The Great Pyramid

James L Bradley
August – 2009

The main attraction at the “Giza Necropolis” on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt is the
“Great Pyramid” (“Pyramid of Cheops” / “Khufu’s Pyramid”) the oldest and largest of
the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis – it is the only surviving member of the
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. To this day it has remained and enigma, it is not
a tomb, it doesn’t appear to be a monument, yet it was constructed to endure the
ravages of time. All conventional attempts to find a reason for its existence, other
than the simple one of a personal monument to Cheops have failed!
 A number of bizarre and fantastic alternative theories have been proposed and
investigated, with some conclusions bordering on science fiction that discuss strange
and inexplicable forces, observing events that defy the laws of physics and molecular
biology, along with unknown energy fields that have an extraordinary effect on the
human mind. An enigma!
Conventional theory holds to the thought that it was constructed as a tomb for the
4th dynasty Egyptian King Cheops over a twenty-year period finishing around 2560
BCE. It remained the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Its
construction is based on man moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and
lifting them into place, a theory that doesn’t sit too well with numerous construction
engineers.
There are some basic truths that exist with the Pyramid that no matter when it was
constructed or how most deal the with math, albeit some of the numbers are simple
anal supplied, there is a group that make little sense and borders on the mysterious –
what I intend to do is walk through, not as a mathematical guru but a man in the
street with a simple curiosity and desire how and why these numbers came about. I
will make an attempt at keeping it simple, and yet prove that the civilization that built
this landmark had a pretty good idea what they were doing, and have made an effort
to pass the information to those who followed after, either as an educational tool or a
warning – take your pick!
Our enlightenment begins with the Golden Ratio (Golden Mean) a ratio that has
fascinated intellectuals of diverse interests for at “least” 2,400 years, such as
Pythagoras and Euclid in Greece and the medieval Italian mathematician “Leonardo of
Pisa” (Fibonacci) and the Renaissance astronomer Johannes Kepler along with Roger
Penrose a leading physicist of Oxford. As you can see, you and I are walking in the
company of some impressive members of our civilization, albeit not the same caliber
we’re still walking with them. It is more than fair to say that the “Golden Ratio” has
tickled the brains, in all disciplines of science, like no other number in the history of
mathematics, now that I did not know.
The first written definition of the “Golden Ratio” was provided by Euclid, “a straight
line is said to have been cut in extreme and mean ratio when, as the whole line is to
the greater segment, so is the greater to the less.” Make sense, to me as about much
sense as a pink elephant in a department store.
 And what has this to do with the Great Pyramid, well it turns out that its shape
incorporates the
Golden Mean,

The pyramid has a height of square root of “PHI” (“1.272”) and remember PHI is equal
to “1.618034” and a base of 2 (1+1, and each triangular face intersects the ground at an
angle of a little less than 52° {arcsin(sqrt (Phi) / Phii}. Further 4/sqrt(PHI)= PI
(approximately) 3.144606 and PI is 3.1415927 a difference of over .003013 – close for
stone blocks. Hang in there, now we understand when they say the circumference of a
circle whose radius is the height to the Pyramid is 2 x PI x radius = 2 x 3.1416 x (sqrt (PHI)
or 1.272 = 2 x (4/sqrt(PHI)) x sqrt (PHI) = 2 x 4 = 8 and since the parameter of the base of
the Pyramid is 2+2+2+2 = 8 - The Great Pyramid approximately squares the circle.
Many scholars maintain it was all an accident!
Exterior measurements of the Great Pyramid are today very uncertain, because the
casing of limestone blocks have been removed over the years, local construction practices
and some are even in European museums with most of them are now in Cairo, parts of
dams, bridges and mosques, such as the Sultan Hasan Mosque.

Each side of the Pyramid is about 440 Royal Cubits (a Royal Cubit is 523.5mm or 20.61
inches making each side around 755’8.5” or 230.34 meters. The total perimeter of the
base is 3,022’10” (using the standard Royal Cubit). Its height (if it had the capstone)
would be approximately 480’ which is the total perimeter divided by 2 PI, maintaining the
ratio.

Okay, so the guys who had crawled out of their caves long enough to build a structure
that when done permitted intellectuals thousands a years in their future to figure out there
was a Golden Mean, were just fooling around with a tremendous budget in their make-
work society.

The “accuracy” of the workmanship displays that the four-sides have a mean-error of
only 58mm (2.28”) in length and 1 minute in angle from a perfect square. The base is
horizontal and flat to within 15mm (0.59”) and the sides of the square are closely aligned
to the four points of the compass within 3 minutes of arc based on True North (NOT
Magnetic North) – it is written that the 1 st precision measurements were done by Sir
Flinders Petrie in 1880-1882, measurements that have been cited in numerous articles of
the structure.

Okay, okay so these primitive people constructed a pyramid with detail towards
accuracy, for what purpose we ask? It is has been found that if we take the original height
of the pyramid (original is suspect, but let hazard a guess based on recent estimations),
which is 481.3949 feet (481’ 4.72”) and multiply it by 43,200 (precession number-ratio)
we get 3,938.686 miles, the average Polar Radius of Earth is 3,949.9, a difference of
11.214 miles, in my book the error is in estimating the height. If the height was 482’ 9.2”
the difference would be zero.

Forget all the finite numbers, let’s find out if they knew their surrounding – planetary
and astronomically;

• The four faces are slightly concave, the ONLY pyramid to have been built this way

• The centers of the four sides are indented, forming with extraordinary degree an
8-sided pyramid

• This is NOT visible from the ground or from a distance, only from the air

• The granite coffer in the “Kings Chamber” is too big to fit after construction,
placed during
 • Analysis of the coffer shows that it was made with a fixed point drill, with a
drilling force of 2 tons

• The coffer was sawn out of a block of “solid” granite, this would have required
bronze saws 8-9 feet with long-sets of teeth made of sapphires, hollowing out the
interior would have required tubular drills of the same material applied with a
tremendous vertical force

• It had a swivel door entrance, doors that were only found in two other pyramids,
it is reported that when the pyramid was 1st broken into that the swivel door, over
20 tons, was so well balanced that it could be opened by pushing out from inside
with a minimal force, but when closed was so perfect a fit that it could scarcely
be detected and there was NOT enough crack or crevice around the edges to
gain a grasp from outside

• If the height of the pyramid is taken as the RADIUS of a circle, then the
circumference of this circle is the same as the perimeter of the base. To obtain
the measurements, the builder had a knowledge and relationship of PI, and
designed the angle of the Pyramid to be exactly 51° 51’ 14.3”

• Calendar Year – the base side is 9,131 Pyramid Inches or 365.24 Pyramid Cubits,
the number of days in one year, (9131/25 = 365.24), the perimeter of the base
divided by 100 = 365.24. The length of the “Antechamber” used as the diameter
of a circle produces a circumference of 365.24

• It wasn’t until the 8th century BCE that parts of our civilization stopped using 360
days for our calendar year – so the Pyramid cave builders were a little ahead of
their time

But is this all so much BS, on-line at “skeptic’s world” we find the
following:

Papyrus documents and existing “cubit measuring rods” relate the units of measure
used to specify the “plan of the Pyramid”, with this it is believed that at construction the
Great Pyramid was 280 Egyptian royal cubit tall (146.6 meters/480 feet and 11.65 inches),
but with erosion and the removal of its topmost stone its current height is 138.8 meters
(455 feet and 4.6 inches) which translates into the capstone being some 7.8 meters (25
feet and 7 inches) in height. Each base side was 440 royal cubits with each royal cubit
measuring 0.524 meters (20.63 inches) or each side was (440 x 20.63)/12 = 756 feet and
5.12 inches. The entire pyramid covered “approximately)” 53,000 square meters
(570,487.25 sq feet) – taking the above 756’ 5.12” I get 572,187 square feet or 53,157.9
square meters. – Now whether this makes a big difference in the overall scheme of things I
don’t know, but it shows how “writers” round off their numbers to make an article fit their
position/opinion. (?)

In the 14th century (1301 AD) a massive earthquake centered on Ischia Island
(southern Italy) broke loose many of the outer casing stones, some of which measured up
to 2.5 meters thick (8.2 feet) and weighed more than 15 tons (30,000 lbs). The stones
that broke loose were later (1356 AD) carted away by “Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din
al-Hasan” in order to construct mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo.

It is known that in modern times that the 1 st precision measurements of the “wonder”
were done by Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880-1882 whereas they were published at “The
Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh”. In his measurement he found the pyramid is oriented 4
minutes west of True North with the 2nd pyramid of the Giza complex similarly oriented, he
also found a different orientation in the “core” vs the “casing” by some 193cm +/- 25 cm
(75.98” +/- 9.84”). Petrie’s suggestion for the difference (core vs casing) was that during
the construction a re-determination of North was made, as a mistake had been made and
the casing was built with a different orientation. The deviation from the North is based on
the position of the stars “Ursae Minoris and Ursae Majoris around 3,000 years ago, this
determination takes into account the “precession” of the axis of the Earth. Kate Spence
(Egyptologist) has shown how the changes in orientation of eight pyramids corresponds
with the changes of position of those stars through time – therefore it has been
determined that start of the construction to be around 2467 BCE, or 4,467 years ago.
Over 1,500 years before King Solomon built his first temple.

But what of the other stars, whereas it is said that the “Descending Passage” pointed
to the pole star “Alpha Draconis” (pole star around 2170 to 2144 BCE), called the North
Star at this time. The 344 foot length of the passage provides an angle of view of only +/-
1/3 of a degree, Alpha Draconis has not been in alignment for thousands of years – the
Next Star that will precisely alignment will be “Polaris” around 2004 (five years ago), in
Greek Polaris is “Satan”.
 The southern shaft in the “King’s Chamber” [45° 00’ 00”] pointed to the star “Al
Nitak (Zeta Orionis)” in the constellation Orion around 2450 BCE, Orion constellation was
associated with the Egyptian god Osiris. The northern shaft in the “King’s Chamber” [32°
28’ 00”] pointed to the star “Alpha Draconis” around 2450 BCE.

The southern shaft in the “Queen’s Chamber” [39° 30’ 00”] pointed to the star
“Sirius”, 2450 BCE. The northern shaft in the “Queen’s Chamber” [39° 00’ 00”] pointed at
“Ursa Minor”.

Now for reasons unknown, the Pyramid

complex seems to mirror the “Orion
Constellation”, whereas the pyramid
positions on the ground reflect the positions
of the stars in the Orion Constellation some
10,400 BCE, 5 of the 7 brightest stars have
pyramid equivalents. The three (“3”) great
pyramids of Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura for
the “Belt of Orion”, the pyramid of Nebka at
Abu Rawash corresponds to the star “Saiph”,
and the pyramid at Zawat al Aryan
corresponds to the star “Bellatrix”, there are two missing star positions for
“Betelgeuse & Rigel”. You tell me!

Albeit the accuracy of the construction has never been questioned as has the
workmanship, which demonstrates that the four sides of the base have a mean error of
only 58mm (2.28 inches) and 1 minute in angle from a perfect square, the base is
horizontal and flat to within 15mm (0.59 inch), most impressive to me the sides of the
square are aligned to the four cardinal points of the compass, to within 3 minutes of arc
and they are based on True North, not magnetic north. Workmanship, the casing stones
of the Great Pyramid and Khafre’s Pyramid next to it were cut to such optical precision as
to only be off a “true plane” over the entire surface by 0.55 mm (0.022 inches) and were
fitted together so perfectly that the tip of a knife “cannot” be inserted between the joints
even today.

With a total estimated weight of 5.9 million tons and an estimated volume of 2.6
million cubic meters (91.82 million cubic feet) it was constructed of cut and dressed blocks
of limestone, basalt or granite. The core was made mainly of “rough” blocks of low-
quality limestone taken from a quarry located a short distance away, these blocks
weighed from 2 to 4 tons on average, and estimated 2.4 million blocks were used. The
casing used for the outer covering were of higher-quality limestone, some blocks weighing
up to 15 tons, this limestone came from “Tura”, about 14 km (7.6 miles) distant on the
other side of the Nile. The granite used for the King’s Chamber was quarried at “Aswan”,
some 800 km (432 miles) distant.

It is the largest Pyramid in Egypt and the tallest in the world, and is only surpassed in
volume by the Great Pyramid of “Cholula” in Puebla, Mexico which is lower in height!

The passages inside are extremely straight and precise, such that the longest one
(descending passage) at 107 meters long (351’) deviates from being truly straight by less
than 6mm (0.24 inch) and one of the shorter passages at 15 meters (50 feet) deviates by
only 0.5 mm (0.02 inches), not bad for a construction project started over 4,000 years ago,
myself I believe is was constructed further back in time.

Found within this item of perfect form is some “graffiti”, the most famous one being
“year 17 of Khufu’s reign”, some maintain it was written on a block before it was placed
while others have said some prankster later in history wrote it – a hotly debated inscription
even to this day, as it seems to reaffirm the date of the construction. Another inscription
reads, “the friends of Khufu”, it is assumed it refers to one of the gangs of workers.
Although the graffiti does not offer indisputable proof that Khufu originated the
construction, the graffiti is the only writing found within the Great Pyramid which leads
many to believe it was either part of the construction or at least sometime later if any
repair had been made – the 2nd reason I find doubtful in that over the span of history there
cannot be found any evidence of repair to this huge structure.

On the other side of the globe the ancient Maya people believed that the Universe
had been renewed four previous times, each a prior attempt of improving upon human
creation, sadly each previous civilization had been destroyed by a different catastrophe.
The present “astronomically-based” Mayan calendar will be completing its first great cycle
in approximately 5,200 years on December 21st, 2012 – although we have no substantial
evidence that the ancient Maya considered the date of any great importance, many have
“postulated” that this date will be the “end of the Universe”, from the Mayan’s view, while
others believe that the Mayans’ meant this date to symbolize the “coming of great
change,” or it could simply mean they needed to start a new calendar, like we do on the
New Year!

Why 12-21-2012? Eric S Thompson determined that 0.0.0.0.0 corresponded to the

“Julian” date of 584283, which translated to our “Gregorian” calendar is Aug 11th, 3133
BCE, and that adding the 5125 years gives us an end-date of 13.0.0.0.0 or Dec 21 st, 2012.
Terence McKenna “suggests that the position of the winter solstice sun within 3° of the
Galactic Center in the year 2012 [a once-in-a-precessional-cycle event] and that it may
provide the eschatological end-point for his theory of time known as “Timewave and
Zero”, whatever that means.

What about the Egyptians? It is noted that 12,500 as indicated by the Great Pyramid
was an era that early Egyptians were especially interested in the date – I guess by the
placement of the Pyramid threesome lining up with Orion some 10,500 years ago as the
“air shafts” were sight tubes aligned with the stars of Orion’s Belt, and we’re guessing that
the Great Pyramid is a “precessional star-clock”, one big leap for me to make but some
have made it!

Heading back to Mexico the “Pyramid of the Sun”, said to have been built by the
“Toltec” civilization in the Valley of Mexico somewhere around 300 - 100 BCE, referring to
the age of Pisces. The location, at its height had a supposed population of over 125,000 –
interestingly its rise was in lockstep with the classical Romans’ who were constructing
their grand monuments around the Mediterranean and in step with the cultures in
Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, Oaxaca and Puebla, Although the Toltecs’ are generally
credited with constructing the Pyramid of the Sun, which by the way was aligned to
coincide with two days, the 19th of May and the 25th of July, days when the Sun is directly
overhead at noon, it is believed they were influenced by the “Olmec” people, who are
considered the “mother civilization” of Mesoamerica, you probably know them for their
giant heads with Negroid features.

During the 1970’s civil engineer Hugh Harleston Jr made over 9,000 measurements
of the Pyramid of the Sun’s complex, his conclusions? He figured that the entire complex
was a precise scale-model of the solar system. He calculated that if the center line of the
“Temple of Quetzalcoatl” is taken as the position of the Sun, markers laid out towards the
north from it along the axis of the Avenue appear to indicate the correct orbital distance of
the “inner planets” with the asteroid belt, Jupiter, Saturn (Sun Pyramid), Uranus (Moon
Pyramid) and Neptune and Pluto (represented by two mounds further north). The grand
buildings of Teotihuacan are laid out in accordance with celestial movements. The front
wall of the “Pyramid of the Sun” is exactly perpendicular to the point on the “horizon”
where the Sun sets at the “equinoxes” (twice annually). The remaining “ceremonial
buildings” are laid out at right-angles to the Pyramid of the Sun.

According to his findings the site was constructed to a system of measurements he

named the “STU”, Standard Teotihuacan Unit, which equals 1.0594 meters (3.4757 feet),
whereas the STU fits into the length of a side of the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of
the Moon, and into the distance “between” the two pyramids. He also named this “unit”
of measure the “Hunab” after the Aztec God of Measure (Hunab Ku), in addition one “STU”
is the approximate width of the Stonehenge Lintels and to the Jewish Rod (3.4757485
feet).

The “Internet” today has its advantages, in going to the Stonehenge site I found that
each “Lintel” is around 3.2 meters (10’6”) long, 1 meter (3’3”) wide and 0.8 meters
(2’7.5”) thick and rest on top of the stones at 4.9 meters (16’0.9”) above the ground – the
width is certainly “approximate” at 3’3” vs the STU is 3’6”.

I mention “Precession” as I wander about in

this article, precession means a couple of things,
mainly it deals with the positions of the south and
north celestial poles as they move in circles
against a space-fixed backdrop of the stars,
completing a full circle every 25,771.5 years
(recalculated in 2000) – this means (to us) that
the star “Polaris” is approximately at the north
celestial pole, a condition that will change over time. As the poles spin we from a fixed
point on earth perceive a changing of the stars, as the constellation Orion no longer lines
up with the Giza pyramid complex (viewing ports). Simple.

And Yet, not so simple. Fortunately or unfortunately modern scholarship is based to

a large degree, among the historians of science, that civilization has progressed in a
Darwinian model, in other words from a lesser to greater degree of sophistication.
Whereas the progression believes that no “primitive” culture could know and understand
things that “modern” man does not. Following this line of reasoning, most scholars today
ignore any deviation from the norm, in fear of being ridiculed and banned from “legitimate
science” hence immense volumes that have been composed in hopes of expanding our
knowledge of primitive man are ignored and labeled as myth. On the other side of the
fence, scholars remark, “for all you know they (ancient civilizations) may be the
degenerate numbers of higher cultures that decayed when human leadership moved in
the wake of the Ice.”

Consider, it was not too long ago that “modern man” thought that Greece was the
unique cradle of Western Science, whereas today these same modern scholars know that
Pythagoras, Plato and other influential Greek thinkers obtained their knowledge from
dying Egyptian Mystery Schools, whose knowledge went back millennia – the cosmological
and philosophical insight taught by the Mystery Schools inspired the scientific brilliance of
Greece, Byzantium and Islam.

Well here we are, all that has been written about our ancient societies, as you see
has been based on some pretty broad assumptions – where “modern man” is shooting in
the dark when we describe what we believed happened some 7,000 to 15,000 years ago.
Ten people witness an accident in downtown America, how will their descriptions of that
event post?

The material data collected from archaeological digs paint a pretty shabby picture of
Neolithic life – an assertion that any “gaudy” museum show will demonstrate. It is more
than difficult to reconstruct the perceptions, myths, and intellectual life of these far-off
people in the past. We know that humans have, basically, remained unchanged for at
least 40,000 years, how is it the mainstream academia can say with a straight face that
our ancestors did not understand precession. We look at our own difficulty in
understanding the event, but our esteemed scholars understand it perfectly, so in
believing that ancient society couldn’t have understood the concept of the “Wheel of
Time” is lumping into one bag the belief that “all” men/women of the ancient age were of
the same intellect.

If we can admit that some of our remote ancestors were intelligent enough to
conceive of the complex doctrine of World Ages, our scholars of today “might” be smart
enough to let-go of destructive tendencies and move into a healthier era – you think!