Instituto Tecnolgico y de Estudios

Superiores de Monterrey
Campus Quertaro
Electricidad y magnetismo
Investigacin: PBL
Integrantes:
Luis Alfredo Algarra Parra A01208502
Juan Osvaldo Olgun Roque A01208197

19 de abril de 2016

1. Michael Faraday

Although Faraday received little formal education, he was one of

the most influential scientists in history. It was for his research
into the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a current that
Faraday established the basis for the electromagnetic field
concept in physics. He also established that magnetism could
affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship
between the two phenomena. Similarly, he discovered the
principle of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and laws of
electrolysis.
His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the
foundation of electric motor technology, and was largely due to
his efforts that electricity became practical for use in technology.

As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the

clathrate hydrate chlorine, invented an early form of a Bunsen
burner and the oxidation number system, and popularized
terminologies as anode, cathode, electrode, and ions. Faraday
ultimately became the first and most important teacher of
Fullerian of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain.

James Clerk Maxwell took the work of Faraday and others, and
summarized in a set of equations that are accepted as the basis
of all modern theories of electromagnetic phenomena. In use of
the Faraday lines of force, Maxwell wrote Faraday "that was
actually a mathematician of a very high order. One of whom
mathematicians of the future may derive valuable and fertile
methods." The farad, is named in his honor.

Albert Einstein kept a picture of Faraday on his study wall,

alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell.
The physicist Ernest Rutherford said, "If we take into account the
size and scope of their discoveries and their influence on the
progress of science and industry, there is no honor too great to
pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the most great scientific
discoverers of all time "

Faraday died at his house at Hampton Court on August 25 th ,

1867, at the age of 75 years and 11 months.

2. James C. Maxwell

James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish born the 13 th of June, 1831

in Edinburgh. He was physicist known for having developed the
classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all of the above
observations, experiments and laws on electricity, magnetism
and even on optics, in a consistent theory, after the first carried
out by Newton.

In addition it is known by the Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics on the

kinetic theory of gases.

Maxwell was one of the most enlightened mathematical minds of

his time, and many physicists consider the scientist of the
nineteenth century had more influence on twentieth-century
physics.

He made fundamental contributions to the understanding of

nature. Many consider that their contributions to science are of
the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert
Einstein.

In 1931, on the occasion of the commemoration of the centenary

of his birth, Albert Einstein described Maxwell's work as "the most
profound and fruitful that physics has experienced since the time
of Newton."
He died the 5th of November, 1879 in Cambridge, United
Kingdom at the age of 48.

3. Andr-Marie Ampere

Andr Marie Ampre was born the 22nd of January, 1775 in Lyon,
France. He was mostly self-educated because his father was
guillotined during the French Revolution.

Ampre worked during his life in mathematics focusing in the

theory of probabilities and the integration of partial differential
equations.
In 1820, after witnessing an experiment by rsted, Ampre
developed theory to understand the relationship between
electricity and magnetism.
He died the 10th of June, 1836 in Marseille, France and in
recognition of his contribution to modern electrical science, the
ampere was established as a standard unit of measurement.

4. Karl F. Gauss

Carl Friedrich Gauss was born the 30th of April, 1777 in

Brundwick, Germany. He was a child prodigy, of whom there are
many anecdotes about his astonishing precocity.
He made his firsts great discoveries while he was a teenager in
high school and developed Disquisitiones Arithmeicae at twenty
years old (in 1798).

This research was published until 1801 and it was the

fundamental work for the theory to be consolidated numbers and
has shaped this area until the present day.
He published over 150 works and made such important
contributions as the fundamental theorem of algebra, the least
squares method, Gauss-Jordan elimination, and the bell curve or
Gaussian error curve.
In 1831 he developed a fruitful collaboration with the physics
professor Wilhelm Weber, leading to a new knowledge in
magnetism and the discovery of Kirchhoffs circuit laws in
electricity. He also constructed the first electromechanical
telegraph in 1822.
He died the 23rd of February, 1855 at the age of 77 in Gttingen,
Kingdom of Hanover.

5. Heinrich Lenz

Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz was born the 12th of February, 1804
in what is now Estonia, he was a Baltic German.

Lenz studied physics and chemistry at the University of Tartu, his

hometown. From 1823-1826 he traveled around the world on an
expedition led by Otto von Kotzebue, devoting himself during the
journey to research on climate change and the physical
properties of seawater.
He was known for formulating Lenzs Law in 1833 which served
to complete Faradays Law in 1831.
Also he conducted significant research on the conductivity of the
bodies in relation to its temperature, discovering in 1843 the
relationship between the two, which was later extended and
developed by James Prescott Joule, so it would be called Joule
s Law
He died the 10th of February, 1865.

6. Joseph Henry

Joseph Henry was born the 17th of December, 1797 in Albany,

New York, U.S.
He helped Samuel F.B. Morse to develop the telegraph and
discovered several important principles of electricity. He was

highly regarded during his lifetime. While building

electromagnets, he discovered the electromagnetic phenomenon
of self-inductance a year before Michael Faraday announced his
discovery.
He developed the electromagnet into a practical device and
invented a precursor to the electric doorbell and electric relay.
He died the 13th of May, 1878 in Washington, D.C., U.S. and in
1893 the standard unit of electrical inductance was named in his
honor.

7. Jean-Baptiste Biot

Jean-Baptiste Biot was born the 21st of April, 1774 in Paris,

France. He was educated at the college of Louis-le-Grand in
Paris, where he specialized in classics. He completed his studies
in 1791 and since his father wanted him to make a career in
commerce, he took private lessons in mathematics from AntoineRene.
Biot studied a wide range of mathematical topics, mostly on the
applied mathematics side. He made advances in astronomy,
elasticity, electricity, electricity and magnetism, heat and optics on
the applied side while, in pure mathematics, he also did important
work in geometry. He collaborated with Arago on refractive

properties of gases. Biot, together with Felix Savart, discovered

that the instensity of the magnetic field set up by a current flowing
through a wire varies inversely with the distance from the wire.
This is known as Biot-Savarts law and is fundamental to modern
electromagnetic theory.
He died the 3rd of February, 1862 at the age of 87 in Paris.

8. Flix Savart

Flix Savart was born the 30th of June, 1791 in Mzires, France.
With a strong family tradition of involvement with military
engineering schools, one might have expected Flix Savart to
also go down that path but in 1808 at the age of 17 he decided to
train for a career in medicine.
He graduated from university in 1816 with a medical degree.
After that, he returned to Metz in 1817 where he set up a medical
practice but he spent more time studying physics than treating
patients. He set up an excellent physics laboratory to carry out
experiments and became fascinated with a study of sound.

In 1819 he decided to go to Paris to see Biot so that he could

discuss with him the acoustics of a musical instrument. When he
arrived in Paris, Biot was undertaking research on electricity and
both began a collaboration.
Using the oscillation of a magnetic dipole to determine the
strength of the field close to a wire carrying current, they
discovered what today is called the Biot-Savart law.
He died the 16th of March, 1841 in Paris, France.

9. Nikola Tesla

Tesla was an ethnic Serbian and born in the village of Smiljan,

the Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Croatia) on the 10 th of July,
1856. He was a citizen of the Austrian Empire by birth and later
became an American citizen.
He was inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer,
physicist and best known for his contributions to the design of the
delivery system of modern alternating current (AC) electricity.
Nikola began his work on electric fields of telephony before
emigrating to the US to work for Thomas Edison. He soon sought

his own financial support for the creation of laboratories and

companies to develop a range of electrical devices.
Tesla is also known for its high-energy experiments and high
frequency voltage in NY and Colorado Springs, including
patented devices and theorical work used in the invention of
radio communication.
Although he made lots of money with patents, he lost a lot in
numerous experiments. His work and renowned inventions are
also the center of many conspiracy theories and have also been
used to support various pseudoscience, UFO theories and New
Age occultism.
He died the 7th of January, 1943 at the age of 86 and there was
called a term called tesla for measuring SI unit for magnetic
field strength.

10.

Charles Augustine de Coulomb

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb was born the 14 th of June, 1736 in

Augoulme, France. He was a physicist and engineer.
Among other theories and studies is owed the theory of straight torsion

and a failure analysis terrain in soil mechanics.

Coulomb was the first scientist to establish quantitative laws of the
electrostatics, besides realizing many investigations on: magnetism,
friction and electricity.
His scientific investigations are collected in seven memories, where
theoretically presents the fundamentals of magnetism and
electrostatics.
In 1777 he invented the torsion balance to measure the force of
attraction or repulsion exerted together two electrical charges, and
established the function that binds this force with distance. With this
invention, culminated in 1785, Coulomb was able to establish the
principle that governs the interaction between electrical charges, now
known as Coulomb's law.
Coulomb also studied electrification by friction and polarization and
introduced the concept of magnetic moment.
Charles Coulomb died the 23rd of August, 1806 in Paris and the unit
Coulomb or coulomb (symbol C), is the derivative unit of the
International System of Units for the measurement of the physical
magnitude amount of electricity (electric charge) named in his honor.

Essay of the use of Maxwells equations in a practical

engineering application.
Talk about Maxwells equations is basically talk about
electromagnetism because those laws are the base for
modern technology, not only in the engineering area, but in
daily life appliances.
For engineering we have some clear and easy examples, in
one hand weve got the trains in Germany and Japan which
work based on a magnetic dipole and related to Gausss law.
Also, related to engineering, we know our computers have
memory, RAM, hard drive and processor. If we talk about

processor we have the Magnetic core memory (called Core 2

duo when commercialized) is an application of Ampres law
and each core stores one bit of data.

Engineering is always working to develop a better and easy

way of living for us, based on that we must consider home
appliances as part of an engineering creation.
At home weve got fans that work with a motor that make it
rotate and blow air, the use the principle of electromagnetic
induction.
There are many appliances where engineering is involved but
electromagnetics is moving on to evolve our future and
nowadays they play a vital role in our life and the way we
conceive it.
Design simple experiment in which you are verifying any
of the four Maxwells equations.
Our experiment is called simple electromagnetic train and it works
with copper wire, a battery and neodymium magnets.
With this experiment we are going to test basic principles of
electromagnetism.
In this experiment we are applying two principles, one of them is the
magnetic field which is created by a coil of wire.

That coil is connected to voltage and a current is produced along the

wire, this current that is traveling around the circular looped wire
creates a magnetic field through the center of the coil.

To comprehend it we have Ampres Right hand rule and basically

says that a current carrying wire generates a magnetic field around it.

The second principle used is the magnetic poles which says that every
magnet has a North(+) and a South(-) pole and that if you divide that
magnet, it will create two poles again, one north, one south and so on.
North Pole + South Pole = attract
South + South Pole / North Pole + North Pole = Repel
Experiment

So basically the magnets are attached to each side of the battery and
touch the copper wire a circuit is made along the battery. This circuit
makes an electric field as said before inside and along the loop of the
wire, the coil.
This causes the magnetic poles of the magnets to be pushed in or out
of the circuit, in this case, the coil.

(2)

Wi-Fi theory
Wireless LANs are a very important technology and this has evolved
over time. Speaking of Wi-Fi is not just talking about internet or an
accessible device to surf the web. The Wi-Fi is a wireless mechanism
in which many devices can be connected, no matter what type they are
and in this way to share data between them. The term Wi-Fi was first
used by the alliance Wi - Fi in 1999 when IEEE 802.11b was launched
802.11b standards governing methods of transmission of wireless
networks. This alliance certify that devices with Wi-Fi can be interfaced
seal regardless of the manufacturer or device type. Since its inception,
the 802.11 standard has evolved.
In 2003 the IEEE 802.11g loop which is compatible with 802.11b but
the advantage is that it can work with speeds higher data rates. Then in
2009 the IEEE 802.11n launched which is currently the latest standard
and supports up to 600 Mbps and operates at 2.4 GHz, besides this, is
MIMO (Multiple - Input-Multiple Output) capabilities.
Wi - Fi networks operate two standard frequencies which are: to send
and receive data. In simple words, the frequency represents the speed
at which data is transmitted and received between devices on the
wireless network. Protocols are sets of instructions that manage the
interaction of devices and data on the wireless network
Wi-Fi generally works on the following frequencies and protocols:
5GHz: 802.11a
2.4 GHz: 802.11b
The frequency at which wireless devices are connected to the network
model Box and the physical location of the equipment are based on a
number of factors including the ability of wireless devices.

At this point you will see the difference between cellular and Wi-Fi.
Both are wireless systems. But the Wi-fi has a radio transmitter and
receiver which operates only in a range of 200 feet or less. The range
of cellular measured in miles. The transmitter and receiver is called WiFi access point, is placed in the corner of a room, or a lamppost.
While the transmitter and the receiver is called cellular calling area or
base station. The access point Wi-Fi is connected to a telephone
exchange with coaxial cable either fiber or copper.
What about capacity?
In general, a channel Wi-Fi will have greater capacity than a cellular
channel, this is not thinking about 4G as it could reach the Wi-Fi. The
cellular on the other hand does not have much scope when many
people trying to operate while there.
One can say that the Wi-Fi is a way to feed smartphones though and
could be implemented anywhere that way for more important Wi-Fi in
society. While network operators are looking to implement more
coverage for more places where users can have internet connection.

Specifications for radio equipment for spectrum in

Mexico

The radio equipment subject to this rule are those that can operate with
the following three frequency bands which are:
902-928 MHz
2400 - 2483.5 MHz
5725-5850 GHz
The spectral power density in a transmitter must not be greater than 8
dBm in any 3 kHz frequency, at any time or about 1.0 seconds.
The maximum transmitter output peak power will not exceed 1.0 watt.
The minimum bandwidth RF 6dB be 500kHz.

Measurement Campaign plan

Objectives and motivation
This project is planned to help us analyze the coverage of Wi-Fi around the
campus, however to be able to accomplish this task our group was divided in
several teams for it to be easier to take the coverage of all the campus.
It is important for us to know how Wi-Fi works and comprehend its behavior within
the different buildings and structures they are made of. This project will help us and
the readers understand what are the limitations and considerations that are needed
for access points to work correctly, by this we mean, in what position they produce
the highest benefit in terms of signal quality and area covered.
We think is relevant and really important for our preparation in our way of
becoming engineers how this type of signals work and what we can do to make
them better. We actually think our main motivations are:
- Find the aspects that affect the quality of the signal.
- Discover the effects of the materials of buildings in signals.
- Be able to measure the coverage of any access point.
We believe that this project is going to help us a lot to comprehend lots of theory.

Requirements
For this project we will be using the following equipment:
- An HP and Mac laptop with Windows OS and Wireless Monitor Software.
- Cellphones to take photos

Locations of Wi-Fi access points

These are the routers we see mounted on ceilings around the campus.
At CIMA, we located at ground floor 8 access point devices which are located at
(orange stars).
As evidence we took photo of each of them, three of them are located at the drone
arena (Figure 1, 2 and 3), there is one in the lab located at front of the drone arena
(Figure 4), another one in the room between the aeromodelism room and the
bathrooms (Figure 5), one more (Figure 6) in a room inside the manufacturing
space (next to mini baja) and two of them in the roof also at that space (Figure 7
and 8).

(Figure 1)

(Figure 3)

(Figure 2)

(Figure 4)

(Figure 5)

(Figure 7)

(Figure 6)

(Figure 8)

Walk routes
For the walk routes, we decided we should make the measurements in two parts,
because CIMA is divided by a big crystal wall in the middle.
So for the first part we will measure points 1,2,3,4 and 5 like this:

Represented with the orange squares we basically want to cover up both

classrooms that have the access point and around the drone arena. We will also
try inside the elevator and see what are the results we get.
For the second part, we will measure points 6, 7 and 8 like this:

As we assume that because of the access point devices are located in high areas,
signal has good coverage in all of this zone, we decided to take this route, we also
want to test inside the plane cabin to see if there is some kind of Faradays Cage
that wont allow signal to go inside of it.

Methodology
Building materials of walls
CIMA is a building that has the shape of a shoe box, we were tought that all
around is made of aluminum but inside of it there are different materials.
Inside of CIMA there are some walls made of concrete, some of them are
made of sheetrock but what is really interesting is the big wall that divides
CIMA in two, that wall is made of crystal.
There are other metals that give support to the roof.

Also, at the outside is important to say that there are some kind of windows
that are made of polycarbonate and others that are solar panels.

Outside design

Floorplan layout
To understand how CIMA is in the inside we must say thay it is divided in
two (crystal wall represented with blue horizontal line), one side is dedicated
to manufacturing and the other is used for classrooms.
The first side which is the one you first see when you go in and where there
are most of the classrooms is divided in three floors, In the first floor you can
find the Drone arena, a lab, some tables and chairs to work, bathrooms and
a couple of rooms designated to special projects (Aeromodelism and car
design).

(First Floor layout)

Second Floor has two classrooms full of chairs and one class room full of
computers. It also has bathrooms.

(Second Floor Layout)

Third floor, has two classrooms, has a room for special projects and also has
bathrooms.

(Third Floor Layout)

Photographs taken with mobile phone of the

building
The following photos were taken with mobile phones to illustrate the actual
building layout, April 2016.