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ISSN 1992-8424
Volume 7 Number 4
proposed system.
The body sensor networks deployed for patient
monitoring assist the healthcare professionals in
managing and providing their expertise during
chronic or critical illness [1]. It being a mission
critical application, a certain set of QoS requirements
on network performance must be satisfied which
demands high level of reliability, guaranteed
bandwidth, short end-to-end delay and minimum bit
or packet error rate. Current health care system
focuses on the work towards developing a structured
and optimized system for reacting to crisis and
managing illness. In [2], a prototype of 3G wireless
network based mobile teletrauma system was
developed. The system uses a desktop installed in an
ambulance and the patient information e.g.
video/medical
images
like
ultrasound,
electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, blood pressure etc.
can be transmitted simultaneously through a cellular
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1/2
1/3
B
1/2
1/3
1/2
1/2
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1/ 2 1/ 2 0
= 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
0 1/ 2 1/ 2
PTransition
ISSN 1992-8424
(1)
2
Trans
1/3
1/3
B
2
1/3
1/3
1/2
1/3
1/2
1/ 6
1/ 9
5 /12
5 /12
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/3
2/ 9 7/18 1/9
1/ 3 1/ 3
5/12 1/ 6
1/ 6
5/12
5/18
5/12
5/12
1/ 3
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 2
(4)
(2)
2
represents the two step transition probability
PTrans
Volume 7 Number 4
5 /18
(3)
1/ 2 0 1/ 2 0
0 1/ 2 0 1/ 2
1/2
probabilities
2/9
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 0
1/ 3 1/ 3 0 1/ 3
2 / 9 7 /18 1/ 9 5 /18
=
5 /12 1/ 6 5 /12
0
1
PTrans
1/ 2 0 1/ 2 0
0 1/ 2 0 1/ 2
7 /18
1/2
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 0
1/ 3 1/ 3 0 1/ 3
=
1/ 2 0 1/ 2 0
0 1/ 2 0 1/ 2
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 0
1/ 3 1/ 3 0 1/ 3
3
2+1
2
1
PTrans
= PTrans
= PTrans
PTrans
B
1
3
Trans
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ISSN 1992-8424
2(1 + n 2 )e n x
(1 + n 2 ) x 2
pN n ( x) =
exp(
)
y
y
I o (2nx
1+ n
)
y
2
(5)
where n is the Nakagami-n fading parameter, which
ranges from 0 to . This parameter is related to the
Rician K factor by K = n2 which corresponds to the
ratio of power of LOS component to the average
power of multipath components. Replacing (1+n2)/y
by d, Eq. (5) can, now, be re-written as:
2
Iv ( z) =
2k
( z / 2)
2
k = o ( k !)
(7)
(nx d )2 k
(k !) 2
k =o
(8)
pN n ( x) = 2de n
(9)
When the patient changes direction or position
within the room, the coordinator device may now be
present on the side or back of the patient. The signal
component changes gradually from LOS to NLOS.
In the later case, there is no or small LOS component
however, various multipath components reach the
coordinator device through reflection, diffraction
and/or scattering. The signal variation, in the extreme
NLOS case follows Nakagami-m distribution, with
m=1, having pdf pN mLN ( x ) . The pdf of general
Nakagami-m distributed variate X conditioned on
random variable Y representing average power is
expressed as [14]:
m
2 m 1
2m x
m
exp( x 2 ), x > 0
m
( m) y
y
(10)
where ( m) is the gamma function. For the NLOS
propagation, m=1 so that Nakagami distribution
closely follows Rayleigh distribution which is the
widely accepted distribution for NLOS indoor
propagation.
Volume 7 Number 4
th
where
(12)
(nx d ) 2 k
x exp(dx 2 )
(k !)2
k =o
pN m ( x | Y = y ) =
LOS
p ( x) = (1 A) pN n ( x) + A pN m ( x)
I 0 (2nx d ) =
Pout =
th
p ( )d
where
represented by Pout .
Using variable transformation given in [12], eq. (6)
will have a form:
p N n ( ) =
(1 + n 2 ) e n
exp(
I o (2 n
(1 + n 2 )
(1 + n 2 )
(13)
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PoutLOS =
(1+ n2 )en
(1+ n2 )en
exp(
exp(
(1+ n2 )
(1+ n2 )
)Io (2n
)Io (2n
(1+ n2 )
(1+ n2 )
ISSN 1992-8424
Let
)d
(n
k =0
Now,
( k !)
Pe =
can
be
written
as
=be n
k =0
k =0
)d
Let
2
1
erfc ge n exp( g ) I o (2n g )d
2
0
(19)
2
1
= ge n erfc exp( g ) I o (2n g ) d
2
0
(n b ) 2 k
exp(b ) k d
(k !) 2 0
2k
(1 + n 2 )
(18)
Pe =
LOS
= be n
Pout
I o (2n
1 + n2
2k
[14].
1
(1 + n 2 )e n
(1 + n 2 )
erfc
exp(
)
(1 + n 2 )
I o (2n
(17)
1
erfc P ( )d
2
0
Pe =
(14)
1+ n
)d
(20)
( n g )
1 n2
ge
erfc exp( g )
d
2
(k !)2
k =0
0
(n b ) k 1 k t
b
t e dt
(k !)2
0
2k
(21)
(15)
4.2. BER estimation:
BER is the practical equivalent term for
Probability of Error (Pe) and represents channel
performance as a function of available (C/N) ratio.
BER = f(C/N) and/or BER = f(Eb/No) where Eb is
average energy of modulated bit and No is noise
power spectral density. To analyze the performance
of the proposed model we have calculated BER
performance of linearly amplified and coherently
modulated Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
system for a stationary AWGN channel which is
widely used modulation scheme for wireless
communication. The probability of error for QPSK is
expressed as
E
1
Pe = erfc b
2
No
E
1
erfc where = 2 b
2
No
(16)
Volume 7 Number 4
0.5e n g
gn
(22)
2k
[1 + 2k ]
1
3/ 2
g
g
k = 0 ( k !)
2 k
2
2 F1
3
+ 2k
2
1 3
3
, + 2k , , g
2 2
2
(23)
[15].
Pe ( ) =
1 n2 ( n g ) 2 k
=
ge
erfc exp( g ) k d
2
2
(
k
!)
k =0
0
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ISSN 1992-8424
7, BER 2.897E-10
6, 2.897E-10 < BER 3.046E-9
(24)
ni = :
:
1, 9.894E-4 < BER 0.0058
The adaptive model can now be written as:
pN ni ( x) = 2de
( ni x d ) 2 k
x exp(dx )
(k !) 2
k =o
2
(25)
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ni 2
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ISSN 1992-8424
Figure 8: BER of QPSK for various values of n (Nakagami-n parameter) and for m=1 (Nakagami-m parameter)
6. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work of the third author was sponsored in part
by the Computer Science & Information Systems
Department, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw,
GA 30144.
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