Chloroplast

1. (it has) ribosomes {floating / inside membrane / eq}/ in rER {ribosomes not
floating / are attached (to membranes) / not inside} / eq ;
2. it has DNA / rER does not contain DNA / eq ;
3. idea of presence of internal membranes e.g. thylakoid membrane, grana ;
4. (it has) a {double membrane / envelope}/ rER does not have a {double
membrane / envelope} / eq ;
5. no {flattened sacs / cisternae} / eq ;
6. contains starch /

Compare xylem and sclerenchyma

1. both are used for (structural) support / eq ;
2. only xylem (vessels) transport water / eq ;
3. only xylem (vessels) transport mineral ions / eq ;

Cell wall
1. cellulose ;
2. as microfibrils ;
3. (cellulose molecules) held together by hydrogen
bonds / eq
4. detail of microfibril (e.g. {bundle /correct
stated number of}) cellulose molecules) ;;
5. correct reference to arrangement of
microfibrils (in primary cell wall) ;
6. reference to {matrix / hemicelluloses /
pectins / eq} ;
7. reference to primary and secondary cell walls
;
8. detail of different laying down arrangement
(in secondary cell wall) /reference to lignin

Compare the structure of a cellulose molecule with the structure of starch.

1. both made up of glucose / eq ;
2. both {have(1-4) glycosidic bonds / made by
condensation reactions} / eq ;
3. both have 1-4(glycosidic) bonds ;
4. starch is glucose, cellulose is glucose ;
5. starch composed of {more than one type of
molecule / amylose and amylopectin ;
6. correct reference to {branching / 1-6 bonds /
helix} in starch / straight chain in cellulose ;
7. all monomers same orientation in starch /

every other one inverted in cellulose ;

Cellulose molecules form cellulose microfibrils.

Explain how the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils contributes to the
physical properties of plant fibres
1. idea of (tensile) strength / flexible / inelastic
/ eq ;
2. {parallel arrangement / eq} /
reference to hydrogen bonding /
several layers of fibres /
reference to {criss cross / net like}
arrangement (of microfibrils) ;

How is starch related to its function

1. made up of {many / eq} glucose (monomers) ;
2. reference to {energy / eq } storage / glucose
is the respiratory substrate / synthesis of
organic molecules / eq ;
3. idea that it is {large / eq} ;
4. so is un-reactive / insoluble /no osmotic
effect ;
5. molecule coiling / compact / reference to
amylose /eq ;
6. more can be stored (in available space) / eq ;
7. reference to branches / reference to
(glycosidic) 1-6 bonds / amylopectin ;
8. {rapid / increased / eq } mobilisation of

1.
2.
3.
4.

glucose ;
cellulose ;
hydrogen / H ;
pits ;

5. plasmodesmata/ plasmodesma

XYLEM ADAPTED FOR WATER TRANSPORT

Water transport:
1. hollow tubes / no living contents / end walls
broken down / eq ;
2. idea of allow movement of water e.g.
columns of water / vertical movement
3. ref to waterproof material / eq ;
4. idea that keeps water in the vessel e.g. less
water lost
5. (pores / eq} ;
6. to allow sideways movement of water /eq ;
Support:
7. ref. to {lignin / extra cellulose} ;
8. for strength ;
9. ref to {rings / spirals / eq} ;
10. for strength / flexibility