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A of the system
Heat transfer tells us:
How (with what modes) dQ is transferred
At what rate dQ is transferred
Temperature distribution inside the body
Classification
Transit: example radiator.
Periodic: example of engine.
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction:
An energy transfer across a system boundary due to a temperature difference by the mechanism of
intermolecular interactions. Conduction needs matter and does not require any bulk motion of
matter.
By Oscillation: in non conductor
By electron and oscillation: in conductor
By impact: in fluids
Examples:
Conduction rate equation is described by the Fourier Law: this law is based on observations
rate of heat flow is to area of flow (A) and temperature difference (T) and 1/ to thickness
(dx) So ..
We assume case of one dimensional heat flow and k remains constant.
q Ax dT/dx = kAx dT/dx
k = thermal conductivity of material (W/m K) (which varies with temperature but we
assume it to be constant..)
q = heat flow vector, (W) or (J/s)
A = Cross sectional area in direction of heat flow. (m2 )
dT = temp difference in one direction.
Conduction rate equation rectangular coordinate system
q = kAx (dT/dx i + dT/dy j + dT/dz k)
Conduction rate equation radial system
qr = kAr dT/dr
Conduction rate equation if temperature gradient is constant
q = kA T2-T1
x2-x1
** Here area will remain constant in direction of flow, later we will derive other cases.
One end of the block of 1mx1mx.5m is at
A=1m2
o
o
100 C, another is maintained at 0 C. (k=
l= .05m
385W/m K). find (1)rate of heat transfer (2) k= 385W/m K
thermal resistance.
T= 385
(i)
q = kA T = 385X1X100/0.05 = 770
kW
l
(ii)
R= l/kA = 0.05/(385X1)=1.3 X 10-4
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An energy transfer across a system boundary due to a temperature difference by the combined
mechanisms of intermolecular interactions and bulk transport. Convection needs fluid matter.
Type :
Natural convection: the mixing is carried out by difference in density of cold and hot partials(induced
by buoyancy forces)..
Ex:
Hot plate to atmosphere.
Water heating system.
Heating of room by stove.
Forced convection: the mixing is carried out by pump, fan etc. here heat transfer rate speeds up.
Cooling of I.C engine.
Heat transfer through wall to fluid or fluid to wall is very important in engineering heat transfer.
Page |3
Radiation:
Radiation heat transfer involves the transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation (where the energy is
carried by photons of light in the infrared and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum) that
arises due to the temperature of the body. Radiation does not need matter.
Mechanism: heat flow through radiation occurs in 3 phase
1. Thermal energy is converted in to em waves: all body above absolute zero emit radiant energy
via photons.
2. photons can travel in space without media @ light
3. when photon strike another surface they are absorbed /reflected/ transmitted but absorbed
and converted in to heat in perfect black body.
Radiation rate equation is described by the STEFAN BOLTZMAN LAW: Total emission
from a black body per unit area per unit time is proportional to forth power of absolute
temperature of the body.
E=Ts4 (W/ m 2 )
Where:
E=A(Ts4 - Tsur4 )
Where:
Tsur = Absolute temperature of surroundings. (K)
EXAMPLE1:
Two perfect black bodies surround each other such that all radiant energy of inner surface at 1000oC
reaches outer surface at 200oC find net rate of heat transfer per unit area.
Sol
Ts1 = 200+273 = 473
Ts2 = 1000+273= 1273
E/A=(Ts14 Ts24 )
= 146kW/m2
EXAMPLE2:
5 cm dia pipe at steady state temp 60 oC kept in a room of temp 25 oC , =0.7, h= 6.5 W/m 2 K
Calculate total heat loss / unit length
Sol
Conv. q = h As T= h ( x d x l)(60-25)= 6.5x ( x 0.05x1)(60-25) = 35.72W
Rad. q= A(Ts14 Ts24 ) = 0.7 x ( x d x l) x 5.67 x 10 -8 ((60+273)4-(25+273)4)
total
q= 33.72W
Q=35.72+33.72=69.44W
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OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COFF.:
qci=
hiA(Ti-Ta)
qk =
kA(Ta-Tb)
l
qco = hoA(Tb-To)
= (Ti-Ta)
Rci
= (Ta-Tb)
Rk
= (Tb-To)
Rco
Ti
Ta
q
ci
Tb
q
To
q
co
qci = qk = qco = q
Now we can measure Ti and T o but not Ta and Tb so we eliminate them
(Ti-Ta) + (Ta-Tb) + (Tb-To) = q Rci + q Rk + q Rco
Ti To = q (Rci + Rk + Rco)
q=
(Ti To)
(Rci + Rk + Rco)
By Newtons law of cooling
q = UAT = (Ti To)
(Rci + Rk + Rco)
UA=
1
.
(Rci + Rk + Rco)
ELECTRICAL ANALOGY TO HEAT FLOW
Ti
Ti
Ta
q
ci
Tb
q
Ta
Tb
To
To
q
co
V= I(R1+R2+R3)
T= q (Rci + Rk + Rco)
Rci
1/ hiA
Rk
l/kA
Rco
1/ hoA
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Heat from furnace to wall
qci/A= hi(Ti-Ta) =10(1000-800)=2000Wm2
From wall to atmos.
q/A = ho(Tb-To) = 5(Tb - 25) = 2000
Tb = 425 oC
Eq for conduction
q/A = k(Ta - Tb)/ l = 2000
l
= 0.195 m
Assumptions:
Consider a small volume whose dimensions are dx, dy, dz. Material is
homogenous and isotropic. Means its properties (density, h, k ) are same
everywhere.
Page |6
Temperature is indicated by T
Temperature is a function of distance do T changes as distance changes ( T changes as dx changes).
So rate of change of temperature T/ x
Change of temperature at a distance dx=> Tx - Tx+dx =>
In d s Kumar it is
=>
Now
heat inflow during
time dt
+ heat generated Eg
during time dt
/x
dx
/x dx
= heat outflow
during time dt
+ change in
internal energy
during time dt Est
c(dx.dy.dz)dT
Est =mcdT
m= X volume
/x
-k (dx dydz)
2T
/y2
= -k (dx dydz)
2T
/y2
Page |7
Putting them in energy balance eq and solving we get GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ
2T
cT
Change in thermal
energy storage
/dx2
=0
Assumptions: same
Page |8
Thermal energy
generation
Change in thermal
energy storage
/r2+(1/r) T/r = 0
1
/r2 d/dr ( r dT/dr ) = 0
Assumptions: same
Volume = (dr.rd.rsin.d)
Heat flow r- plan, direction per unit time
Page |9
T
( q ) r. sin .d .dt
r. sin .
dq+d - dq = k(dr.rd.rsin.d) [
Heat flow r- plan, direction
1
2T
.dt
r 2 . sin 2 . 2
(q) . rd
r.
dq+d - dq = k(V)
dqr+dr - dqr =
(q) . dr
r
(r
T
r
) . dt
) ( sin T
)+
(r
T
r
=0
OVER ALL
Steady-state conduction, no internal generation of energy
For one-dimensional, steady-state transfer by conduction without heat generation
i = 0 rectangular coordinates
i = 1 cylindrical coordinates
i = 2 spherical coordinates
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Thermal Conductivity: A measure of a materials ability to transfer thermal energy by conduction.
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