Boeing 747-8

The Boeing 747-8 is a wide-body jet airliner developed

by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Ocially announced
in 2005, the 747-8 is the third-generation of the 747, with
lengthened fuselage, redesigned wings, and improved efciency. The 747-8 is the largest 747 version, the largest
commercial aircraft built in the United States, and the
longest passenger aircraft in the world.[1]
The 747-8 is oered in two main variants: the 747-8
Intercontinental (747-8I) for passengers and the 747-8
Freighter (747-8F) for cargo. The rst 747-8F performed
the models maiden ight on February 8, 2010, with the
747-8 Intercontinental following on March 20, 2011. Delivery of the rst freighter aircraft occurred in October
2011 and the passenger model began deliveries in 2012.
As of October 2014, conrmed orders for the 747-8 to- Boeings Everett Facility at Paine Field, originally built for the
747 program, is also the site of 747-8 assembly.
talled 119, comprising 68 of the freighter version, and 51
of the passenger version.

gine nacelle for noise reduction.[6] Although the 747400XQLR did not move to production, many of its features were used for the 747 Advanced.

Development

In early 2004, Boeing announced tentative plans for the

747 Advanced that were eventually adopted. Similar in
1.1 Background
nature to the 747X, the stretched 747 Advanced used
technology from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to modMain article: Boeing 747
ernize the design and its systems.[7] On November 14,
2005, Boeing announced that it was launching the 747
Boeing had considered larger-capacity versions of the 747 Advanced as the Boeing 747-8.[8]
several times during the 1990s and 2000s.[2] The 747500X and 600X, proposed at the 1996 Farnborough
Airshow, would have stretched the 747 and used a 777- 1.2 Design eort
derived wing,[2] but did not attract enough interest to
enter development. In 2000, Boeing oered the 747X The 747-8 was designed to be the rst lengthened 747
and 747X Stretch derivatives as alternatives to the Airbus to go into production. The 747-8 and shortened 747SP
A3XX. This was a more modest proposal than the pre- are the only 747 variants with a fuselage of modied
vious 500X and 600X. The 747X would increase the length. The 747-8 was intended to use the same engine
747s wingspan to 229 ft (69.8 m) by adding a segment and cockpit technology as that of the 787, including the
at the root.[3] The 747X was to carry 430 passengers up General Electric GEnx turbofan and partial y-by-wire.[9]
to 8,700 nmi (16,100 km). The 747X Stretch would be Boeing said that the new design would be quieter, more
extended to 263 ft (80.2 m) long, allowing it to carry 500 economical, and more environmentally friendly than prepassengers up to 7,800 nmi (14,400 km).[3] However, the vious versions of the 747. As a derivative of the already747X family was unable to attract enough interest to en- common 747-400, the 747-8 has the economic benet of
ter production. Some of the ideas developed for the 747X similar training and interchangeable parts. Boeing rmed
were used on the 747-400ER.[4]
the 747-8 Freighters conguration in October 2006.[10]
After the 747X program, Boeing continued to study improvements to the 747. The 747-400XQLR (Quiet Long
Range) was meant to have an increased range of 7,980
nmi (14,780 km), with better fuel eciency and reduced
noise.[5] Changes studied included raked wingtips similar to those used on the 767-400ER and a sawtooth en-

The 747-8, as the current new development of Boeings

largest airliner, is notably in direct competition on longhaul routes with the Airbus A380, a full-length doubledeck aircraft now in service. For airlines seeking very
large passenger airliners, the two have been pitched as
competitors on various occasions. Boeing states that the
1

DEVELOPMENT

747-8 is more than 10 percent lighter per seat and is support increasing customer demand.[30]
to consume 11 percent less fuel per passenger than the
A380, translating into a trip-cost reduction of 21 percent
1.3 Flight testing and certication
and a seat-mile cost reduction of over 6 percent.[11]
Production of the rst 747-8 Freighter began in Everett
in early August 2008.[12][13] On November 14, 2008,
Boeing announced a delay to the 747-8 program, citing limited availability of engineering resources within
Boeing, design changes, and the recent strike by factory
workers.[14][15][16] On July 21, 2009, Boeing released a
photograph of the rst cargo airplane, its fuselage and
main wing assembled.[17]

Boeing 747-8 ight deck

The 747-8 landing gear conguration is the same as on earlier

747 versions

The 747-8s rst engine runs were completed in December 2009.[31] Boeing announced the new model had successfully completed high-speed taxi tests on February 7,
2010.[32] On February 8, 2010, after a 2.5-hour weather
delay, the 747-8 Freighter made its maiden ight, taking
o from Paine Field, Washington at 12:39 PST,[33] and
landed at 4:18 pm PST.[34] Boeing estimated that more
than 1,600 ight hours would be needed in order to certify the 747-8.[35] The second test ight in late February, a
ferry ight to Moses Lake, Washington, tested new navigation equipment.[36] Further ight testing was to take
place in Moses Lake, conducting initial airworthiness and
utter tests, before moving to Palmdale, California, for
the majority of ight tests, so as to not interfere with 787
ight tests based out of Boeing Field in Seattle.[37]

In February 2009, only one airline customer (Lufthansa)

had ordered the 747-8I passenger model, and Boeing announced it was reassessing the 747-8 project. Chief executive Jim McNerney stated that continuation of the
project was not a foregone conclusion. The company was
By March 11, 2010, the 747-8F had own thirteen ights
assessing various options.[18][19]
for a total of 33 hours of ying time.[38] On March 15,
In October 2009, Boeing announced that it had delayed
2010, the second 747-8F rst ew from Paine Field to
the rst ight on the 747-8 until rst quarter 2010 and Boeing Field, where it was briey based before moving to
delayed 747-8I delivery. The company took a US$1Palmdale to continue ight testing with the rst 8F.[39]
billion charge against its earnings for this delay.[20][21][22] On March 17 the third 8F made its rst ight and joined
In response, launch customer Cargolux stated it still inthe test program.[40] Boeing planned to display the 747tended to take delivery of the thirteen freighters it had 8F at the 2010 Farnborough Airshow, along with the 787,
ordered; Lufthansa conrmed its commitment to the pasalthough appearances by both aircraft are contingent on
senger version.[23] On November 12, 2009, Boeing an- ight testing remaining on schedule.[41]
nounced that Cargoluxs rst airplane was fully assembled and entering the Everett plants paint shop. It will During the ight tests, Boeing discovered a buet problem with the aircraft, involving turbulence coming o
undergo ight testing prior to delivery.[24]
the landing gear doors interfering with the inboard aps.
On December 4, 2009, Korean Air became the second Boeing undertook an evaluation of the issue, which inairline customer for the 8I passenger model, with an or- cluded devoting the third test aircraft to investigating the
der for ve airliners.[25][26] On January 8, 2010, Guggen- problem.[42] The issue was resolved by a design change to
heim Aviation Partners (GAP) announced the reduction the outboard main landing gear doors.[43] In early April
of its 8F order from four to two aircraft.[27] In March 2010, Boeing identied a possible defect in a part at
2011, Korean Air converted options into a rm order for the top of the fuselage called a longeron. According to
two additional 8 freighters.[28][29]
Boeing, the parts, manufactured by subcontractor Vought
On April 21, 2010, Boeing chief executive ocer Jim Aircraft Industries, are, under certain loads, susceptible
McNerney announced that the company would be accel- to cracking. Boeing said that the issue would not aect
erating the production of both the Boeing 747 and 777 to ight testing, but other sources stated that the problem

1.4

Entry into service and future prospects

3
minimally-instrumented tests, such as HIRF and Water
Spray Certications.[50][51] The aircraft, painted in delivery customer Cargolux's new livery, rst ew on July 23,
2010.[52]

The prototype 747-8F during ight testing

On August 21, 2010, the 747-8F proved its capability

by taking o from the runway at Victorville, California, weighing 1,005,000 pounds (455,860 kg). Its design
maximum take-o weight (MTOW) is 975,000 pounds
(442,253 kg). The fth 747-8F joined the ight-test
eort with its rst ight on February 3, 2011.[53] On
September 30, 2010, Boeing announced a further postponement, with the delivery of the rst freighter to Cargolux planned for mid-2011.[54][55]
The 747-8I passenger variant took to the skies over
Everett, Washington, for the rst time on March 20,
2011.[56] The second 747-8I ew on April 26, 2011.[57]
Three 747-8I aircraft had taken part in ight testing by
December 2011.[58]

could impact the operating envelope of the aircraft until it is fully repaired.[44] Two other problems have been
found, with oscillation in the inboard aileron, and a structural utter, and have not yet been resolved. Combined,
these problems have slowed ight testing and used up al- The 747-8F received its amended type certicate jointly
most all the margin in Boeings development schedule.[45] from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and
On April 19, 2010, the second ight-test aircraft was European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) on August 19,
deliveries were to begin on September
moved from Moses Lake to Palmdale to conduct tests on 2011. Freighter
[59][60]
19,
2011.
Then
on September 17, 2011, Cargolux
the aircrafts engines in preparation for obtaining a type
announced
that
it
would
not accept the rst two 747-8Fs
certication for the aircraft. The remaining aircraft in the
scheduled
for
delivery
on
September 19 and 21, 2011,
test eet are scheduled to be moved to Palmdale during
due
to
unresolved
contractual
issues between Boeing and
May.[46] It was reported on June 3, 2010, that an engine
[61][62]
Cargolux
with
the
aircraft.
It eventually entered
on the second 747-8F was struck by a tug during a ground
[63]
service
in
October
2011.
move. The engine cowling was damaged, but there was
no damage to the engine itself. After repairs the aircraft
is to perform fuel eciency testing.[47] It was announced
on June 14, 2010, that the 747-8 had completed the initial
phase of ight-worthiness testing and that the FAA had
given Boeing an expanded type inspection authorization
for the aircraft.[48]

On October 25, 2011, the 747-8I ew to Grantley Adams

International Airport in Barbados to begin ight testing in the tropical climate of the Caribbean to determine its eects on the aircraft. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner performed similar testing at Barbados the previous
week.[64][65][66] One test 8I was used for an evaluation
by Lufthansa in early December 2011 before rst delivery in early 2012.[58] On December 14, 2011, the 747-8I
received its type certicate from the FAA.[67][68]
The 747-8 has an airport Quota Count of 2 for takeo and
1 for landing,[69] permitting night operations at London
Heathrow Airport.

1.4 Entry into service and future prospects

Cargolux's rst Boeing 747-8F in ight over Fresno, California

By the end of June 2010, the three 747-8Fs that composed the ight-test program had own a total of over
500 hours and had completed hot-weather testing in
Arizona.[49] In June 2010, Boeing determined that a
fourth 8F aircraft was needed to help complete ight
testing. It was decided to use the second production
aircraft, RC503, to conduct the non-instrumented or

After resolving their contractual issues, Boeing handed

over the rst 747-8F to Cargolux in Everett, Washington,
on October 12, 2011. The freighter then ew to Seattle
Tacoma International Airport and picked up cargo before
ying to Luxembourg.[70]
Lufthansa received its rst 747-8I on May 5, 2012, and
began operating the 747-8I on ights from Frankfurt
to Washington, D.C., on June 1, 2012.[71] Flights from
Frankfurt to Delhi, Bangalore, Chicago and Los Angeles are to be added later.[72] On September 15, 2012, the
United States National Transportation Safety Board requested the grounding of GE-powered 747-8s and 787s

DESIGN

until engines receive inspections following cracks discov- maximum take-o weight of 975,000 lb (442,000 kg),[81]
ered in three GEnx engines.[73]
the 747-8 is the heaviest aircraft, commercial or military,
[80]
On January 27, 2013, the 747-8 eet reached the 100,000 manufactured in the U.S.
hours mark.[74] The 747-8 production rate was decreased
from 2 to 1.75 aircraft per month and in April 2013 and
then reduced further to 1.5 aircraft per month in October
2013.[75]

Compared to the 747-400, the main changes have been

on the wings, which have undergone a complete design
overhaul. The sweep and basic structure has been kept to
contain costs, but the wing is thicker and deeper, with the
aerodynamics recalculated. The pressure distribution and
bending moments are dierent, and the new wing for the
passenger version holds 64,225 US gal (243,120 L) of
jet fuel, and the cargo aircraft 60,925 US gal (230,630
L).[81] The increased wing span makes the 747-8 a Category F plane rather than a Category E plane,[82] similar to
the Airbus A380.[83] The new wing features single-slotted
outboard aps and double-slotted inboard aps.[84]

The future for the 747-8 passenger version seems limited. While airline pilots delight in ying the airplane and
some carriers, like Delta Airlines, have found aging 747400s to be iconic and attractive in advertising, demand
for the airplane is likely to fade. Lufthansa vice president Nico Buchholz blamed Boeing for not marketing
the 747-8 aggressively enough. However, veteran industry analyst Richard Aboulaa, of the Teal Group, pointed
to a basic misunderstanding of the 747s original draw.
Airlines bought the 747 primarily for its range, not its capacity, and the potential to lose money because of unlled
seats was an accepted drawback. The advent of the longrange twin jet, exemplied by the Boeing 777 and Boeing
787, took away the range advantage. The increased capacity of the 747-8 is an advantage for the freighter version, not the passenger version; moreover, the freighter
has no direct competitor. Boeing marketing vice president Randy Tinseth acknowledges that the company has
sold more freighters and fewer passenger versions than
it expected.[76] Boeings 787 provides greater operational
savings than the 747-8. The 747-8s large cargo space,
coupled with the growing worldwide demand for ecient
air cargo transport, suggest that the cargo version may
have a strong future.[77][78][79]
The General Electric GEnx engine for the 747-8/787 on display
at the 2009 Paris Air Show

Design

Boeing 747-8 wing-fuselage sections during nal assembly

Raked wingtips, similar to the ones used on the 777200LR, 777-300ER, and 787 aircraft, are used on the
new 747 variant instead of winglets used on the 747400.[85][86] These wingtip structures help reduce the
wingtip vortices at the lateral edges of the wings, decreasing wake turbulence and drag, and thereby improving fuel
eciency. Another eort to reduce weight is the introduction of y-by-wire technology for the majority of the
lateral controls.[9]
The extra fuel capacity in the redesigned wing compared
to the 747-400 eliminates the need to signicantly change
the horizontal tail unit to accommodate auxiliary tanks,
further saving costs.[87] The 747-8s vertical tail unit is
largely unchanged with a height of 63 feet 6 inches (19.35
m).[81] The lower rudder has changed from single-jointed
to double-jointed in order to increase its eect in the
event of 2 engines failing on the same side. Some carbon
ber-reinforced plastic is used in the 747-8s airframe to
reduce weight. However, structural changes are mostly
evolutionary, rather than revolutionary with respect to the
747-400.

The 747-8 is a development of the Boeing 747 that takes

advantage of improvements in technology and aerodynamics. The two 747-8 variants feature a fuselage stretch
of 18.3 ft (5.6 m) over the 747-400, bringing the total length to 250 ft 2 in (76.25 m). The 747-8 is the The General Electric GEnx is the only engine available
worlds longest passenger airliner, surpassing the Airbus for the 747-8. It is one of the two powerplant choices
A340-600 by approximately 3 ft (0.91 m).[1][80] With a oered for the Boeing 787. The 747 engine variant has

3.2

747-8 Intercontinental

been adapted to provide bleed air for conventional airplane systems and feature a smaller diameter to t on the
747 wing. The ight tests of the GEnx 2b engine tted to
a Boeing 747-100 aircraft at the left inner engine began
in March 2009.[88]

3
3.1

Variants
747-8 Freighter

The Boeing 747-8F during ight testing at Everett, Washington

5
The 747-8F is to have more payload capacity but
less range than the current 747-400ERF. When Boeing
launched the 400ERF, all of the 35,000 lb (16,000 kg)
increase over the 747-400Fs maximum take-o weight
(MTOW) of 875,000 lb (397,000 kg) allowed for greater
range with the same landing weight as the 747-400F.
Cargo carriers often move machinery or indivisible loads
that require a higher payload and landing capability. As
is common with cargo planes, range is given with maximum payload, not maximum fuel. The 747-8s 65,000
lb (29,000 kg) MTOW increase over the 400ERF has
been directed exclusively to its Zero-Fuel weight or payload capacity. If taking o at maximum payload, the
747-8 takes o with its tanks not full. On trips where the
payload is not at maximum, the plane can take on more
fuel and extend its range.
Cargolux and Nippon Cargo Airlines were the rst customers for the 747-8, placing orders for the freighter
variant in November 2005.[93] The rm conguration of
the aircraft was nalized in October 2006.[94] Major assembly of the aircraft began on August 8, 2008,[13] and
the aircraft rst left Boeings Everett factory on November 12, 2009.[95] The rst aircraft was delivered on October 12, 2011, to Cargolux.[96] At its six-month service mark, Boeing announced that initial 747-8F operators had achieved a 1-percent reduction in fuel burn over
projections.[97] Nippon Cargos business suers from a
slow market, and several of its new 747-8F aircraft are
parked long-term in the Arizona Desert rather than carrying freight,[75] along with a VIP version.[98]

The 747 has proven to be a very popular freighter, carrying around half of the worlds air freight.[89] To maintain
this position, Boeing designed a freight variant of the 7478, named the 747-8 Freighter or 747-8F. The company
launched the freighter version on November 14, 2005.[90]
The 747-8F is the initial model to enter service. As on the
747-400F, the upper deck is shorter than passenger mod- 3.2
els; the 18 feet 3 1 2 inches (5.575 m) stretch is just before
and just aft of the wing. With a 975,000 lb (442,000 kg)
maximum take-o weight, it is to have a total payload capability of 308,000 lb (140,000 kg) and a range of 4,390
nmi (8,130 km).[91] Four extra pallet spaces were created on the main deck, with either two extra containers
and two extra pallets, or three extra pallets, on the lower
deck.[17] The 747-8F is expected to achieve a 16% lower
ton-mile operating cost than the 747-400F and oer a
slightly greater range.[92]

747-8 Intercontinental

The prototype Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental on a test ight

The rst 747-8 Freighter at the fuel dock of Boeings Everett Plant

The passenger version, named 747-8 Intercontinental or

747-8I was formally launched on November 14, 2005,
by Boeing.[99] It can carry up to 467 passengers in a typical three-class conguration over 8,000 nmi (15,000 km)
at Mach 0.855. The 747-8I can carry 51 more passengers and two more freight pallets with 26% more cargo
volume than the 747-400.[92] Despite initial plans for a
shorter stretch than the freighter model, the two variants
were set at the same length, increasing passenger capacity

3 VARIANTS

and allowing easier modication of the 747-8I to freighter

use.[100] The upper deck is lengthened on the 8I.[101]
New engine technology and aerodynamic modications
allow longer range. Boeing has stated that compared to
the 747-400, the 8I is to be 30% quieter, 16% more
fuel-ecient, and have 13% lower seat-mile costs with
nearly the same cost per trip.[102]

Main deck seating on the 747-8 Intercontinental

For the 747-8, Boeing has proposed some changes to

the interior layout of the aircraft. Most noticeable is
the curved stairway to the upper deck and a more spacious main passenger entrance.[103] The 747-8s main
cabin uses an interior similar to that of the 787. Overhead bins are curved, and the center row is designed to
look as though it is attached to the curved ceiling, rather
than integrated into the ceilings curve like on the 777.
The windows are also of similar size to the type used on
the 777, which are 8% larger than those on the current
747-400s. The 747-8 features a new solid-state lightemitting diode (LED) lighting system, which can create
mood lighting.[101] LED technology also oers improved
reliability and lower maintenance costs.

Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental upper deck staircase and skylight

concept dicult to justify. In 2007, Boeing dropped the

SkyLoft concept in favor of upper-deck galley storage options, which were favored by the airlines.[104] Outtting
the crown space for sleeping remains an option on VIP
aircraft,[105] and the rst BBJ 747-8 with AeroLoft was
produced in 2012.[106][107]

The rst order for the 747-8 Intercontinental was placed

by an undisclosed VIP customer in May 2006.[108][109]
Lufthansa became the rst airline to order the 747-8
Intercontinental on December 6, 2006.[110] In DecemFurther down the aircraft, it has been proposed to
ber 2009, Korean Air announced the order of ve 747place cabin-accessible facilities in the crown area, the
8Is.[25][26] Boeing stated rm conguration for the 8I
space above the passenger cabin, previously used for airwas reached in November 2007.[111]
conditioning ducts and wiring. The wiring and ducts are
moved to the side to create extra space; as a consequence,
this area will not have windows. The added space can be
used for galleys and crew rest areas, freeing up main deck
space for additional passenger seating.
During the initial 747-8 marketing phase, Boeing also
proposed creating a revenue-generating SkyLoft passenger facility in the crown space. This facility would
include SkySuites, small individual compartments with
sliding doors or curtains, featuring beds, seating, and entertainment or business equipment. A common lounge
area could also be provided. Boeing also proposed
smaller, more modest SkyBunks. Access to the crown
area would be via a separate stairway at the rear of the aircraft. Passengers using the SkySuites, sold at a premium A Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental of launch customer Lufthansa
price, would sit in regular economy class seats for take- shortly after take-o
o and landing, and move to the crown area during ight.
However, pricing feasibility studies found the SkyLoft Major assembly of the rst 747-8I began on May 8,

4.1

Orders and deliveries

2010.[102] The nal body join occurred on October 15,

2010, slightly ahead of the projected schedule.[112] Assembly of rst 747-8I was completed in February 2011,
before being unveiled at a rollout ceremony in Everett,
Washington on February 13, 2011.[113][114] At the time,
deliveries were set to begin in late 2011.[115]
Gauntlet ground testing of the 8I, which tests systems by
simulating ight conditions, took place on March 12 and
13, 2011.[115] The 747-8Is rst ight occurred on March
20, 2011 from Paine Field in Everett, Washington.[116]
The second 747-8I rst ew the following month.[57] Following a ight test program the 747-8I was FAA certied
on December 14, 2011.[117] At that time, 8I deliveries
were planned to begin in early 2012.[58][67]
To prevent a chance of aeroelastic utter, the 747-8Is
fuel tanks in the horizontal stabilizers will be closed o
to prevent their use until the issue can be resolved. This
will reduce its range by 550930 km.[118] On December
18, 2013 Boeing announced that a series of new performance packages will allow for the reactivation of the tail
fuel tanks starting no later than early 2014. Older 7478s can also be retrotted with them.[119] The rst 7478 Intercontinental was delivered to a VIP customer on
February 28, 2012. It is to be outtted with a VIP interior before entering service in 2014.[120] The rst 747-8I
was delivered in May and began commercial service on
June 1, 2012, with Lufthansa.[72]

7
Polar Air Cargo (4)[124] wet-leased and
also operated for Polar customer DHL Express.[126][128]
Cargolux (9)[124]
Cathay Pacic Cargo (13)[124]
Korean Air Cargo (5)[124]
Lufthansa (14)[124]
Nippon Cargo Airlines (5)[124]
Saudia Cargo (2)[124]
Two additional carriers, Air China and Silk Way Airlines, took delivery of three aircraft in total from August
to September 2014.[129][130] Previous operators include
Global Supply Systems which operated three Freighters
for British Airways World Cargo.[131]

4.1 Orders and deliveries

Data through the end of December 2014[93][134]

4.2 Sales and marketing

4.2.1 Cargo aircraft

3.3

Presidential aircraft replacement

The United States Air Force is seeking to upgrade Air

Force One by replacing the Boeing VC-25 (two heavily modied 747-200Bs).[121] Boeing is reported to be
exploring a 747-8 proposal, along with a Boeing 787
Dreamliner variant.[122] In 2010, South Korea government sources indicated that the country was considering
purchasing the 747-8 to serve as the countrys presidential
aircraft.[123]

Operators

See also: List of Boeing 747 operators

There were a combined 62 Boeing 747-8 aircraft in
airline service as of July 2014 with the following
operators:[124]
AirBridgeCargo Airlines (5)[124] (as part of VolgaDnepr Airlines)[125]
Atlas Air (4)[124]
Etihad Cargo (1)[124] operated on wetlease.[126]
Panalpina (2) operated on wet-lease.[127]

Boeing holds a 90% share of the heavy air freighter market. The freighter version of the 747-8 has attracted orders from several cargo airlines; the plane has the benet of similar training and interchangeable parts with the
Boeing 747-400F. In addition, the 747 has a long history as a cargo aircraft, and remains popular among operators as it has greater cargo capacity and longer range
than other freight aircraft.[89] GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS) has agreed to buy two freighters.[135][136]
The recent recession in the U.S., combined with market softness in Europe and Asia,[137] has led to lower demand for air freighters as more shipments are made by
sea. The worlds air cargo eet in 2012 was smaller than
it was in 2003, defying Boeings predictions. However,
the proportion of very large freighters in that eet has increased, and Boeings dominant position in large, fuelecient freighters has oered the company an opportunity to protect its market share and its product line despite
the market weakness.[138] For example, in March 2013,
Boeing, Cathay Pacic Cargo and Air China entered into
an agreement wherein three 747-8F aircraft were purchased, increasing Cathays ocial order total to 13 aircraft. Eight 777F freighters were canceled, and ve 777F
purchase options were created. The eight canceled 777Fs
were then picked up by Air China Cargo, which in turn
sold seven 747-400BCF (passenger aircraft converted to
freighters) back to Boeing. Boeing will use these aircraft
as sources for spare parts. In December 2013, Cathay

7 SEE ALSO

ordered one more aircraft to increase its order total to 14 and damage to three engines near Chengdu, China, while
8Fs.[139][140]
en route to Hong Kong; the aircraft landed safely at its
Emirates SkyCargo ordered ten aircraft in October 2006, destination. Boeing and General Electric are working on
changes to mitigate the eects of core engine
then sold the airplanes to Dubai Aerospace Enterprise software
[159][160][161]
icing.
[141]
(DAE) in July 2008 to be leased back.
DAE al-

6 Specications

24.1 m

Hughes H-4 Spruce Goose

Spruce Goose

10 m

19.6 m

24.1 m

18.1 m

An-225

A380-800

SCALE
0

B747-8I

ready had ve of its own freighters on order since January 2008,[142] which they converted to 777F in November 2011.[143] In December 2012 DAE canceled ve of
the 8F order purchased from Emirates,[144] in May
2013. The remaining ve were later canceled.[144] US
based lessor Guggenheim Aviation Partners cut its order
of four[142] 8Fs in half in December 2009, and canceled the remainder in January 2011 because of uncertainty surrounding the timing of the deliveries.[145]

66.6 m

Airbus A380-800
73.0 m
Airbus A380-800
- 79.6 m

4.2.2

Passenger aircraft

Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental

76.4 m

An-225 Mriya

84.0 m

Compared to the freighter version, the passenger version of the 747-8 has received fewer orders. Airlines including Emirates and British Airways considered ordering the 747-8I, but opted to purchase the Airbus A380
instead.[146][147] The 747-8I has also received several VIP
orders from various customers. Boeing Chairman and
Chief Executive Jim McNerney acknowledged in a conference call to Boeings investors in April 2008 that he
would like to see more orders for the passenger version
of the 747-8.[148]
On March 7, 2011, it was announced that Air China had
agreed to purchase ve 747-8Is;[149][150] after approval
by the Chinese government, the order was conrmed 18
months later.[151] Air China has agreed to purchase an additional two 747-8Is after approval by the Chinese government and conrmed by Boeing.[152]
On June 20, 2011, at the Paris Air Show, Boeing announced that it had received two orders and 15 commitments from two dierent undisclosed users for the
8I.[153] On October 6, Arik Air was announced as the
customer for two 747-8Is; the airline was previously identied as an unidentied customer for the order at the Paris
Air Show.[154] On November 8, 2011, it was reported that
Transaero had preliminarily agreed to purchase four 7478Is.[155] In 2013, Arik Air reportedly converted its order
for two 747-8Is to two 777-300ERs,[156] though Boeing
lists it as an 747-8I order as of March 2014.[93]
At the 2013 Paris Air Show, Korean Air agreed to order ve 747-8Is, in addition to ve ordered in 2009.
Lufthansa was the only airline operator of the passenger
version as of June 2013.[157] Korean Air and Boeing nalized the new 8I order in October 2013.[158]

Incidents

68.5 m
m
Boeing 747-8 Intercontinental
Airbus A380-800 - 79.6
Airbus A380-800

79.8 m

An-225 Mriya

88.4 m

Hughes H-4 Spruce Goose

97.5 m

Comparison between four of the largest aircraft:

Hughes H-4 Hercules
Antonov An-225
Airbus A380-800
Boeing 747-8

Sources:
Boeing
report[166][167]

specication

page,[81]

airport

7 See also
Competition between Airbus and Boeing
Related development
Boeing 747
Boeing 747-400

On July 31, 2013, an Airbridge Cargo 747-8F experienced core engine icing that caused engine malfunctions Aircraft of comparable role, conguration and era

9
Airbus A380
Antonov An-124
Related lists
List of airliners

References

Footnotes
[1] The delivery of a 747-8F in March 2013 indicates that the
unidentied customer for two 8Fs is Saudia Cargo.[133]
[2] Maximum seating is based on certication.[162]

Citations
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[6] Steinke, Sebastian. Boeing Proposes 747-400X Quiet
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[19] Wallace, James; Aerospace, P-I (February 24, 2009).
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13

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External links
Boeing 747-8 on Boeing.com
Boeing 747-8, The Shape of the Future on NewAirplane.com

14

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Boeing 747-8 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20747-8?oldid=643634879 Contributors: Edward, Michael Hardy, Delirium,

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Gulfstream86, Hughes-MDyer4, Exsfo, DReifGalaxyM31, Lecapeletto, AHeneen, Lotje, Tomyip123, 777sms, Snoozlepet, Miacsin, Axelll84, Cainamahs, RjwilmsiBot, Earthquake2012, Bradleystetz, TGCP, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Gfoley4, Jeord717, Sp33dyphil,
Lavrans123, Dcirovic, Sasha Chhh, Josve05a, Compdude123, Zalnas, SporkBot, Matt7272727272, Brandmeister, JhanJensen, Yasser96,
58snow, Whoop whoop pull up, Adamop, Alainmoscoso, Quityergreeting, ClueBot NG, Pys482, JetBlast, Milad A380, Theodoreg, Spartan7W, World Super Cars, AviaWiki, Pepsi132, Serranocalvinjed, Pajag0912, BomberFletch31, SojerPL, TexXxan91, BG19bot, Hans100,
Tatchell, TheriusRooney, Compfreak7, Mustangmanxxx, Sgt. Rojas, , Monarchbala, Njirk, BattyBot, Abimael85,
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Karelke87, EricCan, Zundex, CX Flyer, Jayck123, Cucamest, Mishalmishal, Elhacka, Elwikieditor, Jean3106, , Inglok,
FoxyOrange, Fx120, Humongous125, Navneeth Lal, WikiSirEditor, LebedevXD, 747-8info, MattBismarck, Jumbodriver747, SideshowBob7, Monkbot, PrinceSulaiman, Cyntiamaspian, Mr.alsmadi, Jtxxtj, ShannynLearns2Know, Cavsboyd190 and Anonymous: 589

10.2

Images

File:747-8F_at_Boeing_Everett_Plant_fuel_dock.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/747-8F_at_

Boeing_Everett_Plant_fuel_dock.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Yasobara
File:747-8I_(N6067E)_wide_angle.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/747-8I_%28N6067E%29_
wide_angle.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: 747-8i Wide Angle Original artist: Dave Subelack from YYC, Canada
File:Aviacionavion.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Aviacionavion.png License: Public domain Contributors:
Turkmenistan.airlines.frontview.arp.jpg Original artist: Turkmenistan.airlines.frontview.arp.jpg: elfuser
File:Boeing_747-8F_N5017Q_in-flight.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Boeing_747-8F_N5017Q_
in-flight.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors:
Boeing_747-8F_N5017Q_inight.jpg Original artist: Boeing_747-8F_N5017Q_inight.jpg: Pat Bell
File:Boeing_747-8_Test_Planes_in_Assembly.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Boeing_747-8_
Test_Planes_in_Assembly.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Boeing 747-8 Test Planes in Assembly Original artist: Je McNeill
from Chiang Mai, Thailand
File:Boeing_747-8_first_flight_Everett,_WA.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Boeing_747-8_
first_flight_Everett%2C_WA.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: 2010208 747-8 First Flight Everett WA Original artist: Boeing
Dreamscape
File:Boeing_747-8_flight_deck_Beltyukov.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Boeing_747-8_flight_
deck_Beltyukov.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Boeing_747-8I_ight_deck_Beltyukov.jpg Original artist: Boeing_747-8I_ight_deck_Beltyukov.jpg: Alex Beltyukov
File:Boeing_Everett_Plant.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Boeing_Everett_Plant.jpg License: CC
BY 2.0 Contributors: Boeing Widebody assembly plant Original artist: Maurice King

10.3

Content license

15

File:Cargolux_747-8F_N5573S_over_Fresno.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Cargolux_747-8F_

N5573S_over_Fresno.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: 747-8 over Fresno Original artist: Dusty_73
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: ?
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Giant_planes_comparison.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Giant_planes_comparison.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Original Work Original artist: Clem Tillier (clem AT tillier.net)
File:Interior_Boeing_747-8I_staircase.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Interior_Boeing_747-8I_
staircase.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: 747-8 Stairway to Upper Deck Original artist: Chung Webster
File:Interior_Boeing_747-8_Intercontinental_main_deck.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/
Interior_Boeing_747-8_Intercontinental_main_deck.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors:
Interior_Boeing_747-8I_main_deck.jpg Original artist: Interior_Boeing_747-8I_main_deck.jpg: Chung Webster
File:Lufthansa_Boeing_747-830_KvW-1.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Lufthansa_Boeing_
747-830_KvW-1.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: http://www.airliners.net/photo/Lufthansa/Boeing-747-830/2172515/L/ Original
artist: Konstantin von Wedelstaedt
File:Main_landing_gear_of_747-8F.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Main_landing_gear_of_
747-8F.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Olivier Cleynen
File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg License:
LGPL Contributors: http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-themes-extras/0.9/gnome-themes-extras-0.9.0.tar.gz Original
artist: David Vignoni / ICON KING
File:Salon_du_Bourget_20090619_254.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Salon_du_Bourget_
20090619_254.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Georges Seguin (Okki)

10.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0