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1) Routing table:
- Commonly named a forwarding database
- Contains list of best paths to destinations
Command to verify this is: R#show ip route
2) Neighbor table:
- Also known as the adjacency database
- Contains list of recognized neighbors
Command to verify this is: R#show ip ospf neighbor
3) Database table:
- Typically referred to as Link State Database(LSDB)
- Contains all routers and their attached links in the area or network
- Identical LSDB for all routers within an area
Command to verify this is: R#show ip ospf database
OSPF CONFIGURATION:
To configure the OSPF routing protocol, we use the syntax:
R(config)#router ospf<process-id>
A point to be noted is that the process-id can be different in different routers;
this does not refer to the Autonomous System number like other protocols.
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Router1(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Router1(config-router)#network 25.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Router3(config)#router ospf 3
Router3(config-router)#network 3.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
Router3(config-router)#network 25.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
NOTE : If contiguous subnets are to be published, it’s possible to reduce the no. of
network commands by using an ‘inclusive’ WCM with the least no. of network
commands.
VERIFICATION:
First, we have to see the running configuration of the two routers:
1) Routing table:
Now, the routing table of the two routers are seen & OSPF learnt routes are indicated
with "O" as shown below:
Router1#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.3.3.3 [110/65] via 25.0.0.2, 00:04:41, Serial0
C 25.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
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Router3#sh ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 25.0.0.1, 00:05:26, Serial0
C 3.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 25.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
NOTE:
One can observe that Loopbacks are learnt as /32 networks by OSPF even though
a different Mask is specified. Also note that no auto-summarization is supported by
OSPF.
2) Neighbor Table:
Router1#sh ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
3.3.3.3 1 FULL/ - 00:00:33 25.0.0.2 Serial0
3) Database table:
Now we can see the output for the above point-to-point WAN link:
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OSPF Router with ID (3.3.3.3) (Process ID 3)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1 362 0x80000003 0x9BAA 3
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 362 0x80000003 0xD163 3
The database table will give us information about various types of link state
advertisements. In the above output, we see "router link state" (LSA Type 1) within a
single area-area 0.Each router in the area advertises details of links connected to it.
This advertisement is seen only in the router’s connected area. The details in the table
are:
From the above output, we can see the Process ID, Router ID, cost of that link (metric)
Network Type - which shows POINT_TO_POINT for WAN links and LOOPBACK for
loopbacks, Hello and Dead time intervals, neighbor count and neighbor’s router-id.
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And also, we have to see the various states and its description as seen below in the
table:
States Description
Not exchanged any information with
Down
other routers
Sends Hello packet to all directly
Init
connected routers
After hello received, it adds all routers
Two-way to its neighbor table and sends a Hello
to all connected routers
MASTER/SLAVE is decided based on
Exstart
highest Router-Id
Exchange Exchanges DBD packets
Link state request is sent and LSU is
Loading
received(i.e., actual LSU exchange)
After all LSReqs are satisfied, forms
Full
FULL adjacency with the neighbor
From the debug output, we can see the different states of communication
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00:18:36: OSPF: Send DBD to 3.3.3.3 on Serial0 seq 0x1518 opt 0x42 flag 0x2 len 72
00:18:36: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 3.3.3.3 on Serial0 seq 0x1519 opt 0x42 flag 0x3 len 72
mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
00:18:36: OSPF: Send DBD to 3.3.3.3 on Serial0 seq 0x1519 opt 0x42 flag 0x0 len 32
00:18:36: OSPF: Database request to 3.3.3.3
00:18:36: OSPF: sent LS REQ packet to 25.0.0.2, length 12
00:18:36: OSPF: Rcv DBD from 3.3.3.3 on Serial0 seq 0x151A opt 0x42 flag 0x1 len 32
mtu 1500 state EXCHANGE
00:18:36: OSPF: Exchange Done with 3.3.3.3 on Serial0
00:18:36: OSPF: Send DBD to 3.3.3.3 on Serial0 seq 0x151A opt 0x42 flag 0x0 len 32
00:18:36: OSPF: Synchronized with 3.3.3.3 on Serial0, state FULL
00:18:36: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 3.3.3.3 on Serial0 from
LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
DR and BDR are elected in OSPF - LAN. The important aspects to know are:
• All (DROther) routers form full adjacencies with the DR and BDR only.
• Packets to the DR and the BDR use 224.0.0.6.
• Packets from DR to all other routers use 224.0.0.5.
ROUTER-ID:
Any router is known to OSPF by the OSPF router ID.
• LSDBs use the OSPF router ID to differentiate one router from the next.
• By default, the router ID is the highest IP address on a logical interface
(loopback). If no loopbacks are configured, it takes the highest physical interface
address at the moment of OSPF process startup.
• The OSPF router-id command can be used to override the OSPF router ID
(recommended). For this command to take effect, it’s necessary to clear the
OSPF process.
The command for router-id is configured under the router ospf config as shown:
Router(config-router)#router-id <ip-address>
For the above scenario, the interface and OSPF configurations with Router-id are done
as shown in the running configuration below:
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VERIFICATION:
The configurations are to be verified first in the running configuration of the three routers
as shown below:
The three tables are to be verified as follows (output similar on all routers):
Router1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.0.0.1 [110/11] via 25.0.0.2, 00:25:03, Ethernet0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/11] via 25.0.0.3, 00:25:03, Ethernet0
C 25.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Observe, the router with highest Router-Id is elected as DR & next highest as BDR.
Also note that the election is non-preemptive; i.e. once a DR (& BDR) is elected, it will
never be replaced by any other Router with a higher Priority / Router-id. Only when the
DR goes down will the BDR become DR & a new BDR is elected from the DROTHER
routers.
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1.1.1.1 1 FULL/DROTHER 00:00:36 25.0.0.1 Ethernet0
2.2.2.2 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:33 25.0.0.2 Ethernet0
The output says that DR WITH ROUTER- ID 3.3.3.3 connected (to network 25.0.0.0)
through its interface 25.0.0.3.
The database table should be the same on all routers within the same area.
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Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 2.2.2.2 (Backup Designated Router)
Adjacent with neighbor 3.3.3.3 (Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 1.0.0.1/8, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1
Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host
The information highlighted in RED are specific to BMA (Broadcast Multi Access)
interface.
Router1#sh ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 1.1.1.1 and Domain ID 0.0.0.1
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 2
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 4 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 4. Checksum Sum 0x23128
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
Router1#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "ospf 1"
Invalid after 0 seconds, hold down 0, flushed after 0
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is
Routing for Networks:
1.0.0.0
25.0.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
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Gateway Distance Last Update
2.2.2.2 110 00:11:52
3.3.3.3 110 00:11:52
Distance: (default is 110)
The interface with the highest priority becomes the DR, and the interface with the
second-highest priority becomes the BDR.
In the above Scenario, Router3 was the DR and Router2 BDR. Now, We’ll make
Router1 - DR and Router3 - BDR by changing the priority of the three routers as
displayed below:
After changing the priority, we have to clear the ospf process on all routers using the
below command.
Router#clear ip ospf process
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Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
3.3.3.3 20 FULL/BDR 00:00:33 25.0.0.3 Ethernet0
1.1.1.1 30 FULL/DR 00:00:36 25.0.0.1 Ethernet0
This can also be seen in the output of the command show ip ospf interface:
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For the FULL MESH scenario shown below, the configuration and output verification of
this mode is to be done as follows:
The basic interface configuration and OSPF configuration are done which was shown in
the running configuration as below:
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Now, we have to configure the network type in the interface mode with the
ip ospf network command.
Router(config)#interface <interface name>
Router(config-if)#ip ospf network <one of NBMA mode>
Specifying the network type for the NBMA network explicitly is not required because the
default is NON_BROADCAST, ie NBMA
And also in this mode, the neighbor has to be manually configured in the OSPF process
with the command as given below:
Router(config)#router ospf <process-id>
Router(config-router)#neighbor <neighbor-address>
In a full-mesh NBMA topology, you may need neighbor statements on all routers unless
you have statically configured the DR and BDR using the priority command, in which
case it is sufficient to configure neighbor statements on DR & BDR alone.
Configuration:
The “OSPF Network ” configuration has to be done in the serial interface of all the
routers to select the non-broadcast mode and in the OSPF process. We shall configure
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this command (for our understanding) even though this is the default mode. The
neighbor configuration is also demonstrated in the below example.
R1(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#ip ospf network non-broadcast
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.2
R1(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.3
R1(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.4
R2(config)#interface serial 0
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network non-broadcast
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.1
R2(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.3
R2(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.4
R3(config)#interface serial 0
R3(config-if)#ip ospf network non-broadcast
R3(config-if)#exit
R3(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.1
R3(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.2
R3(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.4
R4(config)#interface serial 0
R4(config-if)#ip ospf network non-broadcast
R4(config-if)#exit
R4(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.1
R4(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.2
R4(config-router)#neighbor 11.0.0.3
OUTPUT VERIFICATION: The highlighted part of the output reveals BMA equivalent
behavior of OSPF in this mode.
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:11, Serial0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
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O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.3, 00:01:11, Serial0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.4, 00:01:11, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
The above also reveals that DROTHER routers stop at the 2-WAY state and don’t
form full adjacency (same would have been the case in LAN environment).
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Let’s try viewing the details of Router Link States using the below command.
LS age: 344
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 2.0.0.1
Advertising Router: 2.0.0.1
LS Seq Number: 80000007
Checksum: 0x3B4
Length: 48
Number of Links: 2
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 2.0.0.1
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.255
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
Link connected to: a Transit Network
(Link ID) Designated Router address: 11.0.0.4
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 11.0.0.2
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
LS age: 226
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
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LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 3.0.0.1
Advertising Router: 3.0.0.1
LS Seq Number: 80000006
Checksum: 0xF7BC
Length: 48
Number of Links: 2
Link connected to: a Transit Network
(Link ID) Designated Router address: 11.0.0.4
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 11.0.0.3
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 3.0.0.1
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.255
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
LS age: 688
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 4.0.0.1
Advertising Router: 4.0.0.1
LS Seq Number: 80000004
Checksum: 0x7AB
Length: 48
Number of Links: 2
Link connected to: a Transit Network
(Link ID) Designated Router address: 11.0.0.4
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 11.0.0.4
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 4.0.0.1
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.255
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
The above reveals details of the Link count details of links in the area. Note that
link count is taken by OSPF as below.
Similar outputs can be observed in other routers too. A few outputs on R2 is also
shown below.
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R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 1.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:03:51, Serial0
C 2.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.3, 00:03:51, Serial0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.4, 00:03:51, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
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Hello due in 00:00:19
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 0, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 4 msec
Neighbor Count is 3, Adjacent neighbor count is 3
Adjacent with neighbor 4.0.0.1 (Designated Router)
Adjacent with neighbor 3.0.0.1
Adjacent with neighbor 1.0.0.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
The difference in configuration compared to the earlier case is that we would not be
issuing the neighbor command and we would specify the Network Type as
“BROADCAST”.
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Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#ip ospf network broadcast
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:38:54, Serial0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.3, 00:38:54, Serial0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.4, 00:38:54, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
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Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
1.0.0.1 1.0.0.1 604 0x80000004 0x00DBE3 2
2.0.0.1 2.0.0.1 473 0x80000003 0x00E8D3 2
3.0.0.1 3.0.0.1 507 0x80000003 0x00F3C4 2
4.0.0.1 4.0.0.1 391 0x80000003 0x00FEB5 2
Net Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
11.0.0.3 3.0.0.1 507 0x80000004 0x008D81
The below command helps verify the interface Network Type configured.
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Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-multipoint
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:00:59, Serial0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.3, 00:00:59, Serial0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.4, 00:00:59, Serial0
11.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks
O 11.0.0.3/32 [110/64] via 11.0.0.3, 00:00:59, Serial0
O 11.0.0.2/32 [110/64] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:00, Serial0
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O 11.0.0.4/32 [110/64] via 11.0.0.4, 00:01:01, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
Note the neighbor table reveals only connected Routers form full adjacency while
database remains same on all routers
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Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
1.0.0.1 1.0.0.1 402 0x8000000A 0x16D5 5
2.0.0.1 2.0.0.1 492 0x80000007 0x396F 3
3.0.0.1 3.0.0.1 383 0x80000008 0xDC64 4
4.0.0.1 4.0.0.1 384 0x80000008 0x3507 4
The Network type can be verified using the show ip ospf interface command. Also
note the hello/dead intervals.
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¾ Neighbors must be manually configured in this mode using neighbor command.
¾ DR and BDR election is not required in this mode.
¾ This mode used in a partial-mesh or a star topology.
¾ Single subnet configured.
Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-multipoint non-broadcast
Output Verification: As the outputs are very similar to the above scenario, only a
sample output on R1 is displayed below.
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
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o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:35, Serial0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.3, 00:01:35, Serial0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.4, 00:01:35, Serial0
11.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 2 masks
O 11.0.0.3/32 [110/64] via 11.0.0.3, 00:01:35, Serial0
O 11.0.0.2/32 [110/64] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:36, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
O 11.0.0.4/32 [110/64] via 11.0.0.4, 00:01:36, Serial0
Note the network type in the below doesn’t reveal any different as compared to
the previous case study output!
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Adjacent with neighbor 4.0.0.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 1.0.0.1/8, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 1.0.0.1, Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1
Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host
v) POINT-TO-POINT:
Let’s try experimenting on a Star (HUB and SPOKE) topology using sub-interface on the
HUB router. We’ll have to configure each spoke as a point-to-point network & separate
subnet.
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Configuration of Hub:
Let’s first configure the OSPF network type :
R1(config-if)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
R1(config-if)#interface serial 0.1 point-to-point
R1(config-subif)#ip ospf network point-to-point
R1(config-subif)#interface serial 0.2 point-to-point
R1(config-subif)#ip ospf network point-to-point
R1(config-subif)#interface serial 0.2 point-to-point
R1(config-subif)#ip ospf network point-to-point
Configuration of Spokes:
Spoke1:
R2(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
R2(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point
Spoke2:
R3(config-if)#interface serial 0
R3(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
R3(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point
Spoke3:
R4(config-if)#interface serial 0
R4(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay
R4(config-if)#ip ospf network point-to-point
Output of Hub:
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:09, Serial0.1
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:01:09, Serial0.2
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.0.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:01:09, Serial0.3
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0.1
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C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0.2
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0.3
R1#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
4.0.0.1 1 FULL/ - 00:00:32 13.0.0.2 Serial0.3
3.0.0.1 1 FULL/ - 00:00:35 12.0.0.2 Serial0.2
2.0.0.1 1 FULL/ - 00:00:33 11.0.0.2 Serial0.1
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Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:04
Index 2/2, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 2.0.0.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 1.0.0.1/8, Area 0
Process ID 5, Router ID 1.0.0.1, Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1
Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host
OUTPUT OF SPOKES: We’ll observe on spoke 1 & all the others are similar
Spoke1:
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 1.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:07:29, Serial0
C 2.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/129] via 11.0.0.1, 00:07:29, Serial0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 4.0.0.1 [110/129] via 11.0.0.1, 00:07:29, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
O 12.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 11.0.0.1, 00:07:29, Serial0
O 13.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 11.0.0.1, 00:07:29, Serial0
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4.0.0.1 4.0.0.1 667 0x80000004 0xE87A 3
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In this topic, we mainly have to know about the Types of LSA's that OSPF uses to
maintain information about various networks. Let’s briefly discuss these LSAs to begin
with.
Types 3 and 4:
ABRs generate summary link advertisements. Summary link advertisements describe
the following interarea routes:
• Type 3 (Summary Net Link) describes routes to networks and aggregate routes.
• Type 4 (ASB Summary Link) describes routes to ASBRs.
The link-state ID is the destination network number for type 3 LSAs and the router ID of
ASBR for type 4 LSAs. These LSAs are flooded throughout the backbone area to the
other ABRs. These link entries are not flooded into totally stubby areas or not-so-stubby
areas (NSSAs).
Type 6:
Type 6 LSAs are specialized LSAs that are used in multicast OSPF applications.
Type 7:
Type 7 is an LSA type that is used in NSSAs – generated by ASBRs of NSSA.
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Let’s now configure OSPF with three areas (i.e., Area0, 1&2) and an external AS i.e,
Protocol other than OSPF (Here it is EIGRP 100) and observe the LSAs used.
The ip addresses to be configured on the interfaces of the routers as seen in the above
scenario are given below:
For R1: For R2:
SERIAL0 - 11.0.0.1/8 SERIAL0 - 11.0.0.2/8
LOOPBACK0 - 1.0.0.1/16 SERIAL1 - 12.0.0.1/8
LOOPBACK1 - 1.1.0.1/16 LOOPBACK0 - 3.0.0.1/16
LOOPBACK1 - 3.1.0.1/16
OSPF with Router-id configurations are done in all routers as shown below:
ROUTER1:
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#router-id 1.1.1.1
R1(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1
R1(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 1
R1(config-router)#network 1.1.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 1
ROUTER2:
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R2(config)#router ospf 2
R2(config-router)#router-id 2.2.2.2
R2(config-router)#network 11.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1
R2(config-router)#network 3.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 1
R2(config-router)#network 3.1.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 1
R2(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
ROUTER3:
R3(config)#router ospf 3
R3(config-router)#router-id 3.3.3.3
R3(config-router)#network 12.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
R3(config-router)#network 100.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
R3(config-router)#network 100.1.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
R4(config-router)#network 13.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 2
R3(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 2
R3(config-router)#network 2.1.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 2
ROUTER4:
R4(config)#router ospf 4
R4(config-router)#router-id 4.4.4.4
R4(config-router)#network 4.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 2
R4(config-router)#network 4.1.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 2
R4(config-router)#exit
OUTPUT VERIFICATION:
The Routing table differentiates Inter-area routes with the “O IA” indication.
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 1.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
C 1.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 2.1.0.1 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 00:21:00, Serial0
O IA 2.0.0.1 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 00:21:00, Serial0
100.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 100.1.0.1 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 00:21:00, Serial0
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O IA 100.0.0.1 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 00:21:00, Serial0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:27:27, Serial0
O 3.1.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:27:27, Serial0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 4.1.0.1 [110/193] via 11.0.0.2, 00:02:16, Serial0
O IA 4.0.0.1 [110/193] via 11.0.0.2, 00:02:16, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
O IA 12.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 11.0.0.2, 00:21:03, Serial0
O IA 13.0.0.0/8 [110/256] via 11.0.0.2, 00:02:16, Serial0
All significant differences can be observed only in the database table. Database table
displays the database of connected areas – in this case area 1 for Router R1. Inter-area
routes (Summary Net Link States) for area 1 i.e. routes from aea 0 & other areas, are
displayed under the Link Id column & ABR info (through which these networks are
learnt) under the ADV Router column.
R2 borders Area 1 & Area 0 and so we’ll be able to view both area databases. Observe
that area 1 database of R2 is no different from that of R1.
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
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i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 1.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:35:30, Serial0
O 1.1.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:35:30, Serial0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 2.1.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:29:09, Serial1
O IA 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:29:09, Serial1
100.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 100.1.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:29:09, Serial1
O 100.0.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:29:09, Serial1
3.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 3.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
C 3.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 4.1.0.1 [110/129] via 12.0.0.2, 00:10:26, Serial1
O IA 4.0.0.1 [110/129] via 12.0.0.2, 00:10:26, Serial1
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
O IA 13.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 12.0.0.2, 00:10:26, Serial1
The inter-area routes shown above are those learnt from R3 (area 2)
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Router Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1 959 0x80000004 0x163D 4
2.2.2.2 2.2.2.2 242 0x80000008 0x9CA8 4
Summary Net Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
2.0.0.1 2.2.2.2 1770 0x80000001 0xB53B
2.1.0.1 2.2.2.2 1770 0x80000001 0xA946
4.0.0.1 2.2.2.2 644 0x80000001 0x1E90
4.1.0.1 2.2.2.2 644 0x80000001 0x129B
12.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 1770 0x80000004 0xAFF5
13.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 644 0x80000002 0x293D
100.0.0.1 2.2.2.2 1771 0x80000001 0xB6D7
100.1.0.1 2.2.2.2 1771 0x80000001 0xAAE2
In the above database table, observe that area 0 database has router-ids of R2 & R3
under the ADV Router column. These being the ABRs of areas 1 & 2, advertise routes
into area 0, the networks of areas 1 & 2.
We must be able to view similar information on R3 as well. Only that it’ll reveal
information reg. area 0 & area 2.
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.1 [110/129] via 12.0.0.1, 00:11:52, Serial1
O IA 1.1.0.1 [110/129] via 12.0.0.1, 00:11:52, Serial1
2.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 2.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 2.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
100.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 100.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback2
C 100.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback3
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.1, 00:11:53, Serial1
O IA 3.1.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.1, 00:11:53, Serial1
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 4.1.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:11:55, Serial0
O 4.0.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:11:55, Serial0
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 12.0.0.1, 00:11:55, Serial1
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
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R4#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
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N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.1 [110/193] via 13.0.0.1, 00:12:44, Serial0
O IA 1.1.0.1 [110/193] via 13.0.0.1, 00:12:44, Serial0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 2.1.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:12:44, Serial0
O 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:12:44, Serial0
100.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 100.1.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:12:44, Serial0
O IA 100.0.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:12:44, Serial0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.1 [110/129] via 13.0.0.1, 00:12:45, Serial0
O IA 3.1.0.1 [110/129] via 13.0.0.1, 00:12:45, Serial0
4.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 4.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 4.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
5.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 5.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback3
C 5.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback2
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 13.0.0.1, 00:12:46, Serial0
O IA 12.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 13.0.0.1, 00:12:46, Serial0
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
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EXTERNAL LSA – USING REDISTRIBUTION:
Let’s publish 5.0.0.0 network in EIGRP & redistribute it into OSPF to emulate External
AS connectivity.
The ip addresses to be configured on the interfaces of the routers as seen in the above
scenario are given below:
For R1: For R2:
SERIAL0 - 11.0.0.1/8 SERIAL0 - 11.0.0.2/8
LOOPBACK0 - 1.0.0.1/16 SERIAL1 - 12.0.0.1/8
LOOPBACK1 - 1.1.0.1/16 LOOPBACK0 - 3.0.0.1/16
LOOPBACK1 - 3.1.0.1/16
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R4(config)#router ospf 4
R4(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 100 subnets
We’ll now be able to observe LSAs 4 & 5 in the database table & external routes are
indicated as “O E2” in the routing table.
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 1.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
C 1.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 2.1.0.1 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 01:09:38, Serial0
O IA 2.0.0.1 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 01:09:38, Serial0
100.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 100.1.0.1 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 01:09:38, Serial0
O IA 100.0.0.1 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 01:09:38, Serial0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 01:16:04, Serial0
O 3.1.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 01:16:04, Serial0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 4.1.0.1 [110/193] via 11.0.0.2, 00:50:59, Serial0
O IA 4.0.0.1 [110/193] via 11.0.0.2, 00:50:59, Serial0
5.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O E2 5.1.0.0 [110/20] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:21, Serial0
O E2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:21, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
O IA 12.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 11.0.0.2, 01:09:46, Serial0
O IA 13.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:27, Serial0
Observe that E2 being the default “type” of LSA 5, only external redistributed metric of
20 is seen on all the routers’ E2 routes. (If they had been modified as E1, the internal
metric would have been added).
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Summary Net Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
2.0.0.1 2.2.2.2 228 0x80000003 0x00B13D
2.1.0.1 2.2.2.2 228 0x80000003 0x00A548
4.0.0.1 2.2.2.2 1228 0x80000002 0x001C91
4.1.0.1 2.2.2.2 1228 0x80000002 0x00109C
12.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 228 0x80000006 0x00ABF7
13.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 170 0x80000004 0x00A202
100.0.0.1 2.2.2.2 228 0x80000003 0x00B2D9
100.1.0.1 2.2.2.2 228 0x80000003 0x00A6E4
Summary ASB Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
4.4.4.4 2.2.2.2 170 0x80000001 0x008B18
LSA 4 is observed in this area. While the Link Id refers to the ASBR’s (R4) Router id,
ADV Router is its own ABR’s (R2) router id from which ASBR information is learnt.
Type -5 LSAs are shown separately – not under any specific area. The ADV Router
represents the ASBR (Router-id of R4)
Moving to the next router, let’s observe the difference. The routing table is similar to R1.
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 1.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 01:18:49, Serial0
O 1.1.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 01:18:49, Serial0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 2.1.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:04:04, Serial1
O IA 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:04:04, Serial1
100.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 100.1.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 01:12:28, Serial1
O 100.0.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 01:12:28, Serial1
3.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 3.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
C 3.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
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O IA 4.1.0.1 [110/129] via 12.0.0.2, 00:04:06, Serial1
O IA 4.0.0.1 [110/129] via 12.0.0.2, 00:04:06, Serial1
5.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O E2 5.1.0.0 [110/20] via 12.0.0.2, 00:04:06, Serial1
O E2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 12.0.0.2, 00:04:06, Serial1
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
O IA 13.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 12.0.0.2, 00:04:06, Serial1
The difference can be observed in the Summary ASB Link state. While the ASBR
information remains same, the ADV Router is R3 (Router-id 3.3.3.3) for Area 0 & R2
(Router-id 2.2.2.2) for Area 1. This also reveals that the database for a particular area is
same irrespective of the router on which we see the detail.
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100.1.0.1 2.2.2.2 319 0x80000003 0xA6E4
Summary ASB Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
4.4.4.4 2.2.2.2 263 0x80000001 0x8B18
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 271 0x80000001 0x2E5D 0
5.1.0.0 4.4.4.4 271 0x80000001 0x2268 0
Finally, if you observe the output of the routers(below) of area 2 (where ASBR exists),
LSA type 4 is not present! As the ASBR is in the same area, every router knows about
the ASBR from the Router Link state & so no separate LSA is required.
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.1 [110/129] via 12.0.0.1, 00:05:38, Serial1
O IA 1.1.0.1 [110/129] via 12.0.0.1, 00:05:38, Serial1
2.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 2.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 2.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
100.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 100.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback2
C 100.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback3
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.1, 00:05:39, Serial1
O IA 3.1.0.1 [110/65] via 12.0.0.1, 00:05:39, Serial1
4.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 4.1.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:05:41, Serial0
O 4.0.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:05:41, Serial0
5.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O E2 5.1.0.0 [110/20] via 13.0.0.2, 00:05:41, Serial0
O E2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 13.0.0.2, 00:05:41, Serial0
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 12.0.0.1, 00:05:41, Serial1
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
R3#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (3.3.3.3) (Process ID 3)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
2.2.2.2 2.2.2.2 407 0x80000007 0x82E5 2
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 530 0x80000004 0xD6B 4
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Summary Net Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.0.0.1 2.2.2.2 910 0x80000003 0xBE31
1.1.0.1 2.2.2.2 910 0x80000003 0xB23C
2.0.0.1 3.3.3.3 530 0x80000003 0x111A
2.1.0.1 3.3.3.3 530 0x80000003 0x525
3.0.0.1 2.2.2.2 910 0x80000003 0x220C
3.1.0.1 2.2.2.2 910 0x80000003 0x1617
4.0.0.1 3.3.3.3 1279 0x80000002 0x7B6E
4.1.0.1 3.3.3.3 1279 0x80000002 0x6F79
11.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 910 0x80000003 0x3CAB
13.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 349 0x80000004 0x2DE
Summary ASB Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
4.4.4.4 3.3.3.3 350 0x80000001 0xEAF4
Router Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 1528 0x80000004 0x2D07 4
4.4.4.4 4.4.4.4 357 0x80000009 0xC064 4
Summary Net Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.0.0.1 3.3.3.3 532 0x80000003 0x2388
1.1.0.1 3.3.3.3 532 0x80000003 0x1793
3.0.0.1 3.3.3.3 532 0x80000003 0x8663
3.1.0.1 3.3.3.3 532 0x80000003 0x7A6E
11.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 532 0x80000003 0xA003
12.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1528 0x80000003 0x930F
100.0.0.1 3.3.3.3 532 0x80000003 0x12B6
100.1.0.1 3.3.3.3 532 0x80000003 0x6C1
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 358 0x80000001 0x2E5D 0
5.1.0.0 4.4.4.4 359 0x80000001 0x2268 0
R4#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.1 [110/193] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:52, Serial0
O IA 1.1.0.1 [110/193] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:52, Serial0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 2.1.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:52, Serial0
O 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:52, Serial0
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100.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 100.1.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:52, Serial0
O IA 100.0.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:52, Serial0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.1 [110/129] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:54, Serial0
O IA 3.1.0.1 [110/129] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:54, Serial0
4.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 4.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 4.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
5.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 5.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback3
C 5.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback2
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:55, Serial0
O IA 12.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:55, Serial0
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
In the above output, we see all the links. So, summarization has to be done in all ABRs
to have only the summary entries.
ROUTE SUMMARIZATION:
Route summarization is a key to scalability in OSPF. Route summarization helps solve
the below problems:
• Minimizes routing table entries
• Restricts updates of a topology change
• Reduces LSA type 3 and 5 flooding and saves CPU resources
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R2(config)#router ospf 2
R2(config-router)#area 1 range 1.0.0.0 255.254.0.0
R2(config-router)#area 1 range 3.0.0.0 255.254.0.0
R2(config-router)#area 0 range 100.0.0.0 255.254.0.0
R3(config)#router ospf 3
R3(config-router)#area 0 range 100.0.0.0 255.254.0.0
R3(config-router)#area 2 range 2.0.0.0 255.254.0.0
R3(config-router)#area 2 range 4.0.0.0 255.254.0.0
R4(config)#router ospf 4
R4(config-router)#summary-address 5.0.0.0 255.254.0.0
In the output on the 4 routers, summarised LSAs are seen in the database table and the
summary route entries in the routing table (highlighted) as follows:
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 1.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
C 1.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
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2.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 2.0.0.0 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 00:21:42, Serial0
100.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 100.0.0.0 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 00:13:12, Serial0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 02:05:44, Serial0
O 3.1.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 02:05:44, Serial0
4.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 4.0.0.0 [110/193] via 11.0.0.2, 00:15:02, Serial0
5.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 11.0.0.2, 00:18:49, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
O IA 12.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 11.0.0.2, 00:25:32, Serial0
O IA 13.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 11.0.0.2, 00:51:02, Serial0
R1#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (1.1.1.1) (Process ID 1)
Router Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1 318 0x80000007 0x001040 4
2.2.2.2 2.2.2.2 1601 0x8000000A 0x0098AA 4
Summary Net Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
2.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 1314 0x80000001 0x00BB37
4.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 912 0x80000001 0x00248C
12.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 1115 0x80000008 0x0025BC
13.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 1115 0x80000005 0x00A003
100.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 803 0x80000001 0x00BCD3
Summary ASB Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
4.4.4.4 2.2.2.2 1115 0x80000002 0x008919
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 1140 0x80000003 0x002664 0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 1.0.0.1/32 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:14:25, Serial0
O 1.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:14:25, Null0
O 1.1.0.1/32 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:14:25, Serial0
2.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 2.0.0.0 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:14:25, Serial1
100.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
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O 100.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:14:25, Null0
O 100.1.0.1/32 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:14:25, Serial1
O 100.0.0.1/32 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:14:26, Serial1
3.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
C 3.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback1
O 3.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:14:26, Null0
C 3.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback0
4.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 4.0.0.0 [110/129] via 12.0.0.2, 00:14:27, Serial1
5.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 12.0.0.2, 00:14:27, Serial1
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
O IA 13.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 12.0.0.2, 00:14:28, Serial1
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5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 1218 0x80000003 0x2664 0
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.0 [110/129] via 12.0.0.1, 00:16:46, Serial1
2.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 2.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:16:46, Null0
C 2.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 2.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback1
100.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 100.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:16:46, Null0
C 100.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback2
C 100.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback3
3.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.0 [110/65] via 12.0.0.1, 00:16:47, Serial1
4.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 4.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:16:48, Null0
O 4.1.0.1/32 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:16:48, Serial0
O 4.0.0.1/32 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:16:48, Serial0
5.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 13.0.0.2, 00:16:48, Serial0
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 12.0.0.1, 00:16:48, Serial1
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
R3#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (3.3.3.3) (Process ID 3)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
2.2.2.2 2.2.2.2 1219 0x80000008 0x80E6 2
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 1367 0x80000005 0xB6C 4
Summary Net Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 1645 0x80000001 0xC82B
2.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1417 0x80000001 0x1B14
3.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 1637 0x80000001 0x2C06
4.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1015 0x80000001 0x8369
11.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 1706 0x80000004 0x3AAC
13.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1367 0x80000005 0xFFDF
Summary ASB Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
4.4.4.4 3.3.3.3 1367 0x80000002 0xE8F5
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Router Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 327 0x80000006 0x2909 4
4.4.4.4 4.4.4.4 1297 0x8000000A 0xBE65 4
Summary Net Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1645 0x80000001 0x2D82
3.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1637 0x80000001 0x905D
11.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1369 0x80000004 0x9E04
12.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1444 0x80000005 0xDD3
100.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1444 0x80000001 0x1CB0
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 1244 0x80000003 0x2664 0
R4#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.0 [110/193] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:05, Serial0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 2.1.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:05, Serial0
O 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:05, Serial0
100.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 100.0.0.0 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:05, Serial0
3.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.0 [110/129] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:05, Serial0
4.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 4.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 4.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
5.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
C 5.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback3
O 5.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:21:06, Null0
C 5.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback2
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:07, Serial0
O IA 12.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 13.0.0.1, 00:06:07, Serial0
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
R4#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (4.4.4.4) (Process ID 4)
Router Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 359 0x80000006 0x2909 4
4.4.4.4 4.4.4.4 1325 0x8000000A 0xBE65 4
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Summary Net Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1676 0x80000001 0x2D82
3.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1667 0x80000001 0x905D
11.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1399 0x80000004 0x9E04
12.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1474 0x80000005 0xDD3
100.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1474 0x80000001 0x1CB0
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 1273 0x80000003 0x2664 0
AREA types:
This topic describes the different OSPF area types:
• Standard area
• Backbone area (Transit area)
• Stub area
• Totally stubby area(TSA)
• Not so stubby area(NSSA)
The characteristics assigned to an area control the type of route information that it
receives.
Standard area: This is the default area type & it accepts all LSAs.
Backbone area (Transit area): The backbone area is the central area to which all other
areas connect to exchange information. The backbone area is always area 0. The
OSPF backbone allows all LSAs into it.
Stub area: This area does not accept information about routes external (LSA 4 & 5) to
the autonomous system (AS) - non-OSPF routes. They use a default route instead.
Stub areas cannot contain autonomous system boundary routers (ASBRs) (except that
the ABRs may also be ASBRs).
Totally stubby area: This area does not accept external AS routes or summary routes
from other areas internal to the AS (LSAs 3,4 & 5 not allowed). A default route used
instead. Totally stubby areas cannot contain ASBRs (except that the ABRs may also be
ASBRs).
NSSA: NSSA is an addendum to the OSPF RFC. This area defines a special LSA type
7.An NSSA offers benefits that are similar to those of a stub or totally stubby area.
However, NSSAs allow ASBRs, which is contrary to stub area.
The command to configure the stub area under OSPF process is given below:
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Router(config-router)#area <area-id> stub
Where, all routers in the stub area must use the stub command.
For the Scenario discussed above,area1 is to be configured as stub and the outputs
verified for the STUB area as follows:
R2(config)#router ospf 2
R2(config-router)#area 1 stub
OUTPUT VERIFICATION:
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 11.0.0.2 to network 0.0.0.0
1.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 1.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
C 1.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
2.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 2.0.0.0 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:17, Serial0
100.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
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O IA 100.0.0.0 [110/129] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:17, Serial0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:17, Serial0
O 3.1.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:17, Serial0
4.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 4.0.0.0 [110/193] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:18, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
O IA 12.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:20, Serial0
O IA 13.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:20, Serial0
O*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:01:20, Serial0
In the above output, No external routes are seen in the Routing Table – only a default
route points to the ABR of the area. The same will be reflected in the database table
Summary Net Link States (as seen below).
But R2 is connected to area 0 as well. We’ll be able to observe all details in area 0
This is seen in the below outputs:
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 1.0.0.1/32 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:42:01, Serial0
O 1.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:42:01, Null0
O 1.1.0.1/32 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:42:01, Serial0
2.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 2.0.0.0 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:40:36, Serial1
100.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
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O 100.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:41:51, Null0
O 100.1.0.1/32 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:41:51, Serial1
O 100.0.0.1/32 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:41:52, Serial1
3.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
C 3.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback1
O 3.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:42:02, Null0
C 3.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback0
4.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 4.0.0.0 [110/129] via 12.0.0.2, 00:40:38, Serial1
5.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 12.0.0.2, 00:40:38, Serial1
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
O IA 13.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 12.0.0.2, 00:40:38, Serial1
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R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.0 [110/129] via 12.0.0.1, 00:44:16, Serial1
2.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 2.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:44:16, Null0
C 2.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 2.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback1
100.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 100.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:45:23, Null0
C 100.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback2
C 100.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback3
3.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.0 [110/65] via 12.0.0.1, 00:44:17, Serial1
4.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 4.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:44:18, Null0
O 4.1.0.1/32 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:44:18, Serial0
O 4.0.0.1/32 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:44:18, Serial0
5.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 13.0.0.2, 00:44:18, Serial0
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 12.0.0.1, 00:44:18, Serial1
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
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Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 827 0x80000005 0x2B08 4
4.4.4.4 4.4.4.4 648 0x80000003 0x66C4 4
Summary Net Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 828 0x80000002 0x2B83
3.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 828 0x80000002 0x8E5E
11.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 828 0x80000002 0xA202
12.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 828 0x80000003 0x930F
100.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 828 0x80000002 0x1AB1
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 648 0x80000002 0x2863 0
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Summary Net Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 916 0x80000002 0x2B83
3.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 916 0x80000002 0x8E5E
11.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 916 0x80000002 0xA202
12.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 916 0x80000003 0x930F
100.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 916 0x80000002 0x1AB1
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 734 0x80000002 0x2863 0
The command to configure totally stub area under OSPF process is same as in stub
area for all routers inside the TSA:
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CONFIGURATION:
The configuration changes are only done in the Routers of area1(R1 and R2):
OUTPUT VERIFICATION:
We will see that router R1, which is completely inside area1, which is configured as TSA
does not receive any inter-area and external routes (routing table) and also it doesn't
receive any summary LSAs- type 3,type4 and type5 LSAs which we’ll see in R1’s
database table:
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is 11.0.0.2 to network 0.0.0.0
1.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 1.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
C 1.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 3.0.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:04:46, Serial0
O 3.1.0.1 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:04:46, Serial0
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
O*IA 0.0.0.0/0 [110/65] via 11.0.0.2, 00:04:46, Serial0
However, R2 being an ABR, will receive all LSAs by virtue of its area 0 connectivity – as
seen in the below outputs.
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R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 1.0.0.1/32 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:02:53, Serial0
O 1.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:02:53, Null0
O 1.1.0.1/32 [110/65] via 11.0.0.1, 00:02:53, Serial0
2.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 2.0.0.0 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:02:53, Serial1
100.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 100.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:03:13, Null0
O 100.1.0.1/32 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:03:13, Serial1
O 100.0.0.1/32 [110/65] via 12.0.0.2, 00:03:14, Serial1
3.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
C 3.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback1
O 3.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:02:54, Null0
C 3.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback0
4.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 4.0.0.0 [110/129] via 12.0.0.2, 00:02:55, Serial1
5.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O E2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 12.0.0.2, 00:02:55, Serial1
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
O IA 13.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 12.0.0.2, 00:02:55, Serial1
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Router Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1 208 0x80000009 0xC44 4
2.2.2.2 2.2.2.2 209 0x80000006 0x49FF 4
Summary Net Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
0.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 210 0x80000004 0x6FC3
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 1271 0x80000003 0x2664 0
As R3 & R4 belong to normal areas, they will not restrict any LSAs & their tables would
remain as in a normal multi-area scenario – hence not discussed.
(Earlier IOS versions of) NSSA ABR must be configured to generate a default route into
the NSSA. Automated in Latest IOS (12.4).
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The interface configurations and OSPF-MULTIAREA configurations are done as before
CONFIGURATION:
The configuration are done in the Routers of the area 2 (R3 and R4):
OUTPUT VERIFICATION:
All the routers in AREA2 i.e,R3 and R4 are configured as NSSA and the outputs of the
router R4 in that area shows the TYPE-7 LSA instead of TYPE-5 LSA and the ABR in
that area2 shows TYPE-7 LSA for AREA2 and it has the converted this into TYPE-5
LSA to be sent into the BACKBONE and other areas. These are seen in the database
table. In the routing table, We can see the indication of external route as O N2 which
was seen before as O E2 where, O N2 denotes the OSPF NSSA external type 2.
The outputs are shown below:
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.0 [110/129] via 12.0.0.1, 00:00:29, Serial1
2.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 2.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:00:29, Null0
C 2.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 2.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback1
100.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 100.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:00:29, Null0
C 100.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback2
C 100.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback3
3.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.0 [110/65] via 12.0.0.1, 00:00:30, Serial1
4.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 4.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:00:31, Null0
O 4.1.0.1/32 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:00:31, Serial0
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O 4.0.0.1/32 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:00:31, Serial0
5.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O N2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 13.0.0.2, 00:00:31, Serial0
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 12.0.0.1, 00:00:31, Serial1
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
R3#show ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (3.3.3.3) (Process ID 3)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
2.2.2.2 2.2.2.2 719 0x80000006 0x84E4 2
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 63 0x80000008 0xB67 4
Summary Net Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 284 0x80000001 0xC82B
2.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 802 0x80000005 0x1318
3.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 719 0x80000005 0x240A
4.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 53 0x80000001 0x8369
11.0.0.0 2.2.2.2 310 0x80000006 0x36AE
13.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 73 0x80000007 0xFBE1
Router Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 57 0x8000000B 0xCA5A 4
4.4.4.4 4.4.4.4 58 0x80000008 0x21E 4
Summary Net Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 65 0x80000002 0xD0D7
3.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 65 0x80000006 0x2CB6
11.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 65 0x80000007 0x3E5B
12.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 65 0x80000007 0xAE2A
100.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 65 0x80000006 0xB70A
Type-7 AS External Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 118 0x80000001 0xDBA0 0
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 54 0x80000001 0x8EFB 0
R4#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.0 [110/193] via 13.0.0.1, 00:02:12, Serial0
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2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 2.1.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:02:12, Serial0
O 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:02:12, Serial0
100.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 100.0.0.0 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:02:12, Serial0
3.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.0 [110/129] via 13.0.0.1, 00:02:12, Serial0
4.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 4.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 4.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
5.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
C 5.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback3
O 5.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 02:26:41, Null0
C 5.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback2
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 13.0.0.1, 00:02:14, Serial0
O IA 12.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 13.0.0.1, 00:02:14, Serial0
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
There is no default route seen in the TYPE-7 LSA. Because, the default route isn’t
generated automatically, we have to manually generate and inject the default route into
the NSSA(area2).The command is configured on R3 (ABR) as below:
CONFIGURATION:
In the ABR router of area2 (R3):
R3(config)#router ospf 3
R3(config-router)#area 2 nssa default-information-originate
OUTPUT VERIFICATION:
R3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
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N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.0 [110/129] via 12.0.0.1, 00:22:25, Serial1
2.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 2.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:22:26, Null0
C 2.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 2.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback1
100.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 100.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:22:36, Null0
C 100.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback2
C 100.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback3
3.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.0 [110/65] via 12.0.0.1, 00:22:27, Serial1
4.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
O 4.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 00:22:28, Null0
O 4.1.0.1/32 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:22:28, Serial0
O 4.0.0.1/32 [110/65] via 13.0.0.2, 00:22:28, Serial0
5.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O N2 5.0.0.0 [110/20] via 13.0.0.2, 00:22:28, Serial0
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 12.0.0.1, 00:22:28, Serial1
C 12.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
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3.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1384 0x80000008 0x28B8
11.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1384 0x8000000A 0x385E
12.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1384 0x80000009 0xAA2C
100.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1384 0x80000008 0xB30C
Type-7 AS External Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
0.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1384 0x80000001 0xE2BE 0
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 2 0x80000002 0xD9A1 0
Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
5.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1362 0x80000001 0x8EFB 0
R4#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is 13.0.0.1 to network 0.0.0.0
1.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 1.0.0.0 [110/193] via 13.0.0.1, 00:33:12, Serial0
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O 2.1.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:33:12, Serial0
O 2.0.0.1 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:33:12, Serial0
100.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 100.0.0.0 [110/65] via 13.0.0.1, 00:33:12, Serial0
3.0.0.0/15 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 3.0.0.0 [110/129] via 13.0.0.1, 00:33:12, Serial0
4.0.0.0/16 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C 4.0.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 4.1.0.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
5.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
C 5.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback3
O 5.0.0.0/15 is a summary, 03:06:31, Null0
C 5.0.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback2
O IA 11.0.0.0/8 [110/192] via 13.0.0.1, 00:33:15, Serial0
O IA 12.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 13.0.0.1, 00:33:15, Serial0
C 13.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
O*N2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 13.0.0.1, 00:33:15, Serial0
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Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 225 0x80000005 0xCADA
3.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 225 0x80000009 0x26B9
11.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 226 0x8000000B 0x365F
12.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 226 0x8000000A 0xA82D
100.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 226 0x80000009 0xB10D
Type-7 AS External Link States (Area 2)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag
0.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 226 0x80000002 0xE0BF 0
5.0.0.0 4.4.4.4 646 0x80000002 0xD9A1 0
The other Routers’ Routing Table will show 5.0.0.0 network as O E2 as they belong to
other areas & R3 has converted LSA type 7 to LSA type 5.
The OSPF virtual link feature should be used only in very specific cases, for temporary
connections or backup after a failure. Virtual links should not be used as a primary
backbone design feature.
The configuration is done on the 2 ABRs of the below diagram. The Command for the
configuration of virtual-link - done in the OSPF config mode as given below:
Where, area-id represents an area ID to the transit area for the virtual link.
router-id represents the router ID of the virtual link neighbor (other ABR).
The basic interface and OSPF configurations are done as seen below:
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When we see the routing table, it shows the inter-area routes as below:
Router1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 3.3.3.3 [110/65] via 25.0.0.2, 00:13:53, Serial0
C 25.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
Router3#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O IA 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 25.0.0.1, 00:11:22, Serial0
C 3.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Loopback0
C 25.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
The Router-id is seen using show ip ospf & we can observe area0 being inactive :
Router1#sh ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 1.1.1.1 and Domain ID 0.0.0.1
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
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Supports opaque LSA
It is an area border router
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 2. 2 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0) (Inactive)
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 22 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 3. Checksum Sum 0x19347
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
Area 1
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 3 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 4. Checksum Sum 0x1E91B
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
Router3#show ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 3.3.3.3 and Domain ID 0.0.0.1
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
It is an area border router
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 2. 2 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0) (Inactive)
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
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Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 22 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 3. Checksum Sum 0x1B655
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
Area 1
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 2 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 4. Checksum Sum 0x1E91B
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
CONFIGURATION:
Now, the Virtual-link configuration has to be done in the two ABRs as shown:
Router1(config)#router ospf 1
Router1(config-router)#area 1 virtual-link 3.3.3.3
Router3(config)#router ospf 1
Router3(config-router)#area 1 virtual-link 1.1.1.1
OUTPUT:
Now, the area0 becomes ACTIVE :
Router1#show ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 1.1.1.1 and Domain ID 0.0.0.1
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
It is an area border router
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 2. 2 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 2
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 24 times
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Area ranges are
Number of LSA 4. Checksum Sum 0x15644
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 2
Flood list length 0
Area 1
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 3 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 6. Checksum Sum 0x2E3F7
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
Router3#show ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 1" with ID 3.3.3.3 and Domain ID 0.0.0.1
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
It is an area border router
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 2. 2 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 2
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 24 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 4. Checksum Sum 0x15644
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 2
Flood list length 0
Area 1
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 2 times
Area ranges are
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Number of LSA 6. Checksum Sum 0x2E3F7
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x0
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
In the database table, we can DNA (which means DoNotAge) for those networks learnt
via Virtual-Links. This is seen below in the output:
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25.0.0.0 3.3.3.3 1282 (DNA) 0x80000001 0x6B6C
Router Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1 1768 0x80000002 0x60FA 2
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 1765 0x80000002 0x91C0 2
Summary Net Link States (Area 1)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1 1859 0x80000001 0x47EC
1.1.1.1 3.3.3.3 473 0x80000001 0x8D5E
3.3.3.3 1.1.1.1 472 0x80000001 0x6D7E
3.3.3.3 3.3.3.3 1780 0x80000001 0xAE75
To see the detailed database of the neighbor, the below command is used:
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Number of Links: 2
Link connected to: a Virtual Link
(Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 1.1.1.1
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 25.0.0.2
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 3.3.3.3
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.255
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
Router Link States (Area 1)
Routing Bit Set on this LSA
LS age: 534
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 3.3.3.3
Advertising Router: 3.3.3.3
LS Seq Number: 80000003
Checksum: 0x8FC1
Length: 48
Area Border Router
Number of Links: 2
Link connected to: another Router (point-to-point)
(Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 1.1.1.1
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 25.0.0.2
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 25.0.0.0
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.0.0.0
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
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Link connected to: a Virtual Link
(Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 3.3.3.3
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 25.0.0.1
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 1.1.1.1
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.255.255.255
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 1
Router Link States (Area 1)
Routing Bit Set on this LSA
LS age: 681
Options: (No TOS-capability, DC)
LS Type: Router Links
Link State ID: 1.1.1.1
Advertising Router: 1.1.1.1
LS Seq Number: 80000003
Checksum: 0x5EFB
Length: 48
Area Border Router
Number of Links: 2
Link connected to: another Router (point-to-point)
(Link ID) Neighboring Router ID: 3.3.3.3
(Link Data) Router Interface address: 25.0.0.1
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
Link connected to: a Stub Network
(Link ID) Network/subnet number: 25.0.0.0
(Link Data) Network Mask: 255.0.0.0
Number of TOS metrics: 0
TOS 0 Metrics: 64
OSPF AUTHENTICATION:
OSPF neighbor authentication (also called neighbor router authentication or route
authentication) can be configured such that routers can participate in routing based on
predefined passwords.
When neighbor authentication has been configured on a router, the router authenticates
the source of each routing update packet that it receives. This is accomplished by the
exchange of an authenticating key (sometimes referred to as a password) that is
known to both the sending and the receiving router.
By default, OSPF uses null authentication, which means that routing exchanges over
a network are not authenticated.
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Step2: Assign a common password to be used with both the neighboring routers
Note : We can enable the authentication for a particular area in the OSPF process.
The basic interface configurations and OSPF configurations are done which was shown
in the running configuration of the two routers as seen below:
CONFIGURATION:
Router1(config)#interface serial 0
Router1(config-if)#ip ospf authentication
Router1(config-if)#ip ospf authentication-key cisco
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Router1(config-if)#exit
Router1(config)#router ospf 1
Router1(config-router)#area 0 authentication
Router3(config)#interface serial 0
Router3(config-if)#ip ospf authentication
Router3(config-if)#ip ospf authentication-key cisco
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#router ospf 1
Router3(config-router)#area 0 authentication
Neighbor relationship between the two routers is formed only when authentication is
successful, not otherwise !
Router1#
00:31:29: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 3.3.3.3 on Serial0 from LOADING to
FULL, Loading Done
Router3#
00:47:17: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 1.1.1.1 on Serial0 from LOADING to
FULL, Loading Done
The below output displays the type of authentication enabled on a particular interface
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Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:02
Index 2/2, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 1.1.1.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
Simple password authentication enabled
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 3.3.3.3/8, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 3.3.3.3, Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1
Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host
NOTE:
The Password for the authentication on the both routers should be the same. If a
different password is configured, neighbor relationship is not formed. The debug ip
ospf adj output, shows "Mismatch Authentication Key - Clear Text" as displayed
below:
Step2: Assign a key ID and key (password) to be used with neighboring routers.
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Where, key-id is an identifier in the range from 1 to 255 and key is an alphanumeric
password
Note : Enable the md5 authentication for an area in the OSPF process using
The basic interface configurations and OSPF configurations are done as shown in the
running configuration of the two routers :
CONFIGURATION:
Router1(config)#interface serial 0
Router1(config-if)#ip ospf authentication message-digest
Router1(config-if)#ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 cisco
Router1(config-if)#exit
Router1(config)#router ospf 1
Router1(config-router)#area 0 authentication message-digest
Router3(config)#interface serial 0
Router3(config-if)#ip ospf authentication message-digest
Router3(config-if)#ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 cisco
Router3(config-if)#exit
Router3(config)#router ospf 1
Router3(config-router)#area 0 authentication message-digest
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Router1#
00:31:29: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 3.3.3.3 on Serial0 from LOADING to
FULL, Loading Done
The lowest key no. will be used if multiple keys ids are used – as revealed above
NOTE:
The Key-id and key(Password) for the authentication on the both Routers should be the
same. If they are different, neighbor is not formed and OSPF process fails. Let’s
observe debug ip ospf adj output when we configure wrong key id / key :
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Router1#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
01:57:15: OSPF: Send with youngest Key 1
01:57:18: OSPF: Rcv pkt from 25.0.0.2, Serial0 : Mismatch Authentication Key -
Message Digest Key 1
Router3#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
02:13:46: OSPF: Send with youngest Key 1
02:13:54: OSPF: Rcv pkt from 25.0.0.1, Serial0 : Mismatch Authentication Key -
Message Digest Key 1
TROUBLESHOOTING IN AUTHENTICATION:
First, we have to know the authentication type number:
TYPE0 - Null Authentication (i.e., no authentication configured)
TYPE1 - Simple Password Authentication
TYPE2 - MD5 Authentication
1) For the above Scenario, if Router1 is configured with simple password authentication
and Router3 has no authentication, then the debug output shows:
Router1#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
02:18:09: OSPF: Rcv pkt from 25.0.0.2, Serial0 : Mismatch Authentication type. Input
packet specified type 0, we use type 1
Router3#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
02:33:54: OSPF: Rcv pkt from 25.0.0.1, Serial0 : Mismatch Authentication type. Input
packet specified type 1, we use type 0
2) For the above Scenario, if Router1 is configured with MD5 authentication and
Router3 has no authentication, then the debug output shows:
Router1#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
02:18:06: OSPF: Send with youngest Key 1
02:18:09: OSPF: Rcv pkt from 25.0.0.2, Serial0 : Mismatch Authentication type. Input
packet specified type 0, we use type 2
Router3#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
02:33:54: OSPF: Rcv pkt from 25.0.0.1, Serial0 : Mismatch Authentication type. Input
packet specified type 2, we use type 0
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