Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Steering Column
Rolling Bearings and Components for
Passenger Car Chassis
Produced by:
INA Wlzlager Schaeffler oHG
91072 Herzogenaurach (Germany)
Mailing address:
Industriestrasse 13
91074 Herzogenaurach (Germany)
by INA August 2000
All rights reserved.
Reproduction in whole or in part
without our authorization is prohibited.
Printed in Germany by:
mandelkow GmbH, 91074 Herzogenaurach
Contents
Seite
4
4
Aims of development
Application areas for rolling bearings
5
5
Steering system
Demands on the steering system
6
7
Steering column
Types of steering column
8
8
10
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Bearing arrangements
Bearing types
Opposed angular contact ball bearing arrangement
Clamping rings
Angular contact ball bearings SKL
Opposed needle roller bearing arrangement
Needle roller bearings LEN
Opposed four point contact ball bearing arrangement
Four point contact ball bearings KLX
Four point contact ball bearing and needle roller bearing arrangement
18
18
19
20
21
22
Rigidity
Opposed angular contact ball bearings SKL/SKL
Opposed needle roller bearings LEN/LEN
Opposed four point contact ball bearings KLX/KLX
Four point contact ball bearing KLX and needle roller bearing LEN
Comparison of rigidity values
23
Friction
25
26
27
27
28
29
Test procedures
Frictional torque in four point contact bearings KLX
Frictional torque
Rating life
Breaking load
Noise
30
30
Fitting dimensions
Design of bearing seating surfaces
33
35
Addresses
Aims of development
Application areas for rolling bearings
134 145
Steering system
Demands on the steering system
134 161
Safety requirements
If a steering component is faulty or if it were to fail during
operation, this has an effect on the function of the steering
system. Compromised steering can lead to severe accidents.
In order to prevent injury to people and damage to objects,
the steering system must meet extremely high safety
standards. Functional safety is therefore fundamental for all
steering components.
Economic requirements
Economy of design and production play a large part in
determining the competitiveness of a vehicle.
Steering systems must therefore:
comprise only a few components,
be easy to produce and fit,
have a low space requirement and
be maintenance-free for the life of the vehicle.
Steering column
134 162
134 109
134 110
134 111
Demands on steering
column bearings
Safety considerations
134 107
Test conditions:
displacement distance of 127 mm with frontal impact at
a speed of 48,3 km/h
maximum impact force of 11000 N; impact at 24,1 km/h.
134 108
134 106
Other tests:
rigidity,
frictional moment,
tilting strength,
operating life,
vibration and
noise.
The bearing requirements and design recommendations are
given on pages 1829.
Figure 9 Shake test
Bearing arrangements
Bearing types
Z
2
tI
Varian
1
2
t II
Varian
134 120
Z
s
Z
3
134 122
Bearing arrangements
134 124
Preloading
The rubber tolerance ring provides the preload in the needle
roller bearings. When the bearings are pressed into the outer
tube, the split outer ring and the rolling elements are subjected
to a defined preload by the tolerance ring.
The preload is set such that:
sufficient rigidity is achieved and
the displacement force for the shaft is not too high.
The limiting of displacement force is particularly necessary if
the position of the steering shaft has to be adjusted during
assembly.
134 126
Bearing arrangements
1
2
134 128
1
3
2
1
134 125
Bearing arrangements
134 127
134 129
Figure 17 Arrangement with four point contact bearing and needle roller bearing
17
134 130
Rigidity
l1
l2
Y
Shaft displacement
0,20
mm
XY
XZ
0
0,20
0,40
0,60
0
52
104
156
X distance
208
260 300
mm
Displacement in XY plane
Displacement in XZ plane
Angular contact ball bearing SKL
Radial displacement
Spring preload 400 N
500
400
300
200
=30
=45
=45
700
=30
600
100
0,2
0,15 0,1
0,05
mm
Displacement at the upper
bearing position
0,1
0,3
0,5
0,7
mm
Displacement at the
load point F
l1
l2
X
Y
Force [N]
Hardness 700
80 Shore A
600
Hardness
80 Shore A
500
Hardness
60 Shore A
400
Hardness
60 Shore A
300
200
100
1
Displacement
at the load point F
5
mm
134 131
Rigidity
l1
l2
Force [N]
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0,1 0,2
0,3 0,4
0,5
mm
Displacement
at the load point F
134 132
l2
l1
Y
Force [N]
700
600
Tolerance ring
80 Shore A
60 Shore A
Tolerance ring
80 Shore A
500
400
300
Tolerance
ring
60 Shore A
200
100
mm
134 133
0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,9
mm
Displacement
Displacement
at the upper bearing position
at the load point F
Rigidity
Comparison of rigidity values
700
30
45
80 Sh
65 Sh
F
600
500
400
Rubber 80 Shore
300
Rubber 65 Shore
200
100
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
y at load point F
0,9
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
mm
134 134
Friction
Md
10
Ncm
n = 60 min 1
t = 10 s/cm
10
Ncm
n = 60 min 1
t = 10 s/cm
134 139
Full complement
bearing
Figure 23 Frictional torque in a standard steering column comparison between full complement bearing and bearing with cage
23
Friction
Md
10
Ncm
n = 60 min 1
t = 10 s/cm
10
Ncm
n = 60 min 1
t = 10 s/cm
Figure 24 Frictional torque in a steering column with precision bearing seating surfaces
comparison between full complement bearing and bearing with cage
24
134 140
Test procedures
FR
frictional torque,
operating life,
axial and radial rigidity,
angular misalignment,
breaking load and
noise.
1,5 0,05
2 0,05
FA
B
134 144
Ring gauge A
Plug gauge B
Comments
Loose
Loose
Minimum value
Maximum value
Maximum value
Minimum value
Maximum value
Minimum value
Maximum value
Minimum value
Maximum value
Minimum value
Maximum value
Minimum value
Maximum value
Minimum value
Load applied
L = ... mm away from the bearing axis
Frictional torque
Frictional torque deviation
Maximum frictional torque
Frictional torque deviation
Axial rigidity
Load FA
1000 N/3 500 N
Maximum
displacement
Radial rigidity
Load FR
200 N/1000 N
Maximum
displacement
25
Test procedures
134 141
Frictional torque
measuring equipment
Frictional torque sensor
1 revolution
MD
MD max
MDq
MD min
134 142
Frictional torque
example with angular contact ball bearings SKL
Test conditions
test rig as shown in Figure 28
axial load per bearing:
250 N
bearing speed:
60 min1 .
Approval criteria
maximum frictional torque per bearing: 0,1 0,03 Nm
no disruptive rolling noise.
Approval criteria
maximum frictional torque per bearing: 0,1 0,03 Nm
bearing fully frictional:
no ball indentations,
cracks or fractures
permissible.
F
Md
134 137
Test procedures
134 138
28
Noise
Test conditions
measurement rig as shown in Figure 30.
Pos. 1
Pos. 2
Pos. 3
Connections
Bearing 2
Bearing 3
Bearing 1
134 143
20 s
Fitting dimensions
Design of bearing seating surfaces
134 154
0,05
Housing
0,05
Shaft
134 155
h9
Shaft
0,1
Housing
Figure 32 Design of bearing seating surfaces bearing location with lugs in the housing
31
Fitting dimensions
Design of bearing seating surfaces
h9
134 156
Shaft
SKL/SKL
LEN/LEN
KLX/LEN
KLX/KLX
LEN/KLX
KLX/SKL
Costs
+++
+++
Rigidity
+++
++
+++
+++
Frictional torque
++
+++
++
+/
++
++
Noise damping
+++
++
++
++
Operating life
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
Fitting
+/
+++
++
+/
++
+/
Market penetration
+++
++
++
+/
Assessment key:
+++ = very good
++ = good
+
= average
= poor
33