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Why is the use of the electron microscope important in the study of cell biology ?
Living organisms are made of basic units forming the building blocks of all living
organisms.
Cellular component
Function
A.Vacuole
An organelle that contains digestive enzymes ( C )
B.Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
An organelle that traps light energy during photosynthesis ( D )
C. Lysosome
A fluid-filled sac which contains a complex mixture of sugars, mineral salts,
pigments and waste products ( A )
D. Chloroplast
An organelle which is involved in the synthesis of lipids ( B )
The food particles are packaged in a food vacuole, which fuses with a
lysosome containing hydrochloric enzymes called lysozyme
The food particles are digested by the lysozyme. The resulting nutrients
diffuse into the cytoplasm and are assimilated
Undigested material is left behind when the Amoeba sp. moves away
Nervous system
Skeletal system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Excretory system
Reproductive systems
Muscular system
Integumentary system
Endocrine system
Lymphatic system
Name the systems that are involved in regulating the concentrations of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
The systems that are involved in regulating the concentrations of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the bloodstream are cirulatory system and respiration system.
List all the different types of tissues that make up the connective tissue. Briefly
describe the function of each type of tissue named.
Type of tissues
Function
1
Cartilage
Provides support to the nose, ears, and covers the ends of bones at joints.
Also forms dics between the vetebrate, this enables them to act as
cushions to absorb pressure
2
Bone
3
Blood cells
Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide and
waste products from the cells
4
Adipose tissues
What are the different tissues that make up a leaf? Give the function of each
type tissue in the leaf.
Type of tissues
Function
1
Epidermal tissues
2
Ground tissues
3
Vascular tissues
Tranports water and mineral salts from roots to the stems and leaves by
the xylem tissues
Transports dissolved nutrients such as glucose from the leaves to the roots
and stems by phloem tissues
Discuss the process taking place in Figure 2.12. Predict the outcome if the cell
does not have the Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus will then sort these products and package them
into vesicles.
Vesicles containing these products bud off form the Golgi membrane
and travel them to other parts of the cells or to the plasma membrane.
These vesicles will then fuse with the plasma membrane before
releasing their contents outside of the cells.
Prediction :
1.
2.
State the factors that affect the internal environment of an
organism. Explain using an example.
3.
Why is it important for an animal to maintain relatively constant
conditions in its
internal environment ?
4.
why.
most plant cells are dead at functional maturity, and therefore chemical
reactions
do not take place in these cells.
plant cells do not lyse in a hypotonic environment because they have cell
walls.
SECTION B
a)
b)
- contains the heredity factors responsible for the traits of the animals and
plants
c)
Amoeba sp. feeds by a process called phagocytosis. It simply move round the
food particles and enclose the food which is then packaged in a food vacuole.
The food vacuole fuses with a lysosome and the food is digested by hydrolytic
enzyme called lysozyme. The resulting nutrients are absorbed into the
cytoplasm. (refer figure 2.3, page 23)
d)
Amoeba sp. reproduce by binary fission. Its nucleus divides to form daughter
nuclei. The cytoplasm then divide and 2 daughter amoeba are form.
e)
Explain why the structure of the unicellular organism is more complex than
the cells in the human body.
Unicellular organisms carry out all vital functions within a single cell. It feed,
respire, excrete, move, respond to stimuli, reproduce and grow within its cell.
Their survival depends largely on its cellular components which include the
organelles. It does not have organ or system so the structure of the unicellular
organism is more complex than cells in human body.
Use the letters P, Q, R and S to match the following functions to the organelles.
(a)
Function
Organelle
(b)
What organelles are present in plant cells but not in animal cells ?
(c)
Why is organelle P present in large numbers in the sperm cells of humans
and flight muscle cells of birds ?
Sperm cells of human and flight muscle of birds have large number of
mitochondria because the sperm cells require energy to propel through the
uterus towards the fallopian tubes so that fertilization can take place, the flight
muscle cells of birds contract and relax to enable movement and flight.
SECTION C
(a)
B is a plant cell.
Reason:
-cell B have cell wall but cell A do not/
-cell B have fixed shape but cell A do not/
-cell B have chloroplast but cell A do not/
-cell B have large central vacuole but cell A do not have or small vacuole
(b)
i)
pg 9).
Obtain a scale leaf from an onion bulb as shown in figure 2.1 (a) (Refer
ii)
Using a pair of forceps, peel off the transparent epidermis from the
inner surface of the onion scale leaf.
iii)
Put a drop of water onto the middle of the slide and place the epidermis
on the drop of water (figure 2.1 (b) ). (Refer pg 9)
iv)
With the help of a mounting needle, cover the specimen with a cover
slip at a 45 angle (figure 2.1 (c) ) (Refer pf 9)
v)
Add a drop of iodine solution onto one side of the cover slip. Place a
filter paper at the opposite end of the cover slip to allow the iodine solution to
spread through the epidermis (figure 2.1 (d) ) (Refer pg 9)
vi)
vii)
Examine the slide under a light microscope using the low power
objective lens and then the high power objective lens.
viii)
Draw the epidermis and label the cell structures which can be observed.
Record the magnification used.
i)
Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes, takes place in the ribosomes.
Ribosomes use information carried by the chromosomes to make these proteins.
ii)
The rough endoplasmic reticulum transports protein made by the
ribosomes. Proteins that depart from the rough endoplasmic reticulum are
enclosed in vesicles. These proteins can be transported from one part of the cell
to another.
iii) These protein are modified as they pass through the Golgi apparatus. The
golgi apparatus will then sort these products and package them into vesicles.
iv) Vesicles containing these products bud off from the Golgi membrane and
travel to other parts of the cell or to the plasma membrane. These vesicles will
then fuse with the plasma membrane before releasing their contents outside the
cell.
(a)
Cells ------> tissues ------> organs ------> system ------> multicellular organism
Organisms Made up of all the systems that work together. The function
of all the systems must be coordinated to work together for the survival of the
organisms.
(b) Describe how the cells in Figure 4 (a) and 4 (b) differ from a typical animal
and plant cells respectively.
The epithelial tissue that live the trachea consists of elongated cells with hair like
projection called cilia. They also screate mucus. The mucus traps dust particles
while the cilia sweep the impurities away from the lungs.
The phloem consist of sieve tube and companion cells. The sieve tube have
pores of both end, so that it can transport organic nutrients from the leaves to
storage organs or growing parts of the plants.
(c)
An organ is made up of many types of tissues. The function of an organ is
therefore related to the types of tissues that make up the organ.
Connective tissue in the stomach such as collagen fibres gives elasticity to the
stomach.
Connective tissues such as blood supply oxygen to the stomach.