Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
based)
Divisions of Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus
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regulates visceromotor
functions as well as other bodily
functions
part of the diencephalon
involved in the central control of
visceral functions (through the
visceromotor and endocrine
systems)
consists of 4g of the brain;
necessary for life
boundaries:
o Rostral: lamina terminalis
(anterior boundary of 3rd
ventricle)
o Superior: hypothalamic
sulcus (separates
hypothalamus from
dorsal thalamus)
o Lateral: substatia
innominata and posterior
limb of internal capsul
o Medial: inferior portion of
3rd ventricle
o Caudal: midbrain
tegmentum and
periaqueductal gray
Preoptic Area
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Inferior continuation of
hypothalamus via the
hypophyseal stalk and the
infundibulum
Connection leaves pituitary
vulnerable to insults; damaged
stalk may contribute to
eventual development of DI
Lateral Zone
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Pituitary gland
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Medial Zone
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Medial mammillary
nucleus = termination
point for axons of
postcommissural fornix;
comprise the
mammillothalamic tract,
a part of the limbic
system
o Intermediate mammillary
and Lateral mammillary
nuclei = lateral
mammillary receives
input from ventricular
formation via mammillary
peduncle
o Posterior hypothalamic
nucleus = associated
with emotional,
cardiovascular, and
analgesic functions of the
periaqueductal gray
Mammillary nuclei function for
memory retention
Lesions result to frequent short
term memories and
anterograde amnesia
o
Amygdalohypothalamic Fibers
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Descending projections: to
brainstem and spinal structures
Ascending Fibers
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Descending Fibers
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Hypothalamomedullary and
hypothalamospinal fibers =
form an essential and direct link
between the hypothalamus and
autonomic nuclei of the medulla
and spinal cord; both arise from
paraventricular nucleus
o Injury to
hypothalamospinal fibers
results to ipsilateral
paralysis of the face and
head (Horner syndrome)
as well as the body
o Hypothalamomedullary
fibers terminate in the
solitary nucleus, dorsal
vagal motor nucleus,
Supraopticohypophysical tract
o Contains ADH and
oxytocin (magnocellular
neurons of supraoptic
and paraventricular
nuclei)
o Continues to posterior
pituitary
Tuberoinfundibular Tract
o Releasing hormones
(parvocellular neurons of
arcuate nucleus and
periventricular zone)
o Contribution from
paraventricular,
suprachiasmatic, tuberal
and medial preoptic
nuclei
Thyrotropin RH
Growth Hormone RH
Growth Hormone Release
Inhibiting Hormone
(Somatostatin)
Corticotropin Releasing Factor
Gonadotropin RH
Prolactin RH
RH are conveyed to the median
eminence (most inferior aspect
of the tuberal region) to
stimulate the release of
pituitary hormones
Pituitary Tumors
Caudolateral Hypothalamus
Expresses hypothalamic
functions
12% of brain tumors
Incidental tumors on autopsy
3.2- 22.5%
Generally noncancerous
(adenomas), in young adults
o Increase frequency in
5th, 6th, and 7th decade
o
o
Inhibition of sympathetic
activities
Reduction of body
temperature
Rostromedial Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamic Reflexes
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