based
In the United States, policymakers are changing
the ways they evaluate ORs and other components of
health-care delivery, moving away from old standards
of care and reimbursement formulas.
In prior eras, standards were largely prescriptive.
For example, codes would require a hospital to
meet certain criteria, such as standards set by ASHRAE
The role of surgical-suite environmental

control and energy management in the
cost-efficient operation of a hospital
or guidelines established by The American Institute of

Architects. Additionally, hospitals were reimbursed
according to formulas that counted the number of
procedures performed, regardless of outcomesthe
focus was on the quantity, not quality, of procedures
performed.
We have entered a new era. Officials increasingly are
stepping away from a reimbursement model based on
quantitative standards established before passage of the
Affordable Care Act and moving toward a new, more
demanding era of performance-based requirements
with an emphasis on outcomes.
In the past, if a medical procedure resulted in
contraction of a hospital-acquired infection (HAI) or
virus, the main consequence for the hospital might
simply be an extension of the patients stay by a few
days. Perversely, this generated additional revenue for
the hospital, a reward for a bad outcome.
Times have changed. Now, the government is telling
hospitals they will not be paid if they do not perform;
performance-based accountability has become a key to
payment. Affordable Care Act standards often focus on
outcomes. New rules measure factors such as whether
re-admittance was required after surgery and whether
complications or infections occurred.
Operating-Room Size Is Changing

The typical OR is growing in size. ORs commonly
were 20 ft by 20 ft (400 sq ft) or 20 ft by 30 ft (600 sq ft).
Today, sizing standards based on square footage are
subject to significant increases to allow for modern
Andre LeBlanc is director of operations for ConEdison Solutions, an energy-services and design-build company. He is a
graduate of Louisiana State University with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. He has more than 25 years of
design-build experience in the health-care industry.
20
HPAC ENGINEERING
MAY 2016
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Countries
Operating-rOOM energy ManageMent
medical equipment and technologies and to help ensure

staff and patient safety. This places greater emphasis
on the need for effective environmental controls in
operating suites. Also, it potentially raises the cost
of maintaining environmental quality, unless greater
efficiency is achieved.
Infection Control and Hospital-Related Errors

Efficiency initiatives must be balanced against
stricter infection-control monitoring required by the
government.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
estimates 22 percent of infections are directly related
to surgery. HAIs and hospital-related errors together
comprise one of the leading causes of death in the United
States, contributing to an estimated 788,558 fatalities
in 2009.1
To help stem these negative outcomes, infection
control is a policy priority of the Affordable Care Act.
In 2014, hospitals began receiving penalties based on
infection incidence. Fortunately, OR-related infection
rates can be reduced through proper environmental
controls and HVAC systems.
ORs Require Frequent Air Changes

In an OR, air must be changed often to minimize
the risk of infection through frequent filtration. The
Facility Guidelines Institute set a federal standard of
20 air changes per hour (ACH) during occupied hours.
During unoccupied periods and in unoccupied areas,
the number of ACH can be lowered to four to eight.
In many hospitals, rates are higher. The standard
for one large hospital corporation is 25 ACH. Rates
during open-heart surgery can reach 30 or more.
When surgical robots are in use, air may be changed as
many as 40 times an hour.
Modern ORs should employ occupied/unoccupied
ventilation control systems. This technology significantly reduces air-conditioning costs during unoccupied hours.
ORs Need Correct Levels of Relative Humidity

Proper humidity also is essential for infection control,
regardless of a hospitals geographical latitude. Northern facilities may have to consume a great deal of energy
to humidify air, while in the South, dehumidification is
key.
Air coming from outside must be conditioned to
maintain a relative humidity of 30 to 60 percent. Levels
below 30 percent can lead to the occurrence of static
electricity, which is a potential fire risk with the presence
of medical gases in operating suites. At levels above
60 percent, personnel and patients will experience
discomfort. Running below or above this range also
can contribute to infection risk. Common practice is to
maintain relative humidity between 50 and 60 percent.
Set-Point Range
Chiller plants typically are operated at a set point
between 42F and 46F, which usually is adequate to
maintain relative humidity below 60 percent at a temperature of 68F or greater. At the lower room-temperature
set points of ORs, which can be below 60F, humidity
control is difficult without extensive dehumidification,
and dehumidification is energy-intensive.
For ORs, the desired temperature typically is 60F to
65F, with 50-percent to 55-percent relative humidity.
Dehumidification
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22
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
ORs require a large quantity of outside air, which

often has high moisture content. Humidity above 60 percent is not conducive to comfort or infection control. A
desiccant wheel enhances the ability of an air-handling
units (AHUs) cooling coil to dehumidify by transferring
moisture from supply air downstream of the cooling coil
to mixed air returning to the cooling coil.
Type 3 desiccant wheels, which utilize an activated
alumina to adsorb water vapor in air streams, are a

valuable tool for reducing the energy required to
dehumidify ORs. When a Type 3 desiccant wheel is
utilized in an AHU, moisture from supply air is
transferred to mixed air, and heat from mixed air is
transferred to supply air. This minimizes the reheat
energy that otherwise would be necessary to dehumidify air entering the OR, providing both energy and
cost savings.
Case Studies
A 475-bed, 700,000-sq-ft hospital in the Southeastern
United States. This facility was constructed in the mid1960s, when requirements for and the functionality of
surgical suites were quite different from today. Whats
more, procedures often were taking place from very
early in the morning until late in the evening.
The facility specializes in heart-related procedures,
which often are lengthy operations. While comfort is
critical for all ORs, heart-focused ORs add a level of complexity because of the size of the medical staff needed for
many procedures. Also, the medical equipment required
to properly supply these spaces is larger than that used
in a standard OR. So, staff density and equipment intensity have significant impact on both sensible and latent
loads.
This hospitals ORs had seen little significant upgrade
or retrofit over their first four decades. The infrastructure of the ORs was significantly below current
standards, lacking the level of ventilation necessary to
provide code-compliant space pressurization. Previous
attempts to modify the HVAC systems had been minimally successful compared with what was needed. A
single AHU served multiple ORs. Additionally, adequate
reheat was lacking.
This hospitals ORs had a chronic problem with high
relative humidity. The institution implemented a solutionincluding Type 3 desiccant energy recoverythat
reduced relative humidity from above 65 percent to 52
to 54 percent at a comfortable set point of 62F to 64F.
During the upgrade, the chiller plants set point was
increased from 39F to 42F, a change that benefited
the entire facility. The increase reduced the cost of
producing chilled water by approximately 5 percent.
With an energy-reclaim-and-recovery strategy, the
initiative improved chiller-plant capacity by correcting
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May 2016
HPAC EnginEEring
23
the derating effect of operating the

chillers below their design set point
of 42F. This also corrected exhaust
and pressurization deficiencies
and improved filtration and ACH,
contributing to the mitigation of
humidity issues in the ORs.
Both ventilation and comfort
issues were mitigated through
implementation of this solution.
The hospital also reaped the benefit
of energy-cost reduction.
A 415-bed, 850,000-sq-ft hospital

in the Southeastern United States.
This facility was constructed in the
late 1960s. The ORs had not undergone significant renovation since.
Surgical staff routinely complained
about OR comfort. Daily monitoring revealed that, from late spring
through fall, OR humidity often
exceeded recommended levels.
Zone pressurization and the need
for appropriate air-change levels

were additional concerns.
The AHUs serving the ORs were
determined to be unable to perform
properly because of their advanced
age and deteriorated operational
condition. Additionally, some of
the supply and return ductwork
was found to be in need of replacement because of its poor condition
and because of flaws in the original
workmanship. The facility had been
built with ductwork transitions and
elbows installed in a manner that
would trigger significant drops in
pressure, which affected flow and
air-change rate.
The solution involved changeout
of the air handlers and modification
of the ductwork in a way that lessened air-pressure drop and allowed
for highly improved zone control.
This permitted the rooms to be
CLEAN, EFFICIENT TOWERS

WITH NO DOWNTIME
equipped with occupied/unoccupied

controls that reduced the ACH from
25 to eight when the ORs were not
being used for surgery.
This proved to be a tremendously valuable energy-saving
strategy. Supply and return boxes
were changed to variable-volume
to achieve occupied/unoccupied
control. This necessitated effective
air balancing and the application of
appropriate direct-digital-control
technology as a means of controlling
space pressurizationand achieving correct ventilation rates when in
occupied mode.
Additionally, the hospital implemented an air-handler-replacement
program, the components of which
were nearly identical to those in
the previous case study. The only
difference was that a multiple-AHU,
as opposed to single-unit, approach
was taken.
These solutions saved approximately 25 percent of the cost of
conditioning the OR spaces and
affected adjacent spaces. Air-change
rates were optimized to meet code.
Appropriate humidity control
was achieved, which significantly
improved comfort.
A 110-bed, 200,000-sq-ft hospital in the Southeastern United

States. This facility was built in the
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24
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
mid-1960s, its design adapted from

architectural designs intended for
a non-hospital building. This presented significant issues. The surgical suites, for example, were plagued
with low ceilings with less-thanadequate interstitial space above.
Because of ductwork limitations,
the project was unable to incorporate occupied/unoccupied control
systems.
A strategy utilizing Type 3 desiccant energy recovery corrected
high-humidity issues in the ORs,
along the same humidity parameters
as those cited in the two previous
case studies. The initiative paralleled
the program implemented in the
previous case study and optimized

ventilation rates to meet code.
A 300-bed, 450,000-sq-ft hospital

in the Southeastern United States.
The primary driver for this project was the end of life of the facilitys HVAC equipment. The surgical
suites affected were operating at an
inadequate number of ACH. Though
not its primary concern, the hospital also was interested in improving
and maintaining comfort.
The facilities team determined
the AHU serving the ORs should
be replaced. Thus, it was logical to
incorporate energy recovery and
occupied/unoccupied modes as part
of the replacement infrastructure.
The ORs dated to the mid-1970s.
As is the case with many older ORs,
making significant ductwork modifications was challenging. OR ceilings traditionally are hard, making
access difficult. Additionally, ceiling

access is restricted, and existing asbuilts often are inaccurate. Often,
on-the-spot field modifications are
required because of conflicts found
during project implementation. In
this case, all of these complexities
were present.
Ultimately, the institution implemented an occupied/unoccupied
ventilation control system that
substantially reduced the ORs' airconditioning costs during unoccupied hours. The project minimized
the number of air changes while still
meeting code and achieved many
of the results attained in the three
previous case studies. The hospital
achieved cost savings of around 25
percent.
Conclusion
Sustainability, lower costs, im-
proved patient safety, better outcomes, reduced infection rates,

avoidance of infection-rate-related
penalties, enhanced doctor comfort, higher doctor retention, and
the availability of tax incentives for
capital improvements represent a
highly compelling list of reasons
to undertake energy-management
upgrades in ORs.
Reference
1) Charney, W. (2012). Epidemic
of medical errors and hospitalacquired infections: Systemic and
social causes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Send comments and suggestions to
HPAC Engineering Executive Editor
Scott Arnold at scott.arnold@penton
.com.
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HPAC EnginEEring
25
SERENETHOS/ISTOCK
Understanding differences
between air-filter technologies
and performance-rating methods
By NATHAN L. HO, PE
P2S Engineering Inc.
Long Beach, Calif.
Air quality is key to achieving acceptable indoor
environments. With so many air-filter technologies
and performance-rating methods, it is essential design
engineers and operating personnel understand the
differences between them to make fully informed
decisions regarding air-filtration strategy. This article
discusses recent research into filter performance and
shares insights that can be gleaned from that research.
Limitations of Human Respiratory Filtration and

the Role of Mechanical Filtration
Particulate matter (PM) consists of microscopic solid
particles or liquid droplets that are suspended in air.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says the
size of particles suspended in air is linked directly to
the particles potential to cause health issues. 1 The
human body has provisions, such as the nose, to
naturally filter some PM. Particles larger than 100 m
tend to be too heavy to inhale, while particles in the
range of 10 to 100 m typically are unable to navigate
all of the turns in the bodys respiratory passageways
and are filtered by nasal hairs, nasal mucosa, or mucuscovered ciliated epithelium in the bronchi and bronchioles.2 The body, however, is unable to sufficiently filter
very small PM. Particles less than 10 m in diameter
(PM 10 ) are of particular concern because of their
tendency to penetrate deep into the lungs and their
potential to make their way into the bloodstream. Health

issues that have been linked to PM pollution include:
Premature death in people with heart or lung disease.
Nonfatal heart attacks.
Irregular heartbeat.
Aggravated asthma.
Decreased lung function.
Increased respiratory symptoms (e.g., irritation of
airways, coughing, difficulty breathing).
Contaminants smaller than PM10 and larger than PM2.5
often are referred to as coarse particles. Particles PM2.5
and smaller commonly are referred to as fine particles.
Sources of coarse particles include dust from paved and
unpaved roadways and dust-generating processes and
industries, such as crushing and grinding operations.
Fine particles often are found in smoke and haze, such as
smog. Processes involving combustion, such as motor
vehicles, power plants, and wood burning, are common
sources of fine-particle pollution.
ASHRAE Air-Filtration Performance-Rating

Standards
During the mid-1970s, ASHRAE formed a committee
to develop a standard for evaluating and rating airfiltration performance. In 1976, that standardASHRAE
52was published.
In 1992, ASHRAE Standard 52 evolved into ASHRAE
Standard 52.1, Gravimetric and Dust-Spot Procedures
for Testing Air-Cleaning Devices Used in General Ventilation for Removing Particulate Matter. The performance
Nathan L. Ho, PE, is a mechanical engineer specializing in HVAC- and control-system design with a focus on performance
and efficiency. His experience includes design, engineering, construction administration, commissioning, and project
management for an extensive range of facilities, including laboratories, data centers, high-performance commercial
buildings, and utility plants.
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FundaMentals oF air Filtration
metrics included:
Atmospheric dust-spot efficiency, a measure of a filters ability
to remove atmospheric dust from
test air (percent).
Arrestance, a gravimetric measure of a filters ability to remove
synthetic dust from test air (percent).
Dust-holding capacity, determined by the product of the quantity of synthetic test dust fed to a
test filter and its average arrestance
(grams).
Dust-spot efficiency and arrestance are averaged over the course
of a dust-loading procedure. Dust
loading is used to simulate the
collection of dust on a filter over
a controlled period of time for the
purpose of generating normalized
test data. The ASHRAE Standard
52.1 test procedure specifies a
synthetic mixture of fine test dust
and cotton linters.
In 1999, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2, Method of Testing General Ventilation Air Cleaning Devices
for Removal Efficiency by Particle
Size, was published. ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 52.2 presents air-filtration
performance in terms of minimumefficiency reporting value (MERV).
The testing methodology for determining an air filters MERV include:
Running test air through a highefficiency-particulate-air filter with
air temperature and humidity controlled before test contaminants are
injected into the air upstream of the
air filter being tested.
Measuring filtration efficiency
over 12 discrete ranges of particle
size (Table 1).3
Reporting initial filtration efficiency in lieu of average filtration
efficiency.
The tighter the control of testair quality, the higher the degree
of precision in testing air filters.
With the atmospheric test air used
in the method of test prescribed in
ASHRAE Standard 52.1, results can
be impacted by seasonal and local
28
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
TABLE 1. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2

particle-size ranges.
environmental conditions.
With 12 particle-size ranges,
designers and operators have the
ability to select air filters for specific
contaminants they want to remove
from an air stream. For example,
if the contaminant of concern is
pollen, which ranges in size from
5 to 15 m, with an average size of
7 m, a designer or operator would
select a filter in Range 12 (Table 1).
If the contaminant of concern is
mycobacterium tuberculosis, which
ranges in size from 1 to 5 m, with
an average size of 0.7 m, a designer
or operator would select a filter in
Range 3 (Table 1).
Aside from a focus on particle
size, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2
differs from ASHRAE Standard
52.1 in that it provides performance
FIGURE 1. Sample air-filtration test data.3
values based on initial installed performance. Over time, as air filters

become loaded, they tend to increase in efficiency; thus, reporting
initial filtration performance yields
more conservative values.
Air-filtration-performance test
reports include a graph displaying
initial filter efficiency through all 12
ranges of particle size (Figure 1).3
MERV is a function of filtration
performance over three particle-size
groups:
E1, which represents the average minimum particle-size removal
efficiency (PSE) for the four size
ranges from 0.30 to 1.0 m.
E2, which represents the average minimum PSE for the four size
E3, which represents the average minimum PSE for the four size
These categories represent airfiltration performance spanning
the 12 particle-size ranges shown
in Table 1. See Table 2 for MERV
parameters. See Table 3 for typical
contaminants and applications for
various MERV ratings.
Electrostatic Charge
While ANSI/ASHRAE Standard
52.2 represents the latest in airfiltration-performance evaluation,
it is not perfect. The performance
of a filter utilizing electrostatic
capture may be high initially, but
inconsistent through the filters

service life because of the erosion
of electrostatic charge as the filter
loads with contaminants. In 2008,
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2 Appendix J, a non-mandatory informative alternate test procedure to
address the concern of electrostaticmedia properties yielding potentially misleading MERV results, was
released. Appendix J substitutes the
ASHRAE synthetic-dust mixture
with potassium chloride (KCl) to better simulate the aerosol-size particle
distribution air filters commonly
observe in real-world applications.
As far back as 1999, ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 52.2 committee
members were aware of the limitations of the test procedure with respect to electrostatically charged filter media. The 1999 version of ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 52.2 states:
TABLE 2. Minimum-efficiency-reporting-value parameters from ANSI/ASHRAE Standard

52.2-2012 Table 12-1.
2016 The Metraex Company
Circle 167
May 2016
HPAC EnginEEring
29
30
HPAC EnginEEring
May 2016
TABLE 3. Typical contaminants and applications for various MERV ratings.

filter performance using the ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 52.2 Appendix J
test procedure. If a designer intends
to use a MERV 13 filter, then he or
she should look for the corresponding MERV-A 13-A rating on the airfilter product.
Filters utilizing fine-fiber media
that rely on mechanical principles
to remove contaminants from an
air stream tend to yield more reliable performance over their service
life. The filtration efficiency of these
filters actually increases over time as
the filters load with contaminants.
Conclusion
Achieving acceptable indoor-air
quality requires an understanding of
the fundamentals of air-filtration requirements and performance. Substantial research has been invested,
yielding the modern performance
test methods and benchmarks we
have today. Thanks to ASHRAE and
industry involvement, designers
and operators have robust tools to
evaluate and properly select the correct filter for an application. Not all
air filters yield the same real-world

performance under the mandatory ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2
method of test. Designers should
consider specifying the ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 52.2 Appendix J
test procedure to gain a more thorough understanding of air-filtration
performance throughout the service
life of a filter.
References
1) EPA. (n.d.). Health. Retrieved
from https://www3.epa.gov/pm/
health.html
2) EHP. (2006, February). Particles
in practice: How ultrafines disseminate in the body. EHP Student Edition, p. A758.
3) Camfil Farr. (n.d.). ASHRAE
testing for HVAC air filtration.
Retrieved from http://www.camfil
.com/Global/Documents/Brochure/
Standards/ASHRAE52.pdf
iMages courtesy oF caMFil
Some fibrous-media air filters

have electrostatic charges that may
either be natural or imposed upon
the media during manufacturing.
Such filters may demonstrate high
efficiency when clean and drop-in
efficiency during their actual-use
cycle. The initial conditioning step
of the dust-loading procedure described in this standard may affect
the efficiency of the filter, but not
as much as would be observed in
actual service. Therefore, the minimum efficiency during test may be
higher than that achieved during
actual use.
The use of KCl in Appendix J
is the result of ASHRAE research
and industry input. Two substantial
research projects that contributed
to the development of Appendix
J are ASHRAE Research Project
1189, Investigations of Mechanisms
and Operating Environments That
Impact the Filtration Efficiency of
Charged Air Filtration Media, and
ASHRAE Research Project 1190,
Develop a New Loading Dust and
Dust Loading Procedures for the
ASHRAE Filter Test Standards 52.1
and 52.2. These research projects
have shown that coarse-fiber media,
which is electrostatically charged,
performs differently from fine-fiber
media, such as fiberglass, in realworld applications.
Coarse-fiber media relies on an
electrostatic charge to achieve published performance. This is concerning because very fine particulate
(less than 1.0 m in size) will erode
the charge and diminish filtration
performance over time. Specifying
the Appendix J test procedure to
determine MERV rating will show
the reduction in performance of
a filter relying on electrostatically
charged media compared with the
filters published performance using the mandatory ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 52.2 test method. Specifying engineers should look for the
MERV-A rating, which shows air-
Magnified images of MERV 13 air filters. On the left is MERV 13 fine glass-fiber media.
On the right is MERV 13 coarse-fiber media. Both images span 50 m.
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MAY 2016 | www.hpac.

Fundamentals of Air Filtration

New Perspectives on Health-Care Ventilation

Specication equals reputation. Thats why 4 out

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Although the author learned health-care HVAC the way many

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Fundamentals of Air Filtration

Managing Your Facilities ................ 4

New Products .............................. 10

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Operating-Room Energy Management

New Perspectives on Health-Care Ventilation

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Managing your Facilities

Trends in Data-Center Thermal Management

n data-center thermal management, five trends are

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FROM THE FIELD DESIGN SOLUTIONS

Vertical Floor Series fan-coil units

Customization Keeps Fan-Coil

s part of a multiyear renovation, Grant Towers, which

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