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Large-span structures
Rigid element structures, suspension structures, stayed structures,
pneumatic structures reinforced by cables.
Distribution chosen according to the main load-carrying elements:
(complete with cladding, bracing, side walls etc.)
material
usage
Generally:
support
demands
plate girder
truss and lattice girder
frame
stayed structure
suspension structure
OK3
ascend
descends
arch
Example:
Prague Wilson station,
upper flange orthotropic, L = 45 m
Statics:
M
H= v
f
v
f
L
Arch stability:
a) Approximate check in buckling for Nx = L/4 :
)
l/2
)
l
Lcr =
2
in-plane buckling:
N
L
Lcr = 1 2 L
= 0,7
= 1,0
= 1,15
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Portal frames
Various types of supports, haunches etc. For stability see chapter 8 (Classification of
frames).
connection with friction-grip bolts
(to restrict deformations)
Detail of the pin"
(fixing requires
too large bases):
L up to 70 m
Space systems
grids,
truss plates,
cylindrical (wagonhead) vaults and shells,
spherical domes.
In space design:
- the material (steel) is better used,
- design rigidity of the structure is greater,
- however, the fabrication is more laborious and assembly
more difficult.
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Grids
plate girders
girders:
bidirectional
lattice girders
(supports usually along perimeter)
three-way grids
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three-way
d
40
b) Patented joints
Mero system Germany
hexagonal cover
spring
nut
cover nut
bolt
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S. Jordi (1992)
8
clamping bolt
Triodetic system
Canada
flattened tube,
hooked
Outstanding structures:
Nodus system
GB
high-strength bolt
parted joint
RHS (rectangular
hollow section)
lugs for pins of tube
diagonals
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single-layered
trussed
double-layered
236
112
Lab in Moscow
(collapsed in about 1985)
- bending theory
6 internal resultants
moment disturbance
at gable Mx
beam force Nx
arch force N
+ shear force Nx
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- membrane theory
3 membrane forces only (Nx, N, Nx).
Necessary to take into account
moment effects (namely at gables, Mx).
10
10
w0
- local instability
Spherical domes
parallel force N
meridian force N
membrane
theory
+ shear force N
in bottom there is a tension ring (or the horizontal forces are anchored),
at top there is concentration of members insert compression ring.
Single-layer domes
11
11
Double-layer domes
2,5 m
266
36 truss girders
135
12
12
18 000 spectators,
diameter 135 m, height 9 m,
36 stayed trusses with ties of 98 mm (S460),
middle tube 18 m weighing 170 t (another 30 t may be suspended).
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13
13
M(x) = 0
great horizontal reactions.
f
L
H=
q L2
8f
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14
14
Ropes
(see Seidel Tensile surface structures: spiral ropes, compound from parallel
wires, one-strand ropes, more-strand ropes, open and locked ropes)
open strand
locked strand
gaps filled up by
galvanized wax, polyurethane,
zinc dust + oil
wires
Zn95Al5
(300g/m2)
plastic
plastic
tubes
Sockets:
filling: resin,
polymers,
cements.
aluminium or steel
swaged thimble
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U clamp
clamps
15
15
Cable structures
plane (2D),
space (3D).
circumferential cable
anchored into foundation or into ring-beam/circumferential cable:
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16
16
b) Double-layer
connecting
tension ties
prestressed
bearing cable
and tension
cable
Jawerths truss
(all members are ropes in tension)
connecting
compression
props
Examples:
ice stadium in Johannesburg (Stockholm)
15 800
75 000
82 800
OK3
17
17
2.
3.
plan
cable couple
outer
compression
ring
section
Example:
USA pavillion in Brussels,
EXPO 1958 (104 m)
compression ring
compression posts
great span (up to 250 m)
tension rings
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Example:
Olympic stadium in Seul, 1988
(textile covering)
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18
Geigers system
Static behaviour
P
Execution
P/2
P/2
P/2
P/2
P/4
tension
rings
P/4
P
P/4
P/2
P/4
P/2
compression ring
Erection
prestressing 1
compression ring
prestressing 2
etc.
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19
c) Cable meshes
2 cable warps
concave
- load bearing
convex
- prestressing
great bending
moments
Examples:
. Budjovice,
Bratislava Pasienky, 1962 (72x66 m)
20
20
cylindrical,
circular, elliptic.
Example:
Moscow (ellipse 224x183 m):
224 x 183
tension ring
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21
21
peripheral cables
cable anchorage
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22
22
anchored into
column base
48
textile, plastic
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23
23
pressure 0,003 at
24
24
MACALLOY system
Examples:
Senftenberg 1998
25
25
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26
26
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27
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