Keynote IC3E2 - August 2015

Smart Embedded Solutions for
Connected Health
Prof. Abbes Amira
The 2015 International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IC3E 2015)
Connected Health?
Connected health is the convergence of medical devices,

security devices, and communication technologies
It enables patients to be monitored and treated remotely

from their home or primary care facility rather than
attend outpatient clinics or be admitted to hospital
2015 Abbes Amira
Context
Healthcare
Lifestyle
Sweet spot
Technology
2015 Abbes Amira
Context
Wireless Body Area Network
Acquisition and transmission

Physiological data
Fall detection, ECG, Gait analysis
Some Challenges
Extreme energy efficiency

Data fusion, analysis and security
Data classification and transmission
Compressive sensing
Reduce acquired data

Reduce power consumption
Increase performance
Complexity in the reconstruction side

2015 Abbes Amira
Research: Focus Areas
Video, image and signal

processing
Reconfigurable computing and

HPC
Connected health systems
Medical imaging
Data visualisation, analysis and

processing
Biometrics and security
Cloud computing
2015 Abbes Amira
Research focuses on pioneering future directions and

innovation software tools and intelligent embedded
systems with applications in video and image
processing, connected health and biomedical signal
processing
2015 Abbes Amira
The research aims at the development of software tools

and hardware accelerators for multidimensional data
acquisition, visualisation and analysis using advanced
compression standards, pattern recognition and
classification algorithms
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Funding and Collaborations
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Funding and Collaborations
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Outline
Concepts and Challenges
Emerging Technologies
Smart Connected Health Solutions
Fall Detection
ECG Monitoring
Medical Imaging
Other Applications
The Future?
2015 Abbes Amira
Concepts and Challenges
2015 Abbes Amira
Connected Health: Concepts

Instrumented
Measure, sense and see
the exact condition
Embedded Sensors,
automatic capturing of
data, embedded computing
Interconnected
Communicate and interact
with each other
Real-time communications
Intelligent
Respond to change,
predict and optimize for
future events
Data analysis, pattern

recognition, use rules and
logic, intelligent reporting
Through greater levels of instrumentation, interconnectivity and intelligence,

smarter health monitoring solutions are possible
2015 Abbes Amira
Connected health is a new model for health management which

puts the correct information in the correct hands at the correct
time
Patients and clinicians can make better decisions that can save
lives, save money and ensure a better quality of life during and
after treatment
Not just about technologies but also about connecting people

and information within a system
Includes terms such as eHealth, Digital Health, mHealth,

Telehealth, Telecare, remote care, and assisted living
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Usage shifting toward prevention

and management
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Connected Health: Challenges
Big Data
Wearable devices and Internet of Things
Data Analytics and Security
2015 Abbes Amira
Data is growing and moving faster than

healthcare organizations can consume it
80%
of
medical
data
(EMRs,
images,
physicians notesetc) is unstructured and

is clinically relevant
Healthcare organizations are leveraging big

data technology to capture all of the
information about a patient
Successfully harnessing big data unleashes

the
potential
to
achieve
the
critical
objectives for healthcare transformation

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IoT, Big data key to overcoming
healthcare bottlenecks by 2025
Source: Survey, Firstpost. Friday, July 31, 2015

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Big Data Analytics can Prevent Healthcare Fraud
Scenario: If doctors and pharmacies can access controlled

substance history information quickly and at the point of care, it can
help them make better prescribing decisions and identify potential
prescription drug abuse. With the ability to combine multiple data
sources, analyze data and quickly deliver insights, pharmacies,

doctor offices and hospitals can track abnormal activity to mitigate
prescription drug abuse. Rather than just delivering raw data to
healthcare
professionals,
sophisticated
databases
will
give
healthcare professionals a larger picture that allows them to address

why, where, when and how these issues are arising
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Applications of Emerging Technologies such as Social
Media, Cloud and Mobile for Healthcare
Electronic Health Records
Knowledge Generation and Analytics in Healthcare

Settings (data mining, knowledge management, decision
support systems, data visualisation)
Health Information Systems for Chronic Disease

Management
Mobile Apps, Healthcare and Analytics

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Evaluation and Assessment of Health Information Systems

and Technologies
Confidentiality, Privacy and Data Security in Health
Informatics
Remote or Resource Poor (international and local use of
Health Informatics in remote and resource poor locations)
Acceptance of Information Technologies for Healthcare

Systems and Applications
Open-Source Software for Healthcare

2015 Abbes Amira
Assistive and Adaptive ubiquitous Computing
Technologies for Healthcare
Computer Games and Augmented reality for Healthcare
Telemedicine
E-Learning for Healthcare, Health Education
Informatics and Quality of Care
Applications of informatics and analytics tools in nutrition
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Limitations of Existing Solutions
Not practical for daily use
Slow alerting system lacking intelligence
Expensive to implement
Complexity of the system
Flexibility
Privacy
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Emerging Technologies:
Platforms and Tools
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Spartan-6, Virtex-6, and 7 series FPGAs offer the performance of
dedicated ASICs and DSPs, with the added benefits of low NRE
cost, substantially reduced time to market, easy design portability,
and high I/O count with simplified PCB layout. In addition, Xilinx's
40 nm and upcoming 28 nm FPGA custom low power process,
coupled with leading edge power optimization tools offer
significantly lower power consumption than competing solutions.
All of these benefits enable portable ultrasound system
developers to improve patient care by rapidly deploying
systems that deliver the latest technology within budget and
power consumption constraints.
www.xilinx.com
Xilinx FPGAs in Portable
Ultrasound Systems
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Excuse me for a
minute while I
reconfigure
my
computer
Reconfigurable Computing
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Using reconfigurable electronics to build connected health
systems with advantages over conventional technology **
in any of the areas of:
Time- to- market

Performance
Power
Size/ weight
Flexibility
Life cycle cost
** ASICs, CPUs, and DSPs
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Memory
FPGA
Microprocessors
Logic ports are connected to realize the

right logic function
Low delay (ns) input assertion and output
generation
High flexibility
Customizable hardware
X and Y are estimated at the same time
Two different locations and hardware
resources inside FPGA are used to
generate X and Y
ALU
Hardware structure is
pre-defined
An instruction per clock
cycle
Hardware is shared for
generating out_1 and
out_2
High delay for output
estimation
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I/O
FPGA Architectures
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All Xilinx FPGAs contain the same basic resources
Logic Resources
Slices (grouped into CLBs)

Contain combinatorial logic and register resources
Memory
Multipliers
Interconnect Resources
IOBs
Interface between the FPGA and the outside world
Other resources
Global clock buffers, RISC ARM processorsetc

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Zynq platform architecture
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RC10
XUPV5-LX110T
Virtex-7 FPGA VC707

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Zynq SoC prototyping board
Zynq board for video processing

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3
1
Xilinx FPGAs
Zynq
Software tools
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3
1
Xilinx FPGAs
Software tools
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HDL (VHDL, Verilog)
High Level Languages
(Handel-C, SystemC, CatapultC, JHDLetc)

Schematic
MATLAB-Simulink- Xilinx System Generator (XSG)
AccelDSP (MATLAB)
VIVADO HLS (AutoESL)
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Hardware Compilation
Schematic
or HDL
Generate
Handel-C
EDIF2
Simulate
Compile
EDIF1
....00100110....
configure
Place & Route
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New approach using Vivado HLS
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RCMAT: A Coprocessor for matrix

algorithms
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Array Blocks Routines
DSP, IP
AP
Platform
Platform
Platform
Matrix multiplication
Matrix inversion
Matrix transforms:
DCT, DWT, FFT
Matrix decomposition:
SVD, QR, LU
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Level
Examples
Real
World
Applications
Driver
Routines
Computational
Routines
Array Block
Routines
Implementation
Image processing
Kalman Filtering
ECG Monitoring
Fall Detection
Singular Value Decomposition
Finding Eigenvectors
Solving Linear Equation
Matrix Invertion
Programming
Language
Software VIVADO
Libraries
LU, QR Factorisation
Bidiagonalisation, Jacobi Rotation
Matrix Multiplication
Matrix Addition
Systolic Conv Arith

Design
Schematic, HDL, FSM Distributed-
Compiler
Templates
Hardware
FPGA, VLSI
Arithmetic
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HLS
JHDL
Handle C
Source: University of Denver
Source: Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal
Reconfigurable Computing
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Smartphone Point of care device
Source: University of Ulster, United Kingdom
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Shimmer Platform
Shimmer is a small wireless sensor platform that can
record and transmit physiological and kinematic data
in real-time. Designed as a wearable sensor, Shimmer
incorporates wireless ECG (Electrocardiogram), EMG
(Electromyography), GSR (Galvanic Skin Responseskin conductance), Accelerometer,
Source: http://www.shimmer-research.com/
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CPU
Low-power TI MSP430F1611 microprocessor which

controls the operation of the device
It configures and controls various integrated peripherals

through I/O pins, some of which are available on the
internal/external-expansion connectors
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Computing Platform
Run appropriate software
Analyze the recorded data
Analyze a persons activities
Intelligent alerting system
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Walking
Accelerometer Walk Data
3.50E+01
3.00E+01
2.50E+01
2.00E+01
mg
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Z-Axis
1.50E+01
1.00E+01
5.00E+00
0.00E+00
1
153
305
457
609
761
913 1065 1217 1369 1521 1673 1825 1977 2129 2281 2433 2585 2737 2889 3041 3193 3345 3497
Sample Number @ 100sps
Resultant waveforms from a walking motion for

the 3-axis accelerometer
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Running
Accelerometer Run Data
4.00E+01
3.50E+01
3.00E+01
mg
2.50E+01
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Z-Axis
2.00E+01
1.50E+01
1.00E+01
5.00E+00
0.00E+00
1
85
169
253
337
421
505
589
673
757
841
925 1009 1093 1177 1261 1345 1429 1513 1597 1681 1765 1849 1933
Sample Number @ 100 sps
Resultant waveforms from a running motion for the 3-axis accelerometer

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Jumping
Accelerometer Jump Data
7.00E+01
6.00E+01
5.00E+01
4.00E+01
mg
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Z-Axis
3.00E+01
2.00E+01
1.00E+01
0.00E+00
1
777
1553 2329 3105 3881 4657 5433 6209 6985 7761 8537 9313 10089 10865 11641 12417 13193 13969 14745
Sample Number @ 100sps
Resultant waveforms from a jumping motion

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Vitalsens Device
Intelligent, wearable, non invasive, wireless vital signs monitor
Vital signs measured can include:
Simple heartbeat to full ECG

Blood Oxygen
Respiration
temperature
ecg
SpO2
Skin surface temperature

Motion Detection
respiration rate
accelerometer
Source: http://www.intelesens.com/
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Bio-sensing device which measures

human iso-potential signals and
derives a unique bio-measurement
from those electrical signals. This
has the potential to uniquely identify
the user of any piece of equipment
A reusable person-locating device

which is worn on the wrist, identifies
the wearer, is capable of locating the
wearer
through
GPS
and
communicates their position and
status using GPRS communication
Uses for this type of device include monitoring the

whereabouts of a person and for the tracking of patient in
hospitals
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Computing Platform
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Smart Connected Health Solutions
Fall detection
ECG monitoring
Medical Imaging
Other applications
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Fall Detection
Falling and Importance of Monitoring
Individuals at risk:
Elderly
Medical conditions
Injuries caused:
Broken bones
Head trauma
Individuals often unable to call for help
Fall detection device can quickly raise alarm
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Fall Detection
Fall Detection Technology
Visual camera-based
High accuracy and high cost
Wearable accelerometer-based
Low accuracy and low cost
We aim to improve upon wearable systems robustness
and accuracy for fall detection
Wearable Sensor
Visual Camera
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Fall Detection
Proposed System
Shimmer accelerometer device utilised

Signal analysed with time, wavelet and classifier techniques
Fall occurrence, strength and direction detected
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Fall Detection
Fall Data and Methodology
36 subjects
2 groups; wavelet and Principle Component
Analysis (PCA)
Shimmer worn on centre chest position
Activities of Daily Life (ADL) recorded
Hard and soft directional falls recorded
Strong Front Fall
Soft Front Fall

2015 Abbes Amira
Fall Detection
Subjects were split into two groups for independent analysis
and comparison of multiresolution and PCA fall detection and
diagnostics
25 subjects and their associated fall and ADL occurrences over
3 repetitions were combined to form group 1 for multiresolution,
threshold-based, analysis
Group 2 consists of 11 subjects,139 falls and 84 ADL samples
which were used for PCA + decision tree classifier
The fall data obtained from the Shimmer device was wirelessly
recorded and analyzed in LabView and Matlab
2015 Abbes Amira
Fall Detection
Multiresolution Wavelet Analysis
Group 1
Biorthogonal (5-5) L2 wavelet applied
Thresholds applied to categorise signal data:
Time domain
Fall occurrence; optimum threshold = maximum ADL
acceleration
Wavelet domain
Fall occurrence; optimum threshold = minimum average fall
acceleration
Fall strength; threshold = maximum soft fall acceleration
Wavelet and time signals compared for fall detection

Logical AND or OR operators
2015 Abbes Amira
Fall Detection
PCA Classifier
Group 2
All wavelet acceleration data evaluated by PCA
Fall detection classifier tree obtained from PCA
Wavelet acceleration signals applied to Boolean
classifier
Classifier determines fall occurrence, strength and
direction
Classifier can be calibrated with ADL data
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Fall Detection
Analysis Metrics
Recall ()
Measure of falls detected from fall data
Based on number of true falls detected ( ) and falls not detected
( )
=
+
Precision ()
Measure of true falls detected, not ADL
Based on number of true falls detected ( ) and ADLs detected as
falls ( )
=
+
F-value ()
Accuracy measure based on harmonic mean of recall and precision
=2
+
63
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Fall Detection
Fall Detection Results
Multiresolution fall detection
Fall Analysis
Recall (%)
Precision (%)
F-Value (%)
Fall Detection
(AND Comparator)
83
94
88
Fall Detection
(OR Comparator)
98
88
93
Fall Strength
76
73
75
AND comparator
Strict operator
High precision and low recall
OR comparator
Flexible operator
High recall and low precision
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Fall Detection
Fall Detection Results
PCA classifier fall detection
Fall Analysis
Recall (%)
Precision (%)
F-Value (%)
Fall Detection
(Uncalibrated)
91
90
88
Fall Detection
(Calibrated)
87
92
87
Fall Strength
85
77
80
Fall Direction
81
83
87
Additional ADL data used to calibrate classifier

Calibration can improve precision
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Fall Detection
Multiresolution Analysis
Fall detection
Can obtain high precision or high recall results only
Comparator operators produce strict or flexible fall
detection
Poor fall strength categorisation
PCA classification tree
Fall detection
Good precision and good recall
Can be calibrated to improve response with good data
selection
Good fall strength categorisation
Can obtain fall direction information
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Fall Detection
Automatic fall detection and Hardware Acceleration
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Fall Detection
Compressive Sensing
z
y
x
Sparse 3D
Accelerometer
Signal
Signal
reconstruction
using OMP
Orientation
Orientation
and
acceleration
estimation Acceleration
module
Fall
detection
decision
module
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Fall detection
response
Fall Detection
Compressive sensing
Activity of Daily Living (ADL) training data
Detects fall occurrence, strength and direction
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Fall Detection
Compressive sensing
Allows signal recovery from sparse data samples
Less acceleration data sampled
Less data transmitted
Less power requirements
Wavelet acceleration signal
Thresholded; 45 largest nonzero coefficients
Pre-known permutation index
Gaussian sensing matrix
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Fall Detection
Compressive sensing
Sparse signal recovery methods
Matching Pursuit (MP) 1993
High iterations, low complexity
Orthogonal MP (OMP) 2007

Low iterations, high complexity
Regularised OMP (ROMP) 2009

Multiple magnitude-based column processing
Stagewise OMP (StOMP) 2012

Multiple column, fixed iterations, high sparsity suited
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Fall Detection
11 subjects
110 ADL samples recorded
140 hard and soft directional falls recorded
Strong Front Fall
Soft Front Fall

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Fall Detection
Classifier Fall Detection Results
Good rate of falls detected
Accurately distinguish falls from ADL
Additional data can be used to further calibrate
classifier
Calibration can improve results
Fall Analysis
Recall (%)
Precision (%)
F-Value (%)
Fall Detection
96
99
97
Fall Type
91
99
95
Fall Direction
87
98
93
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Fall Detection
Compressive Sensing Sparsity Effect
Sparsity effect on sparse signal reconstruction
Fall detection:
Recall
Precision
F-value
45 nonzero coefficients
Sparsity decrease = response decrease
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Fall Detection
Compressive Sensing Sparsity Effect
Reconstruction failed with non-sparse signals (0.5 sparsity)
StOMP and OMP obtained better responses
Precision response maintained longest
H. Rabah, A. Amira, B.K. Mhanti, S. Almadeed, P.K. Meher FPGA implementation of orthogonal matching
pursuit algorithm for compressive sensing reconstruction, IEEE Transactions on VLSI, 2015 (available
online)
A. Amira, N. Ramzan, C. Grecos, Q. Wang, P. Casaseca, Z. Pervez, X. Wang and C. Luo A Reconfigurable
Supporting Connected Health Environment for People with Chronic diseases book chapter (Chapter 17page 332) in Healthcare Informatics and Analytics: Emerging Issues and Trends" IGI Global 2014.
R.M.Gibson, A. Amira, P. Casaseca, N. Ramzan and Z. Pervez An Efcient User-Customisable
Multiresolution Classier Fall Detection and Diagnostic System The 26th International Conference on
Microelectronics (ICM), 14-17 December 2014, Doha, Qatar.
H.Rabah, A. Amira, and A.Ahmad Design and Implementation of a Fall Detection System using
Compressive Sensing and Shimmer Technology the 24th IEEE Conference on Microelectronics ICM2012,
Algiers, 17-20 December 2012.
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A Wireless Reconfigurable
System for Falls Detection
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Fall Detection
A Wireless Reconfigurable System for Falls Detection
Developing an efficient hardware architecture for 3D
accelerometer based fall detection approach
Developing a novel fall detection algorithm with the best

effectiveness and complexity trade-off
Using FPGAs as a low cost accelerator for falls detection
Developing a real-time monitoring system for fall
detection using 3 axial accelerometer data
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Fall Detection
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Fall Detection
System block diagram
Architecture
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Fall Detection
Task execution times and speedup
Task
Software
FPGA
Speed
up
Orientation estimation
2052ns
12.2ns
168
Acceleration estimation
2388ns
12.2ns
195
Orientation & Acceleration estimation
3466ns
12.2ns
284
M. Neggazi, A.Amira and L. Hammami Efficient Compressive Sensing on the Shimmer Platform for Fall
Detection, the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS2014), 1-5 June 2014,
Melbourne, Australia.
M. Neggazi, A. Amira, L. Hammami A Wireless Reconfigurable System for Falls Detection the 11th
International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and their applications (ISSPA2012),
2-5 July 2012, Montreal, Canada.
2015 Abbes Amira
Fall Detection
PCA and Decision Tree Classifier
Maximum running Frequency: 300 MHz
A. Ait Si Ali, M. Siupik, A. Amira, F. Bensaali and P. Casaseca, HLS Based Hardware Acceleration on the
Zynq SoC: a Case Study for Fall Detection System, The 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on
Computer Systems and Applications, 10-13 November 2014, Doha, Qatar.
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ECG Encryption using

VitalSens Technology
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ECG Encryption
ECG Encryption using Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES)
To develop a concept demonstrator
for both wireless health-care monitoring and
individual identification using ECG,
with the aspects of
data storage and data security
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ECG Encryption
RC10 Board
Bluetooth
+
VitalSens VS100
LM058 Bluetooth-Serial
adapter
Flash memory
memory
Flash
holds data
AES
holds
VGA
VGA Screen
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encrypted data
ECG Encryption
Expandability
Scalability
Reliability
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ECG Encryption
Bluetooth Communication &
Acquistion Module
Data Distribution Module
Finite State Machine

for Communication
VitalSens
Protocol Stack
LM058
Library
VGA Screen
Displaying
AES Encoder
Output Data
to Screen
Store Data
in Memory
Serial Interface Module
Data from / to
Bluetooth-to-Serial Adapter
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People
Recognition
ECG Encryption
Bluetooth
Communication
& Acquistion
Data
Distribution
Module
AES Cipher
Link
option 1
VitalSens
VS100
RC10 Board with LM058

Bluetooth-Serial adapter
FPGA stores ciphertext with ECG data in

flash memory
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ECG Encryption
AES
Decipher
VGA
Displaying
Module
VGA link
VGA screen
RC10 board
FPGA restores
ECG data from
ciphertext
A.Amira, M.Saghir, N.Ramzan, C. Grecos and F. Scherb A Reconfigurable Wireless Environment for ECG
Monitoring and Encryption, International Journal of Embedded and Real-time Communication systems,
Special issue on: Networked Embedded Systems- Design for Scalability and Heterogeneity. Volume 4,
Issue 3, 2013.
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ECG Encryption
ECG Encryption using AES Demo
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ECG Recognition using

VitalSens Technology
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ECG Recognition
To develop a real time embedded system for people
identification using ECG signal
To perform and evaluate a Matlab Simulation for the
identification process using Principle Component
Analysis (PCA) and different ECG sources
To perform the ECG identification process on the
FPGA using Handel-C and Matlab simulation results
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ECG Recognition
Identification
Enrolment
ECG Sensor
ECG Sensor
Pre-processing
Pre-processing
Feature
Extraction
Classification
YES
Access Granted
Verification
Feautre Vector
in Database
Feature
Extraction
NO
Access Denied
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ECG Encryption
Database on
Flashmemory
Person ID on
7 Segment
Display
Identification
Algorithm on
FPGA
+
ECG Sensor on human
chest
RC10 Board with bluetooth adaptor
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ECG Recognition
MIT-BIH online
ECG Database
User interface
Filtering
DWT
Complete
PCA
Load MIT-BIH
ECG Data
Recognition
Load VS ECG
Data
Complete
PCA
Create Flash
Data
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ECG Recognition
RAM
Load
Matlab Data
from Flash
Module
ECG
sampling
Module
Computing
PCA Values
Module
Euclidian
Distance
Module
Display ID
Module
Seven Segment
Display
16 MB Flash
Memory
Bluetooth
and Data
Distribution
Module
FPGA
VS100 + LM058
P. Zicari, A. Amira, G.Fischer, J. Mclaughlin An Embedded System for on Field Testing of Human
Identification Using ECG Biometric the 11th International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal
Processing and their applications (ISSPA2012), 2-5 July 2012, Montreal, Canada.
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ECG Recognition
ECG Recognition Demo
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Medical image segmentation
Developing intelligent segmentation, filtering and

compression systems for 2D and 3D medical imaging
Tumour definition for radiation therapy planning and

cancer diagnosis
Efficient low power architectures for 3D medical

imaging
2015 Abbes Amira
D.Montgomery, A. Amira and H.Zaidi Oncological PET Volume Segmentation Using a Combined
Multiscale and Statistical Model Medical Physics (The American Association). 34 (2), February 2007.
A. Amira, S. Chandrasekaran, D. Montgomery and I.S.Uzun A Segmentation Concept for Positron
Emission Tomography Imaging Using Multiresolution Analysis Neurocomputing, Special Issue on
Vision Research, Volume 71, Issues 10-12, pp 1954-1965, June 2008
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Algorithms
Input:
x {x0 , x1 ,..., xN 1} is decomposed into a
Low-pass subband
High-pass subband
an h2 n k xk
a {a0 , a1 ,..., aN / 21}
c {c0 , c1 ,..., cN / 21}
cn g 2 n k xk
k
Where hi , g i are low-pass and high-pass filter

coefficient
Haar filter:
h (0.5,0.5)
g (0.5,0.5)
9/7 Biorthogonal spline filter: h (h4 , h3 , h2 , h1 , h0 , h1 , h2 , h3 , h4 )

g ( g 2 , g 1 , g 0 , g1 , g 2 , g 3 , g 4 )
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Haar Wavelet Transform
A = [6, 4, 5, 9, 7, 5, 9, 3]
D1 = [5, 7, 6, 6, 1, -2, 1, 3]
averages
differences
D2 = [6, 6, -1, 0, 1, -2, 1, 3]

averages
differences
Standard 2D Decomposition
Non-Standard 2D Decomposition
Decompose all Rows
Decompose on a Row-Column,
Decompose all Columns
Row-Column cycle
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Host-FPGA Communication
Data
Software
Processed
Data
Flash
Memory
FPGA
Hardware
GUI- Host Application

FPGA Board
Functions
Read ();
Haar ();
Write ();
Confirm ();
Configure ();
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HWTF (N=8) based on distributed principles
Haar
Coefficients
x1
x2
+/-
+/-
x3
x4
ROM
x5
x6
x7
x8
Inputs
+/SR2-1
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PINLab chest/heart phantom

Four acquisitions with the inclusion of varying tumour
inserts
Real PET data
Data set dimensionalities 128 x 128 x up to 117
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Phantom Data
(a) Original Phantom Image, (b) Thresholded Image T= 9000, (c) MRA Level 1,
(d) Reconstructed Image
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The HWT hardware implementation based on pseudo code

using Handel-C requires 259 FPGA slices and operates
at a maximum frequency of about 67 MHz
Parametrisable, scalable 16 bit 8x8 2-D has been used for
medical volume segmentation
The hardware implementation of HWT clearly outperforms

the software implementation by a speedup factor of 5.5
times
Mhd.Sharif, M. Abbod, A. Amira and H. Zaidi Artificial Neural Network Based System for PET Volume
Segmentation International Journal on Biomedical Imaging, Volume 2010, Article ID 105610, 2010.
A.N. Sazish, Mhd S.Sharif and A. Amira Hardware Implementation and Power Analysis of HWT for Medical
Imaging The 16th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS 2009),
Hammamet, Tunisia, 13-16 December, 2009.
Mhd Sharif and A. Amira An Intelligent System for PET Tumour Detection and Quantification The IEEE
Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2009), Cairo, 07-11 Nov 2009.
2015 Abbes Amira

Discrete Biorthogonal Wavelet Transform
Two architectures for 1-D DBWT

Fully pipelined DBWT architecture,
Hybrid DBWT architecture
Two architectures for 2-D DBWT
Separable 2-D DBWT architecture
Non-separable 2-D DBWT architecture
FPGA-based HDTV image/video compression
applications
I.S.Uzun and A.Amira A Framework for FPGA based Discrete Biorthogonal Wavelet Transforms
Implementation Vision, Image and Signal Processing, IEE Proceedings -Special Issue on Rapid
Prototyping Systems- Volume 153, Issue 6, Page(s):721 - 734, Dec. 2006.
2015 Abbes Amira

1-D DBWT Pipelined Arch
Arch-I consists of K PEs, each PE is devoted to compute
decomposition level k where 1kK.
Because of decimation by two in DWT, each PE basically
has floor(L/2k) MACs. L is the filter length.
d1(n)
x(n)
N0
PE1
L
M1
2
d2(n)
a1(n)
N0/2
PE2
L
M2
4
d3(n)
a2(n)
N0/4
PE3
L
M3
8
a3(n)
N0/8
dK(n)
aK-1(n)
N0/2K-1
PEK
aK(n)
L
MK K
2
2015 Abbes Amira
1-D DBWT Hybrid Arch

The proposed architecture consists of 2 PEs
PE1 computes the first level of decomposition
PE2 computes the higher levels (k) of the
decomposition, where 2kK
d1(n)
x(n)
N0
PE1
L
M1
2
a1(n)
PE2
N0/2
RPA-
d2(n),d3(n),..,dK(n)
Scheduling
M 2 2L
N0/2K-1
aK(n)
2015 Abbes Amira

2-D DBWT Separable Arch
The separable 2-D DBWT architecture consists of a delay
line, a filter bank and a memory unit of J register blocks
(Rj) in order to store intermediate outputs.
2015 Abbes Amira

2-D DBWT Non-Separable Arch
0
DEMUXEVEN
1
2
[LL3]2m
Input Image
(Even Rows)
[I] 2m
VSER1
VSER2
EVEN
VSER3
EVEN
Delay Line and

Symmetrical
Extention Router
(SER) Network
EVEN
S0
([I]2m+[I]2m-8)
N
N/2
Qr[]
LL{0,8} / HL{0,8}
([LL1]2m+[LL1]2m-8)
( [LL2]2m+[LL2]2m-8)
P0
Qr[]
LH{0,8} / HH{0,8}
N/2
N/4
Row
Adder
N/4
S0
0
([LL1]2m-2+[LL1]2m-6)
([LL2]2m-2+[LL2]2m-6)
N
N/2
LL{2,6} / HL{2,6}
LL{0,8} / HL{0,8}
LL{1,7} / HL{1,7}
P2
LH{2,6} / HH{2,6}
N/2
LL{2,6} / HL{2,6}
1
0
LL/HL
1
LL{3,5} / HL{3,5}
N/4
N/4
R2EVEN
R3EVEN
[I]2m-4
[LL1]2m-4
[LL2]2m-4
HL1,2,3
LL4 / HL4
S0
R1EVEN
S2
S1
([I]2m-2+[I]2m-6)
LL4 / HL4
P4
Row
Adder
LH4 / HH4
LH{0,8} / HH{0,8}
0
DEMUXEVEN
1
2
LH{1,7} / HH{1,7}
[LL3]2m+1
Input Image
(Odd Rows)
[I] 2m+1
VSER1ODD
VSER2ODD
VSER3ODD
Delay Line and

Symmetrical
Extention Router
(SER) Network
([I]2m+[I]2m-8)
N
N/2
LH1,2,3 /HH1,2,3
LH4 / HH4
S0
LL{1,7} / HL{1,7}
0
1
[LL2]2m+[LL2]2m-8)
P1
LH{1,7} / HH{1,7}
N/2
N/4
LH{3,5} / HH{3,5}
([LL1]2m+[LL1]2m-8)
(
LH{2,6} / HH{2,6}
N/4
VSERjODD : Vertical Symmetric Extension Router for ODDnumbered of input data at jth decomposition level.
VSERjEVEN : Vertical Symmetric Extension Router for EVENnumbered of input data at jth decomposition level.
S0
([I]2m-2+[I]2m-6)
0
([LL1]2m-2+[LL1]2m-6)
([LL2]2m-2+[LL2]2m-6)
N
N/2
1
2
LL{3,5} / HL{3,5}
P3
LH{3,5} / HH{3,5}
RjODD/EVEN : Row-delay circuit for jth decompsition level.

N : Row delay elements composed of N delay units.
Qr[] : Quantisation applied to subband outputs.
N/4
R1ODD
R2ODD
R3ODD
2015 Abbes Amira
DBWT Results
Computation time for 1-D DBWT architectures is N0/2,
therefore it is at least twice faster than existing
architectures
Very
high
data-throughput
rates
up
to
320
MegaSamples/sec, with efficient hardware utilization
The separable architecture requires less number of
multipliers compared to the non-separable architecture;
The routing complexity of non-separable architecture is
less than separable architecture, it achieves better
maximum operating frequency; and
The non-separable architecture requires less number of
ccs to compute the DBWT (2N2/3 versus 2N2)) and
achieves higher fmax, therefore it outperforms the
separable architecture in terms of computation time
2015 Abbes Amira
2015 Abbes Amira
FPGA-based Compression
A single level of 9,7 filter

bank
implementation
requires 462 slices (less
than
%3
of
slices
available on the FPGA
device) for a input data
throughput
of
320
MegaSamples/sec
I.S.Uzun and A.Amira Real-Time 2-D Wavelet Transform Implementation for HDTV Compression RealTime Imaging, Special Issue on Spectral Imaging II, Volume 11, Issue 2, Pages 151-165, April 2005.
2015 Abbes Amira
3D Medical image compression
A. Ahmad, B. Krill, A. Amira and H. Rabah, Efficient Architectures for 3-D HWT using Dynamic Partial
Reconfiguration, Journal of Systems Architecture - Special Issue on Hardware/Software Co-Design,
Issue 8, Volume 56, pp 305-316, August 2010.
2015 Abbes Amira
A. Ahmad, B. Krill, A. Amira and H. Rabah, Efficient Architectures for 3-D HWT using Dynamic Partial
Reconfiguration, Journal of Systems Architecture - Special Issue on Hardware/Software Co-Design, Issue
8, Volume 56, pp 305-316, August 2010.
2015 Abbes Amira
Send data operation to be proposed in 1D HWT
1D HWT
a a2i 1
H i 2i
i 0..
N
2
1D HWT
T2
1D HWT
(d)
i(0)
o(0)
i(1)
o(1)
i(2)
Send data operation for transposition operation
Data fetch
unit
o(2)
Write the
results to
4
different
memory location
Block RAMs
1
Read data operation
from memory
FPGA Static area
i(N-1)
...
...
N inputs sample, N=8
T1
1D HWT
Reconfigurable
area
o(N-1)
Send data
D
Send data
operation
for transposition
operation
2 operation to
be proposed
in 1D HWT
N2 i a2i a2i 1
i 0..
N2 1
(c)
Data fetch
unit
Xilinx University Program

XUPV5 LX110T Development System
Read data
operation from
memory
Transpose
Reconfigurable
area
Write the
results to
4
different
memory location
Block
RAMs
Static area
FPGA
Subimages (S0 S7)
1D HWT
T1
1D HWT
T2
1D HWT
3D HWT coefficients
(e)
(b)
(a)
Original 3-D image
Compressed 3-D image

2015 Abbes Amira
2015 Abbes Amira
Fast Hadamard Transform

ROM's content for
i = 1,3,5,7
0
H 84,i 7
H 84,i 8
H 84,i 5
H 84,i 6
H 84, i 5 H 84, i 7
H 84,i 6 H 84,i 8
( X 1 X 2 )m
4x16 Decoder
( X 3 X 4 )m
( X 5 X 6 )m
ROM's content for

i = 2,4,6,8
0
H 84,i1 H 84,i 3
H 84,i 2 H 84,i 4
H 84,i1 H 84,i 3 H 84, i 7
H 84,i 2 H 84,i 4 H 84,i 8
H 84, i1 H 84, i 3 H 84, i 5
H 84,i 2 H 84,i 4 H 84,i 6
H 84,i1 H 84,i 3 H 84,i 5 H 84,i 7
H 84,i 2 H 84,i 4 H 84,i 6 H 84,i 8
( X 7 X 8 )m
INVER
T
INVERTER
Y HN X
CI
SR
S HIFTACC
FF
RES ULT
H H
4
N
2
N
H N4 T
A. Amira and S. Chandrasekaran Power Modelling and Efficient FPGA Implementation of FHT for Signal
Processing IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration TVLSI, Vol 15 Number 3, pp 286-295,
March 2007.
2015 Abbes Amira
Fast Hadamard Transform

Algorithm performance
Feature
Computation
time
Proposed
Structure
2n
Structure
Structure
[Existing]
[Existing]
(2N-1)(n+log2N) (2nN)T
Implementation performance
Design Features
(N=8, n=8)
Proposed
Architecture
Existing
Slices Speed (Area/Speed) Ratio

(MHz)
124
90
1.37
136
45
3.02
2015 Abbes Amira
FPGA-based Compression
H. Rabah, A. Amira, B.K. Mohanti, S. Almadeed, P.K. Meher FPGA implementation of orthogonal matching
pursuit algorithm for compressive sensing reconstruction, IEEE Transaction on VLSI, 2015.
2015 Abbes Amira
Color Space Conversation
F.Bensaali and A.Amira Accelerating Color Space Conversion on Reconfigurable Hardware Image and
Vision Computing, Vol 23, pp 935-942 (2005).
2015 Abbes Amira
Curvelet Transform
Efficient architectures for

the trous wavelet transform
Finite Radon transform
Finite Ridgelet transform
Spatial Domain Lena
Spatial Domain Baboon
Building blocks of the Curvelet

transform and their FPGA
implementation
FRIT domain, p = 7
FRIT domain, p = 31
S. Chandrasekaran, A. Amira A. Bermak and M. Shi An Efficient VLSI Architecture and FPGA
Implementation of the Finite Ridglet Transform Journal of Real-Time Image Processing, Vol 3, NO 3, pp
183-193, September 2008.
2015 Abbes Amira
Curvelet Transform
atrous Wavelet Transform
2015 Abbes Amira
Curvelet Transform
Radon Transform
2015 Abbes Amira
Curvelet Transform
Ridglet transform is precisely the application of a 1dimensional wavelet transform to the slices of the
Radon transform
2015 Abbes Amira
Curvelet Transform
2015 Abbes Amira
Curvelet Transform
Implementations have been carried out for

different input image size where N=7,17 and 31
for FRIT
The Curvelet design has been implemented for a
transform size of 289x289 and p = 17
With 83MHz operating frequency and 3N2 + 3p3N
clock cycles computation time, the Curvelet
transform with 3 resolution levels takes
approximately 57ms
That gives a speed increase factor of 20
compared to existing work
2015 Abbes Amira
Image filtering
J.S.S.Kutty, F.Boussaid, A.Amira A High Speed Configurable FPGA Architecture For Bilateral Filtering
The International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 27-30 October 2014, Paris, France.
2015 Abbes Amira
Image filtering using FFT
Design Paremeters
- FFT Type
- Number of PEs
- Filter Type
*Filter params.
- Input Image
- Filter Coeffs.
- Output Image
RC1000 Dev. Board

Input/Output
Image
SRAM
Bank 0
Parallel
2-D Forward FFT
- Radix-2
- Radix-4
- Split-Radix
- FHT
Parallel
2-D Inverse FFT
SRAM
Bank 1
Virtex-2000E
FPGA
- Radix-2
- Radix-4
- Split-Radix
- FHT
Filter
Coeffs.
SRAM
Bank 2
Point-to-Point
Multiplication
SRAM
Bank 3
Radix-2 is area efficient

Radix-4 is best in terms of
computation time
FHT has real kernel. It requires less
memory
Split-Radix is suitable for complete
pipelined architecture which is not
suitable for processing large FFTs
Number
of
processors
has
significant effect on performance of
parallel 2-D FFT implementation
Real-time 2-D FFT performance for
matrix size: 128,256,512
Near real-time 2-D FFT performance
for matrix size N =1024
I.S. Uzun, A. Amira, A. Bouridane FPGA Implementations of Fast Fourier Transforms for Real- Time
Signal and Image Processing IEE Proceedings on Vision, Image and Signal Processing, Volume 152,
Number 03, pp 283-296 - June 2005.
I.S.Uzun and A.Amira An FPGA-based Parametrisable System for High-Resolution Frequency Domain
Image Filtering Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp 895-921 (2005).
2015 Abbes Amira
Image filtering
B. K. Mohanty, P. K. Meher, S. Al-Maadeed, and A. Amira Memory Footprint Reduction for PowerEfficient Realization of 2-D Finite Impulse Response Filters, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and
SystemsI: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 61, No. 1, January 2014.
P. Meher, S. Chandrasekaran and A. Amira FPGA Realization of FIR Filters by Efficient and Flexible
Systolization Using Distributed Arithmetic IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, VOL. 56, no. 7, pp
3009-3012, July 2008.
2015 Abbes Amira
Image filtering
NXN
SVD
Reconstruction
Threshold
Noisy image
Denoised image
output
blocks
U
output
blocks
V
output
blocks
D
input
image
blocks
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
bank3
bank2
bank1
bank0
Partitioning of the
Image
FPGA
Computation of SVD
Computation time of the SVD of one block

is 0.123ms (fmax=84.44 MHz) which
means 8130 blocks per second can be
processed.
X2 speedup
The use of a faster and a larger FPGA
(which can allow more parallelism), can
lead to higher performances
A.AhmedSaid and A.Amira Accelerating SVD on Reconfigurable Hardware For Image Denoising
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2004), Singapore, October
24-27, 2004.
2015 Abbes Amira
Image filtering
(a)
Pre-processing
(b)
Compression system
Sub-images [n-1]
Sub-images [1]
Image
de-noising
3-D
Transform
Quantisation/
selection
Entropy
coding
Buffers
Buffers
Buffers
Buffers
Output: Bitstream
(Compressed
medical images)
Image noisy with 2 = 0.16
Image de-noising by FRAT, p = 7
z
x
Input: 3-D
medical images
Finite Radon
transform
Thresholding
Inverse finite
Radon transform
34.48 dB
29.91 dB
(a)
Type
Platform
Virtex-II
Sequential
Virtex-E
Virtex-5
Pipelined
Virtex-5
BRAM-based
Virtex-5
(b)
(c)
References
Max. frequency
(MHz)
Throughput
(MSPS)
Area
(Slices)
Rahman & Wadawy (2004)

Uzun & Amira (2005): Arch. 1
Uzun & Amira (2005): Arch. 2
Chandrasekaran et al. (2008)
Chandrasekaran & Amira (2005)
Chandrasekaran et al. (2008)
Proposed - Loops rolled
Proposed - Loops unrolled
Proposed - Loops rolled
Proposed - Loops unrolled
Proposed
100.13
112.87
67.30
79.97
69.00
94.46
174.30
127.80
161.40
103.50
188.90
9.87
11.13
6.64
37.32
6.90
45.01
0.12
8.52
13.31
48.30
6.30
159
198
131
215
345
245
669
2,704
2,044
5,286
637
A. Ahmad, A. Amira, H. Rabah and Y. Berviller, Medical Image Denoising on FPGA using Finite Radon
Transform, IET Image Processing Volume 6, Issue 9, pp. 862 870, December 2012.
2015 Abbes Amira
Information retrieval using LSI

User Query
Input
Database
Update
Engine
Search Results
Document
Preprocessing
Results
Processor
Term Document Matrix

(TDM) Generator
TDM
Matrix
Parameters
Query
Vector
Decomposition: SVD/
Haar
Visualisation
Engine
Document
Cosines
Hardware
Acceleration
Parametrisable
Handel-C Code
Host Program
DK4 EDIF Generation

Xilinx ISE P&R
Generate FPGA
Bitstream
A. Alzu'bi, A. Amira and N. Ramzan Semantic Content-based Image Retrieval: A Comprehensive Study. Journal
of Visual Communication and Image Representation (Elsevier), 2015.
M. Al-Qahtani, A. Amira, N. Ramzan An Efcient Information Retrieval Technique for
e-Health Systems The 22nd International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing, IWSSIP 2015,
London, 10-12 September 2015
A. Amira, S. Chandrasekaran and D. Skinner A Fast Hybrid LSI Approach for Intelligent Information Retrieval
Proceedings of the 4th IET Visual Information Engineering 2007 Conference (VIE2007), London 25-27 July 2007.
2015 Abbes Amira
GMM based Classifier
M. Shi, A. Bermak, S. Chandrasekaran, A. Amira and S. Brahim-Belhouari, A Committee Machine Gas

Identification System Based on Dynamically Reconfigurable FPGA the IEEE Sensors Journal, VOL. 8,
NO. 4, April 2008.
M. Neggazi, M. Bengherabi, Z.Boulkenafet and A.Amira An Efficient FPGA Implementation of Gaussian
Mixture Models Based Classifier: Face Recognition Application, the 9th IEEE International Workshop on
Systems, Signal and their Applications (WOSSPA2013), 12-15 May 2013, Algiers, Algeria.
2015 Abbes Amira
Robotics for Connected Health
A. Al-Harami, A. Al-Mansoori, R. AlMesallam, U. Qidwai, A. Amira, An Intelligent Sensing System for

Healthcare Applications using Real-time EMG and Gaze Fusion" The IEEE Technically Co-Sponsored SAI
Intelligent Systems Conference, London, 10-11 November 2015.
2015 Abbes Amira
Robotics for Connected Health
2011 Gold Crest Award for Sentinus project on No More Home Alone: A robotic application for connected
health applications
2015 Abbes Amira
AI for Connected Health
L. Mller, S. Zagaria, A. Bernin, A. Amira, N. Ramzan, C. Grecos and F. Vogt EmotionBike: A Study of
Provoking Emotions in Cycling Exergames, 14th International Conference on Entertainment Computing
(ICEC), 2015, Trondheim, Norway
2015 Abbes Amira
Conclusions
Connected health concepts and challenges
Some multiresolution and imaging algorithms have been
implemented
hardware
and
accelerated
on
reconfigurable
Some applications have been addressed including fall

detection, ECG monitoring and medical imaging
Design approaches and methodologies from Algorithm

to Power Modelling have been presented
2015 Abbes Amira
Ongoing Research
Compressive sensing and Classification methods
Co-design using the new FPGA platforms: partitioning the

design and implementation on the FPGA and ARM
processor
Fall detection, gait analysis, ECG monitoring
Medical devices with embedded internet services
Pattern recognition for vital signs analysis and fusion
2015 Abbes Amira
Ongoing Research
Data Fusion
Processing
Analysis
Decision
Making
Distributed
And Wireless
Intelligent and
Pervasive
Data
Retrieval
Embedded
and Wireless
Fusion and
Optimisation
2015 Abbes Amira
Ongoing Research
Connected Health: How mobile phones, cloud, and big

data will reinvent healthcare?
Social networking and internet services
Towards prevention and management
Training: transition from traditional to connected?
2015 Abbes Amira
References and Acknowledgment

www.xilinx.com
Applications notes: DPR, ISE, Zynq, Family 7, Spartan 3
Xilinx university program
www.xilinx.com/university
PPT, Notes, Documentations, Code
www.mentor.com
Handel-C application notes
RC devices
Thanks to all my research team members and collaborators

University of the West Scotland (Visual Communication Cluster)
Qatar University (Embedded Computing Systems)
2015 Abbes Amira
Thank You
Better Life quality at low cost
Connecting people and information for better life

Toward Embedded, Wireless, Intelligent, Continuous, LowCost Solutions
2015 Abbes Amira

Keynote IC3E2 - August 2015

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Smart Embedded Solutions for

Connected health is the convergence of medical devices,

It enables patients to be monitored and treated remotely

2015 Abbes Amira

2015 Abbes Amira

Acquisition and transmission

Extreme energy efficiency

Reduce acquired data

Complexity in the reconstruction side

Research: Focus Areas

Video, image and signal

Reconfigurable computing and

Connected health systems

Data visualisation, analysis and

Biometrics and security

Research: Focus Areas

Research focuses on pioneering future directions and

2015 Abbes Amira

Research: Focus Areas

The research aims at the development of software tools

2015 Abbes Amira

Funding and Collaborations

2015 Abbes Amira

Funding and Collaborations

2015 Abbes Amira

Concepts and Challenges

Smart Connected Health Solutions

Concepts and Challenges

2015 Abbes Amira

Connected Health: Concepts

Data analysis, pattern

Through greater levels of instrumentation, interconnectivity and intelligence,

2015 Abbes Amira

Connected Health: Concepts

Connected health is a new model for health management which

Not just about technologies but also about connecting people

Includes terms such as eHealth, Digital Health, mHealth,

Connected Health: Concepts

2015 Abbes Amira

Connected Health: Concepts

Usage shifting toward prevention

Connected Health: Challenges

Wearable devices and Internet of Things

Data Analytics and Security

2015 Abbes Amira

Connected Health: Challenges

Data is growing and moving faster than

physicians notesetc) is unstructured and

Healthcare organizations are leveraging big

Successfully harnessing big data unleashes

objectives for healthcare transformation

Connected Health: Challenges

Source: Survey, Firstpost. Friday, July 31, 2015

Connected Health: Challenges

Scenario: If doctors and pharmacies can access controlled

sources, analyze data and quickly deliver insights, pharmacies,

healthcare professionals a larger picture that allows them to address

Connected Health: Challenges

Applications of Emerging Technologies such as Social

Media, Cloud and Mobile for Healthcare

Electronic Health Records

Knowledge Generation and Analytics in Healthcare