TECHNICAL PAPER PRESENTATION

ON
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Presented
By
Department of ____________
B.I.T. SINDRI
JHARKHAND
INDIA.

Need of extensive use of renewable energy

resources
Fossil fuels will eventually run out.
Fossil fuels cannot be recycled.
Prices for fossil fuels are rising,
especially if the real cost of their carbon
is included.
Fossil fuel pollutes the environment.
they leave behind harmful by-products
upon combustion, thereby causing a lot
of pollution;
Burning it produces carbon dioxide, a
major cause of global warming. Also
new energy sources need to be used
such as nuclear power
Mining of such fuels leads to
irreversible damage to the adjoining
environment.

India blessed Anything tangible or intangible, that

costs money is evaluated very carefully
and used equally carefully in India. This
means expenses are controlled and kept
as low as possible. The scenario in
energy consumption in India is no
different. It is not surprising that the
per capita energy consumption figures
are very low in spite of high rate of
development now taking place. The per
capita consumption in India is in the
region of 400 KWH per annum.
ENERGY SCENE IN INDIA

 In the ninth five year plan (1997-2002)

energy strategy is divided into short
term strategy, medium strategy and
long term strategy.
Our first step: India is blessed with an abundance of
sunlight, water and biomass. Vigorous efforts
during the past two decades are now bearing
fruit as people in all walks of life are more
aware of the benefits of renewable energy,
especially decentralized energy where
required in villages and in urban or semiurban centers. India has the worlds largest
program for renewable energy.
Government created the Department of Nonconventional Energy Sources (DNES) in 1982.
In 1992, a full fledged Ministry of Non-

conventional Energy Sources was established

under the overall charge of the Prime
Minister.
The range of its activities cover
promotion of renewable energy
technologies,
create an environment conducive to
promote renewable energy technologies,
create an environment conducive for their
commercialization,
renewable energy resource assessment,
research and development,
Our strategy:
SHORT TERM STRATEGY
Administered pricing mechanism
Institutional reforms to be consolidated for
deregulation
Optimum utilization of existing assets
Production systems to be made efficient,
transmission and distribution losses to be
reduced
R&D transfer of technologies to be
promoted

 Energy efficiency improvement in

accordance with national and socio-economic
and environmental priorities
Energy efficiency and emission standards to
be promoted
Labeling program for products
Adoption of energy efficient technologies in
giant industries
Medium and long term strategies: Demand management through greater
conservation of energy, optimum fuel mix,
increasing reliance on rail for movement of
goods and passengers and shift to emphasis
on utilizing mass movement and transport
systems for public rather than private
transports
Better urban planning to reduce need for
energy in transport sector
Shift and emphasis to solar, wind, biomass
energy sources

Wind energy

 India now ranks as a "wind superpower" with

an installed wind power capacity of 1167 MW
and about 5 billion units of electricity have
been fed to the national grid so far.
In progress are wind resource assessment
program, wind monitoring, wind mapping,
covering 800 stations in 24 states with 193
wind monitoring stations in operations.
Altogether 13 states of India have a net
potential of about 45000 MW.

 Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated

with the movement of atmospheric air. It has
been used for hundreds of years for sailing,
grinding grain, and for irrigation. Wind energy
systems convert this kinetic energy to more
useful forms of power. Wind energy systems
for irrigation and milling have been in use
since ancient times.
Wind turbines transform the energy in the
wind into mechanical power, then to electric
power to generate electricity. Wind turbines
can be used singly or in clusters called wind
farms. Small wind turbines called aerogenerators can be used to charge large
batteries.
Five nations Germany, USA, Denmark,
Spain and India account for 80% of the
worlds installed wind energy capacity. Wind
energy continues to be the fastest growing
renewable energy source with worldwide
wind power installed capacity reaching
14,000 MW.
India ranks 5th in the world with a total wind
power capacity if 1080MW out of which
1025Mw have been established in
commercial projects. Realizing the growing
importance of wind energy, manufacturers
have steadily been increasing the unit size of
the wind electric generators since the late

1980s. Another important development has

been the offshore (i.e. in the sea) wind farms
in some regions of Europe, which have
several advantages over the on-shore ones.
The third major development has been the
use of new techniques to assess the wind
resource for techno-commercial viability.
Form of Energy: Kinetic energy
This energy is used for: Sailing ships,
Pumping water/Irrigation, Grinding Grains,
Power generation
Some of the gadgets and other devices:
Sails, Windmills, Wind turbines In India the
states of Tamil nadu and Gujarat lead in the
field of wind energy. At the end of March
2000 India had 1080-MWs capacity wind
farms, of which Tamil nadu contributed 770MW capacity. Gujarat has 167MW followed by
Andhra Pradesh, which has 88 MW installed
wind farms. There are about a dozen wind
pumps of various designs providing water for
agriculture, afforestation, and domestic
purposes, all scattered over the country.
The design of the Oroville multi-blade
windmill has evolved from the practical
experience gained in operating these mills
over a period of 20 years or so. It has a high
tripod tower and its double-action pump

increases water output by about 60%

compared to the conventional single-action
pumps.

Solar energy

Solar water heaters have proved the most

popular so far and solar photovoltaic for
decentralized power supply are fast
becoming popular in rural and remote areas.
More than 700000 PV systems generating 44
MW have been installed all over India. Under
the water pumping program more than 3000
systems have been installed so far and the

market for solar lighting and solar pumping is

far from saturated. Solar drying is one area
which offers very good prospects in food,
agricultural and chemical products drying
applications.
India receives solar energy equivalent
to over 5000 trillion kWh/year, which is
far more than the total energy
consumption of the country. Solar energy
is the most readily available source of energy.
It does not belong to anybody and is,
therefore, free. It is also the most important
of the non-conventional sources of energy
because it is non-polluting and, therefore,
helps in lessening the greenhouse effect.
Solar energy has been used since prehistoric
times, but in a most primitive manner. Before
1970, some research and development was
carried out in a few countries to exploit solar
energy more efficiently, but most of this work
remained mainly academic. After the
dramatic rise in oil prices in the 1970s,
several countries began to formulate
extensive research and development
programs to exploit solar energy.
When we hang out our clothes to dry in the
sun, we use the energy of the sun. In the
same way, solar panels absorb the energy of
the sun to provide heat for cooking and for

heating water. Such systems are available in

the market and are being used in homes and
factories.
In the next few years it is expected that
millions of households in the world will be
using solar energy as the trends in USA and
Japan show. In India too, the Indian
Renewable Energy Development Agency and
the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy
Sources are formulating a program to have
solar energy in more than a million
households in the next few years. However,
the peoples initiative is essential if the
program is to be successful.
India is one of the few countries with long
days and plenty of sunshine, especially in the
Thar desert region. This zone, having
abundant solar energy available, is suitable
for
harnessing solar energy for a number of
applications. In areas with similar intensity of
solar radiation, solar energy could be easily
harnessed. Solar thermal energy is being
used in India for heating water for both
industrial and domestic purposes. A 140 MW
integrated solar power plant is to be set up in
Jodhpur but the initial expense incurred is still
very high.
Form of Energy: Thermal energy

 This energy is used for: Cooking/Heating,

Drying/Timber seasoning, Distillation,
Electricity/Power generation, Cooling,
Refrigeration, Cold storage
Some of the gadgets and other devices:
Solar cooker, Flat plate solar cookers,
Concentrating collectors, Solar hot water
systems (Domestic and Industrial), Solar
pond, Solar hot air systems, Solar Dryers,
Solar timber kilns, solar stills,
Solar photovoltaic systems, Solar pond,
Concentrating collectors, Power Tower, Air
conditioning, Solar collectors, coupled to
absorption, Refrigeration systems. Solar
energy can also be used to meet our
electricity requirements. Through Solar
Photovoltaic (SPV) cells, solar radiation gets
converted into DC electricity directly. This
electricity can either be used as it is or can
be stored in the battery. This stored electrical
energy then can be used at night. SPV can be
used for a number of applications such as:
a. domestic lighting
b. street lighting
c. water pumping
d. desalination of salty water
e. powering of remote telecommunication
repeater stations ,and
f. railway signals.

Tidal Energy

Wind energy is the kinetic energy

associated with the movement of
atmospheric air. It has been used for
hundreds of years for sailing, grinding grain,
and for irrigation. Wind energy systems
convert this kinetic energy to more useful
forms of power. Wind energy systems for
irrigation and milling have been in use since
ancient times and since the beginning of the
20th century it is being used to generate
electric power. Windmills for water pumping
have been installed in many countries
particularly in the rural areas.

Wind turbines transform the energy in the

wind into mechanical power, which can then
be used directly for grinding etc. or further
converting to electric power to generate

electricity. Wind turbines can be used singly

or in clusters called wind farms. Small wind
turbines called aero-generators can be used
to charge large batteries.

Biomass:
WHAT IS BIOMASS?
Biomass energy is the utilization of energy
stored in organic matter. Examples of
biomass include wood, leaves, animal waste,
crops, bones, and scales. The abundant plant
life is our planet is natures store house of
solar energy and chemical resources.
Whether cultivated by man, or growing wild,
plant matter represents a massive quantity of
a renewable resource that we call biomass.
Put another way, biomass is stored solar
energy that can be converted to electricity or
fuel. Biomass is a renewable resource.

WHERE DOES BIOMASS COME FROM?

Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and
water from the earth are combined in the
photosynthetic process to produce
carbohydrates or sugars. These sugars form

the building blocks of biomass. The solar

energy that drives photosynthesis is stored in
the chemical bonds of the structural
components of biomass. If biomass is burnt
efficiently,
That is to extract the energy stored in the
chemical bonds, oxygen from the atmosphere
combines with the carbon in plants to
produce carbon dioxide and water. The
process is cyclic because the carbon dioxide
is then available to produce new biomass.
Thus biomass is definitely a renewable
energy source. The organic matters are
burned directly to produce heat or they are
refined to produce fuel like ethanol or other
alcoholic fuels.

HOW MUCH BIOMASS IS THERE?

In terms of energy content the total annual
production of biomass is estimated at 2,740
Quads
(1 Quad = 10,000,000,000,000,000 Btus).
Biomass production is about eight times the
total annual world consumption of energy
from all sources (about 340 Quads).
Therefore, biomass represents a very large
energy resource. At present the world
population uses only about 7% of the annual
production of biomass. Therefore, we are only
partially exploiting nature's abundant
renewable resource.

WHAT IS THE COMPOSITION OF

BIOMASS?
The chemical composition of biomass varies
among different species, but in general
biomass consists of :
25% lignin
75% carbohydrates or sugars.
Within this range of lignin and carbohydrates
most species also contain about 5% of a third
portion of smaller molecular fragments called
extractives.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF
BIOMAS?
The most important advantage of biomass is
that it is everywhere and very easily
available. In the agriculture industry,
residuals like bagasse (fibers) from
sugarcane, straw from rice and wheat, hulls
and nutshells, as well as manure lagoons
from cattle, poultry and hog farms are
usable. Similarly, the timber industry has a
lot to offer. Wood wastes like sawdust, timber
slash and mill scrap are considered organic
materials. Even in cities, paper and yard
wastes are usable. Fully utilized biomass
reduces pollution in underground water
bodies by offsetting the amount of waste in
landfills. Methane and other poisonous gases

that form from dead organic matters can be

found in landfills and water treatment plants.
Economic benefits :
Rural economies will grow because of the
development of a local industry to convert
biomass to either electricity or transportation
fuel. Because biomass feedstocks are bulky
and costly to transport, conversion facilities
will be located where the crop is grown. That
means more people have chances of getting
employed. Farmers will see their income rise
thanks to these new markets -- for both
agricultural wastes and crops that can be
grown sustainably on marginal land. As new
markets are created, the rural economy will
become more diversified.
Energy benefits :
Energy producers and consumers will have
available a renewable energy option with
uniquely desirable characteristics. Biomass
has the greatest potential of any renewable
energy option for baseload electric power
production. It is also the renewable resource
with the most promise for producing
economically competitive liquid
transportation fuels. Co-production facilities
will allow the production of electricity when it
is needed and ethanol when it is not -- acting,
in effect, as "seasonal peaking" facilities.

These new technologies will reduce our

reliance on oil and coal with no net addition
of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. New
thermal conversion techniques coupled with
chemical catalysis are making it possible to
exploit the previously discarded lignin
fraction by converting it into valuable
chemicals that we now get from nonrenewable fossil sources.

Hydro power:-

Hydro energy is simply energy that is taken

from water and converted to electricity.
Hydro energy can be obtained by using many
methods of capture. The most common
method of using energy from water is a

hydroelectric dam, where water coming down

through an area causes turbines to rotate
and the energy is captured to run a
generator. Power can also be generated from
the energy of tidal forces or wave power,
which uses the energy created by waves.
Many countries in the world use hydro energy
for conversion to electricity. Canada
maintains the highest use, while the United
States comes in second. One of the main
reasons that hydro energy is used is that it is
a renewable energy, meaning it will not be
depleted over time and it will consistently be
replenished. It is also a clean energy source,
as it does not emit any toxins.
One downside to using hydro energy is that it
can sometimes change the natural flow of
the water which can make it possible to harm
plants and animals in the water. It can also
damage areas and wildlife, as when creating
a hydro electric dam, areas must be flooded.
Other reasons that many want to use hydro
energy is that it is cheaper than using other
methods to convert energy to electricity.
It is also reliable and can be used almost
immediately when turned on to meet the
demand for electricity. Therefore, one must
weigh the pros and cons before deciding to

use hydro energy to supply their demand for

electricity.
One downside to using hydro energy is that it
can sometimes change the natural flow of
the water which can make it possible to harm
plants and animals in the water. It can also
damage areas and wildlife, as when creating
a hydro electric dam, areas must be flooded.
Other reasons that many want to use hydro
energy is that it is cheaper than using other
methods to convert energy to electricity.
It is also reliable and can be used almost
immediately when turned on to meet the
demand for electricity. Therefore, one must
weigh the pros and cons before deciding to
use hydro energy to supply their demand for
electricity.

REFERENCES:
www.energypedia.info
www.world.org/weo/energy
National renewable energy laboratory (n.r.e.l.)
www.nrel.gov/
www.alternative-energy-news.info
www.homepower.com
Indian renewable energy development ltd.