Chap 11 AC Power Analysis

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis
Outline
Instantaneous and Average Power

Maximum Average Power Transfer
Effective or RMS Value
Apparent Power and Power Factor
Conservation of AC Power
Power Factor Correction
Instantaneous Power
The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at any
instant of time.
p(t ) v(t )i(t )
Power Provider
Power Consumer
v(t ) Vm cos(t v )
i (t ) I m cos(t i )
p(t ) v(t )i(t ) Vm I m cos(t v ) cos(t i )
1
1
Vm I m cos( v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2
2
Frequency
doubled!
cos
cos
cos(
c
os
(
Illustration of Instantaneous Power

1
1
p(t ) Vm I m cos(v i ) Vm I m cos(2t v i )
2
2
p(t) is periodic but with frequency 2

The power is transferred from the circuit to the source.
(Because of the storage elements such as capacitors and
inductors in the circuit)
An Example of Instantaneous Power

1
1
p (t ) cos( ) cos(2 2 60t )

2
4 2
4
Average Power
The average power (in watts) is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period.
1 T
P p(t )dt
T 0
1 T
Vm I m cos(t v ) cos(t i )dt
T 0
1
Vm I m cos( v i )
2
1
*
Re VI* ;
VI
Vm I m v i
v(t ) Vm cos(t v )
i (t ) I m cos(t i )
Two Special Cases of Average Power

1
P Vm I m cos(v i )
2
Purely resistive circuit: v i
1 2
P I Req
2
Purely reactive circuit: v i 90
1
P Vm I m cos 90 0
2
The resistive load (R) absorbs power at all times, while a

reactive load (L or C) absorbs zero average power.
Examples of Special Cases

1
1 2
| V |2
ZR
: P Vm I m0 | I | R
2
2
2R
1
Z j L : P Vm I m90 0
2
1
1
Z
: P Vm I m 90 0
jC
2
Phasor Domain Interpretation

I
I
V
+
V
1
Re VI*
2
2
1
1
|
V
|
P Re | I |2 Z Re *
2
2 Z
V ZI P
Example 11.1
Q: Given that v(t)=120cos(377t+45o)V, i(t)=10cos(377t10o)A, find the instantaneous power and the average
power absorbed by the passive linear network.
p iv 1200 cos(377t 45) cos(377t 10)

600 cos(754t 35) cos 55
344.2 600 cos(754t 35) W
1
1
P Vm I m cos(v i ) 1200 cos 45 (10)
2
2
600 cos 55 344.2 W
10
Example 11.2
Q: Calculate the average power absorbed by an
impedance Z = 30 j70 when a voltage V = 1200
is applied across it.
V
1200
I
1.57666.8 A
Z 76.16 66.8
1
P Vm I m cos( v i )
2
1
(120)(1.576) cos(0 66.8) 37.24 W
2
11
Example 11.3
Q: For the circuit, find the average power supplied by
the source and the average power absorbed by the
resistor.
12
Example 11.3 (cont.)

530
530
I
1.11856.57 A
4 j 2 4.472 26.57
1
P Re VI *
2
1
5 1.118cos(30 56.57)
2
2.5 W
I R I 1.11856.57 A
VR 4I R 4.47256.57 V
PR
1
4.472 1.118 2.5 W
2
13
Example 11.4
Q: Determine the average power generated by each
source and the average power absorbed by each
passive element in circuit (a).
14

V
For mesh 1: I1 4 A
(a )
KCL for mesh 2: j10 j5 I 2 j10I1 6030 0
( b)
By (a ) and (b) I 2 12 60 8 10.5879.1 A

For the voltage source:
1
1
Re VI*2 60 10.58 cos(30 79.1) 207.8 W
2
2
PV 0. Hence, this average power is absorbed by the source.
PV
15

For the current source:
V1 20I1 j10(I1 I 2 ) 80 j10(4 2 j10.39)
184.9846.21 V
1
1
*
PI Re V1I1 184.984 4 cos(6.21 0)
2
2
367.8 W
PI 0. Hence, this current source supplies power to the circuit.

For the resistor:
I1 40 A
V2 20I1 800 V
PR
1
1
Re V2 I1* 80 4 160 W
2
2
16

For the capacitor:
I 2 10.5879.1,
VC j5I 2 (5 90)(10.5879.1) 52.9(79.1 90)
1
1
Re VC I*2 (52.9)(10.58) cos( 90) 0
2
2
For the inductor:
PC
I L I1 I 2 2 j10.39 10.58 79.1
VC
VL
IL
VL j10(I1 I 2 ) 10.58( 79.1 90)

1
1
*
PL Re VLI L (105.8)(10.58) cos 90 0

2
2
Finally,
PV PI PR PC PL
367.8 160 0 0 207.8 0
17
Maximum Average Power Transfer

For maximum average power transfer, the load
impedance ZL must be equal to the complex conjugate
of the Thevenin impedance ZTh.
Z L Z*Th
2
Pmax
VTh
8RTh
18
Derivation of Maximum Average Power

Transfer
ZTh RTh jX Th ; Z L RL jX L
VTh
VTh
ZTh Z L ( RTh RL ) j ( X Th X L )
2
VTh RL
1
1
1 2
1
P Re VLI* Re Z LII* I RL
2
2
2
2 ( RTh RL ) 2 ( X Th X L ) 2
To find the condition with maximum power,
VTh RL ( X Th X L )
P
0
2
2
2
X L
( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2
RL
VTh
( R
Th
RL ) 2 ( X Th X L ) 2 2 RL ( RTh RL )
2 ( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2
2 2
19
Derivation of Maximum Average Power

Transfer
VTh RL X Th X L
P
0
2
2
2
X L
( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2
X L X Th
P
RL
VTh
2
2
(
R
R
)
(
X
X
)
2 RL ( RTh RL )
Th L
Th
L
2 ( RTh RL ) ( X Th X L )
2
RL Rth2 X th X L
RTh ;
X Th -X L
Z L RTh jX Th Z*Th
2
Pmax
VTh
8RTh
2 2
XL 0
2
RL RTh
(X Th X L )2
RL RT2h X T2h ZTh

20
Example 11.5
Q: Determine the load impedance ZL that maximizes the
average power drawn from the circuit. What is the
maximum average power?
21

From Fig. (a), ZTh j5 4 (8 j6) j5
From Fig (b), VTh
4(8 j 6)
2.933 j 4.467
4 8 j6
8 j6
(10) 7.454 10.3 V
4 8 j6
Z L Z*TH 2.933 j 4.467

2
Pmax
VTH
(7.454)2
2.368 W
8RTH 8(2.933)
22
Example 11.6
Q: In the circuit, find the value of RL that will absorb the
maximum average power. Calculate the power.
23

j 20(40 j 30)
ZTh (40 j 30) j 20
9.412 j 22.35
j 20 40 j 30
j 20
VTh
(15030) 72.76134 V
j 20 40 j 30
RL ZTh 9.4122 22.352 24.25
I
VTh
72.76134
1.8100.42 A
ZTh RL 33.66 j 22.35
Pmax
1 2
1
I RL (1.8)(24.25) 39.29 W
2
2
RL
24
Effective or RMS Value

The effect value of a period current is the dc current
that delivers the same average power to a resistor as
the period current.
25
Effective or RMS Value (cont.)

1 T 2
2
PR i Rdt I eff
R
0
T
I eff
1 T 2
i dt I rms
0
T
1 T 2
Similarly, Veff
v dt Vrms
0
T
The root - mean - square (rms ) value of a periodic signal x(t )

X rms
1 T 2
x dt
0
T
26
Effective or RMS Value (cont.)

The effect value of a period signal is its root-mean-square
(rms) value.
2
V
2
P I rms
R rms
R
For the sinusoid i (t ) I m cos t , the rms valus is

1 T 2
2
I rms
I
cos
tdt
m
0
T
Similarly, for v(t ) Vm cos t ,
Vrms
I m2
T
Im
1
1 cos 2t dt
2
2
Vm
2
27
Example 11.7
Q: Determine the rms value of the current waveform. If
the current is passed through a 2- resistor, find the
average power absorbed by the resistor.
28

The period of the waveform is T = 4,
5t , 0 t 2
i (t )
10, 2 t 4
I rms
1 T 2
1
i
dt
T 0
4
(5t ) dt (10) 2 dt
2
3 2
1
t
1 200
4
25
100t 2
200
8.165 A
4 3 0
4 3
2
2
PR2 I rm
R
(8.165)
(2) 133.3 W
s
29
Example 11.8
Q: The waveform is a half-wave rectified sine wave.
Find the rms value and the amount of average power
dissipated in a 10- resistor.
30

The period of the waveform is T = 2,
10 sin t , 0 t
v(t )
t 2
0,
2
rms
1 T 2
1
v (t )dt
T 0
2
(10sin t ) dt 02 dt
2
1 100
50 sin 2
(
1
cos
2
t)dt
t
;
0
2
2
2
2 0
2 1
sin
t
(1
cos
2
t
)
50
1
sin
2
25
2
2
Vrms 5V
PR 10
2
Vrms
52
2.5 W
R 10
31
RMS of Sinusoidal Signal

For the sinusoid i(t ) I m cos t i , the rms valus is
I rms
1 T 2
2
I
cos
t i dt
m
0
T
Similarly, for v(t ) Vm cos t v ,

Vrms
I m2
T
Im
1
1
cos
2
dt
i
2
2
Vm
2
32
Power Representation Via RMS

Values
Given i (t ) I m cos t i and v(t ) Vm cos t v
1
1
The average power P Vm I m cos( v i ) Re[ VI* ]
2
2
Vm I m
Represented by RMS: P
cos( v i ) Vrms I rms cos( v i )
2 2
V
I
Denote phasors: Vrms
, I rms
2
2
1
P Re[VI* ] Re[Vrms I*rms ]
2
For resistive load: v i
P Vrms I rms I
2
rms
2
Vrms
RL
RL
33
Complex Power
Complex power S (in volt-amperes or VA) is the product
of the rms voltage phasor and the complex conjugate of
the rms current phasor. Its real part is real power P and its
imaginary part is reactive power Q.
S Vrms I*rms
*
2
V
I
1
1
|
V
|
S Vrms I*rms
VI* | I |2 Z
2
2 Z*
2
2 2
| Vrms |2
2
S | I rms | Z
Z*
S Se j S S cos jS sin
S P jQ P jP tan
34
Summary of Terminologies
Terminology
Complex Power
Unit
VA
Form
1
S P jQ VI *
2
Vrms I rms ( v i )
Apparent Power VA
S S Vrms I rms P 2 Q 2
Real Power
Watt
P Re(S) S cos( v i )
Reactive Power
VAR
Q Im(S) S sin( v i )
Power Factor
P
pf cos( v i )
S
35
Summary of Terminologies (cont.)

S is called the complex power consumed by
the load Z
P is the average or real power.
The power delivered to the load
The actual power dissipated by the load
Q is the reactive or quadrature power.

Unit: volt-ampere reactive (VAR)
A measure of the energy exchange between the source
and the reactive part of the load.
36
Summary of Terminologies (cont.)

S is called the apparent power which denotes
the power the provider provides.
pf: is the power factor in [0,1]. The power
factor is an index of the load reaching the
satisfaction of the provider; the larger the
power is, the happier the provider is.
37
Power and Impedance Triangles

2
1
1
|
V
|
S Vrms I*rms VI* | I |2 Z
2
2
2 Z*
2
|
V
|
S | I rms |2 Z rms*
Z
S Se j S S cos jS sin
V Vrms Vrms
Z
(v i )
I I rms I rms
S P jQ P jP tan
Power triangle
Impedance triangle
38
Passive Load
Z R jX | Z | ( v i )
R 0 ( v i ) [90 ,90 ]
(1) Z R 0 : Resistive load
(2) X 0 0 : Inductive load; S in the

first quadrant and the current is
lagging the voltage by
(3) X 0 0 : Capacitive load; S in the
fourth quadrant and the current is
leading the voltage by
39
Power Triangle (cont.)

Inductive load
Resistive load
Capacitive load
40
Example 11.9
Q: A series-connected load draws a current i(t) = 4
cos(100t + 10) A when the applied voltage is v(t) =
120 cos(100t - 20) V. Find the apparent power and
the power factor of the load. Determine the element
values that form the series-connected load.
Sol:
120 4
240 VA
2 2
power factor: pf cos(v i ) cos(20 10) 0.866
apparent power: S Vrms I rms
41

The power factor can also be obtained from
V 120 20
Z
30 30 25.98 j15
I
410
pf cos(30) 0.866
The load impedance Z can be modeled by a 25.98-

resistor in series with a capacitor with
1
X C 15
C
1
1
C
212.2 F
15 15 100
42
Example 11.10
Q: Determine the power factor of the entire circuit as
seen by the source. Calculate the average power
delivered by the source.
43

j2 4
6.8 j1.6 7 13.24
4 j2
pf cos(13.24) 0.9734
Zeq 6 4 ( j 2) 6
I rms
Vrms
300
4.28613.24A
Z
7 13.24
The average power supplied by the source is

P Vrms I rms pf (30)(4.286)0.9734 125 W
2
or P I rms
R (4.286) 2 (6.8) 125 W
where R is the resistor part of Z.
44
Example 11.11
Q: The voltage across a load is v(t) = 60cos(t 10) V
and the current through the element in the direction of
the voltage drop is i(t) = 1.5 cos(t + 50) A. Find: (a)
the complex and apparent powers, (b) the real and
reactive powers, and (c) the power factor and the load
impedance.
(a) v(t ) 60 cos(t 10 ); i(t ) 1.5cos(t 50 )
o
60
1.5
10, I rms
50
2
2
The complex power is
Vrms
S Vrms I*rms
60
1.5
10
50 45 60 VA
2
2
The apparent power is

S S 45 VA
45

(b) Form (a),
S 45 60 45 cos(60) j sin(60)
22.5 j38.97
S P jQ
The real power P 22.5 W
The reactive power Q 38.97 VAR
(c) pf cos(60) 0.4
V 60 10
Z
40 60
I
1.550
46
Example 11.12
Q: A load Z draw 12 kVA at a power factor of 0.856
lagging from a 120-V rms sinusoidal source. Calculate:
(a) the average and reactive powers delivered to the
load, (b) the peak current, and (c) the load impedance.
Sol:
(a) pf cos 0.856, cos1 0.856 31.13.
The apparent power is S = 12,000 VA, the average
or real power is
P S cos 12000 0.856 10.272 kW
and the reactive power is
Q S sin 12000 0.517 6.204 kVA
47

(b) Since the pf is lagging, the complex power is
S P jQ 10.272 j 6.204 VA
SV
*
rms rms
*
rms
S
10272 j 6.204
Vrms
1200
85.6 j51.7 A 10031.13 A
Thus I rms 100 31.13 and the peak current is

I m 2 I rms 2 100 141.4 A
48

(c) The load impedance
Vrms
1200
Z
1.231.13
I rms 100 31.13
which is an inductive impedance.
49
Conservation of AC Power
The principle of conservation of power is still
applicable to the ac circuits.
The principle of conservation of ac power: The
complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal
the respective sums of the complex, real and reactive
powers of the individual loads.
S S1 S2
1
1
S VI* V I1*
2
2
SN
I*N S1 S 2
SN
50
Example 11.13
Q: The following figure shows a load being fed by a
voltage source through a transmission line. The
impedance of the line is represented by the (4 + j2)
impedance and a return path. Find the real power and
reactive power absorbed by; (a) the source, (b) the
line, and (c) the load.
51

Z eq (4 j 2) (15 j10)
19 j8 20.62 22.83
I rms
(a)
Vrsms
2200
=10.6722.83 A
20.62 22.83
Z
s
S s Vrms
I*rms (2200)(10.67 22.83)
2347.4 22.83 (2163.5 j910.8) VA
52

(b)
Vrline
ms (4 j 2)I rms (4.47226.57)(10.6722.83) 47.7249.4 V
The complex power absorbed by the line is

line *
S line Vrms
I rms (47.7249.4)(10.67 22.83)
509.226.57 455.4 j227.7 VA

or
S line I rms Z line (10.67) 2 (4 j 2) 455.4 j 227.7 VA
2
53

(c)
Load
Vrms
(15 j10)I rms (18.03 33.7)(10.6722.83)
192.38 10.87 V
Load *
S Load Vrms
I rms (192.38 10.87)(10.67 22.83)
2053 33.7 (1708 j1139) VA
Ss Sline S Load
54
Example 11.14
Q: Z1 60 30 and Z2 4045.
Calculus the total: (a) apparent power, (b) real power,
(c) reactive power, and (d) pf, supplied by the source
and seen by the source.
55

I1
V 12010
240 A rms
Z1 60 30
V 12010
I2
3 35 A rms
Z 2 4045
The complex powers absorbed by the impedances are

2
Vrms
(120)2
S1 *
240 30 207.85 j120 VA
Z1 6030
2
Vrms
(120)2
S2 *
36045 254.6 j 254.6 VA
Z 2 40 45
The total complex power is
St S1 S2 462.4 j134.6 VA
56

The total complex power is
S t S1 S 2 462.4 j134.6 VA
(a) The total apparent power is
St S t 481.6 VA
(b) The total real power is
Pt Re(St ) 462.4 W or Pt P1 P2
(c) The total reactive power is
Qt Im(St ) 134.6 VAR or Qt Q1 Q2
57

(d) The power factor
pf Pt / St 462.4 / 481.6 0.96
Result checking: The complex power supplied by the source
I t I1 I 2 (1.532 j1.286) (2.457 j1.721)
(4 j 0.435) 4.024 6.21 A rms
Ss VI*t (12010)(4.0246.21)
488.8816.21
463 j135 VA
58
Power Factor Correction

Power factor correction: the process of increasing the
power factor without altering the voltage or current to the
original load.
Most practical loads are inductive since motors

are the most useful driving force in this world.
Hence, we can use a parallel-connected
capacitor to attain the goal of power factor
correction
59
Illustration of Power Factor Correction
60
Phasor Diagram for Inductive Load

by Capacitor Compensation
V
I L 1
R jL
I C jC V
IL
I I L IC I 2
61
Capacitor Compensation
To increase pf from cos1 to cos2 without
altering the real power,
P1 S1 cos 1 P2 S2 cos 2 P
Q1 S1 sin 1 P tan 1
Q2 S2 sin 2 P tan 2
Applying the ac power conservation gives
QC Q1 Q2 P(tan 1 tan 2 )
2
Vrms
Vrm2 s
2
But S * QC
CVrms
Z
XC
QC
P(tan 1 tan 2 ) Q1 Q2
2
2
2
Vrms
Vrms
Vrms
Note that the real power P is not affected by

the pf correction because PC is zero.
62
PF Correction for Capacitor Load

Similar idea can be used to realize power factor
correction for a capacitive load.
The required shunt inductance L can be calculated as
2
2
Vrm2 s Vrms
Vrms
QL Q1 Q2
L
X L L
QL
63
Example 11.15
Q: When connected to a 120-V (rms), 60-Hz power line,
a load absorbs 4 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8.
Find the value of capacitance necessary to raise the pf
to 0.95.
Sol:
If pf = 0.8, then
cos1 0.8
1 36.87
P
4000
S1
5000 VA
cos 1
0.8
Q1 S1 sin 1 5000sin 36.87 3000VAR
64

When pf is raised to 0.95,
cos 2 0.95
2 18.19
P
4000
S2
4210.5 VA
cos 2 0.95
Q2 S2 sin 2 1314.4 VAR
QC Q1 Q2 3000 1314.4 1685.6 VAR
QC
1685.6
C
310.5 F
2
2
Vrms 2 60 120
65

Chap 11 AC Power Analysis - Rev

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Chap 11 AC Power Analysis - Rev

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Instantaneous and Average Power