Williams: Intuitive Dogs Article 4

References
1

R. Sheldrake (1999). Dogs That Know When Their Owners Are Coming Home and Other Unexplained
Powers of Animals. New York: Crown Publishers.
2
R. Sheldrake & P. Smart (1998). A dog that seems to know when his owner is returning: Preliminary
investigations. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 62, 220 232.
3
R. Sheldrake & P. Smart (2000). Testing a return-anticipating dog, Kane. Anthrozos, 13, 203 212.
4
R. Sheldrake & P. Smart (1997). Psychic pets: A survey in north-west England. Journal of the Society for
Psychical Research, 61, 353 364.
5
R. Sheldrake, C. Lawlor, & J. Turney. (1998). Perceptive pets: A survey in London. Rivista di Biologia
(Biology Forum), 92, 57 74.
6
D. J. Brown & R. Sheldrake (1998). Perceptive pets: A survey in north-west California. Journal of the
Society for Psychical Research, 62, 396 406.
7
Pfungst, O. (1911). Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. von Osten): A Contribution to Experimental Animal
and Human Psychology. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
8
R. Sheldrake & P. Smart (2000). A dog that seems to know when his owner is coming home: Videotaped
experiments and observations. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 14, 233 255.
9
R. Wiseman, M. Smith, & J. Milton (1998). Can animals detect when their owners are returning home?
An experimental test of the psychic pet phenomenon. British Journal of Psychology, 89, 453
462.
10
R. Sheldrake (1999). Commentary on a paper by Wiseman, Smith and Milton on the psychic pet
phenomenon. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 63, 306 311.
11
D. Dutton & C. Williams (2009). Clever beasts and faithful pets: A critical review of animal psi research.
Journal of Parapsychology, 73, 43 70.
12
J. B. Rhine (1971). Location of hidden objects by a man-dog team. Journal of Parapsychology, 35, 18
33.

Williams: Intuitive Dogs Article 5

80

Jaytee's Reaction Time (Minutes)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Pam Smart's Homeward Travel Time (Minutes)

Graph 1. The times that Jaytee began waiting at the window tended to occur close to the times that
Pam left for home, as if he somehow knew she was on her way. Each dot represents an individual test
session, and the rising slope of the line shows this relational pattern. Based on data published by Pam and
Rupert Sheldrake in 1998.2

Williams: Intuitive Dogs Article 6

Average Time Spent by Jaytee at the Window (%)

90
80
70
60
50

SheldrakeSmart
Wiseman's
Team

40
30
20
10
0

Pam Absent

Pre-Return

Pam Returning

Graph 2. Amount of time Jaytee spent at the window during each of the three periods examined by
Sheldrake (blue bars) and Wisemans team (red bars). Based on reports published by Wisemans team in
1998,9 and Sheldrake and Smart in 2000.8

Williams: Intuitive Dogs Article 7

50
45
40
Hit Rate (%)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
6/26 to 6/28

7/12 to 8/24

9/3 to 9/5

All

Test Period
Graph 3. Amount of correct responses (hits) obtained by the two German Shepherds, Binnie and
Tessie, and their handlers in three tests to locate mine casings hidden on a beach. The fourth bar on the
right represents all three tests combined. The horizontal line at 20% represents the amount of hits expected
by chance. Based on a report published by Rhine in 1971.12