Transport Phenomena

SMJC2253

Kenichi Yoneda, IR, DR

MJIIT/UTM EGT Associate Professor

2/23/2016

WEEKLY SCHEDULE
Week
Week 1

Feb. 15

Topic
1.0 Introduction to Transport Processes
1) Type of Transport Processes
2) Transport Analogy
Example 1
3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass
Transfer
Example 2

2/23/2016

WEEKLY SCHEDULE
Week

Week 2
Feb. 22

Topic
2.0 Heat Transfer : Conduction
1) Introduction to heat transfer
2) Conduction
3) Steady state conduction through plate, cylindrical
system and spherical system
Example 3

2/23/2016

WEEKLY SCHEDULE
Week
Week 3
Feb. 29

Topic
2.0 Heat Transfer : Conduction
1) Conduction through material in parallel
2) Overall coefficient
Example 4
3) Conduction with internal heat generation
Example 5

2/23/2016

WEEKLY SCHEDULE
Week
Week 4

March 7

Topic
3.0 Heat Transfer: Convection
1) Concept of boundary layer
2) Forced convection
a) Flow inside tube
b) Flow parallel to flat plate

Example 6

2/23/2016

WEEKLY SCHEDULE
Week
Week 5
March 14

Topic
3.0 Heat Transfer: Convection
2) Forced convection
c) Flow perpendicular to horizontal cylinder
Example 7
d) Flow past single sphere

e) Flow past banks of tubes

Example 8

2/23/2016

Week 1
Feb.15
1.0 Introduction to Transport Processes
Type of Transport Processes
Transport Analogy
Example 1
General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass
Transfer
Example 2

2/23/2016

1.0 Introduction to Transport Processes (Week1)

1) Type of Transport Processes (p.3)
In the Transport Process there are Momentum transfer, Heat transfer and Mass transfer.
a) Momentum transfer
This is concerned with the transfer of momentum which occurs in moving media, such as in the
separation processes of fluid flow, sedimentation, mixing, and filtration.
b) Heat transfer
In this fundamental process, we are concerned with the transfer of heat from one place to
another; it occurs in the separation processes of drying, evaporation, distillation, and others.
c) Mass transfer
Here mass is being transferred from one phase to another distinct phase; the basic mechanism
is the same whether the phase are gas, solid or liquid. This includes distillation, absorption,
liquid-liquid extraction, membrane separation, adsorption, crystallization and leaching.

2/23/2016

2) Transport Analogy
(p.43 General Molecular Transport Equation and General Property Balance)
General molecular transport equation
All three of the molecular transport of momentum, heat or thermal energy and mass are
characterized in the elementary sense by the same general type of transport equation.
First we start by noting the following;

driving force

(2.3-1)

rate of transfer process =

resistance

This states what is quite obvious that we need a driving forth to overcome a resistance in order
to transport a property.
This is similar to Ohms law in electricity, where the rate of flow of electricity is proportional to
the voltage drop(driving force) and inversely proportional to the resistance.

2/23/2016

We can formalize Eq.(2.3-1) by writing an equation as follows

for molecular transport or diffusion of a property
Molecula transport or diffusion of a property

Psi

z =

-
Delta

Gamma

(2.3-2)

dz

Here

z
2/23/2016

flux

[1/sm2]

diffusivity

[m2/ s]

concentration

[1/m3]

distance

[m]
10

If the process is at steady state, then the flux is constant.

Rearranging Eq.(2.3-2) and integrating.
z2

z1

= dz- d
z
Here

2/23/2016

(1 2 )

(2.3-3)

(2.3-4)

z 2 z1

flux

[1/sm ]

diffusivity

[m2/ s]

concentration

[1/m ]

distance

[m]

11

A plot of the concentration versus is shown in Fig. 2.3-1a and is a straight

line. Since the flux is in the direction 1 to 2 of decreasing concentration, the
slop d/dz is negative, and the negative sign in Eq.(2.3-2) gives a positive
flux in the direction 1 to 2. In Section 2.3B the specialized equations for
momentum, heat, and mass transfer will be shown to be the same as
Eq.(2.3-4) for the general property transfer.

2/23/2016

12

EXAMPLE 2.3-1. Molecular Transport of a Property at Steady

State(p.44) No.1
A property is being transported by diffusion through a fluid at
steady state. At a given point 1 the concentration is 1.37 10-2
amount of property/m3 and 0.72 10-2 at point 2 at distance
z2=0.40m. The diffusivity =0.013 m2/s and the cross-sectional
area is constant.
a)Calculate the flux
b)Derive the equation for as a function of distance
c) Calculate at the midpoint of the path

2/23/2016

13

EXAMPLE 2.3-1. Molecular Transport of a Property at Steady

State(p.44) No.1
Solution:
For part a), substituting into Eq. (2.3-4).

(1 2 ) (0.013)(1.37 10 0.72 10 )
z

z2 z1
0.40 0
2

=2.11310-4 amount of property/sm2

2/23/2016

14

EXAMPLE 2.3-1. Molecular Transport of a Property at Steady

State(p.44) No.1
Solution:
For part b), integrating Eq. (2.3-2) between 1 and and z1 and z and
rearranging,

z
z1

dz

Here

2/23/2016

( z1 z)

(2.3-5)

(2.3-6)

flux

[1/sm2]

diffusivity

[m2/ s]

concentration

[1/m ]

distance

[m]

15

EXAMPLE 2.3-1. Molecular Transport of a Property at Steady

State(p.44) No.1
Solution:
For part c), using the midpoint z=0.20 and substituting into Eq. (2.3-6),

( z1 z)

1.37 10

2.113 10

0.013

1 . 045 10 2
Here

2/23/2016

(2.3-6)
4

0 0.2

Amount of property/m 3

flux

[1/sm2]

diffusivity

[m2/ s]

concentration

[1/m ]

distance

[m]

16

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

Momentum Transfer
(p.47 2.4 VISCOSTY OF FLUIDS 2.4A Newtons Law and Viscosity)
In Fig.2.4-1 a fluid is contained between two infinite (very long and very wide)parallel
plates. Suppose that the bottom plate is moving parallel to the top plate and at a
constant velocity vz m/s faster relative to the top plate because of a steady force F
newtons being applied. This force is called the viscous drag, and it arises from the
viscous forces in the fluid.
y

F,forth

vz

2/23/2016

Figure 2.4-1. Fluid shear between two parallel plates

17

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

Momentum Transfer
(p.47 2.4 VISCOSTY OF FLUIDS 2.4A Newtons Law and Viscosity)
The plates are y m apart. Each layer of liquid moves in the z direction. The layer
immediately adjacent to the bottom plate is carried along at the velocity of this
plate. The layer above is at a slightly slower velocity, each layer moving at a
slower velocity as we go up in the y direction. This velocity profile is linear, with y
direction as shown in Fig. 2.4-1. An analogy to a fluid is a deck of playing cards,
where, if the bottom card is moved , all the other cards above will slide to some
extent.
y

F,forth

vz

Figure 2.4-1. Fluid shear between two parallel plates

2/23/2016

18

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

Momentum Transfer
(p.47 2.4 VISCOSTY OF FLUIDS 2.4A Newtons Law and Viscosity)
It has been found experimentally for many fluids that the force F in
Newtons is directly proportional to the velocity vz in m/s and to the area
A in m2 of the plate used, and inversely proportional to the distance y in
m. Or, as given by Newtons law of viscosity when the flow in laminar.
y

F,forth

vz

z
2/23/2016

Figure 2.4-1. Fluid shear between two parallel plates

19

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

a) Momentum Transfer
(p.47 2.4 VISCOSTY OF FLUIDS 2.4A Newtons Law and Viscosity)
When the flow is laminar
For the momentum
Newtons law of viscosity

v z
F

A
y

(2.4-1)

Here

F
A

force

[N]

cross-sectional area

[m2]

coefficient of viscosity

[Pa s] or [kg/ms]

velocity

[m/s]

distance

[m]

v z :
y

2/23/2016

20

For the momentum

If we let y approach zero

Newtons law of viscosity

dvz

dy

yz
=

(SI unit)

(2.4-2)

Here, parameter definition and units

yz F / A shear stress or force per unit area [Pa] or [N/m2]

[Pa s] or [kg/ms],[Ns/m2]
: coefficient of viscosity
dv
:

velocity gradient

[1/s]

dy

2/23/2016

21

The units of viscosity in the cgs system are g/cm s, called poise or centipoise (cp).
In the SI system, viscosity is given in Pa s (N s/m2 or kg/m s):

1 cp = 110-3 kg/m s = 110-3 Pa s = 110-3 N s/m2

(SI)

1cp=0.01 poise=0.01 g/cm s

1cp=6.7197 10-4 lbm/ft s
1p=100cp=1g/cm s
1N=1kg m/s2
1Pa=1N/m2
1lbm=0.45359 kg=453.59g
1 ft=0.3048m=30.48cm
Sometimes the viscosity is given as , kinematic viscosity, in m2/s, where is the density of the fluid.
2/23/2016

22

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid (P.48 No.2)
Referring to Fig.2.4-1. the distance between plates is y=0.5cm, vz=10cm/s,
and the fluid is ethyl alcohol at 273 K having a viscosity of 1.77cp(0.0177g/cm s).
a) Calculate the shear stress yz and the velocity gradient or shear rate dvz/dy
using cgs units.
b) Repeat, using lb force, s and ft units (English units). Not this time
c) Repeat, using SI units.

F,forth

vz

Figure 2.4-1. Fluid shear between two parallel plates

2/23/2016

23

EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid

(P.48 No.2)
Solution: we can substitute directly into Eq.(2.4-1) or we can integrate
Eq.(2.4-2). Using the latter method, rearranging Eq.(2.4-2), calling the bottom
plate point1,and integrating.

y 2 0 .5
yz

dy

y1 0

yz
2/23/2016

v2 0

dv

(2.4-4)

v 1 10

v1 v2

y 2 y1

(2.4-5)
24

EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid (P.48 No.2)

Solution:
Substituting the known values,

yz

v1 v 2
g 10 0cm / s

0.0177

y 2 y1
cm s 0.5 0cm

g cm / s 2
dyn
0.354
0.354 2
2
cm
cm

(2.4-6)

To calculate the shear rate dvz/dy, since the velocity change is linear with y,
Shear rate

2/23/2016

dv z
v z

10 0cm / s

20.0s 1

0.5 0cm
dy
y

(2.4-7)

25

EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid (P.48 No.2)

Solution:

For part (b), using lb force units and the viscosity conversion factor from Appendix A.1.

1.77cp6.7197 10 lbm / ft s / cp
4

1.77 6.797 10 4 lm m / ft s

2/23/2016

26

EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid (P.48 No.2)

Solution:
Integrating Eq.(2.4-3),

yz

2/23/2016

lb m / ft s v1 v 2 ft / s
lm m ft
gc
lb f s 2

y2

y1 ft

(2.4-8)

27

EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid (P.48 No.2)

Solution:
Substituting known values into Eq.(2.4-8) and converting vz to ft/s and y to ft.

yz 7 . 39 10 4 lb f / ft 2 .

Also , dv z / dy 20 s 1

For part (c), y=0.5/100=0.005 m, vz= 10/100=0.1 m/s, and

1.77 103 kg / m s 1.77 103 Pa s.

Substituting into Eq.(2.4-5),

yz 1.77 10 3 0.10 / 0.005 0.0354N / m 2

The shear rate will be the same as 20.0s -1
2/23/2016

28

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

b) Heat Transfer
(p.235 4.1 INTRODUCTION AND MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
4.1A Introduction to Steady-State Heat Transfer)

(rate of heat in) + (rate of generation of heat)

= (rate of heat out) + (rate of accumulation of heat)

2/23/2016

(4.1-1)

29

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

b) Heat Transfer
(p.235 4.1 INTRODUCTION AND MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
4.1A Introduction to Steady-State Heat Transfer)
Hear

Fouriers law

qx
dT
k
A
dx

(4.1-2)

qx
A
k
T
x

heat-transfer rate

[W] or [cal/s]

cross-sectional area

[m2]

thermal conductivity

[W/(mK)]or [cal/s cm]

temperature
distance

[K]or []
[m]

:
:

qx
:

heat flux

temperature gradient [K/m]

[W/m ]

A
dT
2/23/2016

dx

30

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

b) Heat Transfer
(p.235 4.1 INTRODUCTION AND MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
4.1 A Introduction to Steady-State Heat Transfer)
Making an unsteady-state heat balance for the x direction only on the element of volume or control
volume in Fig.4.1-1 by using Eqs. (4.1-1) and (4.1-2), with the cross-sectional area being A m2,

qx x q x A qx xx c p

T
x A
t

(4.1-3)

Where q is rate of heat generated per unit volume. Assuming

no heat generation and also assuming steady-state heat transfer,
where the rate of accumulation is zero, Eq. (4.1-3) becomes

qx x qx xx

(4.1-3)

This means the rate of heat input by conduction = the rate

of heat output by conduction; or qx is a constant with time
for steady-state heat transfer
2/23/2016

area A

out=qxlx+x

in=qxlx

x+x

Figure 4.1-1. Unsteady-state balance

for heart transfer in control volume
31

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

c) Mass Transfer
(p.410 6.1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER AND DIFFUSION
6.1A Similarity of Mass, Heat and Momentum Transfer Processes)
For the mass transfer

Ficks law

J* Az = - D AB

dC A
dz

(6.1-3)

Hear

J* Az
D AB
CA
Z
2/23/2016

molar flux of component A in the z direction due to molecular diffusion [kg-mol/(s m2)]

molecular diffusivity of the molecule A in B

[m2/s]

concentration of A

[kg-mol/ m3)]

distance of diffusion

[m]
32

APPENDIX

2/23/2016

33

For the momentum

If we let y approach zero

Newtons law of viscosity

dv z
yz g c
dy
=

Here

(English unit)

(2.4-3)

shear stress or
force per unit area lbf/ft2

yz F / A
: coefficient of viscosity
du
:

velocity gradient

[lbm/fts] or [Pa s], [kg/ms],[Ns/m ]

[1/s]

dy
gc(gravitational conversion factor)=32.1740lb m ft/lbf s2
= 980.665gm cm/gf s2
2/23/2016

34

Week 1 Feb.16 & 17

Topics

Thank you for attending week 1 lecture

2/23/2016

35