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12 Chemical analysis

Data sheet

Preliminary tests and observations


Solubilities of acids, bases and salts
Type of compound

Soluble in water

Insoluble in water

Acids

All common acids

Bases

Soluble bases are called alkalis. They include


the hydroxides of sodium and potassium and
also the carbonates of sodium and potassium.

All other metal oxides and hydroxides.

Lithium, magnesium, calcium and barium


hydroxide are slightly soluble.
Ammonia is a soluble base.
Salts

All nitrates.
All chlorides

except silver chloride and lead chloride.

All sulfates
(Calcium sulfate and silver sulfate are slightly
soluble.)

except barium sulfate and lead sulfate.

All sodium, potassium and ammonium salts.

All other carbonates.

Observations on heating and possible inferences


Observation on heating

Possible inferences

Steamy vapour which turns blue cobalt chloride paper


pink. The solid may turn to a solution.

Crystals contain water of crystallisation or the solid is a


hydroxide which decomposes.

Colourless gas evolved which relights a glowing splint.

Oxygen from the nitrate or halate of sodium or potassium

Brown gas evolved and a glowing splint relights.

Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen from the decomposition of a


nitrate

Colourless gas given off which turns limewater milky.

Carbon dioxide from a carbonate or hydrogencarbonate

Colourless acidic gas given off which turns paper soaked in


potassium dichromate(VI) solution from orange to green.

Sulfur dioxide from a sulfite or sulfate

Sublimate forms on a cool part of the tube.

Likely to be an ammonium salt.

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G. Hill and A. Hunt 2008 Edexcel Chemistry for AS CD-ROM

12 Chemical analysis

Data sheet

Tests for gases


Gas

Test

Observations

Hydrogen

burning splint

burns with a pop

Oxygen

glowing splint

splint bursts into flame (relights)

Carbon monoxide

burning splint

burns with a blue flame but does not


explode

Carbon dioxide

limewater (aqueous calcium hydroxide)

turns milky white as a precipitate forms

Hydrogen halides

smell

pungent

moist blue litmus paper

turns red

ammonia vapour (from a drop of


concentrated ammonia solution on a glass
rod)

thick white smoke of particles of solid


ammonium halide

pass gas into silver nitrate solution

solution turns cloudy: white if HCl, cream


if HBr and yellow if HI

colour

pale greenish-yellow

smell

pungent bleach-like

moist blue litmus paper

turns red and then bleaches

moist starchiodide paper

turns blue-black

colour

orange-brown

moist blue litmus paper

turns red and then slowly bleaches

colour

violet

moist starch (or starch iodide) paper

turns blue-black

smell

pungent

moist blue litmus paper

turns red

paper soaked in potassium dichromate(VI)


solution

turns from orange to green

smell

pungent and eye-watering

moist red litmus paper

turns blue

colour

orange-brown

moist blue litmus paper

turns red

appearance

steams in the air

anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride paper

turns from blue to pink

Chlorine

Bromine
Iodine
Sulfur dioxide

Ammonia
Nitrogen dioxide
Water vapour

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G. Hill and A. Hunt 2008 Edexcel Chemistry for AS CD-ROM

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