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Constellations

What is a constellation?
A constellation is a group of visible stars that form a pattern when viewed from Earth. The
pattern they form may take the shape of an animal, a mythological creature, a man, a woman,
or an inanimate object such as a microscope, a compass, or a crown.
How many constellations are there?
The sky was divided up into 88 different constellations in 1922. This included 48 ancient
constellations listed by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy as well as 40 new constellations.
Star Maps
The 88 different constellations divide up the entire night sky as seen from all around the Earth.
Star maps are made of the brightest stars and the patterns that they make which give rise to
the names of the constellations.
The maps of the stars represent the position of the stars as we see them from Earth. The stars
in each constellation may not be close to each other at all. Some of them are bright because
they are close to Earth while others are bright because they are very large stars.
Hemispheres and Seasons
Not all of the constellations are visible from any one point on Earth. The star maps are typically
divided into maps for the northern hemisphere and maps for the southern hemisphere. The
season of the year can also affect what constellations are visible from where you are located on
Earth.
Famous Constellations
Here are a few of the more famous constellations:

Orion
Orion is one of the most visible constellations.
Because of its location, it can be seen
throughout the world. Orion is named after a
hunter from Greek mythology. Its brightest
stars are Betelgeuse and Rigel.

Constellation Orion
Ursa Major

Ursa Major is visible in the northern hemisphere. It means "Larger Bear" in Latin. The Big
Dipper is part of the Ursa Major constellation. The Big Dipper is often used as a way to find the
direction north.
Ursa Minor
Ursa Minor means "Smaller Bear" in Latin. It is located near Ursa Major and also has the pattern
of a small ladle called the Little Dipper as part of its larger pattern.

Draco
The Draco constellation can be viewed in the
northern hemisphere. It means "dragon" in
Latin and was one of the 48 ancient
constellations.
Pegasus
The Pegasus constellation is named after the
flying horse by the same name from Greek
mythology. It can be seen in the northern sky.

Constellation Draco

The Zodiac
The zodiac constellations are the constellations that are located within a band that is about 20
degrees wide in the sky. This band is considered special because it is the band where the Sun,
the Moon, and the planets all move.
There are 13 zodiac constellations. Twelve of these are also used as signs for the zodiac
calendar and astrology.

Capricornus

Aquarius

Pisces

Aries

Taurus

Gemini

Cancer

Leo

Virgo

Libra

Scorpius

Sagittarius

Ophiuchus

Uses for Constellations


Constellations are useful because they can help people to recognize stars in the sky. By looking
for patterns, the stars and locations can be much easier to spot.
The constellations had uses in ancient times. They were used to help keep track of the
calendar. This was very important so that people knew when to plant and harvest crops.
Another important use for constellations was navigation. By finding Ursa Minor it is fairly easy
to spot the North Star (Polaris). Using the height of the North Star in the sky, navigators could
figure out their latitude helping ships to travel across the oceans.
Interesting Facts about Constellations

The largest constellation by area is Hydra which is 3.16% of the sky.

The smallest is Crux which only takes up 0.17 percent of the sky.

Small patterns of stars within a constellation are called asterisms. These include the Big
Dipper and Little Dipper.

The word "constellation" comes from a Latin term meaning "set with stars."

Twenty two different constellation names start with the letter "C."

Introduction to Solar System


In our solar system, nine planets circle around our Sun. The Sun sits in the middle while the
planets travel in circular paths (called orbits) around it. These nine planets travel in the same
direction (counter- clockwise looking down from the Sun's north pole).
The solar system is made up of two parts:
The inner solar system contains Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. These four planets
are closest to the Sun.
The outer solar system contains Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
The inner planets are separated from the outer planets by the Asteroid Belt.

COMPOSITION
ROCKY PLANETS (Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Pluto)
The rocky planets are mostly made up of rock and metal. These planets are very heavy and
move slowly. They also do not have rings and very few moons.
GAS PLANETS (Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune)
The gas planets are mostly made up of gases (hydrogen and helium). These planets are light
for their sizes (just like a big air balloon) and move quickly. They have rings and lots of moons.

SIZE
SMALL PLANETS (Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Pluto)
The small planets have diameters less than 13000 km across. Mercury and Pluto are sometimes
referred to as lesser planets because they are so tiny.
GIANT PLANETS (Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune)
The giant planets have diameters greater than 48000 km. The giant planets are sometimes
also referred to as gas giants.

Pie Chart: a special chart that uses "pie slices" to show relative sizes of data.
For example: Within a hundred students, there are 14 students who like math, 43 students like
English and 43 students like science.
Therefore, the
circle or
pie graph is like this:
14
%43%science

43%english

Example: In a class of 50, there are 17 students who likes pasta, 15 students like pizza more, 5
students love doughnuts, 10 students like fries, and the other 3 students prefer burgers.
First: Get the percent equivalent of the students. Divide the number of students who like the
food to the total number of students. Then move the decimal point 2 steps to the right.
Pasta: 17 / 50= .34= 34
Pizza: 15 / 50= .30= 30
Donu

Doughnuts: 5 / 50= .10= 10


Fries: 10 / 50= .20= 20
Burgers: 3 / 50= .6= 6

PIZZ
A

Fries

Burge

PAST
A

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OOOOOOO~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Adding the percent
Example: 50% of the students want to join the field trip alone, but 10% wants to go with their
parents, while the rest will not join. How many students want to join the field trip?
Answer: Just add all the students who want to go. So, 50% + 10%= 60% wants to join the field
trip. Then subtract the percent of the students who will join from 100%. So, 100%- 60%= 40%
will not join.

Understanding selections
The Story of the Pencil by Paulo Coelho
A boy was watching his grandmother write a letter. At one point he asked:
Are you writing a story about what weve done? Is it a story about me?
His grandmother stopped writing her letter and said to her grandson:
I am writing about you, actually, but more important than the words is the pencil Im using. I
hope you will be like this pencil when you grow up.
Intrigued, the boy looked at the pencil. It didnt seem very special.
But its just like any other pencil Ive ever seen!
That depends on how you look at things. It has five qualities which, if you manage to hang on
them, will make you a person who is always at peace with the world.
First quality: you are capable of great things, but you must never forget that there is a hand
guiding your steps. We call that hand God, and He always guides us according to His will.
Second quality: now and then, I have to stop writing and use a sharpener. That makes the
pencil suffer a little, but afterwards, hes much sharper. So you, too, must learn to bear certain
pains and sorrows, because they will make you a better person.
Third quality: the pencil always allows us to use an eraser to rub out any mistakes. This means
that correcting something we did is not necessarily a bad thing; it helps to keep us on the road
to justice.
Fourth quality: what really matters in a pencil is not its wooden exterior, but the graphite
inside. So always pay attention to what is happening inside you.
Finally, the pencils fifth quality: it always leaves a mark. in just the same way, you should
know that everything you do in life will leave a mark, so try to be conscious of that in your
every action.

Questions:
1. According to the grandmother, what is more important than the words?
2. Who is the grandmother talking and writing to?
3. Who is the hand that guides us?
4. Do you think the grandmother is right?
5. If you were the boy, would you follow the grandmothers advices?

A Glass of Cold Water


A GLASS OF COLD WATER everybody calls me young, beautiful, wonderful. Am I? Look at my
hair, my lips, my red rosy cheeks and a pair of blinkering eyes. I remember, somebody says
that I look like my mother that I look like my mother. But that when she was young. Now, I am
much lovelier than she is. I'm a mortal Venus. Oops! What time is it? I must get ready for the
party! Beep-beep!A-huh! Here they are! Yes, I'm coming! "Child, are you still there?" "Hmp!
That's my mama" "Child, are you still there? Will you please get me a glass of cold water?"
"Mama, I'm in a hurry!" "Please child, try to get me a glass of cold water." "Mama, please, try to
get it on your own." "Please child, try to get me a glass of cold water!" At the party, I danced
and danced the whole night. You see, I can't leave the party at once. I have to dance with
everybody who proposed to me. At last, the party is over. I'm very tired. Very, very tired. So, I
went home to tell mama what happened. "Mama, I'm home! It's very quiet. "Mama, I'm home!"
Nobody answers. Where is she? I look for her in the sala, but she's not there. Where is she? Ahuh! In the kitchen! I saw my mama, lying down on the floor, dead. With a glass on her hand. I
remember, she tried to get it. Oh, God, just for the glass of cold water.

Questions:
1. Describe the girl.

2. Where is she going?

3. What did her mother asked her?

4. Why did the mother die?

5. What is the moral lesson of the story

Constellation Questions:
1. What is a constellation?

2. It is made of the brightest stars and the patterns, it also represent the position of the stars as
we see them from Earth.

3. Draw a constellation.

4. Name at least 5 constellations.

5. It means Larger Bear.

6. What are the uses of the constellations?

7. How many constellations are there?

8. Name the two brightest stars of Orion.

9. What is the smallest constellation?

10. What is your favorite constellation? Draw or describe.

Planets:
1. What is a planet?

2. How many planets are there in the Solar System?

3. What is the biggest planet?

4. What are the possible compositions of planets?

5. What are the circular paths?

6. Enumerate the 9 planets.

7. In what direction do the planets turn?

8. What separates the inner planets from the outer ones?

9. What are the diameters of the small and big planets?

10. Is Pluto a planet?

PIE GRAPH.
Make a circle graph according to the statements.

There are 100 people in a room. 16 of them are drinking coffee, 24 are talking with each other,
10 are eating ice cream, 18 are just quiet, 10 are reading, 20 are singing, and 2 are cooking.

There are 50 students in a bus. 12 are watching the movie, 17 are sleeping, 20 are talking, 1 is
standing.

ANSWER.
1. 50% voted for Carla as the Peace officer while 20% voted for Grace. How many percent is
voting?

2. Chippy is made up of 67.9% air while the rest is chips. How much percent are the chips?

3. Kaira put 40% anti-infection alcohol and 30% beer alcohol together. What is the percentage
of the alcohol content?

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