Metrology and Quality Assurance

Group Members:
Zargham Khan (2k13-ME-07)
Abdul Khaliq (2k13-ME-15)
Hameed Gul (2k13-ME-34)
Nauman Butt (2k13-ME-44)

Contents
Statistical Quality Control (SQC):................................................................................ 3

Quality:.................................................................................................................... 3
Variables:................................................................................................................. 3
Attributes:............................................................................................................... 3
Defect and defective:.............................................................................................. 3
Statistical Quality Control (SQC):............................................................................. 4
State of Control:......................................................................................................... 4
Developing Control Charts:......................................................................................... 5
Types of Control Charts:............................................................................................. 6
X-Bar Chart:............................................................................................................. 6
R Chart:................................................................................................................... 6
Using Mean and Range Charts Together:.................................................................6

Statistical Quality Control (SQC):

Quality has always been an integral part of all products including services. It is an
important consumer decision criterion in selecting among competitive products. So,
quality improvement has become the key factor for the success and growth of any

business organization. Investment on quality improvement gives rich returns. Japan

is the best example.

Quality:
It is defined as fitness for use. Every product possesses a number of elements that
jointly describe its fitness for use. These elements or parameters of quality are
called quality characteristics. Quality characteristics may be measurable like length,
weight, voltage, etc. or countable like the number of leakage points on a roll of
insulated wire.

Variables:
Measurable quality characteristics are referred to as Variables.

Attributes:
Often, the quality can not be measured. The units are just classified as defectives or
good ones. E.G. a bolt that fits a nut is good and that does not fit is defective. Such
quality characteristics are called attributes.

Defect and defective:

Quality characteristics are evaluated relative to specifications. Specifications are the
desired measurements of the quality characteristics which are set by the
management according to the design of the product. Specifications are also referred
to as the target or nominal values. A product that fails to meet any specification is
said to be nonconforming. A particular instance of nonconformity is called a defect.
A product is defective if it has one or more defects which are serious enough to
restrict its effective use.

Statistical Quality Control (SQC):

By SQC we mean the various statistical methods used for maintenance of quality in
a continuous flow of products. It involves two types of controls:
1. Process control:
Its aim is to quickly detect the occurrence of assignable (identifiable) causes of
quality variation in the production process so that corrective action may be
undertaken before many nonconforming (defective) units are produced. Process
control is achieved through the technique of control charts.
2. Product control:
Its aim is to ensure that lots of manufactured products do not contain large
proportion of defective items. Product control is achieved through the technique of
acceptance sampling inspection plans.

State of Control:
A process is a chain of activities that turns inputs into outputs. Examples would
include a manufacturing process in which an item is produced, an administrative
process in which a decision is reached, etc. A process is like a population containing

all the outputs that would be produced by the process if it ran forever in its present
state. The outputs produced today or this week are a sample from this population.
The idea of statistical process control

Goal: make a process stable over time and keep it stable unless planned
changes are made.
All processes have variation.
Statistical stability means the pattern of variation remains stable, not that
there is no variation in the variable measured. (In control)
Common cause variation

A process that is in control only has common cause variation.

Common cause variation is the inherent variability of the system, due to
many small causes that are always present.
Special cause variation

When the normal functioning of the process is disturbed by some

unpredictable event, special cause variation is added to the common cause
variation.
We hope to be able to discover what lies behind special cause variation and
eliminate that cause to restore the stable functioning of the process.
Control charts are statistical tools that monitor a process and alert us when the
process has been disturbed so that it is now out of control. This is a signal to find
and correct the cause of the disturbance.
Control charts distinguish between the common cause variation and the special
cause variation.

How do you know if a process is out-of-control?

One point outside the

limits
A run of 9 consecutive points above the center line () or 9 consecutive
points below the center line.

Developing Control Charts:

A control chart (also called process chart or quality control chart) is a graph that
shows whether a sample of data falls within the common or normal range of
variation. A control chart has upper and lower control limits that separate common
from assignable causes of variation. The common range of variation is defined by
the use of control chart limits.
We say that a process is out of control when a plot of data reveals that one or more
samples fall outside the control limits. In the below graph, the mean is 16 ounces.
The upper control limit (UCL) is the maximum acceptable variation from the mean
for a process that is in a state of control. Similarly, the lower control limit (LCL) is
the minimum acceptable variation from the mean for a process that is in a state of
control. In our example, the upper and lower control limits are 16.2 and 15.8
ounces, respectively. You can see that if a sample of observations falls outside the
control limits we need to look for assignable causes.

Every process has variation. Some variation may be the result of causes which are
not normally present in the process. This could be special cause variation. Some
variation is simply the result of numerous, ever-present differences in the process.
This is common cause variation. Control Charts differentiate between these two
types of variation. One goal of using a Control Chart is to achieve and maintain
process stability.
A statistical tool used to distinguish between process variation resulting from
common causes and variation resulting from special causes.

Types of Control Charts:

1. X-Bar Chart
2. R Chart

X-Bar Chart:
A mean control chart is often referred to as an x-bar chart. It is used to monitor
changes in the mean of a process. To construct a mean chart we first need to
constructthe center line of the chart. To do this we take multiple samples and
compute their means. Usually these samples are small, with about four or five
observations. Each sample has its own mean.

R Chart:
Range (R) charts are another type of control chart for variables. Whereas x-bar
charts measure shift in the central tendency of the process, range charts monitor
the dispersion or variability of the process.

Using Mean and Range Charts Together:

You can see that mean and range charts are used to monitor different variables. The
mean or x-bar chart measures the central tendency of the process, whereas the
range chart measures the dispersion or variance of the process. Since both
variables are important, it makes sense to monitor a process using both mean and
range.