ICS 77.140.60.

45
H 52

National Standards of the People's Republic of China

GB 25852007

Hot-rolled steel rails for railway

2007-07-12 Issue

2008-02-01 Implement

General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection

and

Quarantine of the People's Republic of China

Issue

Hot rolled steel rails for railway

1 Scope
This standard specifies the terms and definitions, ordering information, dimensions, shapes, masses and
tolerance, technical requirements, testing methods, inspection rules, marking and quality certificate, quality
assurance for hot rolled steel rails for railway.
This standard apply to railway that was manufactured by continuous casting billet and speed not more than
160 km/h, not apply to that full-length heat treatment.

2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below.
For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
GB/T 222
GB/T 223
GB/T 224
GB/T 226
GB/T 228
GB/T 230.1

Permissible tolerances for chemical composition of steel products

Method for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy
Determination of depth of decarburization of steel (eqv ISO 3887)
Etch test for macrostructure and defect of steelseqv ISO 4969
Metallic materials Tensile testing at ambient temperature (eqv ISO 6892)
Metallic Rockwell hardness test-Part 1:Test methodscales A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,K,N, T
eqv ISO 6508
GB/T 231.1 Metallic materials-Brinell hardness test-Part 1:Test method (neq ISO6506-1)
GB/T 2101 General requirements of acceptance, packaging, marking and certification for section steel
GB/T 3075 Method of axial force controlled fatigue testing of metals(neq ISO 1099)
GB/T 4161 Standard test method for plane-strain fracture toughness of metallic materials
GB/T 4336 Standard test method for spark discharge atomic emission spectrometric analysis of carbon
and low-alloy steel (Routine method)
GB/T10561 Steel-Determination of content of non-metallic inclusions micrographic method using standards
diagrams
GB/T 13298 Metal-Inspection method of microstructure
GB/T 17505 Steel and steel products-General technical delivery requirements (eqv ISO 404)
GB/T 19001 Quality management systems-Requirements eqv ISO9001\ISO9002
GB/T 20066 Steel and iron-Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical
compositionISO142841998 IDT
YB/T 951
Method of the ultrasonic inspection for rails

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
heat
All billets cast by one heat of liquid steel, until one certain billet cast by next heat of liquid steel ( the
extension of this billet ).
3.2
sequence
Any number of heats, of the same steel grade, which undergo continuous casting in tundishes.
3.3

GB 2585-2007
transition area
Any part of steel mixed by two heats.

4 Order information
The purchaser shall provide the supplier with the following information at the time of order:
a)the number of this standard;
b) the rail profiles and indicated drilled rail or welded rail;
c) the steel grades;
d) end quenching ;
e) quantity, lengths(cut length or not);
f) any other special requirements.

5 Dimensionshapeweight and tolerance

5.1 Dimension and tolerance
5.1.1 Rail profiles and their cross section dimensions and holes dimensions are given in annex A. Other
profiles can be supplied when agreed by purchaser and supplier and specify in the contract.
5.1.2 The tolerances of railway dimensions shall be as given in Table 1.

Table1 Dimensionshape tolerances

items

Profile class kg/m

Width of rail head

WH
Thickness of rail
web aWT

Profiles

mm

3843

506075

Gauge
figure
number

0.5

0.5

Figure C3

+1.0

+1.0

-0.5

-0.5
+0.6

Height of fishing
HF

0.6

Height of railH

0.8

0.6

Width of rail foot

WF

+1.0

+1.0

-2.0

-1.5

Foot toe thickness b

-0.5

+0.75
-0.5

Figure C6

Figure C5
Figure C8
Figure C9

Figure C7

GB 25852007

Figure C4-1

1.5
Rail asymmetry

Squareness of end

1.2
Figure C4-2

Vertical
1.0

0.8

Vertical
straightness-up

0.8

0.5

Vertical
straightness-down

0.2

0.2

Horizontal
straightness

0.5

0.5

Vertical flatness

Horizontal

End curvature
s
h
a
p
e

1m from each rail

ends

Body
except 1m from
each rail ends

0.5mm/3m
0.4mm/1m
Horizontal flatness

0.7mm/1.5m

Whole rail twist

1/10000 of whole length

Whole rail sweep

0.5/1000 of whole length

Inclination of fishing surfaceson the basis of

14mm parallel to the inclined theoretical fishing
surfaces

+1.0

+1.0

-0.5

-0.5

Diameter

0.8

0.8

Location

0.8

0.8

Drilling holes
a
b

5.2

Figure C5

Figure C10

Thickness of rail web shall be measured at the point of minimum thickness.

Assurance when pass design. In case of dispute, gauge given in figure C7 is apply.

Shape tolerances

5.2.1 The tolerances of shape shall be as given in Table 1.

5.2.2 The foot base concavity shall not exceed 0.4mm.
5.2.3 Finished roller straightened rails shall not have curve like wave or rigidity.
5.2.4 The chamfer angle of drilling hole shall be 45 and 0.8mm2.0mm in depth.
5.3

Figure C11

Length and length tolerance

5.3.1 Length
5.3.1.1 The cut length of standard rail shall be 12.5m25m50m and 100m.
5.3.1.2 Curve shorten length of rail

GB 2585-2007
12.5m

12.46m12.42m12.38m.

25m

24.96m24.92m24.84m

5.3.1.3 Shorten length of rail

12.5m

9m9.5m11m11.5m12m

25m

21m22m23m24m24.5m

The quantities of short length rails shall be agreed by purchaser and supplier and specify in the contract. The
weight of short length rails shall not exceed 10% of ordering gross( include drilled rail and welded rail ). To
the rail of 50 kg/m, 60 kg/m, 75 kg/m shorten length of rail shall not included.
5.3.1.4 To the curve shorten length of 50m, 100m cut length rails and short length rail, the length shall be
agreed by purchaser and supplier, and the quantities of short length rails shall specified in the contract.
5.3.1.5 Rails of other length can be supplied when agreed by purchaser and supplier.
5.3.2 Length tolerance
The length tolerance of rail shall be as given in table 2.
Table 2

length toleranceAmbient temperature :20

Length
m

Tolerance

mm

Drilled rail

25

Welded rail

25
25

10
Agreed by purchaser and supplier

5.4 Weight
Rails shall be delivered in theoretical weight, the calculate data is given in annex A.

6
6.1

Technical requirements
Manufacture methods

6.1.1 Continuous casting blooms made from basic oxygen killed steel or electric arc furnace killed steel shall
be used for the manufacture of rails.
6.1.2 To descaling during the rolling a processes, the high-pressure injection method shall be used.
6.1.3 The cross-sectional area of the rail shall not exceed one ninth that of the bloom from which the rail is
rolled.
6.1.4 For the avoidance of hydrogen flakes, liquid steel shall be conducted vacuum degassing or blooms
and rails shall be conducted slowly cooling.
6.1.5 Welded rails do not need heat treatment of rail ends; it is shall specified in the contract , provided that
U74, U 71Mn, U70Mn drilled rails do not need heat treatment of rail ends.
6.2 Steel grades and chemical composition

GB 25852007
6.2.1 Steel grades, chemical composition and residual elementsheat analysisshall apply to table 3,
table 4 and requirements of 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.2The residual elements may not tested if the supplier can
make an assurance.
Table3 Steel grades and chemical composition
Chemical composition

Steel grades

%
Va

Si

Mn

U74

0.68~0.79

0.13~0.28

0.70~1.00

0.030

0.030

U71Mn

0.65~0.76

0.15~0.35

1.10~1.40

0.030

0.030

Nba

RE

0.030
U70MnSi

0.66~0.74

0.85~1.15

0.85~1.15

0.030

0.030

U71MnSiCu

0.64~0.76

0.70~1.10

0.80~1.20

0.030

0.030

U75V

0.71~0.80

0.50~0.80

0.70~1.05

0.030

0.030 0.04~0.12

U76NbRE

0.72~0.80

0.60~0.90

1.00~1.30

0.030

0.030

0.010

0.02~0.05 0.02~0.05
0.030

U70Mn

0.61~0.79

0.10~0.50

0.85~1.25

0.030

0.030

0.010

Except V in U75V and Nb in U76NbRe are additional elements , Nb and V are residual elements in other
steel grades.

Table 4 Maximums residual elementsmass, %

Cr

Mo

Ni

Cua

Sn

Sb

Ti

Cu+10Sn

Cr+Mo+Ni+Cu

0.15

0.02

0.10

0.15

0.040

0.020

0.025

0.35

0.35

the content of Cu in U71MnSiCu is 0.10~0.40%

6.2.1.1 The hydrogen contents of the liquid steel shall not exceed 2.510-4. If the hydrogen contents of
the liquid steel exceed 2.510-4the blooms shall be slowly cooled. The hydrogen contents of the liquid
steel need not test when the blooms are slowly cooled. The hydrogen contents of product rails shall not
exceed 2.010-4%.
6.2.1.2 Total oxygen content of liquid steel or product rail shall not exceed 30104. Total oxygen content
need not test when the supplier can make an assurance that non-metallic inclusions in rails conform to the
requirements of this standard.
6.2.2 Product analysis
If purchaser requires the product analysis, the composition tolerance which described in table 3 shall apply to
requirements of GB/T222.
6.3 Delivery condition
The rail shall be supplied in hot rolled condition.
6.4 Mechanical properties
Mechanical properties of rails shall be as given in table 5.

GB 2585-2007
Table5

Steel grade

Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties
Elongation A
Tensile strength Rm
% min.
N/mm2 min.
780
10

U74
U71Mn
880
9
U70MnSi
U71MnSiCu
U75V
980
9
U76NbRE
U70Mn
880
When the test pieces is taken from hot saw sample rails, the results of A
can smaller 1% (absolute value) than the given value.
6.5 Heat treatment of rail ends
The rails need to heat treatment of rail ends, quenching layer shall be like a cap and free of quenching
cracks. The requirements shall comply with requirements of annex B.
6.6 Macrostructure
6.6.1The transverse macrostructures of acid etch rail test pieces shall comply with requirements of annex F.
6.6.2 The rails shall be free of hydrogen flakes.
6.7 Microstructure
The microstructure shall be pearlite but grain boundary ferrite may occur, there shall be no martensite,
bainite or grain boundary cementite.
6.8 Decarburization
The decarburization depth of rail shall below 0.5mm.
6.9 Non-metallic inclusions
Non-metallic inclusions of rails shall comply with the following requirements: group A shall not exceed level
2.5, group Baluminate type, group Csilicate type and group Dglobular oxide typeshall not
exceed level 2.0 respectively.
6.10 Drop weight test
Rails shall be conducted drop weight test. The specimens shall not fracture after one break. Deflection shall
be noted in the certification as reference.
6.11 Ultrasonic test
6.11.1 All rails shall be ultrasonically tested by a continuous process.
6.11.2 The minimum cross-sectional area examined by the ultrasonic technique shall be:
At least 70% of the head;
At least 60% of the web;
The area of the foot to be tested shall be as shown in Figure 1.

GB 25852007

figure1 Area to be tested in rail footshadow

6.12 Surface quality
6.12.1 The rail surface shall be free of crack, fold and transverse guide marks. The imperfections that comply
with the criteria below is permitted:
6.12.1.1 The longitudinal hot formed scratches, longitudinal cracks, scale which depth not exceed 0.5mm.
6.12.1.2 The depth of longitudinal and transverse cold formed scratches do not larger than 0.4mm for the rail
running surface and underside of foot; 0.5mm for the rest of rail.
6.12.2 Drilled holes and rail ends shall be deburred and without surface lamination and crack.
6.12.3 Any bulge on running surfaces, rail foot surfaces and 1m from end of the rail which affects fishing
surfaces shall be dressed.
6.12.4 Surface imperfections can be dressing by grinding. Dressing shall along the longitudinal direction and
the dressing width shall not less than 5 times of dressing depth. The dimensions of rails after dressing shall
comply with requirements of Table 1. The rail microstructure shall not be affected by the operation and the
work is contour blended.
6.13 Residual stress
The maximum longitudinal residual stress in the foot shall not great than 250MPa.
6.14 Fatigue
For a total strain amplitude of 1350, the fatigue life ( i.e circle times when the specimen completely
separation ) of each specimen shall be greater than 5 106 cycles.
6.15 Fracture toughness
The fracture toughness K1C of rails tested at -20the minimum single value shall be 26MPam1/2 and the
minimum mean value shall be 29MPam1/2.

7 Test methods
7.1 Test items, sampling position, sampling numbers and test methods shall be as given in table 6.
Table6 Test items, sampling position, sampling numbers and test methods
No.

Test items

sampling position

sampling
numbers

test methods

Dimension

300mm from each rail end

Each

Gauge in annex C,
calipers

GB 2585-2007
2

Shape

End

Each

figureC11figureC41figureC4-2

Chemical
composition

See figure2

1 / heat

GB/T223GB/T4336

Oxygen

After vacuum degassed or finished

railsee figure4

1/ lot

GB/T223.35

Hydrogen

7.2.2 or agreed by purchaser and

supplier

1 or 2 / heat

Agree by purchaser and

supplier

Macrostructure

Any part except mixing zone

1/ heat

GB/T226

Tensile strength

Any rails except mixing zonesee

figure2specimen diameter 10mm

1/ heat

GB/T228

Microstructure

See figure2

7.3

GB/T13298

Decarburisation

See figure3

1/ lot

7.4, GB/T224

10

Non-metallic
inclusion

Head of rail

1/ lot

7.5

11

Drop-weight tear
test

Any part except mixing zone

1/ lot

7.6

12

Ultrasonic test

Whole length

Each

YB/T 951

13

Surface quality

Whole length

Each

Visualizing

14

Residual stress

3000mm from each rail end

7.8

Annex D

15

Fatigue

3000mm from each rail endSee

figure 5

7.9

GB/T 3075

3000mm from each rail end

7.10

GB/T 4161and annex E

16 Fracture toughness

38kg/ m and 43 kg/ m rails may not subject to items No. 8, No.9, No.10, No.14, No.15, No.16.

7.2 Chemical composition test

7.2.1 Product analysis can be performed if required by the purchaser. One test piece shall be taken from any
rail of each lot. Test pieces shall be sampled from whole profile of the rail or as shown in figure 2.
7.2.2The hydrogen content of the liquid steel shall be determined each heat when the blooms are not slowly
cooled. At least two liquid samples shall be taken from the first heat of any sequence using a new tundish
and one from each of the remaining heats and analyzed for hydrogen content. Hydrogen determination shall
be carried out on samples taken from the centre of the rail head. The first sample from the first heat in a
sequence shall be taken from the last rail rolled by the first bloom of any strand and determined by hydrogen
determinator.

GB 25852007

Figure 2 Location of tensile test piece , microstructure checks and product chemical composition
7.3 Microstructure
The sampling position in the rail head shall be as shown in Figure 2. The test shall be made once per 1000
tons or less and there of in accordance with GB/T 13298.
7.4 Decarburization
The testing position in the surface of rail head shall be as shown in Figure 3. The test shall be made to
measure the depth of closed ferrite network in accordance with GB/T 224.

Figure 3 Range of extent of rail head surface for decarburization checks

7.5 Determination of total oxygen content
The sampling position to determinate total oxygen content shall be as shown in Figure 4.

Figure4 Sampling positions for total oxygen determination

GB 2585-2007
7.6 Evaluation of nonmetal inclusions
One test piece shall be taken from each lot to evaluate nonmetal inclusions. Test pieces shall be longitudinal
cut from head of rails. The surface to be tested shall be 10mm~15mm from running surface and area not
less than 200mm2. The results shall be evaluated by method A of annex A of GB/T 10561.
7.7 Drop-weight test
7.7.1 Test pieces shall be at least 1300mm in length and without defects on surface.
7.7.2 Test temperature shall above 10. The drop weight tester shall be as that capable of supporting a rail
on two bears( the span shall be 1000mm), and dropping a weight 1000kg in mass freely on its center from a
height given in Table 7.

Table7 Dropping height

Profileskg/m
Height (m)

37

38

43

50

60

75

5.55

5.8

6.7

7.7

9.1

11.2

Height of the hammer also can be evaluated by the following formula:

150 M r
Mm

HDropping heightm
Mrliner mass of the railkg
Mm weight of the hammerkg

7.8 Residual stress in rail foot

For residual stress tests there shall be 3 sample rails, which be removed from finished roller straightened
rails, and test pieces shall be taken at least 3000mm from each rail end. Test pieces from the rail section
shall be 1000mm in length. The residual stresses in the rail foot shall be determined in accordance with
annex D. Tests shall be make every 2 years or great changes happen in manufacture process.
7.9 Fatigue test
There shall be 3 sample rails removed from finished roller straightened rails from different heat and cast, and
2 specimens shall be taken at least 3000mm from each rail end. The specimen dimension and sampling
position shall be as shown in Figure5. Tests shall be make every 5 years or great changes happen in
manufacture process.

GB 25852007

a) Sampling position

notes:
1) R26 mm radius shall run tangential with gauge diameter (datum diameter A) without undercutting or
leaving a shoulder;
2) General tolerance shall be 0,2 mm unless otherwise stated;
3) Specimen to be identified on each end .
b)

Specimen dimension

Figure 5 specimen for determining fatigue initiation life

7.10 Fracture toughness
There shall be 3 sample rails removed from finished roller straightened rails from different heat and cast, and
5 specimens shall be taken at least 3000mm from each rail end. The specimen dimension and sampling
position shall be as shown in Figure5. Tests shall be make every 5 years or great changes happen in
manufacture process. Fracture toughness shall be determined in accordance with GB/T 4161 and annex E.

8 Inspection requirements
8.1 Inspection and acceptance
The inspection and acceptance tests shall be response by supplier and the results shall in accordance with
GB/T 17505. The purchaser have right to retest in accordance with this standard.
8.2 Batch rules
Rails shall be tested by lot. A test lot shall consist of the rails from one grade, profile and blooms of one
sequence.

GB 2585-2007
8.3 Retest and justification
8.3.1 When the initial test of rails unqualified, retest and justification shall comply with the following
requirements.
8.3.1.1 Retest of chemical composition
The rails shall be rejected if the chemical composition unqualified.
8.3.1.2 Retest of tensile test
If any test result fails to meet the requirements, then two tests shall be performed on samples from other
rails of the same heat. One sample shall be taken from the rails of same strand with the original sample, the
other sample shall be taken from different strands. The rails of this heat shall be accepted when the results
of the tests both in accordance with this standard.
If the retest results both not in accordance with this standard, further test shall be made. That is rails from
one strand shall be rejected when two retest results from one strand unqualified. Should either retest fail then
the rails shall be progressively tested until acceptable material is found.
8.3.1.3 Retest of decarburization and nonmetallic inclusions
8.3.1.3.1 Decarburization
If the initial test result fails to meet the requirements, then retests shall be performed on samples by heat.
One sample shall be taken from two rails of the initial heat and one from each of the remaining heats. The
rails of the initial heat shall be accepted when the results of the tests both in accordance with this standard.
The rails of the initial heat shall be rejected when one of sample unqualified. The rails of other heats shall be
accepted when the result of the test in accordance with this standard. If the test result fails to meet the
requirements then two more samples shall be taken from other two rails of one heat individually. The rails of
this heat shall be accepted when the results of the tests both in accordance with this standard. The rails of
this heat shall be rejected when one of the test unqualified.
8.3.1.3.2 Nonmetallic inclusions
If the initial test result fails to meet the requirements, then two tests shall be performed on samples from
other rails of one heat. One sample shall be taken from the rails of same strand with the initial sample, the
other sample shall be taken from different strands. The rails of this heat shall be accepted when the results
of the tests both in accordance with this standard. Rails from one strand shall be rejected when two retest
results from one strand unqualified; Should either retest fail then the rails shall be progressively tested until
acceptable material is found.
8.3.1.4 Macrostructures
8.3.1.4.1 The rails shall be rejected if Hydrogen Flakes appears.
8.3.1.4.2 If the macrostructures initial test result fails to meet the requirements of this standard, the following
method shall be used to retest.
Two samples shall be taken from the before and back the sampling position of initial test. One sample shall
be taken from the rails of same strand with the initial sample. The rails of this heat shall be accepted when
the results of the tests both in accordance with this standard. Should either retest fail then the rails shall be
progressively tested until acceptable material is found.
8.3.1.5 Retest of drop weight test
If the initial test result fails to meet the requirements then one test shall be performed on samples from rails
of each heat. Two sample shall be taken from the before and back the sampling position of initial test. One
sample shall be taken from the rails of same strand with the initial sample. The rails of this heat shall be
accepted when the results of the tests both in accordance with this standard. Should either retest fail then
the rails shall be progressively tested until acceptable material is found.

GB 25852007

9 Brand marks and Certification

9.1 Brand marks
9.1.1 Brand marks shall be rolled in relief on one side and in the middle of the webof each rail at least once
every 4 m, the brand marks on the rails shall be clearly and convex, and shall be 20 mm to 28 mm high,
convex height between 0.5mm to 1.5mm.
The brand marks shall include:
a) the identification of the mill;
b) the rail profile identification;
c) the steel grade;
d) the year( the last two figures) and month of manufacture.
9.1.2 Each rail shall be identified clearly by hot stamped(cold stamped is not permitted) on the rail web and
each rail shall be hot stamped at least twice every 25m from the end of 2m. The surface of characters shall
have a flat or radius face, and shall be 10mm~16mm in high, 0.5mm~1.5mm in depth, 1mm~1.5mm in width.
a) the number of the heat;
b) the number of the strand;
c) the number of the sequence (A, B ,C...).
9.1.3 In the event of identification marks having been removed, omitted or requiring alteration, reidentification of such marks shall be made by hot stamped or painted.
9.1.4 After packed up, on one end of rails tags shall be attached or get steel seal which includes profiles,
steel grades, heat and length etc.
9.1.5 The rail shall not consignment when no mark or mark cant be clearly identified.
9.1.6 Painting of rails shall be agreed by purchaser and supplier.
9.2 Certification
When specified in the purchase order or contract, a certification shall be furnished, include:
aname of manufactory
bname of purchaser;
cthe rail profilesdrilled rails and welded rails
dthe number of contract;
ethe number of this standard;
fthe steel grades
gquantity, the length of rail;
hheat
iall the test results specified in this standard

GB 2585-2007
jex-factory date.

10 Quality assurance system

10.1 Quality system
Quality system that certified and verified by national certification body and in accordance with GB/T19001
shall be applied by the supplier.
10.2 Period of quality assurance
10.2.1 Supplier shall assurance that the rails are free of harmful defects form manufacture date N to 31th
December of N+5. In the meantime, if the rails due to fracture or other defects cannot be applied, supplier
and purchaser shall check the product, to carry out laboratory test when necessary.
10.2.2 In case of dispute, the arbitration organization shall be agreed between supplier and purchaser.

GB 25852007
Annex A
Normative
Rail profiles
A.1 The rail profiles dimensions of 38kg/m75kg/m is as given in figure A.1A.5The theoretical weight of
rail and metal distribution see table A.1table A.2

Figure A.1 Rail profile 38kg/m

GB 2585-2007

Figure A.2 Rail profile 43kg/m

GB 25852007

Figure A.3 Rail profile 50kg/m

GB 2585-2007

Figure A.4 Rail profile 60kg/m

GB 25852007

Figure A.5 Rail profile 75kg/m

GB 2585-2007
Table A.1 Calculate data of rail

Rail style Section

kg/m
area
2
cm

Center
of Center
of
gravity from gravity from
bottom
of ends of rail
rail
cm
cm

moment
Moment inertia
inertia
of of vertical axis
4
cm
Horizontal
4
axiscm

Crosssection
coefficient
of bottom

Crosssection
coefficient
of top

cm3

cm3

Crosssection
coefficient
of
bottom
side edge
cm3

38

49.5

6.67

6.73

1204.4

209.3

180.6

178.9

36.7

43

57.0

6.90

7.10

1489.0

260.0

217.3

208.3

45.0

50

65.8

7.10

8.10

2037.0

377.0

287.2

251.3

57.1

60

77.45

8.12

9.48

3217

524

369.0

339.4

69.9

75

95.037

8.82

10.38

4489

665

509

432

89

Table A.2

38

43

50

60

75

Rail head

43.68

42.68

38.68

37.47

37.42

Rail web

21.63

21.31

23.77

25.29

26.54

Rail foot

34.69

35.86

37.55

37.24

36.04

Profilekg/m

Metal distribution of rail

Metal distribution of rail

GB 25852007
Annex B
(Normative)
Technical requirements of End hardened rails
B.1 Shapes and dimensions of Hardened Region on Rail Sections
The shapes and dimensions of the hardened region in the lateral and longitudinal sections of a rail shall be
as specified in Figure B1.
Dimensions in millimeters

a) Hardened region in the lateral sections

bHardened region in the longitudinal sections

Figure B1 Shapes and Dimensions of Hardened Region

B.2 Hardness of Hardened Region of Rail Section
B.2.1 Surface hardness of Rail head top
The surface hardness of the stationary hardened part at the rail head top of
HBW302~388HRC32.5~42.0

U74U71Mn shall be

B.2.2 The hardness of hardened depth of rail section

The hardness of stationary hardened part of the rail 7mm from the centre of head top shallHB280
HRC28.0.
B.2.3 Hardness distribution of hardened region in the longitudinal sections and rail section
a) The hardness of the stationary hardened part of the rail shall decrease gradually inward from the rail
surface, and there shall be no sudden change and discontinuity;
b) The hardness of the transition part of the rail shall decrease gradually in proportion as the hardened
depth decreases.
B.3 Microstructure of hardened layer
Microstructure of hardened layer shall be shred pearlite and a little ferrite, but no martensite and bainite.
B.4 Appearance
The rail shall be free from injurious defects such as quenching cracks, flaws and distorsions.
B.5 Tests
B.5.1 Surface hardness test on head top of rail

GB 2585-2007
The test shall be located in a place approximately 50mm from the quenched end and the surface layer shall
be ground. The test method shall be in accordance with GB/T 231.1 or GB/T 230.
B.5.2 Quenching equipments
The quenching equipments shall work well before quenching so that the shape of the harden layer is proper
and without quenching cracks. If the quenching equipments appear abnormal phenomena during the
manufacture process, the equipments shall be adjusted immediately and test the longitudinal test pieces
until the test results qualified.
B.5.3 Test on shapes of hardened region of rail sections
B.5.3.1 Test rails
From the same profile, grade and heat treatment conditions, take one rails 500mm in length to heat treat
under the same conditions as the products.
B.5.3.2 Test pieces
Test pieces shall be made by the following requirements:
aTest piece of the lateral section of the rail
Cut off the cross-section sample from approximately 20mm the heat-treated end of the test rail and grind its
inside surface to finish
bTest piece of the longitudinal section of the rail
Split the head of the rail which is the remainder of the test rail from which the lateral section test piece has
been cut off, longitudinally along the center line of the width of head into two, and then grind the longitudinal
section of either portion to finish.
B.5.3.3 Test method
The ground test pieces shall be etched by solution of 5% nitric acid and alcohol to reveal the shape of
hardened layer.
B.5.4 Hardness distribution test of hardened region of rail section
B.5.4.1 Test rail and test piece
Test rail and test piece shall in accordance with B5.3.1 and 5.3.2.
B.5.4.2 Test method
Test method shall in accordance with GB/T230.
B.5.4.3 Measuring positions
The measuring positions shall be the positions marked with X in figure 2.
B.5.5 Microstructure test
The test pieces shall be taken from the softened part and transition part individually.

GB 25852007
Dimensions in millimeters

Figure B.2 Measuring position of lateral section and longitudinal section of the rail
B.6 Record
The manufacturer of the rail shall test the rail as the requirements of B.5 and supply the results to purchaser.
B.7 Reheat-treated
The manufacturer have right to reheat-treated any unqualified rails but not exceed 2 times. The rails appears
quenching cracks is not permitted to reheat-treated.

GB 2585-2007
Annex C
Normative
Profile and drilling gauges

Figure C.1 Datum references for tolerances

GB 25852007

Figure number
0 Height, (must not), (must pass )

C7

1 Width of rail head must notmust touch

C2

1 Rail asymmetrymust notmust touch

C3

2 Inclination of fishing surfaces

C4

3 Height of fishplatingmust notmust touch

C4

3 Width of rail web must notmust touch

C5

4 Width of rail footmust notmust touch

C8

Figure C.2 Datum references for decision

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Figure C.3 Width of rail head

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Figure C.4-1 Rail asymmetry

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Figure C.4-2 Rail asymmetry

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Note:
x1, x2, x3, x4 is distance between rail and guage;
The maximum difference between x1 and x2 is 0.35mm;
The maximum difference between x3 and x4 is 0.35mm;
The total difference is 0.35mm.

Figure C.5 Fishing height and inclination

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Figure C.6 web thickness

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key
1 Maximum
2 Minimum
3 Width of foot/2
4 Tolerance
Figure C.7 Foot toe thickness

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Figure C.8 Height of rail

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Figure C.9 Width of rail foot

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e Web thickness;
TdTolerance of hole diameter;
TcTolerance of hole location;
Td/cTotal tolerance of hole diameter and location;
Td/c =2(Td + Td/c)
Figure C.10 Gauge for checking distance between holes and rail end and hole diameter

GB 25852007

Figure C.11 Check on the deviation of rail ends

GB 2585-2007
Annex D
(normative)
Method for the determination of rail foot surface longitudinal residual stresses
D.1 Procedure
Residual stresses shall be estimated by first attaching an electrical strain gauge on the rail foot surface, then
the surface to which the gauge is attached shall be progressively isolated from the rail, and the relaxed
strains shall then be used to estimate the original residual stresses.
D.2 Strain gauges and their location
Electrical strain gauges of the encapsulated type shall be used, 3 mm in length with a gauge factor accuracy
of better than 1 %.
The strain gauge shall be attached to the surface of the rail foot in order to measure longitudinal strain at the
positions as shown in Figure D.1. The surface of the rail foot and the strain gauge attached shall be prepared
in accordance with the recommendations of the strain gauge manufacturer.(Note: Any surface preparation
shall not itself result in a change of the residual stresses in the rail foot.) The strain gauges shall locate at the
centre of sample rails 1m in length.
Cut a 20 mm40mm thick slice from the centre of the rail length (Figure C.2), measure stress value before
cut and after (Cooling properly shall be taken when cutting).The residual stresses shall be calculated from
the differences between cut before and after, then by multiplying by 2,07 105 MPa.

Strain gauge

Figure D.1 Location of strain gauge to measure rail foot surface longitudinal residual stresses

GB 25852007
Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 Centreline
2 Saw cut
3 Strain gauge
4 Rail foot

Figure D.2 Location and width of cut for the determination of residual stress

GB 2585-2007
Annex E
(normative)
Test method for the determination of the plane strain fracture toughness (K1c) of rails
E.1 Test methods
In addition to the requirements in this standard, test shall be performed in accordance with the requirements
of GB/T 4161.
E.2 Test pieces
B.2.1 The location of the test piece in the rails transverse section is shown in Figure E.1.
E.2.2 The thickness B of all test pieces shall be 25 mm, the width W shall be 40 mm.
E.3 Number of tests
A minimum of 5 tests from each sample shall be performed.
E.4 Test conditions
E.4.1 Fatigue pre-cracking shall be carried out in the temperature range + 15 to + 20 using a stress
ratio in the range0+ 0,1, cyclic frequency in the range 15 Hz to 120 Hz.The final crack length to test
piece width ratio shall be in the range 0,45 to 0,55 and when the cracks growing to 1,25 mm, Kmax shall be
in the range 18 MPa m1/2 to 22MPa m1/2.
E.4.2 The single edge notched bend test piece shall be loaded under displacement control using three point
bending with a loading span (S) equal to four times the test piece width (W).
E.4.3 Tests shall be performed at -20 2, test piece temperature may be measured using a beadless
thermocouple spot welded to the test piece at the location shown in Figure E.2. In order to avoid the front of
crack bend occur , the notch specified in GB/T 4161 is recommended.
E.5 Analysis of test data
E.5.1 The calculation of KQ shall be in accordance with GB/T 4161. In addition to the requirements of E.5.2
to E.5.6, the checks made to establish whether this value is a valid K1c shall be in accordance with GB/T
4161.
E.5.2 Pmax/PQ shall be less than 1,10 for force-crack mouth opening curves where pop-in does not occur
before the intersection of the curve with the 95 % secant. There shall be no Pmax/PQ criterion for other types
of curve.
E.5.3 The linearity of force-crack mouth opening curves Ia, Ib, IIa and III (see Figure E.3) shall be checked in
the following manner:
Measure the distance (v1) between the tangent OA and the force-crack mouth opening curve at a constant
force of 0,8 PQ. Measure the distance (v) between the tangent OA and the force-crack mouth opening curve
at a constant force of PQ. For a test result to be valid V10,25 V.
E.5.4 The linearity of force - crack mouth opening curves IIb and IIc (see Figure E.3) shall be checked in the
following manner:
Measure the distance between the tangent OA and the force - crack mouth opening curve at constant forces
of 0,8 PQ and PQ recording these values as V1 * and V* respectively.
Measure the crack mouth opening values arising from all pop-ins that occur up to PQ; this is done by
measuring the horizontal distance travelled along the crack mouth opening axis between the start and finish

GB 25852007
of each pop-in.Sum the values for pop-ins occurring below 0,8 PQ and for those occurring between 0,8 PQ
and PQ recording them asV1pi and Vpi respectively.
For a test result to be valid [V1 *- V1pi] 0,25 [V* - ( Vpi + V1pi)]
E.5.5 The linearity criterion cannot be applied to force - crack mouth opening curve IV.
E.5.6 For all force - crack mouth opening curves the KQ value shall be subjected to the validity check that the
test piece thickness (B) and crack length (a) are equal to, or greater than, the value of 2,5 (KQ/Rp0,2)2, where
Rp0,2 is the 0,2 % proof stress at the fracture test temperature of - 20 .
E.6 Reporting of results
All measurements required to calculate the test result and to show that the test conditions were as specified
in the test procedure shall be recorded.

K*

All results shall be reported as either KIc values Q values or KQ values; where
values which failed the validity criteria due only to one or more of the following:

K Q*

values are those KQ

1) Pmax/PQ > 1,1;

2) Exceed the 2,5 (KQ/Rp0,2)2 criterion;
3) Crack mouth opening displacement - force relationship.
The mean and standard deviation of both KIC and

K Q*

results shall be recorded in accordance with table E.1.

Table E.1 Mean and standard deviation of K1C and KQ*

0.2
grade

-20

Mean of K1C
(MPam1/2)

K1C
Measurement
times

(MPa)

standard
deviation
(MPam1/2)

Mean of KQ
(MPam1/2)

KQ

standard
deviation

Measurement
times

(MPam1/2)

The value to be used for the acceptance criteria is that of the mean KIC and shall be based on a minimum of

K*

five KIC values. When five KIC values have not been obtained any Q values shall be included with any KIC
values in the mean value to be used for the acceptance criteria. In this event the number of test results shall
be at least ten.
All values of KIC and

K Q*

shall be accordance with 6.15.

GB 2585-2007
Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 Notch machined in this face
2 Section through rail head
3 Letter H to be stamped on end face of test piece as shown
B = 25
W = see B.2.2
For all other test piece proportions
see ASTM E399

Figure E.1 Location and section of fracture toughness test pieces

GB 25852007
Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 Notch
2 Thermocouple to be placed in the shaded zone
3 Fatigue crack tip
Figure E.2 Location of thermocouple on fracture toughness specimens

Key
1 Force, P
2 Crack mouth opening displacement (v)
Figure E.3 Force - Crack mouth opening curves

GB 2585-2007
Annex F
(normative)
Standard diagrams for macrostructure of rails
F.1 Cross section of rail include 3 parts: head, wed, root, see figure F.1.
F.2 Failure conditions of macrostructure see table F.1.

Failure conditions

Figure number
Figure F.2 F.3

Hydrogen flakes

Figure F.4F.5

Shrinkage

Figure F6F.7

Web centre cracks extend to head or root

Figure F.8 F.9

Cracks more than 64mm in length

Figure F.10

Web centre cracks scattered extend to head or root

Figure F.11

Segregation scattered extend to head or root

Figure F.12

Subsurface porosity

Figure F.13

Segregation more than 13mm in length and more than 6mm in width
extend to head or root

Figure F.14

Head cracks more than 3mm developed from radial cracks, middle
cracks and zigzag cracks

Figure F.15

Other defects (such as slag, refractory) cause rails failure early

Figure F.1 Cross section of rail

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Figure.2 Hydrogen flakes

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Figure.3 Shrinkage

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Figure.4 Shrinkage

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Figure.5 Shrinkage

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Figure.6 Web centre cracks extend to head or root

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Figure.7 Web centre cracks extend to head or root

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Figure F.8

Cracks more than 64mm in length

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Figure F.9

Cracks more than 64mm in length

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Figure F.10 Web centre cracks scattered extend to head or root

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Figure F.11 Segregation scattered extend to head or root

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Figure F.12 Subsurface porosity

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Figure F.13

Segregation more than 13mm in length and more than 6mm in width extend to head or root

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Figure F.14 Head cracks more than 3mm developed from radial cracks, middle cracks and zigzag cracks

GB 2585-2007

Figure F.15 Other defects (such as slag, refractory) cause rails failure early