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K TEKNOLOGI BIOINDUSTRI
TIN 330 (2-3)
Asam Amino
Asam amino = senyawa organik yang memiliki gugus
fungsional karboksil (-COOH) dan amino ( -NH2)
CURRENT CONDITION
The amino acid business is a multi-billion dollar enterprise. The
major producers of amino acids are based in Japan, the US,
South Korea, China and Europe.
Commercial production of MSG is the largest and
biggest industries all over the world.
Glutamic acid > lysine
Aspartic acid
> methionine
> threonine
>
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Used as a precursor for making other products, such as :
- Glycine used to manufacture Glyphosate & Threonine
used for Azthreonam (herbicide)
- Poly methyl glutamate : manufacturing of synthetic leather
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Used as medicines, infusions etc
Medicine :
e.g. N-acetyl-L-cysteine is a pharmaceutical drug and
nutritional supplement precursor in the formation of
the antioxidant glutathione in the body
http://www.otsuka.co.id
2 NAD+ + 2
+ 2 H+
(PEP)
Glikolisis
Glutamate Producer
Various glutamate-producing bacteria have been isolated
and classified as Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, or as
members of other genera, but recent work has shown that
almost all of these strains belong to the genus
Corynebacterium.
Metabolic pathway
C. glutamicum used
Glutamic acid
bacteria have high
activity of
Glutamate
dehydrogenase and
low activity of aketoglutarate
dehydrogenase)
imtech.wikispaces.com/file/view/5.Amino+acids.pptx
Biotin
cofactor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase that converts
Acetyl- CoA + CO2 Malonyl-CoA (FA biosynthesis !)
(deficiency of biotin affects fatty acid biosynthesis
membrane formation permeability is affected
intracellular export of glutamate is altered
Penicillin & Surfactants
Alter the permeability of the bacterial cell wall and thus
allowing more of the glutamic acid to excrete.
Penicillin inhibits the linking of the amino acid side chains
of peptidoglycan units which have role in the permeability
of the outer membrane.
Surfactant e.g. polyoxylene-sorbitan monostearate
(tween 60) and tween 40 (-monopalmitate) have actions
similar to biotin
http://www.vedaninternational.com/products/product1.htm
NaOH
Optimizing Production
Glutamic acid production is highest when biotin is
limiting. When biotin is optimal, growth is luxuriant and
lactic acid, not glutamic acid, is excreted as by product
Glutamic
Acid (g/Lt)
Cells Growth
Glutamate Production
biotin
Crystallization
Recrystallization to obtain L- glutamic acid in purified form
+ NaOH MSG.
LYSINE PRODUCTION
essential amino acid
Lysine Production
Lysine can be produced by :
chemical synthesis, extracting from protein hydrolyzate,
enzymatic method & fermentation method
Among these methods, fermentation is the most
economical and practical means of producing lysine
biological form of lysine (L-lysine) is produced.
Application :
L-lysine is useful as medicament, chemical agent, food
material (food industry) and feed additive (animal food).
Siklus Krebs
FERMENTASI LISIN
Aspartat
aspartokinase
Aspartil fosfatase
Aspartat semi aldehid
Dihidropikolinat
sintetase
Mutan
auksotrofik
tidak mempunyai
enzim homoserin
dehidrogenase,
=
tapi tetap
memerlukan
threonin dan
metionin untuk
pertumbuhannya
Homoserin
dehidrogenase
Homoserin
Penghambatan
Sinergis/harmonis
Lisin
Threonin
Metionin
Isoleusin
Fermentasi Lisin
Threonin ditambahkan pada batas konsentrasi untuk
pertumbuhan, sehingga tidak terjadi penghambatan
umpan balik sinergis/harmonis lisin diproduksi secara
berlebihan.
Contoh mikroba : Corynebacterium glutamicum &
Brevibacterium flavum
http://www.vedaninternational.com/products/product1.htm
Downstream Process
Separation/extraction methods (ultrafiltration or
centrifugation, separation or ion exchange extraction,
crystallization, drying) and sold as a powder.
Alternatively, spray dried pellets or liquid fermentation
broth can be used as animal feed supplement.
One common use of L-Lysine
is for the treatment of herpes/
cold sores.
L-Methionine Production
The aspartase enzyme has been immobilized using the whole cells
of Escherichia coli onto e.g. phenolformal-dehyde resin, for
adsorbing aspartase
Fumaric acid
(chemical)
Aspartic acid
aspartase
http://en.bioamid.com/catalogue/farm/l-asparaginic_acid.html
Aspartame
- artificial sweetener used in reduced calorie foods
200 times sweeter than sugar
- chemical name N-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine-l-methyl ester
(APM)
- has a sweet taste without the bitter chemical or metallic
aftertaste
Production :
phenylalanine is modified by a reaction with methanol and
then combined with a slightly modified aspartic acid which
eventually forms aspartame.
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Aspartame.html
BAHAYA ASPARTAM
Telah digunakan pada banyak jenis produk makanan
dan minuman di seluruh dunia. Terutama digunakan
di minuman soda dan permen.
Dalam keadaan normal, fenilalanin diubah menjadi
tirosin dan dibuang dari tubuh. Gangguan dalam
proses ini menyebabkan fenilalanin terakumulasi
dalam darah dan dapat meracuni otak serta
menyebabkan keterbelakangan mental. Penyakit ini
dinamakan phenylketonuria (PKU).
References
http://www.holisticmed.net/aspartame/aminoacid.pdf
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2005) 69: 18
DOI 10.1007/s00253-005-0155-y
MINI-REVIEW
Wolfgang Leuchtenberger . Klaus Huthmacher .
Karlheinz Drauz
Biotechnological production of amino acids and derivatives:
current status and prospects
Received: 13 June 2005 / Revised: 22 August 2005 / Accepted: 29 August 2005 /
Published online: 30 September 2005
# Springer-Verlag 2005
http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/CHEM/belali/CHEM%20456/Chapter%209/Chapter%209%20Industrial%20Fermentation.pdf
Etc. Etc.