WorksheetTask AMIN

DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WIRING
I N S TA L L AT I O N G U I D E
P R E PA R E D BY E A S Y T E C H
2015
EASYTECH SDN BHD

EZTECH
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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION GUIDE
Table of Contents
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SPECIFICATIONS.............................................................4
Legal Requirements.................................................................................................. 5
Determining Consumer Load Requirements.....................................................................6
2.
CONTROL AND PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING.......................7
CABLE SELECTION.............................................................................................. 10
3.2 Factors Related to Cable Current Carrying Capacity.................................................11
Functions and Colour Identification of Non Flexible Cables............................................12
Conductor Insulation and Types of Wiring.....................................................................13
Functions and Colour Identification of Non Flexible Cables...............................................13
3.
SELECTION OF WIRING ACCESSORIES............................................................13
EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS........................................................15
4.
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING WORKS IN
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.............................................................................18
Why Electric Shocks Occur....................................................................................... 19
INSTALLATION CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS..............................................................20
Working Principal of Star-Delta Starter:...................................................................21
Star-delta Starter Consists following units:.................................................................21
Power Circuit of Star Delta Starter:..........................................................................21
Control Circuit of Star-Delta Starter (Open Transition):...............................................22
What is Open or Closed Transition Starting...............................................................23
Effect of Transient in Starter (Open Transient starter).................................................25
Size of each part of Star-Delta starter........................................................................25
Motor Starting Characteristics of Star-Delta Starter:...................................................26
Advantages of Star-Delta starter:............................................................................. 26
Disadvantages of Star-Delta starter:.........................................................................26
Features of star-delta starting.................................................................................. 27
Application of Star-Delta Starter:............................................................................. 27
................................................................................................................... 28
LESSON 1: WIRING SYSTEM OF SINGLE PHASE DISTRIBUTION BOARD..................28
LESSON 2. WIRING SYSTEM OF SINGLE PHASE LIGHTING CIRCUIT.........................32
LESSON 3 WIRING SYSTEM OF SINGLE PHASE POWER CIRCUIT...........................33
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LESSON 4 CONDUIT BENDING AND TRUNKING FABRICATION TECHNIQUE............37

LESSON 5 WIRING SYSTEM OF 1 LIGHTING AND POWER CIRCUIT.....................42
POWER CIRCUITS............................................................................................. 42
LESSON 6 WIRING SYSTEM OF 3 DISTRIBUTION BOARD.................................45
LESSON 7 WIRING SYSTEM OF THREE PHASE LIGHTING AND POWER CIRCUIT.....52
LESSON 8: INSPECTION AND TESTING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION..................55
CONTINUITY TEST........................................................................................... 60
Polarity Test....................................................................................................... 64
Earth Electrode Resistance Test............................................................................... 67
Earth Electrode Resistance Measurement Method (Figure 8.6).........................................67
Residual Current Device Test.................................................................................. 68
LESSON 9 WIRING SYSTEM OF RELAY AND CONTACTOR CIRCUIT BOARD (DC).....74
LESSON 10 WIRING SYSTEM OF RELAY AND CONTACTOR CIRCUIT BOARD (AC)....76
LESSON 11WIRE THREE UNITS OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR TO OPERATE IN
SEQUENCE.......................................................................................................... 79
LESSON 12WIRE FORWARD REVERSE DAHLANDER MOTOR STARTER...................83
LESSON 13 FORWARD REVERSE STAR DELTA STARTER..........................................1
LESSON 14 WIRE TWO STAGES OF AN AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER...................4
LESSON 15 WIRE 4 STEPS OF ROTOR RESISTANCE
STARTER................................8
a. Dead circuit test...........................................................................................10

b. . Life circuit test...........................................................................................10
LESSON 16...................................................................................................10
TROUBLESHOOTING AND FAULT FINDING OF 3 INDUCTION MOTOR...................10
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS...........................................................................11
Electricity Supply Act 1990;

Electricity Regulations 1994;
MS IEC 60364:2003 Standard: Electrical Installations of Buildings;
MS 1936:2006 Standard: Electrical Installations of Buildings Guide To MS IEC 60364; and
MS 1979:2007 Standard: Electrical Installation of Buildings Code of Practice
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ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
SPECIFICATIONS
Electricity supply for domestic consumers, according to MS IEC 60038 standards, meets the
following specifications: i. Single phase supply with nominal voltage of 230V, range +10%, -6%;
ii. Three phase supply with nominal voltage of 400V, range +10%, -6%;
iii. Permitted frequency is 50Hz + 1%;
iv. Earthing system type (TT System) as in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2.
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Legal Requirements
Regulation 11(1) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states that all wiring or rewiring of an
installation or extension to an existing installation, which shall be carried out by an Electrical
Contractor or a Private Wiring Unit, have to obtain the approval in writing from a licensee or supply
authority.
1. Planning of Electrical Wiring Work
Prior to carrying out wiring work, the wireman/contractor should plan and determine the tasks to be
undertaken so that the work carried out is tidy, neat and safe to be used. The wireman/contractor shall:
-i. Undertake a site visit;
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ii. Determine the consumer load requirements;

iii. Calculate the maximum load demand; and
iv. Submit the plans, drawings and specifications.
The planning flow chart for building wiring installations is as shown in Figure 3.1.
1.1 Site Visit
The purpose of the site visit is to determine: i. Electrical equipment suitable for use;
ii. Maximum load demand;
iii. Single or three phase incoming supply;
iv. Type of wiring; and Equipment arrangement.
Determining Consumer Load Requirements

With the aid of the building floor plans, the installation requirements such as the proposed load,
placement of electrical equipment and installation design plans can be determined.
1.1 Calculating Maximum Load Demand
The estimate of the maximum load demand is for determining the specifications of the wiring
equipment such as the cables and plans.
According to clause 311 of MS IEC 60364 Part 1, to determine the maximum demand for each circuit
while ensuring an economic and reliable design within the permitted voltage drop limits. Diversity
factors may be taken into account. The maximum current demand calculations for each circuit must be
prepared. These details will show the current requirements, in amperes, for each phase and also assist
in determining the cable sizes.
Refer to the Third Schedule (Table A and Table B) and Regulation 11(2) of the Electricity Regulations
1994 to estimate the maximum current demand and the diversity factors that may be used for domestic
installations.
1.2 Submission of the Plans, Drawings and Specifications Regulation 65 of the Electricity
Regulations 1994 states that the eligibility to submit plans is as follows: i. Wireman with Single Phase Restriction Low voltage single phase up to 60 A.
ii. Wireman with Three Phase Restriction Low voltage up to 60A.
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2. CONTROL AND PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING
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2.1 Selection of Control and Protection System for Electrical Wiring

Control and protection of a wiring is a system of separation/isolation and switching, together with the
protection system which are needed in every domestic wiring installation.
2.2 Isolation and Switching
Examples of isolation and switching are switches, power plugs, socket outlets and circuit breakers.
Their function is to manually connect and break the supply in a particular circuit without interfering
with other circuits.
They also aim to prevent the danger of electrical shocks during maintenance, testing, fault finding and
repair works.
2.3 Protection
This provides protection from dangers caused by electrical currents, such as over current, earth
leakage current, short circuit, lightning, etc. to the wiring system, electrical equipment or consumer.
The circuit below shows the isolation and protection devices which must be installed in a domestic
electrical wiring system.
1. Current Protection
In general, protection from the dangers of current can be divided into two aspects, namely:
i. Overcurrent Protection (Over Load or Short Circuit) Properly rated circuit breakers or fuses suitable
for over load or short circuit protection must be used.
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The circuit breakers or fuses must be installed on the live conductors only. For three phase circuits, all
the circuit breakers or fuses must be combined in one set of circuits.
Selection of over current devices must be based on the short circuit fault current levels of the circuit
breaker or main switch (kA).
ii. Earth Leakage Current Protection

Properly rated Residual Current Devices (RCD) must be used for protection from earth leakage
currents (to prevent electric shocks).
a) Regulation 36(1) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states that for a place of public entertainment,
protection against earth leakage current must be provided by a residual current device of sensitivity
not exceeding 10 mA;
b) Regulation 36(2) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states that for a place where the floor is likely
to be wet or where the wall or enclosure is of low electrical resistance, protection against earth leakage
current must be provided by a residual current device of sensitivity not exceeding 10 mA;
c) Regulation 36(3) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states that for an installation where hand-held
equipment, apparatus or appliance is likely to be used, protection against earth leakage current must be
provided by a residual current device of sensitivity not exceeding 30 mA; and
d) Regulation 36(4) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states that for an installation other than the
installation in (a), (b) and (c), protection against earth leakage current must be provided by a residual
current device of sensitivity not exceeding 100 mA.
CABLE SELECTION
3.1 Selection of Wiring Cable Type
The selection of the cable size has to take into consideration the following:i. All wiring cables must be PVC or PVC/PVC insulated with copper conductors. Conductors with
cross sectional areas of 16mm2 or less must be of copper. Aluminium conductors are not permitted.
Refer to Table 4D1A in Appendix II for the current carrying capacities of copper conductor;
ii. Cables for swimming pools must be water resistant PE (polyethylene) insulated;
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iii. The selected cable must be capable of delivering the electrical energy efficiently;
iv. The cable size allows it to carry the current without heating the cable;
v. The voltage drop must not exceed 4% of the supply voltage. Refer to Table 4D1B in Appendix III;
vi. The cable insulation must be suitable for the surrounding conditions of the installation, such as the
ability to withstand the surrounding temperatures and the ability to provide mechanical protection;
vii. Each conductor in the installation must be protected from overcurrent by means of overcurrent
protection devices needed to prevent damage to the cable insulation.
3.2 Factors Related to Cable Current Carrying Capacity

The following factors in relation to the current carrying capacity of cables must be taken into
consideration:i. Surface wiring using clips group factor;
ii. Wiring using conduits space factor 40%;
iii. Wiring using ducts space factor 45%;
iv. Concealed wiring group factor; and
v. Concealed wiring using ducts surrounding temperature factor.
Use of Minimum Cross Sectional Area Rating of Wiring Conductors

The following are the minimum cross sectional areas of conductors based on their applications:-
Use of Protection Conductor Minimum Cross Sectional Area Rating

In Comparison with Phase Conductor Cross Sectional Area
The following table shows the protection conductor minimum cross sectional area in comparison
with the phase conductor cross sectional area:
Functions and Colour Identification of Non Flexible Cables
The following table shows the functions and colour identification of non flexible cables:
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3.3 Use of Minimum Cross Sectional Area Rating of Wiring Conductors

The following are the minimum cross sectional areas of conductors based on their applications:3.4 Use of Protection Conductor Minimum Cross Sectional Area Rating
Use of Minimum Cross Sectional Area Rating of Wiring Conductors
The following are the minimum cross sectional areas of conductors based on their applications:-
Use of Protection Conductor Minimum Cross Sectional Area Rating

The following table shows the functions and colour identification of non flexible cables
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Flexible Cables
i. Flexible cables of cross sectional area less than 4.0 mm are used in installations for electrical
2
accessories such as ceiling roses, lamp fixtures or attachments, socket plugs for mobile
appliances, etc..
ii. Flexible cables shall not be used for permanent wiring.
iii. Flexible cables for the permanent use of electrical appliances should not exceed 3 meters in
length.
3.7 Functions and Colour Identification of Flexible Cables
Conductor Insulation and Types of Wiring

Various material and insulation layers are used for conductor protection. Cable selection in
accordance to insulation layers must be done correctly for the type of the wiring installation as
shown in the table below:

The following table shows the functions and colour identification of non flexible cables:
3. SELECTION OF WIRING ACCESSORIES
i. All wiring accessories to be used have to be of those approved by the Energy Commission and
labeled with labels issued by SIRIM. For all wiring using UPVC conduits: -
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a) Switches, socket outlets, 3 pin plugs, ceiling roses, connectors, sockets construction material shall
be of polycarbonate type.
iii. For all wiring using metal conduits: - Switches, socket outlets and connectors construction
material shall be of metal clad type, and All accessories shall be effectively earthed.
iv. Switch fuse used in single phase installations shall have the fuse permanently connected and not
move with the fuse.
v. Fuse switch used in 3 phase domestic installations also has fuse and switch. The fuse connector is
installed together to allow the fuse to move simultaneously with the switch.
vi. Lamp:
a) Fluorescent lamps using magnetic ballasts (watt loss not exceeding 6 watts) shall be
equipped with dry paper type capacitor;
b) Fluorescent lamps using electronic ballasts or high frequency electronic ballasts do not
need capacitors;
c) Outdoor domestic lamp installations shall use weather proof and water proof lamps;
d) Submerged light installations (example in swimming pools, fountains, etc.) shall have water
proof lamps with a voltage not exceeding 12 Volt AC.
vii. Electric water heaters is divided into 2 types, namely
1. instantaneous water heaters and
2. stored water heaters (storage tank type)
a) Instantaneous water heaters shall be equipped with a 2 pole control switch and its own
residual current device.
b) Storage water heaters (storage tank type) shall be installed with an
Water heaters exceeding 3kW shall be permanently connected to a 20A/30A rated circuit
breaker/fuse with an isolator switch and residual current device.
viii. Electric cookers exceeding 3kW shall have its own circuit connected permanently to a 30A rated
circuit breaker or fuse with an isolator switch and cooker control unit incorporated with a 13A socket
outlet. Two or more cooker appliances may be installed in the same room within a distance of 2
meters.
ix. Electric motors (fence gate, air conditioners, fountains, swimming pools, fish ponds, water
pumps) exceeding 373W but not exceeding 2238W, shall be connected permanently to a 20A/30A
rated circuit breaker/fuse together with an isolator, motor starter and 15A socket outlet.
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The motor starter shall be of Direct-On-Line type with the appliance together with the contactor,
overload relay and on-off control. The circuit breaker/fuse which controls the motor circuit shall be
capable of withstanding the starting current of the motor.
x. Electric bells the circuit shall have a push button switch and a AC/DC transformer.
xi. Ceiling fans shall conform to clause 21.101 of the MS 1219:2002 standard with regards to test on
the suspension system of ceiling fans.
EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

5.1
Earthing
Earthing is a connection system between the metallic parts of an electrical wiring system and the
general mass of the earth. This will provide an easy path with a low impedence or resistance to earth to
enable the protection system to operate effectively. It will thus ensure safety to human
beings/consumers from the dangers of electric shocks if earth leakage currents are present. In general,
an electrical installation is earthed because of: i. Safety reasons.
ii. Protection system requirements.
iii. Need to limit over voltages.
iv. Need to provide a path for electrical discharge.
v. Legal requirements.
5.2 Classification of Earthing
Generally, earthing can be divided into 2 parts, namely: i. System Earthing
a. To isolate the system under fault conditions;
b. To limit the potential difference between conductors which are not insulated in an area;
c. To limit the occurrence of over voltages under various conditions.
ii. Equipment Earthing
Equipment earthing is undertaken to protect human beings/consumers. If a live source comes into
contact with the equipment body, electrical energy will flow to the earth, without flowing through the
human being/ consumers body. This is because of the fact that the human body has a greater
resistance compared with the resistance to earth.
5.3 Types and Functions of Earthing Accessories
Earthing accessories are as follows: i.
Earthing Electrode
Copper jacketed steel core rods are used as electrodes for domestic wiring.
ii. Equipotential Bonding
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This is the conductor which is connected between the consumer earthing point and the exposed
metallic part. The minimum cable size for this purpose is 10 mm 2.
iii. Protection Conductor
This is the conductor which connects the consumer earthing point with other parts of the installation
which needs earthing. Its size is as follows:a) Same size as the phase cable up to a size of 16mm 2,
b) 16 mm2, if the phase cable size is between 16 mm 2, and 35 mm2,
c) Half the size of the phase cable if the size of the phase cable exceeds 35 mm 2.
5.4 Earthing Arrangements Using a TT System
i. The first alphabet indicates the earthing arrangements from the supply side.
ii. The second alphabet indicates the earthing arrangement in the consumers installation.
T first: Indicates that the supply system has its own earthing arrangements
T second: Indicates that all metallic frames of the electrical appliances, etc. are connected directly to
earth.
Parts that are Required to be Earthed

i. All metallic structures in the wiring system (non current carrying) such as metallic covers, conduits,
ducts, the armour of catenary wires, etc.;
ii. A secondary winding point in a transformer; and
iii. Frame of metal roof truss.
5.6 Parts that are not Required to be Earthed
i. Short, isolated metallic parts for mechanical protection of cables which have non metallic sheaths
other than conduits which are connected at entry points between the building and conduits which
protect discharge lamp cables;
ii. Cable clips for installing cables;
iii. Metallic covers for lamps;
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iv. Small metallic parts such as screws and name plates which are isolated by means of insulation;
v. Metallic lamp parts for filament lamps in water proof floors.
5.7 Termination to Earth
The termination to earth is done as shown in Figure 7.2.

Earth Electrode Resistance
The maximum permitted earth electrode resistance for different types of installations is as shown in
the Table below:
Earth electrode for installations protected by RCDs of sensitivity 100mA 10
Lightning arrestor earth electrode 10
Legal Requirements
i. Sub regulation 12(1) and 12(2) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 state that any electrical wiring in
an installation shall be under the immediate supervision of a Wireman with Single Phase Restriction or
Three Phase Restriction. Upon completion, the Wireman shall certify a Supervision and Completion
Certificate.
ii. Sub regulation 13(1) and 13 (2) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 state that the installation shall
be tested by a Wireman with Single Phase Restriction or a Wireman with Three Phase Restriction
authorized to test any installation, and who shall certify a Test Certificate for the installation.
iii. Sub regulation 14(1) of the Electricity Regulations 1994 states that the Supervision and
Completion Certificate and the Test Certificate as in regulations 12 and 13 shall be in Forms G and H
respectively as prescribed in the First Schedule.
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4. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING WORKS IN

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
6.1 Safety Requirements
Safety requirements for electrical wiring works have to be followed to eliminate any accidents which
can result in physical damage or loss of life or property. Failure to meet the safety regulations may
result in workers, consumers or the public being inflicted with electrical shocks.
In addition to this, safety steps will also encourage workers or electricity consumers who are
disciplined and who always give importance to safety.
6.2 Safety Steps
Safety requirements have to be followed whenever electrical works are undertaken in a residential
building.
i. Personal Safety
a. Use suitable personal protection equipment as needed such as safety shoes, gloves, safety helmet,
etc. when at the work place.
b. Use safety clothing suitable for the work to be undertaken.
c. Do not wear jewellery or decorative items such as rings, watches, chains, etc. while carrying out
electrical works.
ii. Safety at the Work Place
a. Acquire knowledge about the dangers of electrical works that is to be undertaken and how to deal
with those dangers.
b. Always adhere to the safety regulations which have been set for the work place.
c. Ensure that the electricity supply is switched off before carrying out the works.
d. Acquire the needed knowledge and practice a cautious and calm attitude while working, ensure
cleanliness in and around fellow workers.
e. While working at elevated places, the worker should always use suitable equipment such as wooden
or aluminium ladders, iron scaffoldings or platforms, safety belts or other equipment needed to ensure
that the work can be undertaken safely.
f. Use electrical equipment which is operational and safe to be used and ensure that the supply for it is
being supplied through a residual current device (RCD) with a sensitivity of 30 mA.
g. Ensure that exposed temporary supply electrical cables have mechanical protection.
h. If inflammable or corrosive material is present, necessary safety steps have to be undertaken as
required by the relevant safety regulations.
6.3 Dangers of Electrical Shocks
i. Electrical Shock
Electrical shocks can occur due to direct or indirect contact.
a. Direct Contact:
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Direct contact occurs when the worker or consumer receives an electrical shock on touching directly a
live conductor or cable.
b. Indirect Contact:
Here the electric shock occurs due to contact with a part which is connected to the electrical
installation and not to a direct contact with a live cable or conductor, possibly due to damages in the
appliance or insulation, resulting in leakages of current.
Why Electric Shocks Occur

a. Unsafe Work Method or Action Undertaking Electrical Work Without Disconnecting the
Supply
Maintenance or circuit testing work done without disconnecting the supply will have a high possibility
of electrical shocks occurring.
Not Following Safe Work Procedures
To eliminate the occurrence of electrical shocks, each worker has to always follow safe work
procedures which are set by regulations and standards.
b. Defects in the Electrical System
i.
Leakage Current
Leakage currents or earth leakage currents can result in the metallic frames becoming live and
energised. This can give rise to the danger of electrical shock to the worker, consumer or the public if
they hold or come into contact with the metallic frame.
ii.
Exposed Conductor or Disconnected Cable

Exposed conductors or cables which are broken and are alive (energised) can result in electrical shock
when touched. The supply source must be immediately isolated or switched off and a report must be
made to the responsible entity.
6.4 First Aid and Basic Pulmonary Resuscitation
i. First Aid
First aid is the initial assistance given to a person who has met with an accident, is sick or is injured to
prevent the condition of the victim from becoming more serious while awaiting the arrival of the
paramedics (ambulance) or before being brought to the hospital.
i.
Pulmonary Resuscitation
Pulmonary resuscitation has to be undertaken to assist the victim who has breathing difficulties as a
result of being drowned, receiving an electrical shock, etc.. Pulmonary resuscitation has to be carried
out in accordance to the correct method as stated in the first aid manuals issued by accredited first aid
bodies.
ii.
First Aid Box
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A first aid box has to be provided by the building owner, construction site supervisor or brought
personally by the worker under the supervision of the responsible person.
6.5 Training Programme
The management shall conduct periodic training programmes for the workers with regards to work
safety on aspects including the following: i. Dangers of electrical work being undertaken and how to control those dangers;
ii. The safety regulations set for the work place; and
iii. First aid procedures.
6.6 Fire Prevention
Fire Extinguisher A suitable, functioning fire extinguisher to control fires has to be made available at
the work place at all times.
6.7 Competent Person
The Electricity Regulations 1994 require that all electrical work has to be undertaken by or under the
direct supervision of a competent person registered with the Energy Commission. Besides that, the
electrical contractor undertaking the electrical work has also to be registered with the Energy
Commission. The installation owner thus has to ensure that the appointed electrical contractor is
registered with the Energy Commission and that the registration is still valid.
INSTALLATION CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

1. Block diagrams
These show, using squares, rectangles etc., the sequence of a system without too much technical detail
e.g. Figures 15.17 and 15.26.
2. Layout diagrams
These are very similar to block diagrams, but they indicate more technical detail and tend to show
items in their correct geographical location. (e.g. Figures 15.18 and 15.19).
3. Circuit/schematic
These show how a circuit functions and takes no account of exact locations of terminals or equipment
(e.g. Figures 15.28, 15.29, 15.32, 15.34 etc.).
4. Wiring diagram
These indicate how a circuit or system is physically wired (e.g. Figures 15.2, 15.4, 15.6 etc.).
Most induction motors are started directly on line, but when very large motors are started that way,
they cause a disturbance of voltage on the supply lines due to large starting current surges. To limit the
starting current surge, large induction motors are started at reduced voltage and then have full supply
voltage reconnected when they run up to near rotated speed. Two methods are used for reduction of
starting voltage are star delta starting and auto transformer stating.
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Working Principal of Star-Delta Starter:

This is the reduced voltage starting method. Voltage reduction during star-delta starting is achieved by
physically reconfiguring the motor windings as illustrated in the figure below. During starting the
motor windings are connected in star configuration and this reduces the voltage across each winding 3.
This also reduces the torque by a factor of three. After a period of time the winding are reconfigured as
delta and the motor runs normally.
Star/Delta starters are probably the most common reduced voltage starters. They are used in
an attempt to reduce the start current applied to the motor during start as a means of reducing the
disturbances and interference on the electrical supply.
Traditionally in many supply regions, there has been a requirement to fit a reduced voltage
starter on all motors greater than 5HP (4KW). The Star/Delta (or Wye/Delta) starter is one of the
lowest cost electromechanical reduced voltage starters that can be applied.
The Star/Delta starter is manufactured from three contactors, a timer and a thermal overload.
The contactors are smaller than the single contactor used in a Direct on Line starter as they are
controlling winding currents only. The currents through the winding are 1/root 3 (58%) of the
current in the line.
There are two contactors that are close during run, often referred to as the main contractor and
the delta contactor. These are AC3 rated at 58% of the current rating of the motor. The third
contactor is the star contactor and that only carries star current while the motor is connected in star.
The current in star is one third of the current in delta, so this contactor can be AC3 rated at one
third (33%) of the motor rating.
Star-delta Starter Consists following units:

1)
Contactors (Main, star and delta contactors) 3 Nos (For Open State Starter) or 4 Nos (Close
Transient Starter).
2)
Time relay (pull-in delayed) 1 No.
3)
Three-pole thermal over current release 1No.
4)
Fuse elements or automatic cut-outs for the main circuit 3 Nos.
5)
Fuse element or automatic cut-out for the control circuit 1No.
Power Circuit of Star Delta Starter:

1. The main circuit breaker serves as the main power supply switch that supplies electricity to the
power circuit.
2. The main contactor connects the reference source voltage R, Y, B to the primary terminal of the
motor U1, V1, W1.
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3. In operation, the Main Contactor (KM3) and the Star Contactor (KM1) are closed initially, and
then after a period of time, the star contactor is opened, and then the delta contactor (KM2) is
closed. The control of the contactors is by the timer (K1T) built into the starter. The Star and Delta
are electrically interlocked and preferably mechanically interlocked as well. In effect, there are
four states:
4. The star contactor serves to initially short the secondary terminal of the motor U2, V2, W2 for the
start sequence during the initial run of the motor from standstill. This provides one third of DOL
current to the motor, thus reducing the high inrush current inherent with large capacity motors at
startup.
5. Controlling the interchanging star connection and delta connection of an AC induction motor is
achieved by means of a star delta or wye delta control circuit. The control circuit consists of push
button switches, auxiliary contacts and a timer.
Control Circuit of Star-Delta Starter (Open Transition):

1.
The ON push button starts the circuit by initially energizing Star Contactor Coil (KM1) of star
circuit and Timer Coil (KT) circuit.
2.
When Star Contactor Coil (KM1) energized, Star Main and Auxiliary contactor change its
position from NO to NC.
3.
When Star Auxiliary Contactor (1)( which is placed on Main Contactor coil circuit )became
NO to NC its complete The Circuit of Main contactor Coil (KM3) so Main Contactor Coil
energized and Main Contactors Main and Auxiliary Contactor Change its Position from NO
To NC. This sequence happens in a friction of time.
4.
After pushing the ON push button switch, the auxiliary contact of the main contactor coil (2)
which is connected in parallel across the ON push button will become NO to NC, thereby
providing a latch to hold the main contactor coil activated which eventually maintains the
control circuit active even after releasing the ON push button switch.
5.
When Star Main Contactor (KM1) close its connect Motor connects on STAR and its
connected in STAR until Time Delay Auxiliary contact KT (3) become NC to NO.
6.
Once the time delay is reached its specified Time, the timers auxiliary contacts (KT)(3) in
Star Coil circuit will change its position from NC to NO and at the Same Time Auxiliary
contactor (KT) in Delta Coil Circuit(4) change its Position from NO To NC so Delta coil
energized and Delta Main Contactor becomes NO To NC. Now Motor terminal connection
change from star to delta connection.
7.
A normally close auxiliary contact from both star and delta contactors (5&6)are also placed
opposite of both star and delta contactor coils, these interlock contacts serves as safety
switches to prevent simultaneous activation of both star and delta contactor coils, so that one
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cannot be activated without the other deactivated first. Thus, the delta contactor coil cannot be
active when the star contactor coil is active, and similarly, the star contactor coil cannot also
be active while the delta contactor coil is active.
8.
The control circuit above also provides two interrupting contacts to shutdown the motor.
The OFF push button switch break the control circuit and the motor when necessary. The
thermal overload contact is a protective device which automatically opens the STOP Control
circuit in case when motor overload current is detected by the thermal overload relay, this is to
prevent burning of the motor in case of excessive load beyond the rated capacity of the motor
is detected by the thermal overload relay.
9.
At some point during starting it is necessary to change from a star connected winding to a
delta connected winding. Power and control circuits can be arranged to this in one of two
ways open transition or closed transition.
What is Open or Closed Transition Starting

(1) Open Transition Starters.
Discuss mention above is called open transition switching because there is an open state between
the star state and the delta state.
In open transition the power is disconnected from the motor while the winding are reconfigured via
external switching.
When a motor is driven by the supply, either at full speed or at part speed, there is a rotating
magnetic field in the stator. This field is rotating at line frequency. The flux from the stator field
induces a current in the rotor and this in turn results in a rotor magnetic field.
When the motor is disconnected from the supply (open transition) there is a spinning rotor within
the stator and the rotor has a magnetic field. Due to the low impedance of the rotor circuit, the time
constant is quite long and the action of the spinning rotor field within the stator is that of a
generator which generates voltage at a frequency determined by the speed of the rotor. When the
motor is reconnected to the supply, it is reclosing onto an unsynchronized generator and this result
in a very high current and torque transient. The magnitude of the transient is dependent on the
phase relationship between the generated voltage and the line voltage at the point of closure can
be much higher than DOL current and torque and can result in electrical and mechanical damage.
Open transition starting is the easiest to implement in terms or cost and circuitry and if the timing
of the changeover is good, this method can work well. In practice though it is difficult to set the
necessary timing to operate correctly and disconnection/reconnection of the supply can cause
significant voltage/current transients.
In Open transition there are Four states:
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1.
OFF State: All Contactors are open.
2.
Star State: The Main [KM3] and the Star [KM1] contactors are closed and the delta [KM2]
contactor is open. The motor is connected in star and will produce one third of DOL torque at one
third of DOL current.
3.
Open State: This type of operation is called open transition switching because there is an
open state between the star state and the delta state. The Main contractor is closed and the Delta
and Star contactors are open. There is voltage on one end of the motor windings, but the other end
is open so no current can flow. The motor has a spinning rotor and behaves like a generator.
4.
Delta State: The Main and the Delta contactors are closed. The Star contactor is open. The
motor is connected to full line voltage and full power and torque are available
(2) Closed Transition Star/Delta Starter.

There is a technique to reduce the magnitude of the switching transients. This requires the use of a
fourth contactor and a set of three resistors. The resistors must be sized such that considerable
current is able to flow in the motor windings while they are in circuit.
The auxiliary contactor and resistors are connected across the delta contactor. In operation, just
before the star contactor opens, the auxiliary contactor closes resulting in current flow via the
resistors into the star connection. Once the star contactor opens, current is able to flow round
through the motor windings to the supply via the resistors. These resistors are then shorted by the
delta contactor. If the resistance of the resistors is too high, they will not swamp the voltage
generated by the motor and will serve no purpose.
In closed transition the power is maintained to the motor at all time. This is achieved by
introducing resistors to take up the current flow during the winding changeover. A fourth contractor
is required to place the resistor in circuit before opening the star contactor and then removing the
resistors once the delta contactor is closed. These resistors need to be sized to carry the motor
current. In addition to requiring more switching devices, the control circuit is more complicated
due to the need to carry out resistor switching
In Close transition there are Four states:
1. OFF State. All Contactors are open
2. Star State. The Main [KM3] and the Star [KM1] contactors are closed and the delta [KM2]
contactor is open. The motor is connected in star and will produce one third of DOL torque at one
third of DOL current.
Star Transition State. The motor is connected in star and the resistors are connected across the
delta contactor via the aux [KM4] contactor.
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Closed Transition State. The Main [KM3] contactor is closed and the Delta [KM2] and Star
[KM1] contactors are open. Current flows through the motor windings and the transition resistors
via KM4.
Delta State. The Main and the Delta contactors are closed. The transition resistors are shorted out.
The Star contactor is open. The motor is connected to full line voltage and full power and torque
are available.
Effect of Transient in Starter (Open Transient starter)

It is Important the pause between star contactor switch off and Delta contactor switch is on correct.
This is because Star contactor must be reliably disconnected before Delta contactor is activated. It
is also important that the switch over pause is not too long.
For 415v Star Connection voltage is effectively reduced to 58% or 240v. The equivalent of 33%
that is obtained with Direct Online (DOL) starting.
If Star connection has sufficient torque to run up to 75% or %80 of full load speed, then the motor
can be connected in Delta mode.
When connected to Delta configuration the phase voltage increases by a ratio of V3 or 173%. The
phase currents increase by the same ratio. The line current increases three times its value in star
connection.
During transition period of switchover the motor must be free running with little deceleration.
While this is happening Coasting it may generate a voltage of its own, and on connection to the
supply this voltage can randomly add to or subtract from the applied line voltage. This is known as
transient current. Only lasting a few milliseconds it causes voltage surges and spikes. Known as
a changeover transient.
Size of each part of Star-Delta starter

(1) Size of Over Load Relay:
For a star-delta starter there is a possibility to place the overload protection in two positions, in the
line or in the windings.
Overload Relay in Line:
In the line is the same as just putting the overload before the motor as with a DOL starter.
The rating of Overload (In Line) = FLC of Motor.
Disadvantage: If the overload is set to FLC, then it is not protecting the motor while it is in delta
(setting is x1.732 too high).
Overload Relay in Winding:
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In the windings means that the overload is placed after the point where the wiring to the contactors
are split into main and delta. The overload then always measures the current inside the windings.
The setting of Overload Relay (In Winding) =0.58 X FLC (line current).
Disadvantage: We must use separate short circuit and overload protections.
(2) Size of Main and Delta Contractor:
1.
There are two contactors that are close during run, often referred to as the main contractor and
the delta contactor. These are AC3 rated at 58% of the current rating of the motor.
Size of Main Contactor= IFL x 0.58

(3) Size of Star Contractor:
The third contactor is the star contactor and that only carries star current while the motor is
connected in star. The current in star is 1/ 3= (58%) of the current in delta, so this contactor can
be AC3 rated at one third (33%) of the motor rating.
Size of Star Contactor= IFL x 0.33
Motor Starting Characteristics of Star-Delta Starter:
Available starting current: 33% Full Load Current.
Peak starting current: 1.3 to 2.6 Full Load Current.
Peak starting torque: 33% Full Load Torque.
Advantages of Star-Delta starter:
The operation of the star-delta method is simple and rugged
It is relatively cheap compared to other reduced voltage methods.
Good Torque/Current Performance.
It draws 2 times starting current of the full load ampere of the motor connected
Disadvantages of Star-Delta starter:
Low Starting Torque (Torque = (Square of Voltage) is also reduce).
Break In Supply Possible Transients
Six Terminal Motor Required (Delta Connected).
It requires 2 set of cables from starter to motor.

It provides only 33% starting torque and if the load connected to the subject motor requires higher
starting torque at the time of starting than very heavy transients and stresses are produced while
changing from star to delta connections, and because of these transients and stresses many
electrical and mechanical break-down occurs.
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In this method of starting initially motor is connected in star and then after change over the motor
is connected in delta. The delta of motor is formed in starter and not on motor terminals.
High transmission and current peaks: When starting up pumps and fans for example, the load
torque is low at the beginning of the start and increases with the square of the speed. When
reaching approx. 80-85 % of the motor rated speed the load torque is equal to the motor torque and
the acceleration ceases. To reach the rated speed, a switch over to delta position is necessary, and
this will very often result in high transmission and current peaks. In some cases the current peak
can reach a value that is even bigger than for a D.O.L start.
Applications with a load torque higher than 50 % of the motor rated torque will not be able to start
using the start-delta starter.
Low Starting Torque: The star-delta (wye-delta) starting method controls whether the lead
connections from the motor are configured in a star or delta electrical connection. The initial
connection should be in the star pattern that results in a reduction of the line voltage by a factor of
1/3 (57.7%) to the motor and the current is reduced to 1/3 of the current at full voltage, but the
starting torque is also reduced 1/3 to 1/5 of the DOL starting torque .
The transition from star to delta transition usually occurs once nominal speed is reached, but is
sometimes performed as low as 50% of nominal speed which make transient Sparks.
Features of star-delta starting

1.
For low- to high-power three-phase motors.
2.
Reduced starting current
3.
Six connection cables
4.
Reduced starting torque
5.
Current peak on changeover from star to delta
6.
Mechanical load on changeover from star to delta
Application of Star-Delta Starter:

The star-delta method is usually only applied to low to medium voltage and light starting
Torque motors.
The received starting current is about 30 % of the starting current during direct on line start and the
starting torque is reduced to about 25 % of the torque available at a D.O.L start. This starting
method only works when the application is light loaded during the start. If the motor is too heavily
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loaded, there will not be enough torque to accelerate the motor up to speed before switching over
to the delta position.
LESSON 1: WIRING SYSTEM OF SINGLE PHASE DISTRIBUTION BOARD

Introduction
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LESSON 2. WIRING SYSTEM OF SINGLE PHASE LIGHTING CIRCUIT

Introduction
Objectives
1. Identify component and the specification
2. Wire component according to the schematic diagram
3. Test the functionality of the circuit .
TOOLS / MATERIAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
SPECIFICATION
Wiring bay
Perforated metal 180 cm x 180 cm
Cut out fuse
63 A, 240 V
Neutral link
Single pole one way switch c/w 5A , 240Vac
switch box
5. single pole two way switch c/w
5A . 240Vac
switch box
6. RCCB
In = 40
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Main switch
kWatthour meter
Single pole MCB
Self tapping / Wood screw
DIN rail
PVC trunking
Terminal blocks
QUANTITY
1
1
1
4
2
A,
Tripping current
100mA,240 Vac, 50 Hz
32 A, 240V
40 A, 240 Vac
6A, 240 Vac
35 mm width
50 mm x 50 mm
5A
1
1
1
1
As required
As required
As required
As required
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Procedures
1. Identify each component and quantity of required from the schematic diagram attached
2. Test the functionality of each component by using multi-meter or power supply whichever
applicable .
3. Wire component according to circuit diagram
1. One way switch to control one lamp
2. One way switch to control two lamps
3. Two of two way switch to control one lamp
4. Two of single pole two way switch and one of an intermediate switch to control one
lamp
5. One unit of ceiling fan and fan regulator to be controlled by one way switch .
4.
Test the functionality of completed project .
LESSON 3 WIRING SYSTEM OF SINGLE PHASE POWER CIRCUIT

Introduction
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Objectives
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1. Identify types of component and its specification

2. Wire component according to the schematic diagram given
3. Test the functionality of the circuit . dead circuit test , life circuit test
TOOLS / MATERIAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mounting board
kWh meter
Socket outlet
RCCB
5. 3 pin socket
6. Single pole MCB
7. DOL starter
8. 1 phase induction motor
9. Cooker control unit
10. Water heater point
11. DIN rail
12.PVC casing
13. Flexible wires
14. Terminal block
SPECIFICATION
QUANTITY
Perforated Metal
240 V , 40 A
13A , 240Vac
40A
Trip
Amps
1
1
4
1
30mA,240 Vac
240Vac, 13A
20A, 240 V
1 kW, 240Vac
2Hp , 240 Vac
4kW, 240Vac
4kW, 240 Vac
35 mm
20mm
0.5 mm
10 A
4
2
2
1
1
1
As required
As required
As required
As required
Procedures
2. Wire two unit of 13 A socket outlet in radial circuit .
3. Wire four units of 13 A socket outlet in ring circuit .
4. Wire one unit DOL starter for air-conditioner point
5. Wire one unit of cooker control unit point
6. Wire one unit of water heater point
7. Test the functionality of each component by using m/meter or power supply whichever
applicable .
9. Test the functionality of completed project .dead circuit test , life circuit test.
Note:
Ensure that the correct rating of protection device and size of wire used.
LESSON 4 CONDUIT BENDING AND TRUNKING FABRICATION TECHNIQUE
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Common fitting used in an industrial wiring
Cutting and threading the condute.
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Objectives
1. Identify conduit fitting and the specification
2. Measure and Cut steel conduit according to specified dimension
3. Bend and fabricate conduit at 45 ,90 , according to layout diagram
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TOOLS / MATERIAL
1. Conduit Bender
2. Measuring Tape
3. Hacksaw frame and blade
4. Conduit cutter
5. Pipe Vise
6. Pipe Wrench
7. Ratchet Dies
8. Metal trunking
9. GI conduit
10. End box
11. Flexible wires
12. Connectors
13. Single core PVC ins. Cable
SPECIFICATION
19 mm, ( )
3 metre
30cm
20 mm
50 mm x 50 mm
20mm
20 mm
0.5 mm
5A
2.5 mm 2
QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
As required
As required
As required
Procedures
2. Wire two unit of 13 A socket outlet in radial circuit .
3. Wire four unit of 13 A socket outlet in ring circuit .
4. Wire one unit DOL starter for air-conditioner point
5. Wire one unit of cooker control unit point
6. Wire one unit of water heater point
7. Test the functionality of each component by using multimeter or power supply whichever
applicable .
9. Test the functionality of completed project .
Note:
Ensure that the rating of protection device and size of wire
K prior to 31 March
2004 (BS 7671)
(formerly)
bare conductor, sleeved

at terminations (formerly)
LESSON 5 WIRING SYSTEM OF 1 LIGHTING AND POWER CIRCUIT
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POWER CIRCUITS
a. Radial circuits
Radial circuits are arranged in the same way as item 1, above, in lighting layouts, in that each socket
outlet is supplied via the previous one
Points to note
1 The number of socket outlets, complying with BS 1363, is unlimited for a floor area of up to 50m 2 if
the circuit protection is a 30 A or 32 A cartridge fuse or circuit breaker, the cable being 4 mm PVC
copper or 2.5 mm2 mineral insulated (m.i.).
2 The number of socket outlets is unlimited for a floor area up to 20 m 2 with any type of circuit
protection of 20 A using 2.5 mm2 PVC copper cable or 1.5 mm2 m.i.
3 The total number of fused spurs is unlimited.
b. ring final circuits
These circuits are the same as radial circuits except that the final socket outlet is wired back to the
supply position. In effect any outlet is supplied from two directions (Fig. 15.2).
Points to note
1 Every twin-socket outlet counts as two single-socket outlets.
2 The number of non-fused spurs must not exceed the total number of points on the ring. Fig. 15.8
shows seven points on the ring and five spurs.
3 The fuse rating of a fused spur box must not exceed 13 A and the current rating of all points supplied
by the fused spur must not exceed 13 A.
4 Non-fused spurs must supply no more than one single or one double socket on the ring. Fig. 15.8
shows seven points on the ring and five spurs. rating of all points supplied by the fused spur must not
exceed 13 A. or one stationary appliance.
Capacity
Main conductor size; Earth conductor Circuit breaker

copper (mm2)
size (mm2)
capacity (A)
Up to 600 W
1.5
1.5
6001,200 W
1.5/2.5
1.5
10
1,2001,800 W
2.5/4
2.5
16
2.5
1.5
30/32
4.0
2.5
30/32
Ring circuit
(floor area 100 m2)
A2 radial circuit
(floor area 75 m2)
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A3 radial circuit
2.5
1.5
20
Air conditioner (1.5 tonne)
6.0
6.0
30/32
Cooker
6.0
6.0
30/32
Water heater
4.0
4.0
20
(floor area 50 m2)
Objectives
TOOLS / MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
QUANTITY
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mounting board
Cut out fuse and neutral link
kWh meter
Switched Socket outlet
Single pole two way switch c/w switch
box
6. RCCB/ ELCB
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
3 pin plug
Single pole MCB
Single pole MCB
Single pole MCB
DOL starter
1 phase induction motor
DIN rail
PVC pipe
End box
Flexible wires
Connectors
Perforated
60A, 240V
240V, 40A
13A , 240Vac
5A . 240Vac
1
1each
1
4
2
63 A Tripping current 100mA,
415 Vac
240Vac, 13A
20 A
6A
20A
240Vac
2hp , 240 Vac
Stainless steel /allum35 mm
20mm dia
20 mm dia
0.5 mm 2
5A
4
2
1
2
2
1
As required
As required
As required
4
As required
As required
Procedures
1. Identify each component and quantity of required from the schematic diagram attached .
applicable .
LESSON 6 WIRING SYSTEM OF 3 DISTRIBUTION BOARD

Introduction
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Objectives
1. Identify each component and the specification
2. Wire component according to the schematic diagram given
TOOLS / MATERIAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
SPECIFICATION
Mounting Board 450 x 600 mm

5 pin round socket and plug
Cut out fuse
Neutral link
kWatt hour meter
ELCB / RCCB 3P+N
ELCB / RCCB 3P+N
Single pole MCB
Single pole MCB
DOL starter
Socket outlet
Switched Socket outlet
Led indicating light
Single pole , 4 gang 1 way switch
Single pole 2 way switch
1 phase induction motor
Metal trunking
DIN rail
GI steel rigid conduit
Flexible conduit
End box
Flexible wires
Single core PVC insulated wire
Single core PVC insulated wires
Terminal block
Perforated metal
415V ac, 32A
60 A
415V, 60A
In=63A,415 Vac, I trip= 300mA
In=63A,415 Vac, I trip= 30mA
6A, 240 V
20A, 240 V
20 A, 240Vac
15 A, 240 Vac
13 A, 240 Vac
5A , 240 Vac
5A, 240 Vac
5A, 240 Vac
1 kW, 240Vac
30 mm x30 mm
4 mm x 20 mm
25 mm x 1mm
20mm
20mm
20 mm
0.5 mm 2
1.5 mm 2
2.5 mm 2
10 A
QUANTITY
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
3
3
2
2
1
As required
As required
As required
As required
4
As required
As required
As required
As required
Procedures
1. Identify each components and quantity of required from the schematic diagram attached.
applicable.
4. Test the functionality of completed project
1. dead circuit test
2. life circuit .
Note : Proper earthing should be made .
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LESSON 7 WIRING SYSTEM OF THREE PHASE LIGHTING AND POWER CIRCUIT
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Objectives
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TOOLS / MATERIAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mounting bay / Board

k Watt hour meter
MCCB
ELCB / RCCB
5 pin round Socket
and
SPECIFICATION
QUANTITY
Perforated metal 180 cm x 180 cm

415V, 60A
415V, 60A
In=60A,415 Vac, I trip=30mA
415Vac, 32A
1
1
6A
20A
60A
240Vac
2hp , 415 Vac
1
2
1
2
1
1
As required
As required
plug
6. Single pole MCB
7. Triple pole MCB
8. Triple pole Main switch
9. DOL starter
12. Metal trunking
13. Self tapping / Wood screw
14. DIN rail
15. GI steel rigid conduit
16. Flexible conduit
17. End box
18. Flexible wires
19. Connectors
Procedures
30 mm x30 mm
4 mm x 20 mm
25 mm x 1mm
20mm
20mm
20 mm
0.5 mm
10 A
1
4
As required
As required
4
As required
As required
1. Identify each components and quantity of required from the schematic diagram attached .
applicable .
4. Test the functionality of completed project
1. dead circuit 2. life circuit test.
5. Record the current drawn by the load as connected in star and . delta
Note : Proper earthing should be made .
LESSON 8: INSPECTION AND TESTING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
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On completion of a wiring installation, a number of tests on the installation have to be conducted to

ascertain that the wiring circuits and connected appliances are safe for use. Prior to carrying out the
tests, an inspection has to be done. The results of the inspection/supervision and test have to be
presented in Form G (as in Appendix IV) and Form H (as in Appendix V).
To have the test certification as in Form H, the following tests shall be conducted:
i. Continuity Test;
ii. Insulation Resistance Test;
iii. Polarity Test;
iv. Earth Electrode Resistance test; and
v. Residual Current Device Test.
1. Continuity Test
There are 3 main types of continuity tests for the final circuits:i. Protection Conductor Continuity Test.
ii. Final Ring Circuit Conductor Continuity Test.
iii. Live and Neutral Conductor Continuity Test.
a) Protection Conductor Continuity Test
To ascertain that all protection conductors are connected in the correct and effective manner.
Test equipment Multimeter (Ohm range) or Ohm meter.
Test Method:
1. Ensure that the main switch, RCD and MCB are open circuited (switched off) and all loads
are disconnected;
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2. Connected the test leads as in the Figure 8.1; The meter reading shall be less than 1 .
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Final Ring Circuit Conductor Continuity Test

To ensure that all conductors around the ring circuit have continuity;
Test Equipment Multimeter (Ohm range) or Ohm Meter
Test Method:
1. Disconnect both the supply source live conductors from the MCB, the neutral conductor
from the neutral terminals and the earth conductor from the earth terminal in the distribution
fuse box;
2. Connect the test leads as in the Figure 8.2 (EE);
3. Repeat the procedure for (L-L) and (N-N);
4. The meter reading value shall be less than 1 ohm.
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Live and Neutral Conductor Continuity Test

a. To ensure that each conductor in the circuit has continuity;
b. Test Equipment Multimeter (Ohm range) or Ohm Meter
2. Test Method:
1. Switch off the Main switch, RCD and MCB;
2. Disconnect all loads;
3. Switch on all switches in the circuit;
4. Disconnect the fuses/final circuit breakers and close the circuit;
5. Carry out the test as shown in Figure 8.3;
6. The meter reading value shall be less than 1.
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CONTINUITY TEST
Insulation Resistance Test

i. Ensure that there is no leakage current between phase conductors, phase and neutral conductors and
phase conductor and earth.
ii. Test the strength of the cable insulation.
iii. Test Equipment Insulation Resistance Tester. operating voltage is 250VDC or 500VDC.
iv. Test Method:
1. Switch off main switch;
3. Switch on all circuit control switches;
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4. Carry out test as in the Table below;

5. Meter reading value shall be less than 1 Megaohm.
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Insulation resitance test
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INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST BETWEEN CONDUCTORS AND OPPOSITE POLARITY
Polarity Test
i. Ensure that each fuse or single pole control and protection device is connected only in the phase
conductor.
ii. Intermediate contact of Edison screw lamp holder is connected to the phase conductor.
iii. Ensure that phase, neutral and earth conductors at socket outlets are connected at the correct
terminals.
iv. Test Equipment Multimeter (Ohm range) or Ohm meter.
v. Test Method:
1. Switch off Main switch;
2. Disconnect all loads
4. Carry out test as in Figure 8.5;
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5. Test switches and single phase control devices at the phase conductors.
6. Test socket outlet connection sources.
7. Test Edison screw lamp holder connections.
8. Meter reading value shall be less than 1 .
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Polarity test
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Earth Electrode Resistance Test

i. To test the earth electrode resistance.
ii. To ascertain the suitability of the location of the electrode.
iii. To ensure that the electrode is not buried within the resistance area of another electrode.
iv. Test equipment Earth Resistance Tester.
v. Test method: 1. Terminal E is connected to the electrode to be tested (green conductor)
2. Terminal P is connected to the potential spike (yellow conductor) at a distance of 10
meters from the earth electrode.
3. Terminal C is connected to the current spike (red conductor) at a distance of 20 meters
from the earth electrode.
Earth Electrode Resistance Measurement Method (Figure 8.6)
This test must be repeated at least three times, to ensure that the reading is not affected by interacting
earthing regions.
i. Record the first reading (Z1) Example : Z1 = 10
ii. Move the voltage spike to a distance of 6 meters from the original position. Record the second
reading (Z2 ) Example : Z2 = 10
iii. Move the voltage spike to a distance of 6 meters from the original position. Record the third
reading (Z3) Example : Z3 = 10
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Residual Current Device Test

i. Ensure that the residual current device (RCD) trips within the set time on the occurrence of current
leakage to earth.
ii. Test Equipment RCD Tester/ RCCB Tester
iii. Test Method 1
1. Use the Trip Test Button
2. Press the trip button found on the RCD to determine if it trips or otherwise. This test would
not be able to determine the sensitivity of the RCD nor the time taken for it to trip.
iv. Test Method 2
i.
Use a RCD Tester
ii.
This equipment is equipped with a 13A plug which can be connected to a 13A socket outlet.
Select the RCD sensitivity to be the same as the sensitivity of the RCD to be tested, to
determine if the RCD can trip. The time to trip shall not exceed 40 mS.
iii.
Test method
a) Position the selection switch in accordance with the sensitivity of the RCD used.
Example: 100 mA / 0.1 A
b) Position the operations switch to No Trip ( Rated mA = 50%), connect the 3 pin plug to
the 13A socket outlet.
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c) Switch on the 13A socket outlet ensure that the P-N and P-E lights light up.
This shows that the polarity is correct. (Note: if both the lights as above do not light up, the test cannot
be continued).
d) Press the test button the reading shows less than 200 mS and simultaneously the test light lights
up and the P-N and P-E lights do not light up. At that instant the RCD will not trip.
e) Move the selection switch to 180o (+ve wave) repeat steps (d) and (e). Move the operations
switch to Trip (Rated mA = 100%).
g) Press the test button RCD will trip and the indicated reading shall not exceed 200mS.
h) Move the selection switch to 0o (-ve wave).
i) Press the test button RCD will trip and the indicated reading shall not exceed 200 mS.
j) The above test is repeated until a near correct reading is obtained.
k) Record the test results.
l) Change the operations switch to Fast Trip and press the test button RCD will trip within a
time not exceeding 40 millisecond.
m) Repeat a number of times at 0o or 180o.
On completion of a wiring installation, a number of tests on the installation have to be conducted to

ascertain that the wiring circuits and connected appliances are safe for use. Prior to carrying out the
tests, an inspection has to be done the following tests shall be conducted:
i. Continuity Test;
ii. Insulation Resistance Test;
iii. Polarity Test;
iv. Earth Electrode Resistance test; and
v. Residual Current Device Test.
8.2.1 Continuity Test
There are 3 main types of continuity tests for the final circuits:i. Protection Conductor Continuity Test.
ii. Final Ring Circuit Conductor Continuity Test.
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iii. Live and Neutral Conductor Continuity Test.

a) Protection Conductor Continuity Test
To ascertain that all protection conductors are connected in the correct and effective manner.
Test equipment Multimeter (Ohm range) or Ohm meter.
Test Method:
1. Ensure that the main switch, RCD and MCB are open circuited (switched off) and all loads are
disconnected;
2. Connected the test leads as in the Figure 8.1;
3. The meter reading shall be less than 1 .
Final Ring Circuit Conductor Continuity Test
To ensure that all conductors around the ring circuit have continuity;
Test Equipment Multimeter (Ohm range) or Ohm Meter
Test Method:
1. Disconnect both the supply source live conductors from the MCB, the neutral conductor
from the neutral terminals and the earth conductor from the earth terminal in the distribution
fuse box;
2. Connect the test leads as in the Figure 8.2 (EE);
3. Repeat the procedure for (L-L) and (N-N);
4. The meter reading value shall be less than 1 ohm. Figure 8.2 - Final Ring Circuit Conductor
Continuity Test Ohm Meter
Disconnect both the supply source cables from mcb/fuse
Take readings at earth conductors of both sources and note resistance readings
Live and Neutral Conductor Continuity Test
1. To ensure that each conductor in the circuit has continuity;
2. Test Equipment Multimeter (Ohm range) or Ohm Meter
3. Test Method:
1. Switch off the Main switch, RCD and MCB;
3. Switch on all switches in the circuit;
4. Disconnect the fuses/final circuit breakers and close the circuit;
5. Carry out the test as shown in Figure 8.3;
6. The meter reading value shall be less than 1 ohm. Figure 8.3 - Live and Neutral
Conductor Continuity Test Ohm Meter
Insulation Resistance Test
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i. Ensure that there is no leakage current between phase conductors, phase and neutral conductors and
phase conductor and earth.
ii. Test the strength of the cable insulation.
iii. Test Equipment Insulation Resistance Tester. Operating voltage is 250VDC or 500VDC.
iv. Test Method:
1. Switch off main switch;
4. Carry out test as in the Table below;
5. Meter reading value shall be less than 1 Megaohm.
Polarity Test
i. Ensure that each fuse or single pole control and protection device is connected only in the phase
conductor.
ii. Intermediate contact of Edison screw lamp holder is connected to the phase conductor.
iii. Ensure that phase, neutral and earth conductors at socket outlets are connected at the correct
terminals.
iv. Test Equipment Multimeter (Ohm range) or Ohm meter.
v. Test Method:
1. Switch off Main switch;
2. Disconnect all loads
4. Carry out test as in Figure 8.5;
5. Test switches and single phase control devices at the phase conductors.
6. Test socket outlet connection sources.
7. Test Edison screw lamp holder connections.
8. Meter reading value shall be less than 1 .
Earth Electrode Resistance Test
i. To test the earth electrode resistance.
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ii. To ascertain the suitability of the location of the electrode.

iii. To ensure that the electrode is not buried within the resistance area of another electrode.
iv. Test equipment Earth Resistance Tester.
v. Test method: 1. Terminal E is connected to the electrode to be tested (green conductor)
2. Terminal P is connected to the potential spike (yellow conductor) at a distance of 10
meters from the earth electrode.
3. Terminal C is connected to the current spike (red conductor) at a distance of 20 meters
from the earth electrode. E P C Electrode 10 meter 10 meter
Figure 8.6 Earth Electrode Resistance Measurement Test Equipment

Earth Electrode Resistance Measurement Method (Figure 8.6)
This test must be repeated at least three times, to ensure that the reading is not affected by interacting
earthing regions.
i. Record the first reading (Z1) Example : Z1 = 10
ii. Move the voltage spike to a distance of 6 meters from the original position. Record the second
reading (Z2) Example : Z2 = 10
iii. Move the voltage spike to a distance of 6 meters from the original position. Record the third
reading (Z3)
Example : Z3 = 10
Residual Current Device Test
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i. Ensure that the residual current device (RCD) trips within the set time on the occurrence of current
leakage to earth.
ii. Test Equipment RCD Tester/ RCCB Tester
iii. Test Method 1
1. Use the Trip Test Button
2. Press the trip button found on the RCD to determine if it trips or otherwise. This test would
not be able to determine the sensitivity of the RCD nor the time taken for it to trip.
iv. Test Method 2
Use a RCD Tester
This equipment is equipped with a 13A plug which can be connected to a 13A socket outlet. Select the
RCD sensitivity to be the same as the sensitivity of the RCD to be tested, to determine if the RCD can
trip. The time to trip shall not exceed 40 mS.
Test method
a) Position the selection switch in accordance with the sensitivity of the RCD used.
Example: 100 mA / 0.1 A
b) Position the operations switch to No Trip ( Rated mA = 50%), connect the 3 pin plug to the
13A socket outlet.
c) Switch on the 13A socket outlet ensure that the P-N and P-E lights light up. This shows that
the polarity is correct. (Note: if both the lights as above do not light up, the test cannot be
continued).
d) Press the test button the reading shows less than 200 millisecond and simultaneously the
test light lights up and the P-N and P-E lights do not light up. At that instant the RCD will
not trip.
e) Move the selection switch to 180o (+ve wave) repeat steps (d) and (e). = 100%).
f) Press the test button RCD will trip and the indicated reading shall not exceed 200 mS.
g) Move the selection switch to 0o (-ve wave).
h) Press the test button RCD will trip and the indicated reading shall not exceed 200 mS.
i)
The above test is repeated until a near correct reading is obtained.
j)
Record the test results.
k) Change the operations switch to Fast Trip and press the test button RCD will trip within a
time not exceeding 40 mS.
l)
Repeat a number of times at 0o or 180o.
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LESSON 9 WIRING SYSTEM OF RELAY AND CONTACTOR CIRCUIT BOARD (DC)
Objectives
2. Design Direct on line starter
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TOOLS / MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
1. Single pole MCB

2. Single pole MCB
3. Triple pole MCB
4. Mounting board
5. Relay c/w 11 pin socket
6. Time delay relay
7. Triple pole Contactor
8. Start stop button
9. Filament lamp (Bulb )
10. Overload Relay
11. Three phase induction motor
12.Single phase step down transformer
13.Single core PVC insulated Cable
14.Single core PVC insulated Cable
15. DIN rail
16.PVC type Cable tray
17. Cable ties
18. Flexible wires
19. PVC Connectors
6A . 240 V
2A . 240 V
20A , 415 V
30 cm x 40 cm x 3 cm
10 A, 240 Vac
10 A, 240 Vac
20A, 240Vac
240Vac , 5A
240Vac , 40W
415V , 20A
5 hp
2500VA
1mm 2
2.5mm 2
35 mm
50 mm x 50 mm
4
0.5 mm
5 A, & 20 A, 240 V
QUANTITY
1
1
3
1
4
3
3
2
3
3
3
1
As required
As required
As required
As required
As required
As required
As required
Procedures
1. Identify each component according to specification and quantity required from the schematic
diagram attached.
applicable .
a. optional exercise
i. Simple DOL starter
ii. Forward reverse DOL starter
iii. Forward Reverse Dahlander motor
iv. Three motors operated in sequence by DOL starter operated by manual push
button or time delay relay
a. One loop per-cycle
b. Continuous operation in a loop
c. optional circuit design to represent the same task
v. Only one out of three motors to be operated at a time . (quiz)
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LESSON 10 WIRING SYSTEM OF RELAY AND CONTACTOR CIRCUIT BOARD (AC)
Objectives
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TOOLS / MATERIAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
SPECIFICATION
Single pole MCB

Single pole MCB
Triple pole MCB
Mounting board
Relay c/w 11 pin socket
Time delay relay
Triple pole Contactor
Lamp point
Start stop button
Filament lamp (Bulb )
Overload Relay
Three phase induction
6A . 240 V
2A . 240 V
20A , 415 V
10 A, 240 Vac
10 A, 240 Vac
20A, 240Vac
240Vac , 5 A
240Vac , 5A
240Vac , 40W
415V , 20A
5 hp
QUANTITY
1
1
1
1
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
motor
13. Single core PVC insulated 1mm 2
As required
Cable
14. Single core PVC insulated 2.5mm 2
As required
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Cable
DIN rail
PVC type Cable tray
Cable ties
Flexible wires
PVC Connectors
35 mm
50 mm x 50 mm
4
0.5 mm
5 A, & 20 A, 240 V
As required
As required
As required
As required
As required
Procedures
1. Identify each component according to specification and quantity required from the
schematic diagram attached.
applicable .
3. Wire component according to circuit diagram optional exercise
4. Simple DOL starter
5. Forward reverse DOL starter
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LESSON 11WIRE THREE UNITS OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR TO OPERATE IN

SEQUENCE.
Objectives
TOOLS / MATERIAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
Single pole MCB

Single pole MCB
Triple pole MCB
Mounting board
SPECIFICATION
6A . 240 V
2A . 240 V
20A , 415 V
30 cm x 40 cm x 3
QUANTITY
1
1
3
1
cm
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Time delay relay
Indicating light
Start stop button
Overload Relay
Three phase induction motor
Single phase step down
10 A, 240 Vac
10 A, 240 Vac
20A, 240Vac
240Vac , 5 A
240Vac , 5A
240Vac , 40W
415V , 20A
5 hp
2500VA
transformer
14. Single core PVC insulated
1mm 2
As required
Cable
2.5mm 2
As required
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Cable
DIN rail
PVC type Cable tray
Cable ties
Flexible wires
PVC Connectors
Single pole MCB
Single pole MCB
Triple pole MCB
Mounting board
35 mm
50 mm x 50 mm
4
0.5 mm
5 A, & 20 A, 240 V
6A . 240 V
2A . 240 V
20A , 415 V
30 cm x 40 cm x 3
As required
As required
As required
As required
As required
1
1
1
1
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

Time delay relay
Batten type Lamp holder
Start stop button
Indicating light (Bulb )
Overload Relay
Three phase dahlander type
cm
10 A, 240 Vac
10 A, 240 Vac
20A, 240Vac
240Vac , 10 A
240Vac , 10A
240Vac , 25W
415V , 20A
5 hp
2
3
3
3
2
3
1
1
down
240:24Vac 2500VA
transformer
1mm 2
As required
Cable
2.5mm 2
As required
35 mm
50 mm x 50 mm
4
0.75 mm
5 A, & 20 A, 240 V
20A, 240Vac
As required
As required
As required
As required
As required
As required
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
induction motor
33. Single phase
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
step
Cable
DIN rail
PVC type Cable tray
Cable ties
Flexible wires
PVC Connectors
Terminal block
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
1
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Procedures
diagram attached.
applicable .
8. Three motors operated in sequence by DOL starter operated by manual push button or time
delay relay
a. One loop per-cycle
b. Continuous operation in a loop
c. optional circuit design to represent the same task
d. Only one out of three motors to be operated at a time . (quiz)
BASIC DESIGN INDUSTRIAL MOTOR CONTROL (SEQUENCE CONTROL)
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THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR OPERATED IN SEQUENCE BY DIRECT ON LINE

STARTER
LESSON 12WIRE FORWARD REVERSE DAHLANDER MOTOR STARTER
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Objectives
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TOOLS / MATERIAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
SPECIFICATION
Single pole MCB

Single pole MCB
Triple pole MCB
Mounting board
Time delay relay
Lcd lamp indicator
Start stop button
Overload Relay
Three phase induction motor
Single phase step down transformer
Single core PVC insulated Cable
Single core PVC insulated Cable
DIN rail
PVC type Cable tray
Cable ties
Flexible wires
PVC Terminal block
6A . 240 V
2A . 240 V
20A , 415 V
10 A, 240 Vac
10 A, 240 Vac
20A, 240Vac
240Vac , 5 A
240Vac , 5A
240Vac , 40W
415V , 20A
5 hp
2500VA
1mm 2
2.5mm 2
35 mm
50 mm x 50 mm
4
1 mm
10A, 240 V
QUANTITY
1
1
3
1
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
1
As required
As required
As required
As required
As required
As required
As required
Procedures
diagram attached.
applicable .
a. optional exercise
i. Forward Reverse dahlander motor
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THREE PHASE DAHLANDER TYPE INDUCTION MOTOR OPERATED FORWARD AND

REVERSE OPERATION BY DIRECT ON LINE STARTER.
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LESSON 13 FORWARD REVERSE STAR DELTA STARTER

Introduction
If a motor's windings are connected in the star configuration, any two phases will be in series across
the supply and hence the line current will be smaller(by 57.7%) than if the windings were connected in
the delta arrangement.
Hence larger-type motors with heavy starting currents are first connected in star, and then, when the
starting currents fall, in delta. This of course means that all six of the ends of the windings must be
brought to terminations outside the casing (Fig. 8.33).
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The automatic version of this starter incorporates a timing relay which automatically changes the
connections from star to delta. Figs. 8.34 and 8.35 show the wiring and schematic diagrams for a star
delta starter.
Objectives
2. Design forward reverse star delta starter
R
Y
B
N
S
-S
W
MAIN CIRCUIT
FORWARD
REVERSE STAR
DELTA.
LEGEND:
MCCB : Moulded
Case Circuit Breaker
TOR :
Thermal
Over Load Relay
FOW-C : Mains
Forward Contactor
REV-C : Mains
Reverse Contactor
DC
: Delta
Contactor
SC
: Star
30A
MC
CB
F
O
WC
T
O
R U
1
RE
V
-C
T
O
RV
1
3
PHA
SE
T
O
RW
1
IND
V
U
UCTI
2
ON
2
2
MOT
EASYTECH ENTERPRISE
S
OR
D
C
2 96
S-SW : Mains
Selector Switch
EZTECH
TOOLS / MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
QUANTITY
1
1
1
3
4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mounting board
Triple pole MCB
Single pole MCB
Relay
600 x 600 x 25 mm
20 A, 415 V
6 A, 240 V
10 A, 240V
240Vac , 20 A
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
c/w NO/ NC auxiliary contact

Overload Relay
LED indicator
Start stop button
DIN rail
Flexible wires
Single core PVC insulated
415 V
240vac , 5 A
240Vac , 5A
35 mm
1 mm
2.5 mm
1
4
2
As required
As required
As required
13.
14.
15.
16.
wire
Terminal block
Squirrel cage motor
5 pin plug and socket
5 core flexible wire
20 A
5kW
415V , 20A
20A , 500V
As required
1
1
2 metre
Procedures
applicable .
a. Manual star delta
b. Manual Forward reverse star delta starter
c. Automatic star delta starter
d. Automatic Forward reverse star delta starter
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LESSON 14 WIRE TWO STAGES OF AN AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER
Objectives
2. Design auto transformer starter
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Autotransformer starter is used to start a 3 phase induction motor that has a rating between 10 to 15 hp
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TOOLS / MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
QUANTITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Mounting board
Triple pole MCB
Single pole MCB
Autotransformer set
Batten type Lamp holder
Start stop button
DIN rail
Flexible wires
Single core PVC insulated
600 x 600 x 25 mm
20 A, 415 V
6 A, 240 V
10Kw, 415 V, 50 Hz
240Vac
240 Vac , 105 A
240Vac ,10A
240Vac , 40W
35 mm
1 mm
2.5 mm
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
As required
As required
As required
12.
13.
14.
15.
wire
Terminal block
Squirrel cage motor
5 pin plug and socket
5 core flexible wire
20 A
10kW
415V , 20A
20A , 500V
As required
1
1
2 metre
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Procedures
applicable .
a. open transient autotransformer starter
b. close transient autotransformer starter
c. Forward reverse autotransformer starter
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LESSON 15 WIRE 4 STEPS OF ROTOR RESISTANCE
STARTER
Objectives
2. Design rotor resistance starter
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TOOLS / MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
QUANTITY
1. Mounting board
2. Triple pole MCB
3. Single pole MCB
4. Rotor Resistor set
5. Triple pole Contactor
6. Indicating light
7. Start stop push button
8. DIN rail
9. Flexible wires
10. Single core PVC insulated wire
11. Terminal block
12. Slip Ring motor
13.5 pin round 3 phase socket
14. 5 core flexible wire
600 x 600 x 25 mm
20 A, 415 V
6 A, 240 V
10kW
240Vac , 20A
240vac , 5 A
240Vac , 5A
35 mm
1 mm 2
2.5 mm 2
20 A
10kW
415V , 20A
20A , 500V
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
As required
As required
As required
As required
1
1
2 metre
Procedures
applicable .
3. Wire component according to circuit diagram .
a. Dead circuit test
b. . Life circuit test
5. Measure starting and running Amps.
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LESSON 16
TROUBLESHOOTING AND FAULT FINDING OF 3 INDUCTION MOTOR
An installation in general will suffer damage.
Damage usually occurs on the electric motor control as follows:
1. Damage to the main circuit
2. Damage to the control circuit
The cause of the damage.
i. Overcurrent, overload, short circuit.
ii. Leakage current to ground.
iii. Equipment malfunction.
iv. The main control circuit
a. Trip of main circuit protection devices, fire.
b. Defect of motor terminal such as short circuit, fire, loose
v. The control circuit is not functioning a. contactor / relay / relay time / overload relay does not work / damaged, burned
b. Loose cable connection / disconnected
Detecting and Repairing Damage
Examples of damage are as follows:
i. Motor does not work
ii. Motor function and overload relay trips
iii. Motor function but only partially functional control circuit
Methods of detecting damage
Among the known methods necessary to detect damage are as follows:
1. Turn off the electricity at the main switch (main switch) in order to avoid any danger during the
work carried out to detect damage.
2. Check all the protective gear that controls the motor control main circuit
3. Make sure the damage / function control circuit
4. Check the control circuit according to the schematic circuit diagram of the motor control
5. Check the operation of the control circuit
Note:
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Use wiring that has been installed on the SYSTEM OF MOTOR CONTROL BOARD by Forward
Reverse control circuit for Star Delta to test and look for damage.
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1 (a) Explain what is meant by the term back e.m.f. in a motor.
(b) Outline the basic differences between series, shunt and compound wound d.c. motors.
2 (a) With the aid of diagrams explain how the speed of series, shunt and compound-wound motors
may be controlled.
(b) A 440V d.c. shunt-wound motor has a field resistance of 200R and an armature resistance of 0.6 R.
When its speed is 20 rev d second the current drawn from the supply is 12.2A. Calculate its back
e.m.f. at this speed. If the speed were decreased to 19 revs/second, the field flux remaining unchanged,
calculate the new back e.m.f. and the new armature current.
3 . A load of 6.4 kW at 240 V is supplied from the terminals of a shunt-wound d.c. generator. The field
resistance is 180 A. Calculate the armature current.
4 (a) Explain with the aid of a diagram how a rotating magnetic field may be
(b) What is meant by synchronous speed?
Calculate the synchronous obtained. speed of a 12 pole motor if the supply frequency is 50Hz.
5 (a) Explain the action of a synchronous motor.
(b) What methods are available to start a synchronous motor? Explain with diagrams.
6 (a) Explain the action of a cage induction motor.
(b) What is meant by the term slip?
Calculate the percentage slip of a six pole induction motor running at 16.2 revs/second from a 50 Hz
supply.
7 Describe with sketches three different ways of starting a single-phase induction motor.
8 Explain with the aid of a sketch the action of a three-phase DOL starter.
What are dashpots used for? How are remote start and stop buttons connected?
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9 A I0 kW, 240V, 50Hz single-phase cage rotor induction motor is 85%efficient and has a PF of 0.68
lagging. Calculate the motor current and the value of capacitor required to raise the PF to 0.93
lagging.
10 Calculate the torque developed by an 18 kW four-pole induction motor run at 3.5% slip from a
50Hz supply.
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 11
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APPENDIX 111
Attachment :
Reference
https://www.tlc-direct.co.uk/Book/6.2.1.htm
http://www.st.gov.my/index.php/ms/
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EASYTECH ENTERPRISE

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DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WIRING

EASYTECH SDN BHD

CONTROL AND PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING.......................7

SELECTION OF WIRING ACCESSORIES............................................................13

EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS........................................................15

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING WORKS IN

LESSON 4 CONDUIT BENDING AND TRUNKING FABRICATION TECHNIQUE............37

a. Dead circuit test...........................................................................................10

Electricity Supply Act 1990;

ii. Determine the consumer load requirements;

Determining Consumer Load Requirements

2. CONTROL AND PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING

2.1 Selection of Control and Protection System for Electrical Wiring

ii. Earth Leakage Current Protection

3.2 Factors Related to Cable Current Carrying Capacity

Use of Minimum Cross Sectional Area Rating of Wiring Conductors

Use of Protection Conductor Minimum Cross Sectional Area Rating

3.3 Use of Minimum Cross Sectional Area Rating of Wiring Conductors

Use of Protection Conductor Minimum Cross Sectional Area Rating

Conductor Insulation and Types of Wiring

Functions and Colour Identification of Non Flexible Cables

EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

Parts that are Required to be Earthed

The termination to earth is done as shown in Figure 7.2.

4. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING WORKS IN

Why Electric Shocks Occur

Exposed Conductor or Disconnected Cable

First Aid Box

INSTALLATION CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

Working Principal of Star-Delta Starter:

Star-delta Starter Consists following units:

Time relay (pull-in delayed) 1 No.

Three-pole thermal over current release 1No.

Fuse elements or automatic cut-outs for the main circuit 3 Nos.

Fuse element or automatic cut-out for the control circuit 1No.

Power Circuit of Star Delta Starter:

Control Circuit of Star-Delta Starter (Open Transition):

What is Open or Closed Transition Starting

OFF State: All Contactors are open.

(2) Closed Transition Star/Delta Starter.

Effect of Transient in Starter (Open Transient starter)

Size of each part of Star-Delta starter

Size of Main Contactor= IFL x 0.58

Motor Starting Characteristics of Star-Delta Starter:

Available starting current: 33% Full Load Current.

Peak starting current: 1.3 to 2.6 Full Load Current.

Peak starting torque: 33% Full Load Torque.

Advantages of Star-Delta starter:

The operation of the star-delta method is simple and rugged

It is relatively cheap compared to other reduced voltage methods.

Good Torque/Current Performance.

Disadvantages of Star-Delta starter:

Low Starting Torque (Torque = (Square of Voltage) is also reduce).

Break In Supply Possible Transients

Six Terminal Motor Required (Delta Connected).

It requires 2 set of cables from starter to motor.

Features of star-delta starting

For low- to high-power three-phase motors.

Reduced starting current

Six connection cables

Reduced starting torque

Current peak on changeover from star to delta

Mechanical load on changeover from star to delta