GL3. ProgrammationII. Chap1. Introduction À .NET Framework Et À C#

Chapitre 1.
Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012
Chapitre 1
Introduction au .NET Framework,

Visual Studio 2012,
et au langage C#
Mohamed Romdhani
MCSD Web Applications .NET 4.5
Contenu
Le .NET Framework
Prsentation de Visual Studio
Introduction au langage C#
M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014
Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012
Le .NET Framework
Quest ce que .NET ?

Dfinition : [dot-net]
.NET est une plateforme

complte pour dvelopper,
dployer et excuter des
Applications Web, Windows,
Mobiles et serveur
Un Modle de programmation unifi

Une plate-forme de dploiement et dexcution
Framework .NET : Gratuit & intgr Windows
Architecture
Application
.NET Framework
OS
5
Components of the Framework
Frameworks
WinForms
WPF
WCF
etc.
VB
C#
Ruby /
Python
Base Class Library

Core types and services
etc.
Visual Studio
ASP.NET
Languages
Common Language Runtime

Assembly load and execution
Historique du .NET Framework

et de Visual Studio
Version
Version Number
Release Date
Visual Studio
1.0
1.0.3705.0
13.02.2002
Visual Studio .NET 2002
1.1
1.1.4322.573
24.04.2003
Visual Studio .NET 2003
2.0
2.0.50727.42
07.11.2005
Visual Studio 2005
3.0
3.0.4506.30
06.11.2006
3.5
3.5.21022.8
19.11.2007
Visual Studio 2008
4.0
4.0.30319.1
12.04.2010
Visual Studio 2010
4.5
4.5.40805
12.09.2012
Visual Studio 2012
Historique dvolution de la CLR
SP1
3.5
3.0
.NET 1.0
.NET 1.1
.NET 2.0
4.5
.NET 4
.NET 4
2002
2003
2005-08
2008 CTP!
2008 CTP!
CLR 1.0
CLR
1.1
CLR 2.0
CLR 4
CLR 4.5
Caractristiques de la plateforme
.Net
Les langages gnrent
dsormais un langage
commun, bas sur des types
communs : le MSIL
(Microsoft Intermediate
Language)
Ces modules en MSIL sont
compils en code machine
la vole ( just in time )
Astuce : il est possible de
lire le MSIL avec ildasm
Astuce : il est possible de
dcompiler avec reflector
Common Language Runtime (CLR)

Common Type System
JIT (just-in-time) Compiler
Code access security
Garbage Collection
Class Loader
COM Interoperability
10
JIT Compilation and Runtime

.exe
Source
Code
Compiler
.cs
csc.exe
(Compile time)
MSIL
MSIL
containing
.NET
Assembly
Run time
JITter
CLR
En ter Title Here
Memory
11
MSIL
.NET Languages JITting MSIL
Not an executable
Needs CLR
After JIT compilation (Just-In-Time Compilation)
CPU independent
Advantages
Platform independent / any client (that has a suitable framework)
Optimization (even smart compilation)
12
What does MSIL look like?

ILDASM.exe
13
What is the Common Type System?

A set of common types
any language that runs in CLR should implement
no syntax specified
Languages often define aliases
For example
CTS defines
System.Int32
4 byte integer
C# defines int as an
alias of System.Int32
Value Types are
allocated on the Stack
Reference Types are
allocated on the Heap
14
What is an assembly ?
Building blocks of .NET Framework applications
Collection of types and resources that form a logical unit of functionality
MyAssembly .dll OR .exe

Assembly signed
with a digital
certificate
MyClassA
MyResource
MyClassB
V 1.1.254.1
Assembly version
<major>.<minor>.<build>.<revision>
15
Organisation du Framework .NET
System
System.IO
Entres/Sorties
System.Security
System.Collections
Listes, tableaux, etc.
System.Resources
Traduction automatique
System.Text
StringBuilder
System.Text.RegularExpressions
System.Configuration
Accs aux fichiers de config XML.
System.Xml
System.Xml.Schema
Pour les XSD
Transformation dun objet en XML et

inversement.
System.Xml.XPath
System.Xml.Xsl
Parcours optimis dun flux XML.
Transformation XSLT : formatage

dun flux XML.
System.Data
ADO.NET
System.Data.OracleClient
System.Xml.Serialization
Se trouve dans une assembly

distincte.
System.Data.Sql
16
What Tools Does the .NET Framework

Provide?
Caspol.exe
Makecert.exe
Ngen.exe
Gacutil.exe
Ildasm.exe
Sn.exe
17
Prsentation de Visual Studio
18
Visual Studio 2012 IDE Overview
Visual Studio 2012:

Intuitive IDE that enables developers to quickly build
applications in their chosen programming language
Visual Studio 2012 features:

Rapid application development
Server and data access
Debugging features
Error handling
Help and documentation
19

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
Project templates
Wizards
Debugging
IntelliSense
20
10
The Structure of Visual Studio Projects and

Solutions
Visual Studio Solution
Visual Studio solutions are wrappers for .NET projects
Visual Studio solutions can contain multiple .NET projects
Visual Studio solutions can contain different types of .NET projects
ASP.NET project
WPF project
.aspx
.xaml
.csproj
.aspx.cs .config
.csproj
.xaml.cs .config
Console project
.cs
.csproj
.config
21

Visual Basic Windows Forms Application
(selected)
Default project name

(provided by Visual Studio)
Description of selected project

(provided by Visual Studio)
22
11
Menu in the menu bar
(cont.)
Solution Explorer window
Form (Windows
Forms application)
Properties
window
23
Menu Bar and Toolbar
The set of menus displayed depends on what you are currently doing in the IDE
You can access common commands from the toolbar icons
24
12
Visual Studio 2012 Useful Shorcuts

Build & Debug Shortcuts
Set/Unset Breakpoint (F9)
Build (F6 or Ctrl +Shift +B)
Start Debugging (F5)
Start Without Debugging (Ctrl +F5)
Stop Debugging (Shift +F5)
Continue (F5)
Step Over (F10)
Step Into (F11)
Step Out (Shift +F11)
Comment / Uncomment (Ctrl +K, C / Ctrl +K, U)
Go to Definition (F12)
Find all References (Shift + F12)
Auto Format (Ctrl +K, D or Ctrl +E, D)
Surround With (Ctrl +S) Surrounds a block of code with a code snippet.
25
Introduction au langage C#
26
13
Purpose of C#
C#
C# is the language of choice for many developers who build
.NET Framework applications
C# uses a very similar syntax to C, C++, and Java
C# has been standardized and is described by the ECMA334 C# Language Specification
27
C# au fil de lhistoire
[http://jlambert.developpez.com/tutoriels/dotnet/nouveautes-csharp-5/]
28
14
The Structure of a Console Application
Bring System namespace into scope

using System;
Namespace declaration
namespace MyFirstApplication
{
class Program
Program class declaration
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
}
Main method declaration
}
}
29
Key language features

Unified object system
Everything type is an object, even primitives
Single inheritance
Interfaces
Specify methods & interfaces, but no implementation
Structs
A restricted, lightweight (efficient) type
Delegates
Expressive typesafe function pointer
Useful for strategy and observer design patterns
30
15
Hello World example

public class HelloWorld
{
public static void Main()
{
// Use the system console object
System.Console.WriteLine(Hello, World!);
}
}
Creates a new object type (class) called HelloWorld.
It contains a single method, called Main.
Main contains one line, which writes Hello, World! on the display.
The method that performs this action is called WriteLine.
The WriteLine method belongs to the System.Console object.
The keyword static means that the method Main can be called even if there is no
current instance of the class. Its a class method, not an instance method.
The line beginning with // is a comment, and does not execute.
31
Syntax
Case-sensitive
Whitespace has no meaning
Sequences of space, tab, linefeed, carriage return
Semicolons are used to terminate statements (;)

Curly braces {} enclose code blocks
Comments:
/* comment */
// comment
/// <comment_in_xml>
Automatic XML commenting facility
32
16
Classes and Objects

A class combines together
Data
Class variables
Behavior
Methods
A key feature of objectoriented languages

Procedural languages, such as C, did not require clustering of data and behavior
Class/instance distinction
Class defines variables & methods
Need to create instanced of the class, called objects, to use variables & methods
Exception: static methods and variables
Analogy: a jelly bean mold (class) can be used to create a large number of jelly
beans (objects, instances of the class)
33
Inheritance
Operationally
If class B inherits from base class A, it gains all of the variables and
methods of A
Class B can optionally add more variables and methods
Class B can optionally change the methods of A
Uses
Reuse of class by specializing it for a specific context
Extending a general class for more specific uses
Interfaces
Allow reuse of method definitions of
interface
Subclass must implement method
definitions
34
17
Inheritance Example
class A
{
public void display_one()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("I come from A");
}
}
class B : A
{
public void display_two()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("I come from B, child of A");
}
}
class App
{
static void Main()
{
A a = new A(); // Create instance of A
B b = new B(); // Create instance of B
a.display_one(); // I come from A
b.display_one(); // I come from A
b.display_two(); // I come from B, child of A
}
}
35
Visibility
A class is a container for data and behavior
Often want to control over which code:
Can read & write data
Can call methods
Access modifiers:
Public
No restrictions. Members visible to any method of any class
Private
Members in class A marked private only accessible to methods of class A
Default visibility of class variables (but is good to state this explicitly)
Protected
Members in class A marked protected accessible to methods of class A and subclasses of
A.
36
18
Constructors
Use new to create a new object instance
This causes the constructor to be called
A constructor is a method called when an object is created
C# provides a default constructor for every class
Creates object but takes no other action
Typically classes have explicitly provided constructor

Constructor
Has same name as the class
Can take arguments
Usually public, though not always
Singleton design pattern makes constructor private to ensure only one object instance
is created
37
Predefined Types
C# predefined types
Reference object, string
Signed
sbyte, short, int, long
Unsigned byte, ushort, uint, ulong

Character char (2 byte, Unicode)
Floating-point
float, double, decimal
Logical
bool
Predefined types are simply aliases for system-provided types

For example, int == System.Int32
Unusual types in C#
Bool: Holds a boolean value: true or false
Decimal : A fixed precision number up to 28 digits plus decimal point
Useful for money calculations : 300.5m (Suffix m or M indicates decimal)
38
19
Delegates
An objectified function
inherits from System.Delegate
sealed implicitly
looks much like C/C++ style function pointer
eg. delegate int Func(ref int x)
defines a new type: Func: takes int, returns int
declared like a function with an extra keyword
stores a list of methods to call
Example
delegate int Func(ref int x);
int Increment(ref int x) { return x++; }
int Decrement(ref int x) { return x--; }
Func F1 = new Func(Increment);
F1 += Decrement;
x = 10;
Console.WriteLine(F1(ref x));
Console.WriteLine(x);
39
Events
Special class of delegates
given the event keyword
class Room {
public event EventHandler Enter;
public void RegisterGuest(object source, EventArgs e) { }
public static void Main(string[] args) {
Enter += new EventHandler(RegisterGuest);
if (Enter != null) {
Enter(this, new EventArgs());
}
}
}
Enter is an object of type delegate
when event is raised each delegate called
C# allows any delegate to be attached to an event
.NET requires only EventHandlers

Adds restrictions to the delegate
can only raise an event in its defining class
outside, can only do += and -= : return void
40
20
C# 3.0 Features
Implicitly Typed Local Variables
Extension Methods
Lambda Expressions
Object Initializers
Collection Initializers
41
Implicitly Typed Local Variables

Examples:
var
var
var
var
var
i = 5;
s = "Hello";
d = 1.0;
numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3};
orders = new Dictionary<int,Order>();
Are equivalent to:

int i = 5;
string s = "Hello";
double d = 1.0;
int[] numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3};
Dictionary<int,Order> orders = new Dictionary<int,Order>();
Errors:
var x;
var y = {1, 2, 3};
var z = null;
// Error, no initializer to infer type from

// Error, collection initializer not permitted
// Error, null type not permitted
42
21
Extension Methods
Declaration:
public static partial class Extensions {
public static int ToInt32(this string s) {
return Int32.Parse(s);
}
}
Usage:
string s = "1234";
int i = s.ToInt32();
// Same as Extensions.ToInt32(s)
Instance methods take precedence over extension methods

Extension methods imported in inner namespace declarations take precedence
over extension methods imported in outer namespace declarations
43
Extension Methods (2)

Declaration:
public static partial class Extensions {
public static T[] Slice<T>(this T[] source, int index, int count) {
if (index < 0 || count < 0 || source.Length index < count)
throw new ArgumentException();
T[] result = new T[count];
Array.Copy(source, index, result, 0, count);
return result;
}
}
Usage:
int[] digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
int[] a = digits.Slice(4, 3);
// Same as Extensions.Slice(digits, 4, 3)
44
22
Lambda Expressions
Generalized function syntax
x.x+1
in C# 3.0, have x => x + 1
From anonymous delegate syntax:
delegate(int x) { return x + 1;}
Can have implicitly typed variables
Can have more than one variable
Can have expression or statement body
NB: no statement bodies in preview compiler
45
Lambda Expressions (2)

Can be converted to delegate type
if parameters and body match
delegate R Func<A,R>(A arg);
Func<int,int> f1 = x => x + 1;
Func<int,double> f2 = x => x + 1;
Func<double,int> f3 = x => x + 1;
Participate in type inference

If expression body, get expression trees
46
23
Lambda Expressions (3)

Type inference
public static IEnumerable<S> Select<T,S>(
this IEnumerable<T> source,
Func<T,S> selector)
{
foreach (T element in source)
yield return selector(element);
}
If call Select(customers, c => c.Name);

T, S mapped to appropriate types
47
Object Initializers
Class representing a point:
public class Point {
private int x, y;
public int X { get { return x; } set { x = value; } }

public int Y { get { return y; } set { y = value; } }
}
New instance can be created using object initializer:

var a = new Point { X = 0, Y = 1 };
Which is equivalent to:

var a = new Point();
a.X = 0;
a.Y = 1;
48
24
Object Initializers (2)

Class representing a rectangle:
public class Rectangle {
private Point p1, p2;
public Point P1 { get { return p1; } set { p1 = value; } }
public Point P2 { get { return p2; } set { p2 = value; } }
}
New instance can be created using object initializer:

var r = new Rectangle {
P1 = new Point { X = 0, Y = 1 },
P2 = new Point { X = 2, Y = 3 }
};
Which is equivalent to:

var r = new Rectangle();
var __p1 = new Point();
__p1.X = 0;
__p1.Y = 1;
r.P1 = __p1;
var __p2 = new Point();
__p2.X = 2;
__p2.Y = 3;
r.P2 = __p2;
49
Collection Initializers
Example:
List<int> digits = new List<int> { 0, 1, 2};
Is equivalent to:
List<int> digits = new List<int>();
digits.Add(0);
digits.Add(1);
digits.Add(2);
List<T> has to implement System.Collections.Generic.ICollection<T>

interface with the Add(T) method
50
25
Auto-implemented Properties
Backed up by a private field normally inaccessible to programmer (only
via the property):
class LightweightCustomer {
public double TotalPurchases { get; set; }
public string Name { get; private set; }
// read-only
public int CustomerID { get; private set; }
// read-only
51
Anonymous Types
Following expression:
new { p1 = e1 , p2 = e2 , pn = en }
Can be used to define an anonymous type :

class __Anonymous1 {
private T1 f1 ;
private T2 f2 ;
private Tn fn ;
public T1 p1 { get { return f1 ; } set { f1 = value ; } }

}
And create its instance using object initializer

Different anonymous object initilizers that define properties with same
names in the same order generate the same anonymous type:
var p1 = new { Name = "Lawnmower", Price = 495.00 };
var p2 = new { Name = "Shovel", Price = 26.95 };
p1 = p2;
52
26
Partial Methods
Can appear only in partial classes or structs, and must be void,
private and without out parameters:
partial class A {
string _name;
partial void OnNameChanged();
public string Name {
set {
_name = value;
OnNameChanged();
}
}
}
partial class A {
partial void OnNameChanged() {
// Do something
}
}
53
LINQ to Objects
Set of generic extension methods (Select, Where, OrderBy, + others)
implemented for IEnumerable<T> interface, example:
int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };
var numberGroups = from n in numbers group n by n % 5 into g
select new {Remainder = g.Key, Numbers = g.Group};
foreach (var g in numberGroups) {
Console.WriteLine(
"Numbers with a remainder of {0} when divided by 5:", g.Remainder);
);
foreach (int n in g.Numbers) {
Console.WriteLine(n);
}
}
LINQ to SQL Classes for SQL data access using

query expressions
LINQ to XML - Classes for XML data access using
query expressions
LINQ to DataSets - Classes for querying Datasets using
query expressions (on typed DataSets works similarly
as LINQ to SQL)
Numbers with a remainder of 0 when divided by 5:

5
0
4
9
1
6
3
8
7
2
54
27
C# 4.0 Features
Dynamic Typed objects
Named and optional Parameters
55
Dynamic Typed Objects

Calculator calc = GetCalculator();
int sum = calc.Add(10, 20);
object calc = GetCalculator();
Type calcType = calc.GetType();
object res = calcType.InvokeMember("Add",
BindingFlags.InvokeMethod, null,
new object[] { 10, 20 });
ScriptObject calc = GetCalculator();
int sum = Convert.ToInt32(res);
object res = calc.Invoke("Add", 10, 20);
int sum = Convert.ToInt32(res);
Statically typed
to be dynamic
dynamic calc = GetCalculator();

int sum = calc.Add(10, 20);
Dynamic
conversion
Dynamic method
invocation
56
28
Named and Optional Parameters

Consider this example:
public void M(int x, int y = 5, int z = 7) { }

In this method, the parameters y and z are assigned default values.
Calls to this method might look like this:
M(1, 2, 3); // ordinary call of M
M(1, 2); // omitting z equivalent to M(1, 2, 7)
M(1); // omitting both y and z equivalent to M(1, 5, 7)
M(1, z: 3); // passing z by name
M(x: 1, z: 3); // passing both x and z by name
M(z: 3, x: 1); // reversing the order of arguments
57
Covariance & Contravariance

If the type of the return value is subclass
then the delegate is still acceptable
called covariance
If the type of the args are subclasses
then the delegate is likewise acceptable
called contravariance
58
29
Generic co- and contravariance

If T appears only as an output, its safe to pass
X<TDerived> for X<T>
We call this covariance
C# uses the syntax X<out T>
If T appears only as an input, its safe to pass

X<TBase> for X<T>
We call this contravariance
C# uses the syntax X<in T>
59
Variance en .NET 4.0

Interfaces
System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<out T>
System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerator<out T>
System.Linq.IQueryable<out T>
System.Collections.Generic.IComparer<in T>
System.Collections.Generic.IEqualityComparer<in T>
System.IComparable<in T>
Delegates
System.Func<in T, , out R>
System.Action<in T, >
System.Predicate<in T>
System.Comparison<in T>
System.EventHandler<in T>
60
30

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Chapitre 1.

Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

Introduction au .NET Framework,

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Quest ce que .NET ?

.NET est une plateforme

Un Modle de programmation unifi

Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Components of the Framework

Base Class Library

Common Language Runtime

Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

Historique du .NET Framework

Visual Studio .NET 2002

Visual Studio .NET 2003

Visual Studio 2005

Visual Studio 2008

Visual Studio 2010

Visual Studio 2012

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Historique dvolution de la CLR

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Common Language Runtime (CLR)

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

JIT Compilation and Runtime

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

What does MSIL look like?

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

What is the Common Type System?

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

MyAssembly .dll OR .exe

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Organisation du Framework .NET

Transformation dun objet en XML et

Parcours optimis dun flux XML.

Transformation XSLT : formatage

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Se trouve dans une assembly

Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

What Tools Does the .NET Framework

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Prsentation de Visual Studio

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

Visual Studio 2012 IDE Overview

Visual Studio 2012:

Visual Studio 2012 features:

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Visual Studio 2012 IDE Overview

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Chapitre 1. Introduction C# et Visual Studio 2012

The Structure of Visual Studio Projects and

M. Romdhani, Janvier 2014

Visual Studio 2012 IDE Overview