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P
Q
B
A
C
A
K
R
R
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
Observe that K, B, Q are collinear and so are P, B, L. ( This is because QBC =
P BA = KBA and similarly P BA = CBL.) By symmetry we see that
KP Q = P KL and KP B = P KB. It follows that LP Q = LKQ and hence
K, L, Q, P are concyclic. We also note that KP L + KRL = 60 + 120 = 180 .
This implies that P, K, R, L are concyclic. We conclude that P, K, R, L, Q are concyclic. This gives
P RQ = P KQ = 60 ,
RP Q = RKQ = RAP = 60 .
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Solution: We have
y 3 (x + 1)3 = x3 + 8x2 6x + 8 (x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1) = 5x2 9x + 7.
Consider the quadratic equation 5x2 9x + 7 = 0. The discriminant of this equation is
D = 92 4 5 7 = 59 < 0 and hence the expression 5x2 9x + 7 is positive for all real
values of x. We conclude that (x + 1)3 < y 3 and hence x + 1 < y.
On the other hand we have
(x + 3)3 y 3 = x3 + 9x2 + 27x + 27 (x3 + 8x2 6x + 8) = x2 + 33x + 19 > 0
for all positive x. We conclude that y < x + 3. Thus we must have y = x + 2. Putting
this value of y, we get
0 = y 3 (x + 2)3 = x3 + 8x2 6x + 8 (x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8) = 2x2 18x.
We conclude that x = 0 and y = 2 or x = 9 and y = 11.
3. Suppose hx1 , x2 , . . . , xn , . . .i is a sequence of positive real numbers such that x1 x2
x3 xn , and for all n
x 2
x1 x4 x9
+
+
+ + n 1.
1
2
3
n
=
=
x
x2 x3 x4 x5
x8
+
+
+
+ +
1
2
3
4
5
8
x(n1)2
xn2 1
xk
+ +
+ +
+ + 2
(n 1)2
k
n 1
x
x1 x1
x4 x4
x4
1
+
+
+
+
+ +
1
1
1
4
4
4
x(n1)2
x(n1)2
+ +
+ +
(n 1)2
(n 1)2
(2n 1)x(n1)2
3x1 5x2
+
+ +
1
4
(n 1)2
n1
X (2r + 1)xr2
1
r=1
r2
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n1
X
3r
x2
r2 r
r=1
n1
X
= 3
r=1
xr 2
3,
r
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1 4a 3
1 1 + 4a
,
or x =
.
x=
2
2
Thus all the four roots are real if and only if a 3/4.
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