CE 4312- Water and

Wastewater Engineering
LECTURE 1-INTRODUCTION

Nadeeka Miguntanna
nadee830@gmail.com
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Learning Outcomes
On completion of this unit you should be able to:
Understand the importance of water and wastewater
transfer and treatment.
Understand the principles of unit processes in water and
wastewater treatment including: physical, chemical, and
biological treatment principles and the impacts of water
pollutants on human health and the environment.
Apply the fundamental principles of water and
wastewater treatment in designing water and wastewater
treatment schemes to remove pollutants.
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Content
Wastewater collection and treatment
Introduction and Terminology

Wastewater flow rates

Wastewater characteristics
Wastewater composition

Wastewater characterization studies

Primary and secondary treatment of wastewater
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Introduction and Terminology

Topics
Beneficial uses of water
Objectives
Necessity of Water and Wastewater Treatment?
Global situation
Water cycle
Water Sources
Aims of water treatment
Water Quality & Quantity
A typical surface water treatment plant
Water quality Guidelines & Standards
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Basic needs Human Life

Air

Shelter

Food

Water

Many Live
with out
Love but
none with
out water
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Beneficial uses of Water

Aquatic life and wildlife support

Fish/shellfish consumption
Recreation
Agriculture
Industry/hydropower/landscaping
Drinking water supply

Aquatic life and wildlife support

The waterbody provides suitable habitat for
survival and reproduction of desirable fish,
shellfish, and other aquatic organisms

Beneficial uses of Water Contd:

Landscaping
Hydro Power generation
Industrial processing and/or cooling

Water Consumption

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Objectives- Environmental Engineering

To supply water safe/portable in QUALITY and
adequate QUANTITY to population.

To COLLECT, TREAT AND DISPOSE the

wastewater generated in the community.
To put in place the methods for pollution
prevention in industries and to treat and
dispose of industrial wastes.
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Objectives- Environmental Engineering Contd:

To control air pollution from indoor, work
environment as well as from the industries.
To collect, transport and safely dispose of
municipal and hazardous solid wastes.

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Why Treat Water and Wastewater?

Concern to the Public Health

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Historical Development of Public

Health
In the early 19th century, the growing towns of
Britain were characterised by overcrowding, poor
housing, bad water and disease.
Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890)argued that disease
was the main reason for poverty, and that
preventing disease would reduce the poor rates.
In 1848, a cholera epidemic terrified the
government into doing something about
prevention of disease -through both public and
individual health measures.
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Sir Edwin Chadwick(In 1842)

Aid to be sought from the science of the Civil
Engineer, not from the physician

He identified that solutions for Environmental

medical problems would be come from
Engineering but not from medical community.
Public Health Act and the Nuisances removal
and Diseases Prevention Act were passed in 1848.
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The Observations of Dr John Snow

(1813-1858)
In 1854, within 10 days some 500 people living in or
around Broad Street died. Snow lived in the area of Frith
Street, so he decided to intervene. He patrolled the
district, interviewing the families of the victims .
His research led him to a pump on the corner of Broad
Street (now Broadwick) and Cambridge Street
Nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short
distance of the pump.
Dr John Snow, a surgeon (later, considered pioneer of the
science of epidemiology), speculated that it was spread by
contaminated water.

an idea neither the authorities nor the

medical profession accepted.

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Broad Street Pump & John

Snows proof of choleras
transmission of the 530inmates
of the Poland Street workhouse,
only 5people had contracted
cholera; building had its own
well.
the 70workers in a Broad Street
brewery, where the men were
given an allowance of free beer
every day and so never drank
water at all, there were no
victims at all
Snow recommended to
remove the pump handle.
When they did so, the spread
of cholera stopped.
However, Snow's 'germ' theory of disease was
not widely accepted until the 1860s.
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 The most advanced and elaborate eighty-two

miles of sewage system in the entire world was
operational by 1865

It remains the backbone of

Londons waste-management
system to this day.
In 1875 a Public Health Act enforced
laws about slum clearance, provision of
sewers and clean water, and the
removal of nuisances.

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HEALTH IN A SOCIETY
Today researchers express the incidence of
disease as a rate relative to the population or
to the population within age cohorts (e.g.,
deaths per 1,000 population)
Health in a society is usually measured by
three main indicators: the infant mortality
rate, the childhood mortality rate and the life
expectancy.
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(Sources * WHO, 1999 ; ** WHO, 2000)

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February 2010- Cholera in Papua New

Guinea (in 50 years).
2109 cases have been confirmed nationwide.
50 dead as of 1March 2010
East Sepik's main river was contaminated with
Vibrio cholerae, the bacteria which cause
cholera. Mainly a water-borne disease, though it
can become food-borne.
cholera treatment centre At Angau Hospital,
Lae http://www.msf.org.au

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CHOLEARA OUTBREAK IN SRILANKA

Sri Lanka is suffering from a cholera outbreak
which started at the end of September
1997. A total of 431 cases were reported for
1997. As of 13 November 1998, the total
number of cases notified for 1998 is 1 264,
with 36 deaths. On average, 125 cases per
month, with a case-fatality rate of 2.7 %.
(WHO records-1998)
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Preventable Deaths

LACK OF CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION ARE

TWO OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE POOR HEALTH
CONDITIONS.

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Water treatment aims to ensure that

water is:
Pleasant to consumers (Aesthetics).
Free from colour, taste, odor and pleasing.
(Physical perception-Subjective)
Safe for human consumption (Safety).
Free from Bacteriological (Free from
pathogens-Disease causing microorganism)
and other chemical constituents.
Provided at a reasonable cost (Economics).

PORTABLE AND PALATABLE WATER

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Limited amount of fresh water on earth that

humans can use.
To some degree the earth's fresh water supplies are
constantly refreshed through a natural process- we
call the water cycle
Therefore a renewable resource.

It's very important that we use fresh water

thoughtfully.
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The Hydrological Cycle (Water Cycle)

The recycling of water between the Earth and the
atmosphere.
It is the movement of water involving
Evaporation,
Transpiration,
Condensation,
Precipitation,
Infiltration
Run-off
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The Urban Water Cycle

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QUANTITY OF WATER
WATER SOURCES
Ground Water
Surface Water
Lake Water
Sea Water
Treated Effluent - Wastewater treated to the
highest standard to remove contaminants and
impurities.
Provide economic benefits by reducing demand
on water reserves.
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Pollution Level (PL) and Carrying

Capacity(CC)
Prior to Industrial and Green Revolution,
quantum of pollution was less.
Rivers self cleaning capacity (Carrying
Capacity) was greater than pollution load.

CC>PL
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At Present................
Intensive industrialization population explosion
and modernization leads

PL>CC
Therefore intervention by Environmental
Engineers (EE) is Essential.
EE- Engineers the natural process to
amplify the rates such that the process
occurs rapidly.

TREATMENT PLANT

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TREATMENT PLANT
Water is continuum. No difference between
water and wastewater (except in biodegradable
organic matter).

Similar Treatment technologies (Unit operation

and processes ) can be employed.
Selection of Treatment technology depends on
nature of pollutant.

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1. Before water is supplied to community

quality should be enhanced so as to meet
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS.
2. Simultaneously the wastewater quality to be
enhanced since untreated effluent causes
deterioration of water quality (This is called
source protection.
3. Source protection is an effective method of
maintaining high quality resulting in
reduction in water treatment cost.
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Typical Engineered system of

Treatment

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