2.

Engineering Material Standard and Designation

Standard : a reference document for properties

measurement and procedures.

Standard types :

Specification, Testing Methods, and Recommended

Practice

Specification : engineering and commercial

requirements of a product

Testing Methods : procedures to identify,

measured, and evaluate material properties

Recommended Practice : a guidance to conduct good

operation and maintenance

Standards are issued by :

Country : ASTM, JIS, DIN, BS, AFNOR, AS, GOST, NORSOK,

GB, SNI
Professional Organization : AISI, ASME, API, NACE, SAE,
AWS, AWWA

UNS (Unified Numbering System) : to combine/correlating

many nationally used metal and alloy numbering system currently
administered by societies, trade association, and those individual
users and producers of metals and alloys

UNS Series

Metals and Alloys

Axxxxx

Aluminum and aluminum alloys

Cxxxxx

Copper and copper alloys

Fxxxxx

Cast iron

Gxxxxx

AISI and SAE carbon and alloy steel

Hxxxxx

AISI and SAE H-steel

Jxxxxx

Cast steel (except tool steel)

Kxxxxx

Miscellaneous steel and ferrous alloys

Lxxxxx

Low melting metals and alloys

Mxxxxx

Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys

Nxxxxx

Nickel and nickel alloys

Pxxxxx

Precious metals and alloys

Rxxxxx

Reactive and refractory metals and alloys

Sxxxxx

Heat and corrosion resistant steels

Txxxxx

Tool steels, wrought and cast

Wxxxxx

Welding filler metals

Zxxxxx

Zinc and zinc alloys

Code : a standard or rules that must be adopted.

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Section

Title

Power Boiler

II

Material Specifications :
A.
Ferrous
B.
Non-Ferrous
C.
Welding rod, electrodes, and filler metal

III

Nuclear Power Plant Components

IV

Heating Boiler

Non Destructive Examination

VI

Recommended Rule for Care and Operation on Heating Boiler

VII

Recommended Rule for Care and Operation on Power Boiler

VIII

Pressure Vessel

ASTM Specification

Material

Product

ASTM A 53

Carbon steel

Welded and seamless pipe

ASTM A 106

Carbon steel

Seamless pipe

ASTM A 105

Carbon steel

Forged pipe

ASTM A 181

Carbon steel

Forged flange

ASTM A 234

Carbon steel

Fitting

ASTM B 167

Inconel 600

Seamless pipe

ASTM B 241

Aluminum

Seamless pipe

ASTM B 43

Copper

Seamless pipe

ASTM B 337

Titanium

Seamless pipe

FERROUS ALLOYS

Classifications of
Metallic Materials

Steel and its alloys are the most widely used metallic material in
industries

General types :
PLAIN CARBON STEEL :
Low Carbon Steel : C < 0.2%
Medium Carbon Steel : C = 0.2 0.5%
High Carbon Steel : C > 0.5%

LOW ALLOY STEEL :

Alloying elements < 8%

HIGH ALLOY STEEL :

Alloying elements > 8% :
Corrosion Resistant Steel
Heat Resistant Steel
Wear Resistant Steel

Type of Steels based on De-oxidation Practice

Killed Steel : fully deoxidized

Rimmed Steel : no deoxidizer is added
Capped Steel : deoxidizer, quality between Killed and
Rimmed

Killed steel :

Semi-killed steel :

High quality steel, no porosities

Slight evolution of gas during solidification after pouring
More uniform chemical composition and properties
De-oxidixers : Si, Al, Ti, V, Zr
Medium quality, for structural shape steel
More evolution of gas compare to killed steel but less than
capped and rimmed steels

Rimmed and capped steel :

For steel sheet, porosities will be eliminated during cold rolling

Non uniform chemical composition
Low carbon and manganese content

Effect of Alloying Elements in Steels

CARBON ( C ) :

Main strengthening element

Carbide forming element, crack initiation site

MANGANESE (Mn) :

Pick-up S to form MnS (%Mn = 1.7(%S) + 0.15)

Strengthening element
Increase impact value

SILICON (Si) :

Deoxidizer
Increase Yield Strength
Increase impact value

ALUMINUM (Al) :

COPPER (Cu) :

Deoxidizer
To refine the grain (AlN precipitates on the grain boundary)
Increase impact value

Increase strength
Increase atmospheric corrosion resistance ( > 0.2%)

CHROMIUM (Cr) :

Corrosion and oxidation resistance

Carbide forming element (secondary hardening)
Increase strength

NICKEL (Ni) :

MOLYBDENUM (Mo) :

Increase impact value

Austenite stabilizer
Increase strength

Carbide forming element (secondary hardening)

Increase strength

TITANIUM (Ti), VANADIUM (V), NIOBIUM (Nb) :

Deoxidizer
Carbide and nitride forming elements

ZIRCONIUM (Zr) :

Modified sulphide inclusions

BORON (B) :

Improve harddenability
Small amount (0.0005 0.003%)

LOW CARBON STEELS

Low carbon (< 0.25%), unresponsive to heat treatment
Strengthening by alloying and cold working
Low strength, high ductility, good weldability, good machine
ability, high toughness, cheap
Typical application : structural shape, automobile body, pipe, tin
plate

Plain carbon steel : alloying elements C, Si, Mn, Cu

High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA) :

additional alloying elements of : V, Ni, Mo; B

strengthened by heat treatment
Higher strength than plain carbon steel, better weldability, better
formability

Chemical Composition of
Plain Carbon Steel and High Strength Low Alloy Steel
ASTM
UNS
C
Si
Mn
Number Number
1010

G10100

0.08
0.13

0.30
0.60

1020

G10200

0.18
0.23

0.30
0.60

A36

K02600

< 0.26

< 0.40

0.18
1.20

A516 Gr
70

K02700

< 0.27

0.15
0.40

0.85
1.20

A440

K12810

A633
Gr E

K12002

A656
Gr 70

K11804

< 0.18

< 0.60

< 1.65

Cu > 0.20

V = 0.008 0.15, Nb < 0.008, N

< 0.020

Mechanical Properties
Material

Tensile
Strength
(MPa)

Yield
Strength
(MPa

Elongation
(%)

Applications

A36

400 550

> 250

> 23

Structural (bridges and

building)

A516 Gr
70

485 620

> 260

> 21

Low temperature pressure

vessel

> 550

> 485

17

Truck frames, rail cars,

crane booms

1010
1020

A440

A633
Gr E
A656
Gr 70

Medium Carbon Steel

Carbon content : 0.25 0.60 %

Heat treated by Q and T to improve mechanical
properties
Alloy addition (Cr, Mo, Ni) to improve hardenability

High Carbon Steel

Carbon content : 0.60 1.4%

The hardest, strongest carbon steel
The lowest ductility
Is used under heat treated conditions
Alloying addition (Cr, W, Mo, V) to increase hardenability
Excellent wear resistance

Stainless Steel

Corrosion resistant by addition of Cr > 10.5%

There are five types :

Ferritic stainless steel

Austenitic stainless steel
Martensitic stainless steel
Duplex stainless steel
Precipitation hardened stainless steel

The Effect of Alloying Elements

Chromium :

Nickel :

To form Cr2O3 pasivation layer on the surface

Minimum content for corrosion resistance, Cr > 10.5%
Layer stability is achieved at Cr = 18 20%

To obtain austenitic structure at room temperature (6 8%)

To increase toughness
To increase the SCC resistance (Ni = 30%)

Manganese :

To obtain austenitic structure at room temperature

To increase the strength

Molybdenum :

Carbon :

To increase pitting corrosion resistance ( 3% )

To stabilize passivation layer

To increase strength, especially for martensitic group

Reducing toughness of the ferritic group
Reducing weldability
Reducing corrosion resistance by carbide formation
(Cr23C6, Cr3C7, CrC)

Nitrogen :

Increase pitting corrosion resistance of austenitic group

Reduce strength of the ferritic group

Ferritic Stainless Steel :

Microstructure

: ferrite
High strength compare to Austenitic Grade
Poor Weldability
Excellent SCC resistance
Widely used : 409, 430

Typical Chemical Composition of

Ferritic Stainless Steel
Type

Cr

Mn

Si

Other Elements

405

0.08

11.5-14.5

1.0

1.0

Al = 0.10 0.30

409

0.08

10.5 11.8

1.0

1.0

Ti = 6 x C/0.75 max.

429

0.12

14 - 16

1.0

1.0

430

0.12

16 - 18

1.0

1.0

430F

0.12

16 - 18

1.25

1.0

S > 0.15, Mo < 0.60

430FSe

0.12

16 - 18

1.25

1.0

Se > 0.15

434

0.12

16 - 18

1.0

1.0

Mo = 0.75 1.25

436

0.12

16 - 18

1.0

1.0

Mo = 0.75 1.25,
(Nb + Ta) = 5 x C (0.70 max.)

442

0.20

18 - 23

1.0

1.0

446

0.20

23 - 27

1.50

1.0

N < 0.25

Austenitic Stainless Steel :

Microstructure

: austenite
Lower strength than ferritic group
Excellent Weldability
Poor SCC resistance
Widely used : 304, 304L, 316, 316L

Typical Chemical Composition of

Austenitic Stainless Steel
Type

Cr

Ni

Mo

304

0.08

18 - 20

8 - 15

304L

0.03

18 - 20

8 - 15

310

0.25

24 - 26

19 22

316

0.08

16 - 18

10 - 14

23

316L

0.03

16 - 18

10 - 14

23

321

0.08

17 - 19

9 - 12

347

0.08

17 - 19

9 - 13

904L

0.020

19 - 23

23 - 28

4-5

254SMo

0.020

19.5
20.5

17.5
18.5

6 6.5

0.18
0.22

654SMo

0.020

24 - 26

21 - 23

7-8

0.45
0.55

Ti

Nb

5 x %C
10 x % C

Martensitic Stainless Steel :

Highest

strength and wear resistance

Minimum corrosion resistance
Not recommended above 500 oC
Prone to temper embrittlement
Prone to quenched cracking

Typical Chemical Composition of

Martensitic Stainless Steel
Type

Cr

Mn

Si

Other Elements

410

0.15

11.5 13.5

1.0

1.0

414

0.15

11.5 13.5

1.0

1.0

Ni = 1.25 2.5

416

0.15

12 - 14

1.25

1.0

S > 0.15, Mo > 0.60

416Se

0.15

12 - 14

1.25

1.0

Se > 0.15

420

> 0.15

12 - 14

1.0

1.0

420F

> 0.15

12 - 14

1.25

1.0

S > 0.15

431

> 0.20

15 - 17

1.0

1.0

Ni = 1.25 2.50

440A

0.60 0.75

16 - 18

1.0

1.0

Mo > 0.75

440B

0.75 0.95

16 - 18

1.0

1.0

Mo > 0.75

440C

0.95 1.20

16 - 18

1.0

1.0

Mo > 0.75

Duplex Stainless Steel :

Microstructure

: austenite + ferrite
Strength between austenitic and ferritic
Good Weldability
Good SCC resistance

Phase Balance

PRE (Pitting Resistance

Equivalent) = % Cr + 3.3
(%Mo+%W) + 16 (%N)

Ideal austenite to ferrite ratio =

50 : 50

Austenite stabilizer : Ni, N, Cu

DSS : PRE < 40

Ferrite stabilizer : Cr, Mo, Si

SDSS : PRE > 40

Ferrite content of 70 80% will

give maximum BM strength at
RT

Resistance to pitting
corrosion, PRE > 30

The toughness of BM will

decrease when ferrite content
> 60%

Chemical Composition of DSS dan SDSS

UNS
S32304
(2304)

UNS
S31803
(2205)

UNS
S32750
(2507)

UNS
S32550
(255)

UNS
S39274

C, max.

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.04

0.03

Mn, max.

2.50

2.0

1.20

1.50

1.0

Si, max.

1.0

1.0

0.8

1.0

0.80

Ni

3.0 5.5

4.5 6.50

68

Cr

21.5 24.5

24 - 27

24 26

Mo

0.05 0.6

2.90 3.90

2.50 3.50

0.05 0.20

0.08
0.20

0.24
0.32

0.10 0.25

0.24 0.32

Cu

0.05 - 0.60

--

0.50

1.5 2.5

0.20 0.80

W, max.

---

--

PREN

22 - 30

31 - 38

4.5 6.5 6.0 8.0

21 23

24 - 26

2.5 3.5 3.0 5.0

1.50 2.50
38 - 48

35 - 44

41 - 51

CAST IRON (Besi Cor, Besi Tuang)

Alloying of Fe and C, C > 2.12%

There are two types of carbon present :

Classification based on fractured surface :

Compound of Fe3C (cementite)

Free carbon (graphite)
White cast iron
Gray cast iron

Classification based on graphite morphology :

Flake
Nodular
Compacted
Tempered

Copper Alloys

The oldest material

There are two types :

Pure copper
Copper alloys

Pure Copper :

High electrical conductivity

Resistance to atmospheric
corrosion, seawater
corrosion,
Resistance to microbial
corrosion
Soft and good formability
Mechanical properties can
be improved by alloying

Commercial copper conductor

contains 99.9% Cu, and was
called oxygen free high
conductivity (OFHC)
One of the impurities is Cu2O
(0.45 0.55%). This type of
conductor is called tough pitch
conductor. Cu2O will not affect
conductivity
The impurities will decrease
conductivity
Alloyed with 0.5% As to
increase high temperature
strength but will not reduce
conductivity
Machinabaility is improved by
addition of 0.5% Pb or Te

Copper Alloys
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.

Brass (Cu-Zn)
Bronze (Cu-Sn)
Tin Brass (Cu-Zn-Sn)
Aluminium Brass (Cu-Zn-Al)
Free Cutting Brass (Cu-Zn-Pb)
Phosphor Bronze (Cu-Sn-P)
Aluminum Bronze (Cu-Sn-Al)
Copper Nickel (Cu-Ni)
Nickel Silver (Ni-Ag)
Copper Silicon (Cu-Si)