VIBRATION ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

SIXTO SARMIENTO CHIPANA

Vibration Analyst Level III
Machinery Lubricant Analyst Level II

Peru, August 2015

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ssarmiento@tecsup.edu.pe

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Vibratin Analysis basics

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Vibration Analysis

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Why?

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Why use Vibration Analysis?

Vibration Analysis provides us with early warnings of

many potentially serious problems in rotating machinery

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Worn/Damaged Bearings
Worn/Damaged Gears
Lubrication Problems
Misalignment
Unbalance
Loose Fittings/Foundation

Vibration Analysis
Basic Concepts

Vibration waveforms
Vibration amplitude
Time Domain
Frequency Domain

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Examples of Vibration

What is Vibration?

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The Simple Harmonic Oscillator

What is Vibration?

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Mass-Spring Systems with Damping

What is Vibration?

Such a mechanical system is called a single degree

of freedom spring-mass system

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The simplest possible vibratory motion that can

exist is the movement in one direction of a mass
controlled by a single spring.

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What is Vibration?

What is Vibration?

The machine turns to 1800 RPM

The machine has a large number of frequencies

The fundamental frequency coincides with the frequency of rotation

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For example:
Line frequency: 60 Hz 3600 CPM
Fundamental frequency: 1800CPM

VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS

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AMPLITUDE
Displacement
Velocity
Aceleration
FRECUENCY
FASE

How do we measure amplitude?

Desplacement

Displacement

x A sin wt
Velocity

x Aw cos wt
Aceleration

x - Aw sin wt

Velocity

Aceleration

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Choose a point
to measure

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Choose a direction

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Measurement locations - vibration

measurement

We can measure...
DISPLACEMENT

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VELOCITY
or
ACCELERATION

At any point in time...

DISPLACEMENT = Distance
traveled (miles)

ACCELERATION =
How far your foot is down.

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VELOCITY =
Speedometer reading (mph)

Displacement

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Actual physical movement of a

vibrating object
Emphasizes lower frequency
components
Measured in mils or microns

Displacement
Measuring total mass trajectory.

It is used for low frequencies (from 0 to 1.200

CPM)
Is related to stress.

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It uses an accelerometer and the signal is

integrated doubly to obtain displacement

Displacement

Amplitude

is the easiest to visualize

This is a time domain recording

of vibration displacement

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Time

Velocity

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Measure of the speed at which the

mass is moving
Preferred unit of measurement as it
effective over over a wide range,
from low frequency to high
frequency
Measured in inches / sec or mm / sec

Velocity
Measuring the rate at which the mass is
moving during its oscillations.
It is used to frequency ranges between
600 and 60,000 CPM and is related to
fatigue.

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It is measured directly with a "pick up"

speed or an accelerometer where the
signal is integrated to obtain velocity.

Velocity or speed is zero as the object

comes to a stop before moving in the
opposite direction

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Speed or velocity is greatest

here

Acceleration

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Rate of change of Velocity

Emphasizes high-frequency peaks in
a spectrum
Measured in gs

Acceleration

It is the optimum for high frequencies, greater

than 60,000 CPM and is related to the force.

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Acceleration is more difficult to measure the

amplitude of vibration, but more often is the
parameter directly measured in the field using an
accelerometer.

Object has decelerated and stopped and is about

to begin accelerating again

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Acceleration is greatest where velocity is at a

minimum

Comparison of Velocity, Displacement & Acceleration

Velocity is best over a wide

frequency range

Acceleration is used
for measuring high
frequencies:
Bearing Frequencies

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Displacement is used for

measuring low frequencies:
Low RPM

Simple Harmonic Motion

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This displacement waveform is sinusoidal.

Simple Harmonic Motion - The Simplest Vibration

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ANY vibration can be expressed as a sum of individual simple

vibrations.

The Frequency Domain

+ ...

...
Frequency

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Use a graph to
show how the
complex signal is
broken down into
simple ones.

Amplitude

Time Domain waveform shown as many different frequencies

and amplitudes

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Time & Frequency Domain

Sinusoidal time domain

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Single peak in frequency

domain.

Noise in time domain

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Noise in frequency domain

Review
Vibration measurement
Point & Direction

Displacement, velocity, acceleration

Time domain waveforms
Complex vibration
= sum of simple vibrations

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Frequency domain

Review:
GIRDHAR, P. (2004). Practical Machinery Vibration
Analysis and Predictive Maintenance. Third Edition. USA:
Elsevier Practical .

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUznmZvSQOU