More Meat, Milk & Fish by & For Poor

Submitted to the CGIAR Consortium Board by ILRI on behalf
of CIAT,ICARDA & WorldFish Center

5 March 2011
Moremeat,milkandfishbyandforthepoor
TABLEOFCONTENTS
FOREWORD......................................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................................................iv
EXECUTIVESUMMARY......................................................................................................................................v
PART1:OVERVIEW.....................................................................................................................................1
OURPROPOSITION..........................................................................................................................................1
JUSTIFICATION:WHYMEAT,MILKANDFISHMATTER....................................................................................2
ANOPPORTUNITYFRONTIER..........................................................................................................................7
WHATSNEWINTHISPROGRAM?................................................................................................................10
VISION,GOALANDOBJECTIVES....................................................................................................................11
FRAMEWORKFORRESULTS...........................................................................................................................14
SELECTEDVALUECHAINS..............................................................................................................................15
IMPACTPATHWAYS.......................................................................................................................................17
PART2:RESEARCHFORDEVELOPMENTINLIVESTOCKANDFISHSYSTEMS................................................20
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................20
RESEARCHTHEMEONE:TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENT...............................................................................20
Component1.1:Animalhealth.................................................................................................................21
Component1.2Livestockandfishgenetics..............................................................................................29
Component1.3:Feeds...............................................................................................................................35
RESEARCHTHEMETWO:VALUECHAINDEVELOPMENT..............................................................................46
Component2.1.Sectoral&policyanalysis...............................................................................................49
Component2.2.Valuechainassessment..................................................................................................50
Component2.3.Valuechaininnovation...................................................................................................51
RESEARCHTHEMETHREE:TARGETING,GENDERANDIMPACT....................................................................55
Component3.1Spatial,systemsandhouseholdanalysisandtargeting..................................................58
Component3.2:Genderandequity..........................................................................................................59
Component3.3:Monitoring,evaluation,impactassessmentandlearning.............................................62
PART3:ORGANIZATIONALSTRATEGYFOREFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATION.................................................69
MANAGEMENTANDGOVERNANCE..............................................................................................................69
TIMEFRAMEANDMILESTONES.....................................................................................................................72
ROLESANDPARTNERSHIPS...........................................................................................................................73
GENDERANDEQUITYSTRATEGY...................................................................................................................78
COMMUNICATION,ADVOCACYANDDATAANDKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENT..........................................80
SYNERGIESANDLINKAGESWITHOTHERCRPSANDCGCENTERS................................................................86
RISK................................................................................................................................................................93
BUDGET.........................................................................................................................................................95
PART4:DESCRIPTIONSOFTHESELECTEDVALUECHAINS........................................................................103
i
FISHVALUECHAINSINUGANDAANDEGYPT.............................................................................................104
SHEEPMEATVALUECHAININETHIOPIA....................................................................................................134
SHEEPANDGOATMEATVALUECHAINSINMALI.......................................................................................147
DAIRYVALUECHAINININDIA.....................................................................................................................160
DAIRYVALUECHAININTANZANIA..............................................................................................................169
DAIRYVALUECHAININHONDURASANDNICARAGUA...............................................................................181
PIGMEATVALUECHAININVIETNAM..........................................................................................................191
SMALLHOLDERPIGPRODUCTIONANDMARKETINGVALUECHAININUGANDA.......................................206
ANNEX1:PROPOSALDEVELOPMENTPROCESS.......................................................................................219
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................222
ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS...............................................................................................................233
ii
FOREWORD
InacceptingtheinvitationtodevelopaCGIARResearchProgramtoincreaseglobalfoodsecuritythrough
livestockandfarmedfish,theparticipatingCGCentershaveembracedthespiritoftheongoingchange
processtoproposeaboldnewapproachfororganizingandconductingourresearch.Thisnewapproach
reliesontwokeyprinciples:focusandnewpartnershipsthattogetherallowustotakemoreactive
responsibilityforimpact.
Toimproveourfocus,wehaveagreedtoconcentrateourcollectiveeffortsonjustnineanimalproduct
valuechainsineightcountries,replacingourconventionalapproachofmorepiecemealresearchacross
scatteredsites.Thiswillallowustointegrateourresearchinaholisticmannertogeneratethesolutionsthat
willtransformtheselectedvaluechainsandproducemorefood.Althoughcounterintuitive,weseethis
focusactuallyenhancingratherthanrestrictingourabilitytogenerateinternationalpublicgoodsforimpact
morewidely.
Transformingvaluechainsrequiresnewpartnerships,andhereweproposetobuildonrecentexperiencesin
whichCentershavebeenworkingmorecloselywithdevelopmentandprivatesectorpartners.Thisemerging
modelhastheCentersservingastheknowledgepartnerwithinlargescaledevelopmentinterventions.This
arrangementincreasestheurgencyandrelevanceofourresearchwhileprovidingamechanismfor
translatingourresearchresultsdirectlyintouseatscale.ThisalsomeansthattheCenterscontributedirectly
toandbecomeaccountableforachievingverifiabledevelopmentoutcomes.
Clearlythisapproachwillpresentnewchallengesandrisks,butweareexcitedaboutitspotentialfor
generatingmeasurableimpactandarekeentobegin.Itwillhaveimplicationsforthewayweorganize
ourselvesandworktogether,butwehavealreadybeenencouragedbytheinteractionsandsynergiesbeing
createdamongthefourCenterpartners.
InthespiritoftheGCARDmeetinginMontpellier,weactivelyengagedawiderangeofstakeholdersfortheir
feedbackandinputaswedevelopedtheoriginalproposal,boththroughaseriesoffacetofacemeetings
andthroughapubliceconsultation.Wegreatlyappreciatedandbenefitedfromboththequantityand
qualityofresponse:theeconsultationalonereceivedover14,000visitsandgeneratedover400
thoughtfulandoftenthoughtprovokingcomments.WehavenowalsobenefitedfromtheConsortium
Boardreviewwhich,thoughpositive,hasalsochallengedustosharpenthelogicbehindtheproposed
programanditsplanofaction.Thisrevisedversionhasalsobenefitedfromfurtherpubliceconsultationto
testourresponsesmorewidely.Bothhavecontributedtostrengtheningtherevisedproposalweare
submittingtoday.
Wenowlookforwardtocontinuingtoworkwiththesestakeholdersandnewpartnersasweprepareto
implementtheProgramtodeliverimpactonthegroundforthousandsofpoorproducersandimproved
supplyofanimalsourcefoodsformillionsofpoorconsumers.
RubenGEcheverra(CIAT)MahmoudSolh(ICARDA)
CarlosSer(ILRI)StephenHall(WorldFishCenter
5March2011
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TheCRP3.7teamwishestoacknowledgetheexcellentcomments,insightsandinputsprovidedbyallthose
whoparticipatedinthevariousstakeholderconsultations,eitherduringthefacetofacemeetingsorinthe
econsultation.Weparticularlyappreciatedthecontributionsoftheparticipantswhotookseveraldaysof
theirvaluabletimetotraveltoAddisAbabainlateAugust2010toattendtheStakeholderConsultation
Meeting.
WearegratefultotheorganizersoftheForumforAgriculturalResearchinAfrica(FARA)AfricaAgriculture
ScienceWeek,heldinOuagadougouinJuly,forkindlyhostingasidemeetingconsultation.
Wethankthefollowingcolleagueswhoacceptedtoreviewthedraftproposalinanunreasonablyshorttime:
JohnGibson,KristenGrote,CeesdeHaan,PhilippeLecomte,SimpliceNouala,JoachimOtteandIanScoones.
Finally,wethanktheConsortiumBoardandtheanonymousreviewersfortheirinsightfulcommentsand
questionswhichhaveenabledustodevelopthisrevisedversion.
iv
EXECUTIVESUMMARY
Consumptionofadequateamountsofmeat,milkandfishisaprovenwayofachievingnutritionalsecurity
whichenableschildrentodevelopnormallyandreachtheirfullpotentialashealthy,productiveadults.
However,productivityoftheseanimalsourcefoodsinthepoorestcountrieslagsbehindtherestofthe
worldandconsumptionratesamongstthepoor,womenandchildrenremainwellbelowrecommended
levels.Inmanysystems,opportunitiesforincreasedproductionandmarketingofthesecommoditieslie
particularlywithsmallholderproducersandothersmallscaleactors.Thisoffersanopportunityforimproved
foodsecuritythroughbetterincomesandlivelihoodassetsforthepoorandwomenlivestockkeepers.The
rolesofmenandwomeninproduction,processingandmarketingandinhouseholddecisionmakingin
resourceallocation,technologyadoption,marketingandconsumptionvaryacrossthetargetcountriesof
Africa,AsiaandLatinAmericaandthereisgreatpotentialtouselivestockandfishasawayforreducing
inequitiesinaccesstoresources,incomegenerationandnutritionintheseregions.
Vision
ThisCGIARResearchProgramsvisionisforthehealth,livelihoodsandfutureprospectsofthepoorand
vulnerable,especiallywomenandchildren,tobetransformedthroughconsumptionofadequateamountsof
meat,milkand/orfishandfrombenefitingfromtheassociatedanimalsourcefoodvaluechains.
CRP3.7aimstorealizethisvisionbyseizinguponanunprecedentedopportunitytointegrateandexploit
threeongoingrevolutionstheLivestockRevolution,theBlueRevolutionandtheGeneRevolution.Itwilldo
thisbyfosteringpartnershipsthatharnesstherespectivestrengthsofresearchanddevelopmentpartners,
includingtheprivatesector,andalsootherrelevantCGIARResearchPrograms.TheProgramwillbeledby
ILRIworkingcloselywithCIAT,ICARDAandtheWorldFishCenter.
MP3.7istestingthehypothesisthatincreasedaccesstoanimalsourcefoodsbythepoor,especiallywomen
andchildren,canbeachievedatscalebystrengtheningcarefullyselectedmeat,milkandfishvaluechainsin
whichthepoorcancaptureasignificantshareofthebenefits.Technologiesandlessonsgeneratedthrough
thisfocusedapproachwillbeapplicableinbroaderregionalandglobalsettings.
Goal
TheoverarchinggoalofCRP3.7istoincreaseproductivityofsmallscalelivestockandfishsystemssoasto
increaseavailabilityandaffordabilityofmeat,milkandfishforpoorconsumersand,indoingso,toreduce
povertythroughgreaterparticipationbythepooralonganimalsourcefoodvaluechains.
Thiswillbeachievedbymakingasmallnumberofcarefullyselectedanimalsourcefoodvaluechains
functionbetter,forexamplebyidentifyingandaddressingkeyconstraintsandopportunities(from
productiontoconsumption),improvinginstitutionalarrangementsandcapacities,andsupportingthe
establishmentofenablingpropoorpolicyandinstitutionalenvironments.
Programobjectives
TheProgramobjectivesthatwillcontributetothegoalincludeto:
increasesustainablytheproductivityofsmallscalelivestockandfishproductionandmarketing
systems
increaseaccesstoaffordableanimalsourcefoodstoenhancefoodandnutritionsecurityforthe
poor,womenandchildren
enableparticipationinandaccesstopropoorandgenderequitableproductionandmarketing
systemsthatpromoteuptakeofproductivityenhancingtechnologiesandincreasevaluegeneration,
withemphasisonaddressingcurrentgenderdisparities
v
securehouseholdandcommunitylivestockandfishassetsforsustainedlivelihoods,andconserve
livestock,fishandforage/fodderbiodiversityaspublicgoodassetsthatwillprovidegeneticdiversity
forcontinuedgrowthandadaptation
protectthenaturalresourcebaseanditsabilitytocontinueprovidingecosystemservices
strengthencapacitytoenablepublicandprivatesectoractorstosupportandexploitappropriate
researchanddevelopmenteffortsforsustainableintensificationofsmallscalelivestockandfish
productionandmarketingsystemsthatprovideequitablebenefitstomenandwomen
facilitatescalingupandoutbyundertakingresearchandemphasizinglearningandits
communication
AtthecoreofCRP3.7areasmallnumberofcarefullyselectednationalmeat,milkandfishvaluechains.This
focusismadeinordertoeffectivelyimplementtheProgramsinnovativeR4Dapproachandtomaximize
impact.Thefocusisonthosevaluechainsforwhichwejudgethereisahighpotentialfortransformational
improvementfromtheproducertotheconsumer.Thecriteriabywhichthesevaluechainshavebeen
selectedinclude:
a) Evidenceofmarketopportunitiesforcontinuedexpansionofproduction,throughgrowingdemand
forlivestockandfishproducts
b) Opportunitiesforsmallholderproducerstoactivelyparticipateinandbenefitfromthose
opportunities,especiallywomenandthepoor,eitherasproducersorasotheractorsinthevalue
chains
c) Productivitygapsandidentifiedsupplyconstraintsthatresearchpotentiallyofferssolutionsto
overcome
d) Asupportivepolicyandinfrastructureenvironmenttofacilitateuptakeandscalingout
e) Existingmomentumandexperience,includingkeyresearchanddevelopmentpartners,thatcan
enableoutcomesandimpactstooccurwithinarelativelyshorttimeframe
Basedonthesecriteriaandtheevidenceavailable,theselectedvaluechainsandcountriesare:
SmallruminantvaluechainsinmixedcroplivestocksystemsinEthiopiaandMali
TilapiaandcatfishaquaculturevaluechainsinUgandaandEgypt
SmallholderdairyvaluechainsinIndia(selectedstates),TanzaniaandNicaragua/Honduras
SmallholderpigvaluechainsinUgandaandVietnam
Theinclusionofmultiplecountriesandregions,togetherwithsomecommonspeciesoffocus,willallow
comparisonsandcrosssystemlearningthatwillsupportthedevelopmentofstrategiclessons,
methodologiesandtechnologiesofwideapplicability,andthedeliveryofstronginternationalpublicgood
knowledgeoutputs.
TheprogramwillhaveasitscentrethreeResearchThemes.Theseareorganizedsoasto:a)provide
significantcriticalmassandinvestmentingeneratingimprovedproductivitythroughtechnology
developmentandadaptationinthemainareasoffeeding,breedingandanimalhealth,b)ensuringthatthe
technologydevelopmentisdrivenbytherealworldcontextofagriculturalvaluechains,andc)providingthe
crosscuttinganalysisofdevelopmentprocessandoutcomestoensurethattargetbeneficiariesbenefit.
Thesecoherentresearchthemeswillalsoplayakeyroleingeneratingthestrategicandglobalpublicgood
outputsthelieattheheartoftheCGIARscomparativeadvantage,byworkingandemployingharmonized
approachesacrosstheselectedvaluechainsandregions.Thethreethemesare:
ThemeOne:TechnologyDevelopment.ThisThemeisconcernedwithadaptationandgenerationof
technologiestoaddresspriorityconstraintsinthefocalvaluechains,especiallyforfeeds,geneticsand
vi
health.Hereacarefulbalancewillbemaintainedbetweenadaptiveresearchtomeetcurrentpressing
needs,andblueskyresearchtoprovidetransformationaladvancesinthemediumtolongerterm.Strong
linkagesbetweenthoseresponsiblefortechnologygenerationandthevaluechainactorswillbeestablished
toensurethatformeraddresstherealneedsofthelatter.
ThemeTwo:ValueChainDevelopment.ThisThemewillprovideasettingforintegratingthetechnology
adaptationandgenerationwork,improvingdeliverysystems,anddevelopingvaluechainsthatpromote
intensificationthroughnewpartnershipsandinnovationcapacity.Strongemphasiswillbeonaction
research,andonworkingcloselywithdevelopmentpartners,includingtheprivatesector,andgovernance
actors.Pilotingandassessinginterventionswithinthecontextoftargetvaluechainsisrequiredtoavoid
pastfailuresthatmayhaveledtoinappropriateorineffectivetechnologiesandstrategies.
ThemeThree:Targeting,GenderandImpact.ThefinalThemeisconcernedwithensuringthatgenderand
equityaremainstreamedinatransformativewayinthewholeProgram;theProgramhasitsintended
impactamongtargetbeneficiaries,includingwomenandvulnerablegroups;monitoringandassessingthe
levelandmannerofthatimpact,andtheoutcomesthatbroughtitabout;understandingandsupportingthe
processesofinnovationandresearchtodevelopment,toimprovetheperformanceoftheProgramandits
partners;understandingthepoliticaleconomyandgovernanceofvaluechains;supportingtheinternalM&E,
planninganddecisionfunctions,andthecommunicationstrategyoftheProgramtocontinuallyensure
efficiency,accountabilityandrelevance.
Inadditiontoachievingimpactatscaleineachoftheselectedvaluechains,itisanticipatedthatthe
researchproductsandlessonsgeneratedwillbeapplicableand,withadequatepromotion,willbetaken
morebroadly,suchasinneighbouringcountries.Someresearchproducts(suchasnewgenerationvaccines
andimprovedvarietiesofdualpurposefoodfeedcrops)andlessonsarealsolikelytohaveevenbroader
applicability.So,whiledirectimpactsareanticipatedtobenefittensorhundredsofthousandsofpoor
peopleforeachvaluechain,broaderregionalimpactscouldreachmillions,whileinternationalpublicgoods
couldreachtensorhundredsofmillions.
Finally,anorganizationalandimplementationstrategyandframeworkwillbeestablishedtoensurethe
smoothfunctioningoftheProgramanditspartnerships.Theelementsofthisinclude:
aPartnershipStrategyforensuringthatthekeypartnershipsthattheProgramwillrelyonare
developedandsupported,soastomakeastrongcontributionstotheProgramgoals
aGenderandEquityStrategytoensurethatthedesign,implementation,monitoringandevaluation
addressgenderandequity,anddistributionofProgramimpactsisparticularlysignificantamong
thosetargetgroupsofparticularneed
aCommunications,AdvocacyandKnowledgeManagementStrategytoenablekeypotentialusers
globallyoftheProgramsknowledgeproductstomakebestuseofthose,toreachthedecision
makersandinvestorsthatcanscaleupProgramoutcomes,andtoensuretheknowledgegenerated
isorganizedandmadeavailableforwideruser,
aCapacityDevelopmentStrategytomaximizethepotentialforincreasecapacityforresearchfor
developmentamongarangeofpartners,and
aManagementandGovernanceStructurethataimstobothexploitthestrongskillsandcapacityof
theProgrampartnersthroughjointprocessesofdecisionmakingandimplementation,whileatthe
sametimeprovidingastreamlinedstructuretolimittransactionscostsofProgramimplementation.
Aftersixyears,thisProgramwillhavehaddirectimpactonuptoninevaluechainswhichwillresultin
significantlyimprovedlivelihoodsforvaluechainactorsandbetternutritionsecurityforpoorconsumers.It
vii
isanticipatedthatthesedirectimpactswillbenefittensofthousandsofhouseholdswhowillparticipatein
moreeffectivevaluechains,withlargernumbersofconsumersenjoyingincreasedaccesstomoreaffordable
animalsourcefoods.
viii
MP3.7:MOREMEAT,MILKANDFISHBYANDFORTHEPOOR 1
PART1:OVERVIEW
Chronicundernutritioninearlychildhood...resultsindiminishedcognitiveand
physicaldevelopment...[Affectedchildren]mayperformpoorlyinschool,andas
adultstheymaybelessproductive,earnlessandfaceahigherriskofdiseasethan
adultswhowerenotundernourishedaschildren.
Forgirls,chronicundernutritioninearlylife,eitherbeforebirthorduringearly
childhood,canlaterleadtotheirbabiesbeingbornwithlowbirthweight,whichcan
leadagaintoundernutritionasthesebabiesgrowolder.Thusaviciouscycleof
undernutritionrepeatsitself,generationaftergeneration.UNICEF2008
OURPROPOSITION
Consumptionofevensmallamountsofmilk,meat,eggsandfish(theanimalsourcefoods)isaneffective
wayofpreventingundernutritionandachievingnutritionsecurity 2,therebyenablingchildrentodevelop
normally,reachingtheirfullpotentialashealthy,productiveadults.
However,theproductivityoflivestockandaquaculturesystems,andtheavailabilityandaffordabilityof
animalsourcefoodsinpoorcountrieslagsbehindtherestoftheworldandconsumptionratesremainlow,
exacerbatedbyrecentupwardpressureonfoodprices.Undernutritionthereforeremainswidespread
amongstthepoor 3.Itisimplicatedinthedeathsofathirdofallchildrenunderfive(Blacketal2008);an
estimated195millionchildrenaretooshortfortheirage(stunted)and129millionchildrenareunderweight
(UNICEF2008).TheprevalenceofstuntingandunderweightchildrenishighestinAfricaandAsia,butalso
prevailsamongstthepoorinotherregions,suchasLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.
TheexpectedcontributionoftheCGIARistosustainablyincreaseproductionoftheanimalsourcefoods
neededtohelpimprovenutritionalsecurityandreduceundernutrition.Livestockandfishproduction
continuestobedrivenprimarilybysmallholdersinmostdevelopingcountries,especiallyinsubSaharan
Africa(FAO2009).Thisisparticularlythecaseinruminant(cattle,sheepandgoats)andpigproduction
whereavailabilityofunderutilizedcropresidues,roughageandotherfeedstuffs,combinedwithunder
employedfamilylabour,ensurethatsmallholderproducerscompetestronglywithlargercommercial
livestockenterprises,andwilldosofortheforeseeablefuture(Omitietal2006;Delgadoetal2003a).Inthe
caseofsmallstockandsomedairysystems,womenalsoplayanimportantroleingeneratingincomeand
controlofassets.Therequiredproductionincreasestoprovidemoreanimalsourcefoodsforthepoorthus
canatthesametimegenerateimprovedincomesandlivelihoodsforsmallholderproducersandotheractors
alongthevaluechain.
OneofthestrategicobjectivesoftheCGIARsnewmodelistoCreateandacceleratesustainableincreasesintheproductivityand
productionofhealthyfoodbyandforthepoor.http://www.cgiar.org/changemanagement/index.html
2
Nutrition security is defined as adequate nutritional status in terms of protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals for all household
membersatalltimes.
3
Inthisproposal,thepooristakentomeanpeoplelivingonlessthantheequivalentofUS$2perday.
Thereisanowahuge,unprecedentedopportunitytomobilizelivestockandfisheriesresearchfor
developmenttoenablethepoortoaccessadequatesuppliesofanimalsourcefoodsataffordableprices,
andsimultaneouslygenerateimprovedlivelihoods.Capturingthisopportunitywilljointlyaddresstwoofthe
centralpillarsofimprovedfoodsecurity:availability 4,thesustainedphysicalpresencelocallyofadequate
andappropriatefood,andaccess 5,reliablyhavingthefinancialorproductiveresourcesrequiredtoobtain
thatfood.
Factorsconvergingtocreatethisopportunityincludeincreasingdemandforanimalsourcefoodsinmany
poorcountries,thegrowthoftheprivatesectorandincreaseddynamismofmarketsinmanydeveloping
countries,andthelongtermdependenceinmanysystemsonsmallholdersforthelargebulkofproduction.
Therecognitionthattechnologydevelopmentmustgohandinhandwitheffectivetargetinganduptake
pathways,recentadvancesinboththenaturalandsocialsciences,andnewinstitutionalflexibilityprovided
bytheCGIARchangeprocessarealsosignificant.
Buildingontheseopportunities,CGIARResearchProgram3.7willtestthehypothesisthatincreasedaccess
toanimalsourcefoodsbythepoor,especiallywomenandchildren,canbeachievedatscalebystrengthening
carefullyselectedmeat,milkandfishvaluechainsinwhichthepoorcancaptureasignificantshareofthe
benefits.Technologiesandlessonsgeneratedthroughthisfocusedapproachwillbeapplicableinbroader
regionalandglobalsettings.
Itisenvisagedthatdirectimpactsalongtheselectedvaluechainswillimprovethelivelihoodsoftensof
thousandsofpoorhouseholds.Additionalproductionofmoremeat,milkandfish(oftheorderoften
thousandtonnesperyear)willextendthesebenefitstotensofhundredsofthousandsormoreconsumers,
includingthepoor.
JUSTIFICATION:WHYMEAT,MILKANDFISHMATTER
Animalsourcefoodsareimportantforthreemainreasons.Thefirstissimplytherelativeweightofthe
sectorintheglobaleconomy.Thetotalvalueofglobalmeat,milkandeggproduction,andfarmedandwild
caughtfishexceedsUS$730billionannuallyoraboutUS$109foreveryman,womenandchildonEarth
(FAOSTAT;www.census.gov).Animalsourcefoodsarereportedtooccupyfouroftheworldstopfive
agriculturalcommoditiesbyvalue(FAOSTAT)seefigure,over.
Demandformilk,meat,eggsandfishhasincreasedrapidlyin
developingcountriesoverthelastfewdecades,especiallyinthe
rapidlygrowingeconomies.Thisgrowthisprojectedtocontinue
duringthecomingdecades(Table1.1)andhaswarrantedthe
coiningofthetermstheLivestockRevolution(Delgadoetal
1999)andtheBlueRevolution(Entis1997).Althoughcapture
fisheriesplateauedinthe1980s,aquaculture(theBlue
Revolution)hasexpandedrapidly:in1970aquacultureprovided
lessthan4%ofglobalfish,molluscsandcrustaceans,butby
2009itprovidedhalfthefishconsumedintheworld(FAO2009).
Table 1.1Projectedincreaseindemand
foranimalsourcefoodsto2020,%per
year(Delgadoetal1999)
Developed
Countries
Developing
Countries
Milk
0.2
1.8
Meat
0.5
1.7
Fish
0.0
0.6
Cereals
0.3
0.4
DefinitionofAvailability:Sufficientquantitiesofappropriate,necessarytypesofqualityfoodareconsistentlyavailable
totheindividualsorarewithintheirreach(adaptedfromUSAID).
5
DefinitionofAccess:Individualshaveadequateincomesorotherresourcestopurchaseorbartertoobtainlevelsof
appropriatefoodsneededtomaintainconsumptionofanadequatediet/nutritionlevel(adaptedfromUSAID)
Moreemeat,milkandfishbyyandfortheepoor
Asecondandmorepertinentreason
nfortheCGIARtoinvestinincreasinggtheproducctionofanim
malsource
foodsisthattinpoorcou
untrieslivesto
ockandfishmakesignificantcontributionstodieets.InEastA
Africa,for
example,livestockprovideonaveragge11%ofen
nergyand26
6%ofprotein
ninpoorpeo
oplesdiets(FAOSTAT).
Fish,meanw
while,accoun
ntforatleastthalftheanimalproteinintakeforth
he400millio
onpoorestpeoplein
AfricaandSo
outhAsia(FA
AO2009).
Whilelivesto
ockandfishclearlymakeeimportantccontribution
nstooverallffoodsecurityy,thereisan
n
indispensableroleofaniimalsourceffoodsinachievingnutritionsecurity..Thisisespeciallyimporttantfor
vulnerableggroups,suchasinfants,cchildren,preggnantandnu
ursingwomeen,andpeop
plelivingwith
hHIV.
Animalsourcefoodsareedensesourccesofenergyyandhighqualityproteiin.Theyalsoprovideavaarietyof
essentialmicronutrientss,someofwh
hich,suchassvitaminA,vvitaminB12,rriboflavin,caalcium,iron,zincand
variousesseentialfattyaccids,arediffiiculttoobtaininadequateamountsfromplantb
basedfoodsalone
(Murphy&A
Allen2003).Animalsourcefoodspro
ovidemultiplemicronutrientssimultaaneously,wh
hichcanbe
importantin
ndiets thatarelackinginmorethano
onenutrientt:forexample, vitaminAandriboflavvinareboth
neededforiironmobilizaationand haeemoglobinsyynthesis,and
dsupplemen
ntationwithironalonem
maynot
successfullytreatanaem
miaiftheseo
othernutrien
ntsaredeficie
ent(Allen20
002).Micronutrientsinanimal
sourcefoodsarealsoofttenmorereaadilyabsorbeedandbioavvailablethan
nthoseinplaantbasedfoo
ods(Murphyy
&Allen2003
3).Biofortifiicationtargeetsstaples,agoodapproachasintakeesofstaplessarehighand
dtherefore
highernutrieentconcentrrationinstap
plesifplantedandconsumedwillprovidemo
oreofthenutrient.
Fortification
nandbioforttificationapp
proachescan
nhelpbutge
enerallytarggetsinglelimitingnutrien
nts.They
shouldbeseeenasareco
omplementary,notaltern
native,appro
oachestoinccreasingintaakeofanimalsource
food,anissu
ueweintend
dtoexplorew
withcolleagu
uesworkingonCRP4.
Consumptio
onofevensm
mallamountssofanimalsourcefoodshasbeenshowntoconttributesubsttantiallyto
ensuringdieetaryadequaacyandpreveentingunderrnutritionan
ndnutritionaaldeficienciees(Neumann
netal2003)..
ExtensivelongitudinalsttudiesinEgypt,Kenyaan
ndMexico(N
Neumannetaal2002)haveshownstro
ong
malsourcefoodsandbetttergrowth,ccognitivefun
nctionandph
hysical
associationssbetweeninttakeofanim
activityofch
hildren,betteerpregnancyyoutcomesandreduced
dmorbidityffromillness.Consumptionof
adequateam
mountsofmicronutrients,suchasthosethatcanbefoundinanimalsourrcefoods,isassociated
withmorecompetentim
mmunesysteemsandbettterimmunerresponses(K
KeuschandFFarthing1986
6;Neumann
etal1975,1
1991).Similarconclusionshavebeenmadeforfisshandmicro
onutrientsinBangladeshand
Cambodia(LLarsenandThilsted2000
0,Roosetal.2007a,2007
7b).
3
ArecentreportbyUNICEFdrawsattentiontochildrensparticularvulnerabilitytonutritionaldeficiencies
duringtheirfirst1000daysfromconceptionanddescribeshowchronicundernutritionofyounggirlsmeans
thataviciouscycleofundernutritionrepeatsitself,generationaftergeneration(UNICEF2009).
Thefirst1000days
Recentevidencemakesitclearthatinchildrenunder5yearsofage,theperiodofgreatestvulnerability
tonutritionaldeficienciesisveryearlyinlife:theperiodbeginningwiththewomanspregnancyand
continuinguntilthechildis2yearsold...Chronicundernutritioninearlychildhoodalsoresultsin
diminishedcognitiveandphysicaldevelopment,whichputschildrenatadisadvantagefortherestoftheir
lives.Theymayperformpoorlyinschooland,asadults,theymaybelessproductive,earnlessandfacea
higherriskofdiseasethanadultswhowerenotundernourishedaschildren.
Forgirls,chronicundernutritioninearlylife,eitherbeforebirthorduringearlychildhood,canlaterleadto
theirbabiesbeingbornwithlowbirthweight,whichcanleadagaintoundernutritionasthesebabiesgrow
older.Thusaviciouscycleofundernutritionrepeatsitself,generationaftergeneration.
UnitedNationsChildrensFund(UNICEF)2008
Lowlevelsofconsumptionofanimalsourcefoodsbythepoorareduetolimitedsupplyinsomeregions,
suchassubSaharanAfrica,aswellasincomeconstraints.Ithasbeenestimatedthattoeffectivelycombat
undernutrition,20gofanimalproteinperpersonperdayisneeded,whichcanbeachievedbyanannual
consumptionof33kgleanmeat,230kgmilkor45kgfish(FAO2009).
Thehighincomeelasticityforanimalsourcefooddemonstratesthereiscleardemand:thepoorwantmore
animalsourcefoodintheirdietand,indeed,areentitledtoenjoyadiversediet.Consumptionofmeat,milk
andfishtakeoffrapidlywhenincomesstarttorise(Schroederetal1995)orwhenpricesstabilizeorfall.
Overrecentdecadestherehasbeenasignificantincreaseindemandforanimalsourcefoods,withthe
greatestincreasesoccurringinrapidlyemergingeconomies,especiallyinSouth,SoutheastandEastAsia
(Delgadoetal1999;Delgadoetal2003b).Thefastrateofgrowthindemandforanimalsourcefoodshas
createdchallengesincontinuingtoprovideadequatesupplyataffordableprices.Inthecaseoffish,thisis
compoundedbytheglobalcrisisincapturefisheriesandthefailuretodateofaquaculturetofillthegrowing
gapinmanydevelopingregions,especiallysubSaharanAfrica.Inmanycountriesintheregionpercapitafish
consumptionhasfallendramaticallyinrecentdecades.InMalawi,forexample,percapitaannualfish
consumptionwas10kgin1986;by2006thishadfallento6kg.Theprocesseslinkedtoclimatechangeand
consequentdynamicsofsupplyconstraintsfurtherincreasethechallenge.
Thethirdreasonwhyincreasingproductionofanimalproductsiscriticalaretherolesthatlivestockandfish
playtothepoorthatraiseanimalsorareinvolvedintherelatedfoodsystems.Closetoabillionpoorpeople
dependonlivestockandaquaculturefortheirlivelihoods(Staaletal2008).Animalsandtheirproducts
providethesepoorwithanimportantsourceofcashincome,muchofwhichisusedtobuystaplefoods
therebyenhancingfoodsecurity(KawarazukaandBene2010).InEastAfrica,almosthalftheirincomesare
derivedfromtheirlivestock.Smallholdersgenerallycanproduceanimalsourcefoodsfromlowvalueand
underusedresources,suchasfibrouscropresiduesandlandthatisunsuitedtocropproduction,increasing
theirlevelofcompetitiveness.Inaddition,sometypesoflivestock,suchascattle,equinesandcamels,can
providedraftpower,whichsignificantlyimprovesefficiencyandtheareathatcanbecultivatedwhile
reducingthedrudgeryandburdenofhandcultivation.Livestockandfishcanalsomakesignificant
contributionstosustainingcropproduction,especiallythroughnutrientcycling,e.g.whenmanureorwaste
fishpondwaterisappliedtofarmersfields(Tittonelletal2010).Horses,donkeys,mulesorcattlefacilitate
transportationformarketingfarmproductssuchasmilkandotherproducts.
4
Justification:whysmallscaleproductionandtraditionalmarketingsystemsmatter
Animalsourcefoodsarestrategicallyimportantfornutritionalsecurityofthepoorandforthelivelihoodsof
thepoorwhoraiseandmarketlivestockandfish.Smallerscaleproductionandmarketingsystemsofferthe
meanstoincreaseaccesstoanimalsourcefoodsforpoorconsumersandopportunitiesforthepoorwho
producethem.
Forlivestock,thebulkoftheincreasedglobalproductionofanimalsourcefoodsoverrecentdecadeshas
beenfrompoultryandpigsproducedinindustrialsystemssupplyingformalmarketingsystemsintherapidly
emergingeconomies(Delgadoetal1999).Similarlyforfish,explosivegrowthofaquaculturehasoccurredin
Asiainlargerscaleproductionsystems:Asianowaccountsfor85%ofglobalaquacultureproduction(De
Silva&Davy2009).
Industrialsystems 6,however,arenotwelldevelopedinpoorcountriesandconsumerscontinuetorely
largelyontraditionalfoodsystems(Jayne2007).Importantly,industrialproductionsuffersfromlow
competitivenessinenvironmentswherelabourcostsarelow.Delgadoetal(2003a)foundlittleevidenceof
economiesofscaleinsuchenvironments,eveninrapidlydevelopingcountriesinAsia.Poorconsumerstend
tobuythecheapercaloriesofferedbyplantbasedfoods,andcanaffordonlysmallquantitiesofanimal
sourcefoods.Whatmeat,milkandfishtheycanaffordusuallycomesfromtraditionalorinformalmarketing
systemswhichoftenofferlowerpricedproductsoflowerqualityorintheformpreferred(e.g.rawmilk).
Theseinformalsystemstypicallydrawtheirsuppliesofanimalproductslocallyfromsmallerscalemixed
productionsystems.BothinIndiaandinKenya,forexample,thesesystemsareresponsibleforover80%of
milkproduction(Staaletal2008)andthesamepatterninfoundinhigherincomecountriessuchas
NicaraguaandHondurasinCentralAmerica(Lentesetal2010).Further,becausethesesystemsaretypically
drivenbydemandfortraditionalproducts,suchasrawmilk,liveanimalsorfreshunchilledmeat,whichalso
formthelargestmarketshare,theyaregenerallyresistanttocompetitionfromimports,whichtypically
cannotoffersuchproducts(Tisdelletal2010).Suchsystemstakeadvantageoftheavailabilityofrelatively
cheaplabour,whichfavourslabourintensiveproductionmethods,andmarginalandunderorunused
resources,suchaslandunsuitedtocropproductionandcropbyproducts,whichcanbeusedtoproduce
meat,milkandfishandbecompetitivewithindustrialsystems.Asaconsequence,theyarelikelytoprovide
thebulkofproductioninmanycountriesforyearstocome,andsoneedtoformthecentralfocusforefforts
toincreaseproductivity.
Thepartofthedemandrevolutionforanimalproductsthatisdrivenbyincreasingincomemayoftenbypass
thepoor.Demandamongthepoorwilldependprimarilyonthetrendsinnumbersofpoorandchangesin
consumptionassociatedwithurbanization,althoughrecentinnovationsincheaperpackagingandsmaller
retailunitsisshowingevidenceofincreasingpoorconsumerdemand.Expandingindustrialsystemswill
provideanimalproductsforatleastaportionoftheurbanpoor,butthemajorityofthepoorespecially
thoseinruralareaswillcontinuetoobtainmuchoftheiranimalsourcefoodsfromthesmallerscale
productionandtraditionalmarketingsystems.Forlivestock,smallerscaleproductionsystemsgenerally
refertosmallholdermixedcroplivestockfarms,whereasforaquaculture,smallholderproducerswill
dominatesmallerscaleproductionvaluechainsinsomecontextsbutmicro,smallandmediumenterprises
(MSME)willbemoreoftenthenormelsewhere.
Thisrefersin particulartoformal,regulatedindustrialsystemsthatfollowinternationalstandardsinpractices,bio
security,etc.Itshouldbenotethatmediumandlargescalelessformalandlessregulatedindustrialproductionisalso
growing,suchaslargeurbandairyproductionunitsinIndia.
Itisincreasinglyapparentthatavaluechainapproachisessentialtounderstandingwhatinterventionsare
likelytoprovemosteffectiveandcostefficientatdeliveringnutritionbenefitsofincreasedproductiontothe
poorandsociallymarginalizedwhoneedthemmost(HawkesandRuel2011).Thefigure,below,illustratesa
typicalvaluechainforlivestockproductsinalowerincomecountry(duetoeconomiesofscaleissues,fish
productionmayberelatedmoretosmallandmediumscalecommercialaquacultureratherthan
smallholderfarmsassuch).Animportantfeatureoflivestockandfishmarketsisthelinkednatureofhigh
andlowvaluelocalmarkets:productionofprimecutsforbetteroffconsumersorexportatthesametime
supplieslowerpricedbyproductstothelowervaluedmarketforlowerincomeconsumers.
Exports
Commercial
Welloff
smallholder
Highvalue
domestic
market
Urban/rural
welloff
Imports
Urban poor
Lowvalue
domestic
market
Poor
smallholder
Ruralpoor
TYPICALSUPPLYFLOWSFORLIVESTOCKPRODUCTS
INALOWERINCOMECOUNTRY
Poorconsumersgetmostoftheiranimalsourcefoodfrom
lowervaluedomesticmarketswherepoorlivestockkeeperssell
theirproducts(beyondwhatisconsumeddirectlyonfarm
Therearecomplexgenderandintrahouseholddynamicsaroundincreasedincomes,decisionmaking,and
food allocation and consumption patterns. Gender disparities in food allocation and in nutritional status
have especially been found in South Asia where food allocation is skewed in favour of men and boys
(Haddadetal.1996).Numerousstudiesoncommercializationhaveshownthatincreasesincashincomedo
notnecessarilytranslateintogainsforallhouseholdmembers(vonBraunetal.1989).Womenwithcontrol
overresourcestendtohavealargesayinhowthehouseholdallocatesresources,andwomenaretypically
morelikelytoskewresourcestotheproductionofnutrition.Womenscontrolofincomeisakeypromoter
ofhouseholdfoodsecurityandnutrition.Anapproachtolivestockandaquaculturevaluechaindevelopment
thatleveragesonvaluechaininterventionswhichavoidtransferringofincomeandincomecontrolfrommen
towomenandthatgeneratepositivegenderoutcomescancontributetomeetingthegoalsofnutrition.
Propoorproductivityimprovementswouldincreasesuppliesgeneratedparticularlybypoorlivestockinthe
mediumterm,butalsoundoubtedlyincreaseproductionamongbetteroffsmallholdersthroughspillovers
andasthebenefitstopoorlivestockkeepersleadthemoutofpovertyintothebetteroffgroup.Though
somebenefitswouldbecapturedbythebetteroffsmallholders,wewouldviewthisasanaddedindirect
andpositiveoutcome.
6
Muchofthenewproductionwillsupplylowervaluedomesticmarkets,whereourpropoorvaluechain
developmenteffortswillseektoimproveefficienciesandbenefitsforthepoordependantonthesevalue
chainsfortheirlivelihoods.Improvedefficiencyatfarmandmarketlevelandincreasedsupplywillkeep
downwardpressureonprices,keepingproductsinthesemarketsaffordableandaccessibletotheruraland
urbanpoorwhodependonthemfortheiranimalsourcefoods,allowingthemtoimproveoratleast
protectthequalityoftheirdiets.Thereisanassociatedsuiteofresearchquestionsthatwillbeasked
aroundtheimportanceofanimalsourcefoodsinthedietsofthepoorandvulnerable,suchasthetradeoffs
betweenpoorproducerssellinghighvalueproductstoincreaseincomeversusconsumingtheirproduce
themselves.
Wefullyrecognizethatthereisalotofleakageacrossmarketsandproducerandconsumergroups.For
example,someofthesmallholderproductionincreasescanbeexpectedtoendupincommercialproduction
orhighervalueformalmarketingsystemsservingthebetteroffconsumers.Butsuchleakagesalso
contributetopositiveoutcomessincetheyimplyincreasedincomeiscapturedbythepoorcontributingto
moreandbetterfoodpurchasesandbecausethelinkednatureofthetwomarketsmeansthatincreased
suppliestohighvaluemarketsalsoresultinmorebyproductsgoingtothelowervaluemarkets;therefore,
wedonotseesuchleakagescreatinganyfundamentalinconsistencywiththestatedobjectiveofthe
Program.Inshort,byfocusingonpropoorproductivityimprovementsbothinsmallscaleproductionand
informalmarketsystems,ourhypothesisisthatwewillincreasetheavailability,accessibilityand
affordabilityofanimalsourcefoodsforthepoor.Thismustbecomplementedbyresearchtodeterminehow
foodisprocessedand,atthehouseholdlevel,onfoodpreparationandintrahouseholddistributionpatterns
andthereasonsgoverningit.Thisthenallowsthedesignofinterventionssuchasbetterhealtheducationto
helpensureanequitableshareofnutritionbenefitsamongfamilymembers.Iffurthercomplementedby
carefullydesignedinterventionstargetedatwomenandchildren,suchasprogramsthatpurchase
smallholdermilklocallyforschoollunchprogramsorthatencouragethedevelopmentofschoolfishponds
toprovidefishforchildrensmeals,andothervulnerablegroupsidentifiedintheCRPonagriculture,health
andnutrition(CRP4),webelievethebenefitswillextendtothosewhostandtobenefitmostfromincreased
productionandconsumptionofmeat,milkandfish.
Thesehypotheseswillbespecificallytestedinthevaluechainsthatweproposetoworkon.Barrierstothe
equitablesharingofbenefitsfromincreasedproductionfromthevariousanimalsourcefoodvaluechains
willbeidentifiedandinterventionsdesignedtoaddressthese.
ANOPPORTUNITYFRONTIER
Thecurrentconjunctureiscreatingthepossibilityofmuchgreaterprogressthaninthepastforresearchled
productivitygainsandproductionincreasesofanimalsourcefoods.Focusinginparticularonthemarket
systemswherethepoorbuytheiranimalproducts,andonthesmallholderlivestockproducerandsmaller
scaleaquaculturebusinessesthatsupplythesemarketsystems,willincreaseaccessandimproved
nutritionalsecurityforpoorconsumerswhileatthesametimegeneratingwidespreadlivelihoodbenefitsfor
thepoorwhoproducetheanimalproducts.
Smallerscaleproductionandmarketingsystemsareinmanycaseslessabletorespondrapidlytoincreased
demandthanindustrialsystems.Thisisduetoanumberoffactorsincludinglackofaccesstoappropriate
technologiesandvaluechains:valuechainsencompassbothbackwardlinkagestoinputmarketsand
services,includingcredit,institutionalandgovernancearrangements,suchasfarmercoops,contract
farming,MSMEsandforwardlinkagestoproductmarkets.
7
ProductivityoflivestockandfishinsmallscaleproductionsystemsinAfrica,AsiaandLatinAmericalags
significantlybehindthatachievedinrichercountries(Table1.2)andratesofproductivitygainarealsolow.
Thissignalsasystemicfailureofmanypastinvestmentsinlivestockandaquacultureresearchfor
development:highqualityresearchandscientificadvanceshavelargelyfailedtobringabout
transformationalimpactsinpoorcountries.InAfricathereisincreasedawarenessamongdecisionmakersof
thesedisappointments:keyministersresponsibleforanimalresourcesarecurrentlyaligningplanstoidentify
thefactorsaffectingcompetitivenessofanimalresourcesandtheinterventionsneededtoaddressthem
(AUIBAR2010).ThekeychallengenowistoenablesmallholderlivestockandMSMEaquacultureto
transformintoviableandsustainablemarketorientedproducers,andevolvethepropoorvaluechainsthat
cansupportthem,andtotheextentpossibleprovideincomeandemploymenttoothersamongstthepoor.
Table1.2:Productivityofmeatandmilkinselectedworldregions
Meat
(kgoutput/kgbiomass/yr)
Year:
1980
2005 %increase
0.06
SubSaharanAfrica 0.06
0.11 38%
0.08
LatinAmerica
0.04 33%
0.03
SouthAsia
0.20 18%
0.17
Industrialized
countries
Milk
(kg/cow/yr)
1980
2005
397
411
1,380
1,021
904
517
6,350
4,226
%increase
35%
75%
50%
Biomassiscalculatedasinventoryxaverageliveweight.Outputisgivenascarcassweight.
Source:(Steinfeldetal2006)
Casestudiesofpastattemptstointensifysmallscalelivestockproductionsystemsindevelopingcountries
demonstratearangeofreasonsforfailure(Ashleyetal1999;PicaCiamarra2005).Insomecases,suchas
promotionofhighinputandhighriskexoticbreeds,theconstraintwaslackofadaptationtothelowinput
systems,prevailingdiseaseburdensandenvironmentalstressesthatcharacterizesmallscalesystemsin
developingcountrycontexts.Inothercases,pooruptakeofavailabletechnologieswasduetolackof
supportinginputmarketsandservices,andpooraccesstomarketoutlets,aswellasinsufficientearlystage
consultationwiththeintendedbeneficiaries(Sheltonetal2005).Policiesanddevelopmentstrategiesin
manycountriesalsofailtorecognizeandprovideadequatesupporttosmallholderproductionsystemsand
valuechaindevelopment,focusinginsteadonhigherprofileindustrialproductionwhosechancesofsuccess
areoftenmixedatbest.Failuretotakeintoaccountgenderissues,especiallytheroleofwomenandthe
constraintstheyfaceinownershipoflivestock,accesstotechnologiesandservicesandlowparticipationin
markets,havefurtherledtopoorperformanceoflivestockandfisheriesinitiatives.
Inthecaseofaquaculture,thefailureofinvestmentstostimulategrowthinsubSaharanAfricacanlargely
beattributedtoanalmostexclusivefocusonthebiophysicalaspectsoffishproduction.Insufficient
attentionwaspaidtotheinstitutionalandgovernancesettingsnecessarytosustainaquacultureenterprise,
suchasaccesstomarkets,valuechainlinkagesandincentivesforparticipation(Brummett&Williams2000).
Therearenowrealopportunitiestomakeprogress,includingbyexploitingnewdevelopmentsinscience,
especiallythebiosciencesintermsoffeeds,geneticsandhealth,combinedwithmuchimprovedsystems
basedunderstandingoftheproblems.Advancesinsocialsciencesandrefinementsinapplicationof
participatoryprocessesandgendertransformativeapproacheshavegreatlyimprovedourcapacityfor
effectiveandequitabletargetingandadoptionoftechnologiesandotherinnovations.Thereisalsoamuch
improvedunderstandingfromsystemsperspectivesthatadoptionoftechnologiesrequiresanenablingvalue
chainandastrategyforstimulatingitsdevelopmentthatalignswithlocal,nationalandregionalpriorities.
8
Constraintstoimprovingproductivityinsmallscalesystemscompriseacomplexmixoftechnologicaland
institutionalorpolicydimensionsthatimpededelivery,accessanduptakeofpotentialsolutions.Bothsetsof
constraintsmustbeaddressedtoachievethesignificantincreasesinproductiontargeted;solutionsforeach
individuallyarenecessarybutinsufficientconditions.Focusingonlyonthepolicyandinstitutional
bottleneckstodeliveringimprovedtechnologiescurrentlyontheshelfwillprovideshortterm
improvements,butmustbesupportedandsustainedbyacontinuousstreamoftechnologydevelopment,as
demonstratedbythecontributionofpublicandcommercialagriculturalresearchindevelopedcountries.
Andtechnologydevelopmentmustincludeanappropriatelybalancedportfolioofshorterterm,lowerrisk
adaptiveresearch,tailoringexistingtechnologiesfortheirimmediateapplicationinavarietyofcontexts,and
longerterm,higherriskstrategicresearch,preparingtheproductivitybreakthroughsofthefuture.Existing
technologiesforimprovingonfarmfeedutilisationandhealthcare,forexample,canprovideimportant
gainstosupportinitialintensificationofanimalproduction,butasproductionlevelsrisesotoowillother
requirements,e.g.improvedvaccines,andnewtechnologieswilleventuallybeneededtosqueezeyetmore
outofavailablefeedandgeneticresourcesiftheintensificationprocessistobesustained.
Increasingsupplyandavailabilityofanimalsourcefoodsinsystemsinwhichthepooraremajoractors
servesnotonlyfoodandnutritionsecurityobjectivesbutalsohelpsbringaboutbroadbasedpoverty
reduction.Countrieswhichhavetakenadvantageofloweropportunitycostsoflabourandpromotedsmall
scaleagricultureinsteadoflargescalefarmshavehistoricallyachievedbetteroutcomesintermsof
equitablegrowthandpovertyreductionastheyevolvedfromagrariantomoderneconomies(Tomichetal
1995).Todate,opportunitiestouselivestockandfisheriesdevelopmentinasimilarwayforpoverty
reductionhavelargelybeenignoredbynationalgovernments(PicaCiamarra2005).Exceptionsincludethe
successofsmallholderdairydevelopmentinKenya(Staaletal2008)andsmallscalecommercialpoultry
productioninIndonesia(Forster2009).SuchanapproachisconsistentwiththeWorldBankscallfora
largescaleandsustainablesmallholderbasedproductivityrevolutionforAfricanagriculture,capitalizingon
thisgrowthtodeveloptheruralnonfarmsector(WorldBank2007).Promotingsmallerscalesystemsinthis
mannercanensurecontinuedaccessofthepoortoanimalsourcefoodswhilegeneratingincomeand
employmenttoeasethetransitionaseconomiesdiversifyawayfromagriculture.Aseconomiestransform
andtheopportunitycostoflabourrises,smallerscalesystemswillinevitablybecomelesscompetitiveand
economiesofscalewillleadtoconsolidationandlargerscaleindustrialsystems,butimprovingthesmaller
scalesystemsduringthistransition(whichislikelytolastfordecadesinsomecountries)canminimize
potentialsocialdisruptioninruralareas.Duringthetransitionalperiod,ifsmallholderscaneffectively
participateingrowingmarkets,thoseopportunitiescanbetranslatedintootherlivelihoodassetssuchas
childeducationandofffarmopportunities,leadingtopositiveintergenerationalexitfromlivestockandfish
productionassystemsconsolidateandcommercialize.
TherearealsoassociatedemploymentandsmallbusinessopportunitiesthroughMSMEsinfisheriesand
processingandmarketingoflivestockandfishproducts,andinsupplyofinputsandservices,suchasfeeds
andhealthservices.Inmanycountriesthistakesplacelargelyintheinformalsectorbyandforthepoor.
InKenyaforexample,researchhasshownthatsome12%oftheentireruralworkforceisemployedon
smallholderdairyfarms,inadditiontothefarmersthemselves(SDP2005)
Despitethepromise,itisimportanttorecognizeandaddressrisksassociatedwithintensification,suchas
pollutionofwater,greenhousegasproductionandcatastrophicdiseaseoutbreaks,includingthosethatcan
spreadtopeoplefromanimalsorareassociatedwithcontaminatedanimalsourcefoods(Steinfeldetal
2006).Fortunately,wearebecomingmoreawareoftheserisks,andarebetterabletoidentify,assessand
mitigatethem.
9
WHATSNEWINTHISPROGRAM?
ThisProgramaddressesthechallengeofreducingtheproductivitygapinsmallscalelivestockand
aquaculturesystemsandinefficienciesintherelateddistributionsystemssoastoincreaseconsumptionof
animalsourcefoodsbythepoor.Itwilldothisbyintegratingandexploitingthreeongoingrevolutionsthe
LivestockRevolution,theBlueRevolutionandtheGeneRevolution(FAO2004)andbyinnovative
partnershipswithresearchanddevelopmentactors.
Inthepast,theCGIARsresearchhastendedtobefragmentary,addressingaparticularconstraintoftenat
theproductionlevel.Theresulthasoftenbeenthatovercomingonebarriersimplyresultsintheemergence
ofanotherconstraintthathindersrealprogress.Incontrast,thisProgramwillcombinefoundational
technologyresearchwithfocusedresearchonentirevaluechains,includingtheirregionaldimensions,for
selectedanimalsourcefoodcommoditiesinspecificareas.Thismoreholisticandjoinedupapproach
explicitlyrecognizesthattechnologydevelopmentmustgohandinhandwitheffectivetargetingandviable
uptakepathways.
Ourintegratedandfocusedapproachwillalsobetterharnessthegrowthoftheprivatesectorandthe
increaseddynamismofmarketsindevelopingcountries.Ourunderlyingpremiseisthat,bydeveloping
partnershipsbetweenresearch,developmentandprivatesectoractorstostimulatepropoorinnovationin
selectedhighpotentialanimalsourcefoodvaluechains,wewillbetterenableuptakeofexisting
technologiesandfacilitatelearning.Itwillalsohelpidentifyandprioritizedemandfornewtechnologiesthat
exploitscientificadvancesinboththenaturalandsocialsciences,especiallythetransformationalpotential
ofthebiosciencesandgenomics.
TheProgramalsomaximizesthebenefitsofthenewinstitutionalflexibilityprovidedbytheCGIARchange
processbybringingtobearthecombinedcapacitiesandresourcesofanumberofCGIARCenters.
Inthepast,genderintegrationintheCGIARhasbeenadhoc,oftenwithoutacleargenderpolicyora
strategyformainstreaminggenderintotheresearchprocess.TheresulthasbeenalackofimpactofCGIAR
researchonkeygroupsofthepopulationincludingwomen.TheProgramusestheanalyticalframework
proposedbythegenderscopingstudy(Kaucketal2010)tomainstreamgenderandequity.Thishasbeen
donethrough(i)articulationoftheroleandconstraintsthatwomenandpoorthefaceinlivestockand
aquacultureproductionandmarketingsystems(ii)useofexistinggenderdataforprioritisationofvalue
chains(iii)inclusionofgenderresponsiveobjectives(iv)integrationofgenderinthetechnologyandvalue
chainresearchincludinggenderanalysis,useofgenderresponsivetoolsandapproachesandspecific
activitiesaddressingexistinggenderdisparitiesintechnologyaccess,marketaccessandnutrition(v)
integrationofgenderspecificoutputs,outcomesandimpactsandexplicitrecognitionofneedforgender
disaggregateddataforallotherrelevantoutputs,outcomesandindicators(vi)abudgetspecifictogender,
targetingandmonitoringandevaluation.
Newscienceandpartnershipsforsolvingtheproductivitygap
Industriallivestockandfishproductionsystemsareabletoachieveandsustainhighproductivitylargely
becausetheycreateacontrolledenvironmentandbecausetheyrelyonnutrientdensefeed(productionof
whichoftencompeteswithhumanfoodproduction);incontrastsmallerscaleproducersinthedeveloping
worldoftenhavelittlecontroloverthemyriadofenvironmentalfactorsandstressesthatconstrainthe
productivityoftheirlivestockandfish.Researchbreakthroughsinthepasthaveoftenhadonlymodest
impact,inpartbecausetheyhavebeendifficulttoadapttothewidevariationinenvironmentalcontexts
facedbylocationspecificproductionsystems.Theyhavealsooftenfailedtoaccountforthegendered
10
needs,assetsandpreferencesofthepoor.Now,however,advancesinthebiosciences,particularlyinthe
fieldofgenomics,arecreatingunprecedentedopportunitiestoacceleratethisprocessofdiscoveryand
adaptationforproductiontechnologiestailoredtolocationandevolvingsystemspecificconditions.This
Programwillbuildoneffortsalreadyunderwaytochannelresearchadvances,includingthosefromthe
privatesector,tofindingresearchsolutionsforthechallengesfacedbythepoorinthedevelopingworld,
whileusingparticipatoryprocessesandgenderedapproachestoensureitisaddressingrealneeds.
Betterstrategiesforgettingtheresultstomorepeoplemoredirectly
InrecentyearstheCGIARhasbeenchangingthewayitdoesbusinessincreasingitsabilitytodevelop
practicalsolutionsandworkwithpartnerswhocanscalethemupandout.CRP3.7consolidatesthese
lessonsasthecentralthemeforitsdeliverystrategy,integratingtheresearchprocessmoredirectlyintothe
impactpathway.Thisistheresultoftwotrends.Thefirstisthedynamicevolutionandopeningofmarketsin
thedevelopingworld,whichhasencouragedexternalinvestmentinthelivestockandfishsectors,andlocal
developmentofrelatedbusinessservices.Increasingly,opportunitiesarebeingcreatedtopartnerwiththe
privatesector,tappingintotheirresearchandbusinessexpertisetobenefitthetargetvaluechains,whileat
thesametimeprovidingameanstocreatemarketpullorensurecommercialprovisionofappropriately
designedpropoorgenderresponsiveinputsandservicesthatpromoteandsupportuptakeofproductivity
enhancingtechnologiesbythetargetgroups.Thesecondtrendrelatestorecentexperiencesacrossthe
CGIARCentersofworkingmorecloselywithdevelopmentactorsasknowledgepartnersonlarge
developmentinterventions.Thisformulaisprovingextremelyeffectiveingivingurgencytotheirresearch,
ensuringitisdemandled,andprovidingadirectchannelforwideimpact.ThisProgrambuildsonthese
innovationstodevelopeffectivepartnershipsforimpact.
VISION,GOALANDOBJECTIVES
Vision
TheProgramsvisionisforthehealth,livelihoodsandfutureprospectsofthepoorandvulnerable,especially
womenandchildren,tobetransformedthroughconsumptionofadequateamountsofmeat,milkand/or
fishandfrombenefitingthroughimprovedincomesandlivelihoodbyparticipatingintheassociatedanimal
sourcefoodvaluechains.
Goal
TheoverarchinggoalofCRP3.7istoincreaseproductivityofsmallscalelivestockandfishproduction
systemsandperformanceofassociatedvaluechainssoastoincreaseavailabilityandaffordabilityofmeat,
milkandfishforpoorconsumersand,indoingso,toreducepovertythroughgreaterparticipationbythe
pooralonganimalsourcefoodvaluechains.
Thiswillbeachievedbymakingasmallnumberofcarefullyselectedanimalsourcefoodvaluechains
functionbetter,forexamplebyidentifyingandaddressingkeyconstraintsandopportunities(from
productiontoconsumption),improvinginstitutionalandgovernancearrangementsandcapacities,and
supportingtheestablishmentofenablingpropoorpolicyandinstitutionalenvironments.
Thepoorconsumerstargetedwillincludepeoplelivinginruralandurbanarea,andmanyconsumerswill
alsobeproducers:therelativecompositionofthesedifferentsubgroupswillvaryamongstthedifferent
valuechains.Inallcases,however,instrumentsandapproacheswillbeidentifiedandimplementedthat
enablepoorwomen,childrenandothervulnerablepeopletoincreasetheirconsumptionofanimalsource
foodsastheseareespeciallyimportantforthesegroups.Animportantelementofthatwillbetoensure
11
thatwomen
nplayanimp
portantroleiintheproduction,thereb
bydirectlyin
ncreasingavaailabilityandaccess.
Ensuringthaatvaluechainsenablenutritionallyssmartandpropooroutccomeswillbeeundertakeninclose
collaborationwithCRP4;instrumenttsandapproachestoach
hievethismigghtincludeccampaignsto
oincrease
awarenesso
ofthebenefitsofanimalsourcefoodstargetedattpregnantandnursingw
womenandyyoung
children,sch
hoolfeedingprogramsan
ndcashandcommoditytransferstohelpthepoo
orestandmo
ost
vulnerabletoaccessmeat,milkandfish.
Whatarevaluechains?
bs, include all the links thaat begin with an idea for a
a
Value chains,, which actually more closely resemble intricate web
product or seervice and co
ontinue througgh to when that
t
product/service is con
nsumed, and sometimes also beyond to
o
whenitisdisposedofafteeruse(seefigure).Here,in thecaseofanimalsource foods,value chainsinclude
eallthefarm
dstock,health
h
levelinputsaandservicestthatenableproductionof milk,meatorrfish(e.g.feeeds,breedinggservicesand
serviceswhichalsohavetheirownsu
ubvaluechain
ns),throughtransporting,p
processingan
ndmarketing ofoutputs,to
o
a
p
products,
such
h as cheese, through to consumption of
o the animal source food
ds and related
d
creation of addedvalue
products. Value chains allso include th
he institution
nal and goverrnance arranggements thatt enable thesse systems to
o
b whom the
e value in thee value chain
n is captured: to maximisee
function. Value chain anaalysis considers how and by
t
interventions aree likely to be
e needed, for
developmenttal outcomes and equity, carefully designed and targeted
exampletoensurepoorwo
omenandchiildrenandoth
hervulnerable
egroupsshareeinthebeneffits.
Simplereprese
entationofavaaluechain
Thevaluech
hainsselecteedasthefocu
usofthisPro
ogramareth
hosewhichprimarilyservvelowerinco
ome
consumers,providingch
heapproducttsthatmeetconsumerp
preferences((e.g.rawmilkkinEastAfricaand
India),often
nthroughinfformalmarkeetingchanneels.Theseare
ealsovaluecchainsinwhichpoorpeo
oplecan
activelypartticipateandttheirfamiliescanbenefittalongthecchains.Thefo
orminwhich
hpoorpeoplle
participatew
willvaryamo
ongstvaluecchainsbutwillincludero
olesassmallscaleproduccers,employyeeson
smallandm
mediumsized
dlivestockandfishenterrprises,assm
mallscaleen
ntrepreneurssandemployyeesinsmall
andmedium
msizedenterrprisesthatssupplygoodssandservice
esalongvaluechainsfaarminputsan
ndservices,
transport,processingan
ndmarketinggofmeat,miilkandfish,aandproductiionofaranggeofaddedvvalueanimall
sourcefoodproductsaandasconsu
umers.Thefiigurebelow depictshow
wvaluechainsforatypicaallivestock
productcanevolvefrom
msemisubsisstence(onth
heleftside)ttowardscom
mmerciallyorrientedandaarticulated
marketingsyystems(towardtherighttside).Thefocalvaluech
hainsofCRP3
3.7willbesimilartothosseonthe
leftside,witththegoalofgrowingthemtoward
dsthemoreintensiveand
dproductiveevaluechainstowards
theright,inccreasingsuppliestopoorrconsumerswhilegenerratingincomeandemplo
oymentforactorswithin
thevaluech
hain.Increasingtheparticcipationofw
womenandb
benefitsaccrruingtothem
macrossthisrangeof
activitieswilllbeakeyprriorityoftheProgram.Itisconsidere
edthattheprivatesectorradequatelyypromotes
smallscaleccommercialp
poultryprod
ductioninmo
ostsituationswhereitcaanstillcompetewithindustrial
productionaandthissecttoristherefo
orenottargeetedinthecu
urrentpropo
osal(amoredetailedexp
planationis
providedfurrtherbelow).
12
Source: IFAD
Previousexperiencesuggeststhatintheselectedlivestockvaluechainssmallscaleproducerscanbeas
efficientifnotmoresothanlargescalecommercialenterprises.Thissituationislikelytoprevailsolongas
labourischeapandalternativeemploymentopportunitiesscarce:inthepoorcountriestargetedthisislikely
toremainthenormfortheforeseeablefuture.Astheeconomiesofpoorcountriesgrowandmoreattractive
opportunitiesdevelopforpoorpeople,forexamplethroughemploymentinconstruction,manufacturing
andserviceindustries,thedynamicswillchangeandtherelativecompetitivenessoflargescalecommercial
producerswilllikelyincreaseashasalreadyhappenedinthemostrapidlydevelopingeconomies,suchas
China.Butuntilthateconomictransformationoccurs,livestockandfishwillremainimportantmulti
dimensionalcomponentsoflivelihoodsforthepoor.
Programobjectives
TheProgramobjectivesthatwillcontributetothegoalincludeto:
1. increasesustainablytheproductivityofsmallscalelivestockandfishproductionandmarketing
systems
2. increaseaccesstoaffordableanimalsourcefoodstoenhancefoodandnutritionsecurityforthe
poor,especiallywomenandchildren
3. enableparticipationinandaccesstopropoorandgenderequitableproductionandmarketing
systemsthatpromoteuptakeofproductivityenhancingtechnologiesandincreasevaluegeneration,
withemphasisonaddressingcurrentgenderdisparities
4. securehouseholdandcommunitylivestockandfishassetsforsustainedlivelihoods,andconserve
livestock,fishandforage/fodderbiodiversityaspublicgoodassetsthatwillprovidegeneticdiversity
forcontinuedgrowthandadaptation
13
5. protectthenaturalresourcebaseanditsabilitytocontinueprovidingecosystemservices
6. strengthencapacitytoenablepublicandprivatesectoractorstosupportandexploitappropriate
researchanddevelopmenteffortsforsustainableintensificationofsmallscalelivestockandfish
productionandmarketingsystemsthatprovideequitablebenefitstomenandwomen
7. facilitatescalingupandoutbyundertakingresearchandemphasizinglearningandits
communication
FRAMEWORKFORRESULTS
InthisproposaltheProgramreferstoCGIARResearchProgram 3.7,Moremeat,milkandfishbyandforthepoor
TheProgramisbasedonnineanimalsourcefoodvaluechains(seeboxabovefordefinition)
The research focus of the Program is made up of three complementary Research Themes. Within each Theme are
clustersofactivitiesthatmakeupaComponent
TheProgramwillbeacombinationoffocusedresearchcomponentsandcrosscuttingintegrativeprocesses.
Inthisway,theProgramisdesignedtoallowboth:a)thecriticalconcentrationofappropriatescientificskills
togeneratenewandappropriatescience,andb)thejointlearning,planningandoutcomefeedback
processesneededtoensurethatresearchprioritiesmatchtheneedsofbeneficiaries,andthatinterventions
areevaluatedandgroundedinrealworldsettingswithpartners.TheProgramwillthuscomprisea
combinationofmoreupstream,globallyrelevantresearchandtargetedresearchfordevelopmentdesigned
toaddresstheparticulardevelopmentchallengesofasetofprioritylivestockandfishsystemswithtailored
sciencebasedsolutions.Keypartnerships,includingtheprivatesectoratseverallevels,willbeafocusinall
componentsoftheProgram.
TheProgramwillbeimplementedthroughacommonMediumTermPlan(MTP),developedjointlybythe
implementingpartners,thatsetsthestrategyandintendedoutcomesandimpactforaninitial6yearperiod.
Theprimarycomponentsformanagingresearchanddeliveringknowledgeproductsandoutcomeswillbe
threeMTPResearchThemescoveringtherangeofupstreamandadaptiveresearchagendasdescribed
above.
ThethreeResearchThemesare:
1. Improvedtechnologiestosustainablyincreaseproductivityandefficiencyoflivestockandfish
production
2. Developmentstrategiesforpropoor,genderequitablevaluechainsforlivestockandfishproducts
3. Targeting,genderandimpactassessment
TheseThemesprovideameansforcommunitiesofCGIARresearchersandtheirpartnerstoworkmore
effectivelytogether,withclearfocusonanagreedagendaandoutputsandwithacommonvisionandplan
forhowthoseoutputswilltranslateintodevelopmentoutcomes.WhiletheseThemesprovideappropriate
clusteringofskillstodelivernewscience,theyalsobenefitfromanorganizingmethodologicalfocusand
communityofpracticeforensuringsynergies,integrationandjointlearning,aswellasrelevancetotarget
beneficiaries.
Theme1:Technologydevelopment:Toprovidethetechnologiesneededtoboostthekeyproductivity
driversoflivestockandfishproduction,Theme1willseekabalancebetweenshorttermadaptiveresearch
fordevelopmentandlongertermupstreamresearch,withbothledbytheengagementatfieldlevel
throughvaluechainanalysestoidentifyopportunitiesandkeyconstraintsthatimpededelivery,accessand
uptakeofpotentialsolutionsatthefieldlevel.MuchofthepromisingworkinTheme1isoccurringatthe
14
levelofupstreamscience,andwillbeenabledbyfacilitatinginteractionsbetweenresearchersinthebio
physicalscienceelementsoftheProgramanddevelopmentandprivatesectorpartners.Atthecoreofthese
synergieswillbenewopportunitiesthroughevolvinggenomicsscience,includinglivestockfishsynergiesin
geneticsandgenomicsappliedtocrops/forage/fodderstoimprovequantityandqualityofanimalfeeds 7and
theirutilization.Importantprivatesectorplayersinthelifescienceswillalsoparticipate,aswellas
appropriatecoinvestors.ThisThemewillmakeuseofexistingcropandforagegenebanksandbiosciences
platformsintheCGIAR,wherescientistsfromseveralCentersandtheirdevelopingcountrypartnerscan
shareexpensiveresearchfacilitiesandtechnologiesandapplythesetonewchallenges.Equalprioritywillbe
giventodesigningimmediatesolutionsandachievinggainsquicklythroughinnovativeadaptationofexisting
technologiesandimprovingtheirdelivery.Keytosuccesswillbecreatingaseamlessinterfacebetweenthe
labandthefield.
Theme2:Deliveringthroughvaluechains:ThefocusofTheme2willbemoredownstream,andwillprovide
asettingforintegratingthetechnologygenerationandadaptationwork,improvingdeliverysystems,and
developingvaluechainsthatpromoteintensificationthroughnewpartnershipsandinnovationcapacityin
thecontextofspecificproductionsystemsandmarketsettings(linkedtoCRP1,CRP2andCRP5).Thekey
componenttechnologiesforlivestockandfishgenetics,feedandhealtheachhavetheirchallengesand
specificitiesastohowtheycanbedeliveredtotheirendusers.Thisiswherepeoplewithspecificdelivery
andinstitutionalskillsfromthesciencecomponentinTheme1willinteractandworktogethertodevelop
integratedapproaches(e.g.thosewithskillsinveterinaryservicedelivery,forageandfodderinnovation,
animalbreedingstrategies)withspecialistsinvaluechainanalysis,innovationsystems,policyoutcomesand
livelihood,genderspecialists,andknowledgemanagement/capacitydevelopmentprofessionals.Private
sectoranddevelopmentagencypartnersinlivestockandfishsystemsdevelopmentwillalsobedirectly
involved.
Theme3:Targeting,genderandimpact:Tohighlightourcommitmenttoensuringrelevanceand
appropriatefocus,Theme3willbedevotedtotakingstockforprioritysetting,planningstrategiesfor
translatingoutputsintooutcomes,genderanalysisandintegration,andmonitoringprogressandassessing
impact.WhileensuringaninternalM&Efunction,thisthemewillalsobeactiveintestingnewapproaches
formappingtherelevanttargetdomains,usingexperimentalapproachesforstructuringinterventionsfor
learning,andscanningthehorizonsothatourresearchtodayisalreadyaddressingthechallengesof
tomorrow.
SELECTEDVALUECHAINS
AtthecoreofCRP3.7areasmallnumberofcarefullyselectednationalmeat,milkandfishvaluechains
whicharejudgedtohavehighpotentialfortransformationalimprovementfromtheproducertothe
consumer.ThecriteriabywhichthesevaluechainshavebeenselectedareshowninTable1.3:
Table1.3:Criteriaforvaluechainselection
Criteria
Indicators
Growthand
market
opportunity
Evidenceofmarketopportunitiesforcontinuedexpansionofproduction,through
growingdemandforlivestockandfishproductslocallyorregionally,andwhy,
particularlyamongtheresourcepoor.
Animalfeedsincludefodderandforages,aswellasgrains,byproducts,andotherfeedstuffs.
15
Propoor
potential
Howmuchofthevaluechainproductisconsumedbythepoorandatwhatprice?How
willthepoorbeinvolvedwithinthevaluechain?Isthereevidencetheycanplaya
significantroleinincreasedproduction,orbeingemployedinvaluechainactivities,or
willbenefitbefromincreasedconsumption?Inparticular,arethereopportunitiesfor
participationbywomenandvulnerablegroups?
Researchable
supply
constraints
Evidenceofsignificantsupplyconstraints,suchaslargeproductivitygapsortransactions
coststhatevidencesuggestsresearchmaybeabletoprovidesolutionsfor,andwould
createproductionandwelfaregains.
Enabling
environment
Asupportivepolicyenvironmentforuptakeaffectingthepoor,adequateinfrastructure,
adequateNRMandecosystemserviceprovision.Plansforrelevantdevelopment
investmentsthatwouldleverageprogramoutcomes.
Existing
momentum
CGIARandkeypartnerexperienceand credibilitylocally,partnershipswithresearch,
NGO,government,andprivatesectorthatcanaidimplementation,uptakeandimpact.
Ongoinggovernment,NGO,privatesectoreffortsthatcanbebuilton.
ThesecriteriainessenceprovideasequencedfilteroftargetopportunitiesforProgramimpact,startingfrom
thetop.Opportunityformarketgrowthisabasicrequirementforanyagriculturalresearchinvestment,and
soisthestartingpointforconsideringchoiceofcountryandvaluechains.Thenextfilterconsiders
opportunityforimpactamongtheresourcepoor,followedbywhethersupplyconstraintslendthemselvesto
research.Inthecaseofpoultryproduction,forexample,theprivatesectoralreadyprovidesawellproven
packageforhighlyproductivebroilerandlayersystemstowhichresearchcanaddonlylimitedvaluethusit
wasexcluded.Inthatmanner,thefiltersarethenusedsequentiallytoidentifypriorityvaluechains.
Box:Thecaseofpoultry
Thecriticalrolethatpoultryplaysinthelivelihoodsofthepooriswellestablished.Backyardflocksareastrategic
sourceoffoodandincomeforwomenandtheyoung,andchickenisoftenthecheapestmeatavailabletotheurban
poor.CRP3.7is,however,primarilyaboutgettinghouseholdlivestockandfishactivitiesoutofextensive,lowinput
backyardsystemsforhomeconsumptionandoccasionalsales,andintograduated,intensive,higherinputsystemsto
generateasteadysupplyofanimalsourcefoodsforthemarketandpoorconsumers,aswellasincomeforpoor
producersandotheractorsinthevaluechain.Poultryisanarchetypicalexampleofthisprocessparticularlyinperi
urbanzonesthroughoutthedevelopingworld,smallscalelayerandbroileroperationshavebeensetuptovarying
degreesofsophistication.Thesesmallscaleoperationsbenefitfromthedevelopmentoflargerpoultryfarmsthat
importtheexoticbreedsparticularlysuitedtointensivehighoutputproductionsystems.Theprivatesectorisusually
quicktorespondtothisopportunity,creatingdistributionchannelsforpackagesofdayoldchicks,vaccines,andfeeds
throughagrovetshopsortheirequivalent,andoftenprovidingtheneededknowledgetotheirclienteletopromote
theirsales.Becausetheessentialtechnologyanditsdeliveryarealreadyavailablefromtheprivatesector,wecouldnot
identifyanyobviousopportunitiesforCRP3.7tohavesignificantlargescaleimpactinimprovingpoultryvaluechains.
Wepostedthisreasoninginoureconsultation.Anoptionproposedbyacontributorwouldfocusresearchinbackyard
flocksoffreerangedindigenouspoultry,whichoftenattractpremiumprices.Thebenefitsofimprovedproductivity
wouldcertainlybenefitsmallholderpoultrykeepersandsocouldbeacandidatestrategytoexploreforCGIAR
researchtoenhancethislivelihoodroleforthepoor,especiallywithinthesystemsperspectiveadoptedbyCRP1,buta
lowerpriorityforvaluechaindevelopmenttoincreasesuppliestopoorconsumersmoregenerally.Itwillcontinue,
however,tobeevaluatedasacandidateforfuturework.
Toundertakeafullfledgedprioritizationexerciserequiresamajorresearchefforttodevelopmeaningful
indicatorsandcompileorgeneratetheassociateddata,manyofwhicharenotreadilyavailable.Forthe
purposesofthisproposal,wewereabletodrawuponarecentlycompleteddonorcommissionedreviewfor
livestockdevelopmentinvestment.Thatexercisecombinedqualitativeinformationwithavailabledatato
createindicatorsforthefirstthreefilters(ILRI2009).Thestudywaslimited,however,inthatitonly
consideredsubSaharanAfrica,SouthandSouthEastAsia,anddidnotincludefishorpigs.Ourselectionof
proposedvaluechainsforinitialfocusisthereforebasedonacombinationofconstraineddataanalysisand
16
areasonedprocessofprioritization,whichwasvalidatedtotheextentpossibleduringconsultationswith
stakeholdersintherelevantcountries.
Afinalconsiderationintheselectionoffocusvaluechainswastobuildinanunderlyingresearchdesignin
termsofensuringthat:(i)theprincipalproductsystems(asdefinedbytheproductproduced,e.g.fish,pork,
goatmeat,muttonormilk)arerepresented,andatthesametime(ii)individualsystemsareaddressedin
differentregions(e.g.pigsystemsinAfricaandinSouthEastAsia).Theinclusionofmultiplecountriesand
regions,togetherwithsomecommonspeciesoffocus,willallowcomparisonsandcrosssystemlearningthat
willsupportthedevelopmentofstrategiclessonsofwideapplicability,andthedeliveryofstrong
internationalpublicgoodknowledgeoutputs.
Applyingthevariousfiltersandtheevidenceavailable,thefollowingvaluechainsareselectedforfocusin
thisProgram:
1. UgandaandEgypt:tilapiaandcatfishaquaculturevaluechains
2. Ethiopia:smallruminantvaluechainsinmixedcroplivestocksystems
3. Mali:smallruminantvaluechainsinmixedcroplivestocksystems
4. India(selectedstates):smallholderdairyvaluechains
5. Nicaragua/Honduras:dualpurposecattlevaluechains
6. Tanzania:smallholderdairyvaluechains
7. Vietnam:smallholderpigvaluechains
8. Uganda:smallholderpigvaluechains
Detaileddescriptionsofthevaluechainsandevidencesupportingtheirselectionarepresentedlaterinthis
proposalintheformofvaluechainprofiles(seePart4).Refiningtheindicators,generatingtherelevantdata,
andcontinuouslyimprovingtheevidencebaseforidentifyingvaluechainswithhighpotentialforimpactwill
beanintegralcomponentoftheCRP3.7researchagenda(seeResearchTheme3onTargeting).This
preliminaryselectionisconsideredsufficientlyrobusttoguidetheinitialfocusforCRP3.7activitieswhilethe
improvedanalysisisbeingdeveloped.
IMPACTPATHWAYS
CRP3.7isproposinganapproachconsistentwiththeCGIARStrategyandResultsFrameworkanditsvisionof
theimpactpathwayofresearch,assummarizedinthefigurebelow.
CGIARroleintheimpactpathwayforresearch
Measurabletargetsfordirect
developmentimpact fromMega
Programs.Derivedfromworktoscaleup
andscaleoutresearchfindingsandlearn
fromdoingso.
Deliver
Accountability
MeasurableMegaProgramtargetsfor
researchanddevelopmentoutcomes.
Measurableoutputtargets byProgramsfor
stewardship,proofofconcept,learningand
influence.
Intent
Monitor
and
Evaluate
Thewiderdevelopmentimpact weintend
ourworktocatalyzebyfocusingonour
StrategicObjectives.
Responsibility
Assess
Toaddressthechallengeoftakingmoreaccountabilityforhowourresearchoutputstranslateinto
developmentoutcomes,wecommittoincreasingproductionandbenefitstothepoorintheselectedvalue
17
chainsnotedabove.Todothis,wewillfocusoureffortsonaligningandsupportingresearchand
developmentpartnerstoprepare,obtainfundingandimplementmajordevelopmentinterventionsinthe
selectedvaluechains.WhileCRP3.7cannotguaranteethatitwillsuccessfullydeliverdevelopment
interventionsineachtargetvaluechain,itwillholditselfaccountablefordoingtheresearchneededto
informthedesignofappropriateinterventions,generateevidencefortheirpotentialimpactandservea
catalyticroleinmobilizingstakeholdersupportandbuildinginnovationcapacity(seefigurebelow).
PrincipalimpactpathwaysforCRP3.7
Research
Outputs
ASCATALYST:
Evidence
Options
Process
AS
KNOWLEDGE
PARTNER:
Evidence
Options
Process
Evaluation
Research
Outcomes
Development
Outcomes
Impacts
Largescale
Intervention
100,000
beneficiary
households&
their
communities
2nd Phase
Scalingout
Interventions
500,000
beneficiary
households&
their
communities
Intervention
Concept
Innovation
Capacity
Intervention
Proofof
Concept&
Targeting
Knowledge&
Research
MethodsIPGs
Bestpractices
improved&
options
provided
Aftersecuringdevelopmentfundingwithdevelopmentpartners,CRP3.7andresearchcollaboratorswill
serveasknowledgepartnerstothedevelopmentintervention,orientingtheirresearchagendatoimprove
theeffectivenessoftheinterventionthroughbettertechnologiesandstrategiesandtolearnfromits
successesandfailures.Inthisrole,CRP3.7willshareaccountabilitywithdevelopmentpartnersforachieving
thedevelopmentobjectivessetbytheintervention.ThisarrangementwillfocusCRP3.7researchon
addressingpriorityopportunitiesforincreasingproductivityandperformanceofthevaluechainandprovide
themechanismfordisseminatingresearchoutputsatscalewithintheinterventionforimmediate
developmentoutcomesandimpact.
ThereisaperceivedriskthatconcentratingCRP3.7researchonafewvaluechainsinafewcountrieswill
limitthegeographicalscopeofitsresearchbenefits.Butweanticipatemuchwiderimpactbeingachievedin
severalways.First,targetvaluechainshavebeenselectedinpartbecauseofthepotentialtodevelopthe
sametypeofvaluechainelsewhereintheregion.Asknowledgepartnerforthedevelopmentintervention,
wewillgenerateevidencetodemonstrateproofofconceptoftheeffectivenessoftheintervention
approachaswerepeatthecatalyticroleofengagingstakeholdersinothercountriesoftheregiontoprepare
secondgenerationdevelopmentprojectsforscalingouttheintervention.Suchscalingoutwillcertainlynot
beautomaticproductionandmarketingsystemsvarysignificantlyfromzonetozoneandcountryto
countrywithinaregion.Emphasiswillbegiventoscalingouttheapproachofconsultationandappropriately
adaptingtheinterventiontothesedifferentcontextsusingvaluechaindevelopmentmethods,asmuchas
scalingoutthespecificinterventionitself.
Second,targetvaluechainscomprisepairsofvaluechainsforeachproductionsystemacrossdifferent
regions,suchassmallholderdairyinginbothTanzaniaandIndia.Thisdesignwillpermitcrosssite
18
comparisonandlearningtobetterunderstandtheaspectsoftheinterventionthataresharedandthosethat
arespecifictotheindividualsite.
Thirdly,astrengthoftheCGIARisgeneratinginternationalpublicgoods(IPGs)intheformofresearch
methodologiesaswellastechnologies.Thefocusonselectedvaluechainswillnotimpingeonourabilityto
continuegeneratingIPGs.CRP3.7activitiesacrossthesiteswillbedevelopingcommonapproachesand
methodologiestoaddresspriorityconstraintswhichwillhavesomedegreeofsharedcommonalityaswellas
sitespecificity.Eachsubjectarea,suchasgenetics,feedsorvaluechaindevelopment,willformatypeof
researchplatforminwhichrelevantresearchmethodologiesaredevelopedandappliedinidentifying
solutionsspecifictotheindividualvaluechains.Forexample,stimulatinglocalsmallscalefeedmillingand
marketingservicestoimprovefarmeraccesstofeedislikelytobeastrategyrelevantacrossthesites,andso
thefeedresearchmethodologicalplatformwillincludecreatingfeedmarketdevelopmenttoolboxeswith
strategiesforassessingfeedneeds,scopingfeedresources,andapplyingbusinessdevelopmentservices
techniques.Thetoolboxes,oncetestedandvalidatedinthetargetvaluechainsites,willbeapplicable
anywhere.Documentinginscientificpublicationsthetestingofthetoolboxesinthetargetvaluechainand
theresultsachievedwillfurtherpromotetheirwideruptakeandapplication.
Apotentialdrawbackoftheproposedfocusonafewselectedvaluechainsisthatitwillnotprovide
sufficientvariationacrosscontextstopermitextrapolatingorgeneralizingresultsfromtheCRP3.7sites.We
areconvinced,however,thatthebenefitstobegainedfromfocusingoureffortswithinCRP3.7inafewsites
willoutweightheriskofcontinuingtotrytoworkeverywhere.Wealsoexpectthattherewillcontinuetobe
opportunitiesforsomelimitedcomplementaryworkinothersitesoutsideofCRP3.7aspartofeachCenters
nonCRPportfolio.
Inessence,thisCRP3.7proposestoembedtheimpactpathwaymoredirectlywithinthedesignand
approachofourProgramsothatresearchoutputstranslatemoreimmediatelytodevelopmentoutcomesat
asignificantlylargescale,andwithpotentialformuchwiderimpactinthemediumterm.
19
PART 2: RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT IN LIVESTOCK AND FISH

SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
AtthecoreofthisProgramarethreeResearchThemesaroundwhichtheresearchprogramwillbedesigned
andimplemented.TheThemeswillalsosupportoutcomesandinnovationsalongthevaluechains.Together
theywill:providesignificantcriticalmassandinvestmentingeneratingimprovedproductivitythrough
technologydevelopmentandadaptationinthemainareasoffeeding,breedingandanimalhealth;ensure
thattechnologydevelopmentisdrivenbytherealworldcontextofagriculturalvaluechains;andprovidethe
crosscuttinganalysisofdevelopmentprocessandoutcomestoensurethattargetbeneficiariesare
impacted.Thiscoherentsetofresearchthemeswillalsoplayakeyroleingeneratingthestrategicandglobal
publicgoodoutputsthatarecentraltotheCGIARscomparativeadvantageandmission.Thesewillresult
fromworkingandemployingharmonizedapproachesacrosstheselectedvaluechainsandregions.
Inthisproposalwearepresentingthesethemesinthefollowingorder:TechnologyDevelopment,whichwill
delivertheproductivitygainsinourtargetedlivestockandfishsystems;ValueChainDevelopment,which
providesthedemanddrivencontextfortechnology;andTargeting,GenderandImpact,whichwillenable
theprocessesandmeasurementofsuccess.Thissequenceofpresentationhasbeenselectedtohighlightthe
importantroleoftechnologyinthisProgram:thisisreflectedbytheallocationofabouthalfofthePrograms
resourcesandefforttotechnologydevelopment.
ThisorderingofmainThemesdoesnot,however,representthesequenceofimplementationofthe
Program.GiventhevaluechainparadigmemployedbytheProgram,andtheimportanceoftargetingthe
researchandinterventionscarefullyatprioritycommunities,thetargetingandvaluechainassessmentswill
beimplementedfirst,withthatlearningthenbeingusedtodriveandrefinethechoicesforpriority
technologydevelopment.Beyondthoseinitialstages,iterativeandcoordinatedimplementationwilloccur,
withthetargeting,genderandimpactlearning,andexperiencesfromvaluechaindevelopmentcontinually
feedingintothetechnologydevelopmentprocess.
RESEARCHTHEMEONE:TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENT
Inthissection,optionsandstrategiesaredescribedforresearchfocusedonadaptationandgenerationof
productivityenhancingtechnologies.Akeychallengehereistoachievethecorrectbalance;maintaining
spaceforblueskiesexperimentation(forwhichtherewilloftenbefewothersuppliers)whilerespecting
therequirementforresearchtobedemanddriven,respondinginrealtimetotheneedsandconstraints
identifiedinthedifferentvaluechain.Giventhelongleadtimesrequiredtodevelopanddelivernew
technologies,suchasvaccinesandgeneticimprovements,thelatterisclearlymorelikelytobemetthrough
adaptiveresearchbasedonexistingtechnologies.Theformer,however,couldofferopportunitiesfortruly
transformationalimprovementsinvaluechainproductivity.
Technologygenerationandadaptationhascriticalgenderimplications.Sincebothproductivityand
environmentalimprovementsarisefromchangesinthewaypeoplemanage(feed,water,treat,herd,care
for)livestock,itisimportanttounderstandhowthesedecisionsaremade,andwhatfactorspromoteor
constrainadoptionofnew,moreefficienttechnologiesandpractices.Menandwomenoftenmanage
differenttypesofanimalsandareresponsiblefordifferentaspectsofanimalcare.Womenandmenalso
typicallyhavedifferentobjectivesforkeepinganimals,differentauthoritiesandresponsibilitiesregarding
20
animalmanagement,anddifferentabilitiestoaccessandusenewinformationandimprovedtechnologies.
Thesedifferencesmayleadthemtohavedifferentprioritiesregardinginvestmentsintheadoptionofnew
technologiesandpractices.
WhilemostlivestockandfishfarmersandinAfricaandAsiacontinuetobelimitedbychoicesand
constraintsatthehouseholdlevelwithrespecttoaccesstoanduseofimprovedtechnologies,womenoften
faceparticularlysevereconstraintsandalsoexhibitrelativelylowratesofadoption.Studieshaveshown
loweradoptionratesbywomenfortechnologiessuchasvaccines(Heffernannetal.2008),veterinary
services(Dueetal,1997;Woodetal.2003)mainlyduetoloweraccess,knowledgeandinformationwith
higheradoptionforothertechnologiessuchasstallfeedingandotherdairytechnologies(Kalibaetaal.
1997;Tripathietal1994)thatrequirelesslandandotherresources.Wherenewtechnologieshavebeen
adopted(Doss2001)thesetechnologieshavedifferentialimpactsonthewellbeingofmenandwomen.The
researchontechnologydevelopmentandadaptationwillfocusonhowgenderaffectstechnologyadoption
amongmenandwomenfarmers;strategiestoincreaseinvolvementanduseoftechnologiesbybothmen
andwomen;andhowtheintroductionandadoptionofnewtechnologiesaffectswomen'sandmenswell
beingincludinglabourallocation,incomemanagement,andgeneralwellbeing.Theresearchdesignwilltake
genderintoconsiderationespeciallyinthetypesoftechnologiesandhowtheyaredeveloped,disseminated
andsupported.
Technologiesareconsideredhereundertheheadings:animalhealth,breedingandgenetics,andfeeds.Itis
recognizedthattheremayalsobeneedfortechnologiestoaddresspostharvestissues,suchasprocessing
andfoodsafety;however,itisthoughtthatthesewillbeveryvaluechainspecificand,withafewexceptions
(notablyILRIformilk),theCGIARCentershavefewcomparativeadvantagesinthisarea.Strategiestomeet
needsarisinginthepostharvestareaincludeutilizingtheproposedCRP3.7competitivegrantsmechanism
andidentifyingpotentialsupplies,suchasfromtheprivatesectorandNARS,fromwithinvaluechainbased
innovationplatforms.Someaspectsofpostharvest,suchasfoodsafetyandzoonoticrisk,couldalsobe
addressedincollaborationwithCRP4.
Component1.1:Animalhealth
Interventionsaimedatcontrollingorpreventinganimaldiseasescanimproveproductivitybydecreasing
mortalityandmorbidity.Thekeyinterventionsonwhichweshallfocustoimproveanimalhealthare
vaccinesanddiagnosticsforlivestockandimprovedbiosecurityforfishhatcheries.Intheseareas,
opportunitiesexistforimmediateimpactbymodifyingcurrentinterventionstomakethemmoresuitablefor
poorlivestockowners,e.g.thermostablevaccinesandrapidfielddiagnostics,aswellasforlongerterm
researchformoreintractableproblems.
Vaccinesareparticularlysuitedtopoorlivestockfarmingsystemsastheyareoftencheapandcanoffera
sustainablemeansofdiseasecontrolbyprovidinglifelongprotection.Vaccineshavethepowertoeradicate
diseases,ashasbeenshownwithsmallpoxandrinderpest,viraldiseasesofhumansandanimals,
respectively.Diagnostictoolsplayacriticalroleinestablishingthegeographicalextentofdiseases,invaccine
developmentbyelucidatingpathogenvariability,inunderpinningdiseasecontrolstrategiessuchas
movementrestriction,infacilitatingtradeandindiseasesurveillanceandpathogendiscovery.The
implementationofimprovedhygieneandbiosecuritymeasurescanhavemajoreffectsinlimitingthe
introductionandspreadoflivestockandfishdiseases.Forexample,thisisthecaseforthemajordiseases
affectingaquaculture,wherecontrolismediatedbypreventingtheintroductionofdiseasedseedstock
ratherthantheeliminationofextantdiseases.
21
Ourapproachwillconsistoftwointerdependentactivities.First,weshallexamineeachofthevaluechains
andidentifytheconstraintstoproductivityimposedbyinfectiousdiseases.Thiswillinvolvediseasemapping
toidentifytheprevalentinfections,anassessmentofthemagnitudeoftheconstraintimposedbythe
diseaseandtechnologyscanningtodetermineifsuitableinterventionsexistorcanbedevelopedand
applied.Thiswillalsoincludeananalysisofcurrentinstitutionalarrangementsforthemanufactureand
deliveryoftechnologicalinterventionsandthesocialandgenderimplicationsofthesetodetermineifthese
actasaconstraint.Therearesocialandgenderimplicationstodevelopmentanddeliveryofanimalhealth
servicesincludingvaccines(Homewoodetal2006;Fandamuetal2006).Forexample,Homewoodetal.
(2006)foundthatuptakeoftheITM(InfectionandTreatmentMethod)vaccineagainstEastCoastfeverin
Tanzaniawasstronglyassociatedwithameasureofwealththatincludedlivestocknumbersandeconomic
security.Mediumandpoorpastoralisthouseholdsfoundithardorimpossibletoaccessthefullbenefitsof
thevaccine.Thewealthiesthouseholdsvaccinatedonaverage43%oftheirherd,comparedtothepoorer
householdswhohadvaccinatedonaverage14%oftheirherd.Inaddition,thecurrentlyavailablevaccineis
packagedasa40dosestraw,whichmaybeunsuitableforpoorandwomenlivestockkeeperswhooften
havesmallerherds.
Thesecondactivitywillbuildoncurrentresearchactivitiestodeliverpracticalsolutionsinalreadyidentified
diseaseconstraints.Wherepossible,emphasiswillbeplacedonthedevelopmentofgenericresearch
platformswithinthecontextofadiseasefocus,sothattherequiredexpertiseandequipmentcanbeapplied
toresearchtopicsuncoveredinthefirstcomponent.Itisacknowledgedthatrapidadvancesinthepowerof
toolstounderstandbasicbiologicalprocessescanbeappliedtodevelopnewandimprovedvaccinesand
diagnosticassays.Theseincludegenomicsbasedapproachestoidentifypathogenmoleculesforinclusionin
newvaccinesanddiagnosticassays,tounderstandhostresponsestoinfectiousdisease,andtoacquire
greaterknowledgeofhowpathogensevolveandhowdiseasesaretransmittedandspread.
Envisagedoutputsoftheseactivitiesincludenovelvaccinesanddiagnosticassaysfordiseasesthatconstrain
productivityintheidentifiedvaluechains,mapsofdiseaseprevalence,improvedarrangementsforthe
deliveryofanimalhealthinterventionstopoorlivestockownersthathavepotentialtoreachwomenand
marginalpopulations,anddocumentedstrategiesandenhancedcapacityforgreaterbiosecuritytoprevent
diseaseincursions.Theoutcomewillbegreateraccessofpoorproducerstonovelorimprovedanimalhealth
inputsandservicesthatwillimprovetheirwellbeingandenhancetheresilienceoftheirlivelihoods.To
achievethis,itisessentialthattheprogramchampionsandassumesstewardshipforthewhole
developmentchain,fromtheidentificationofareasofneedthroughdevelopment,manufacture,
implementationandimpactassessmentofthesesolutions.
Activities
Assessmentofdiseaseconstraintsacrossvaluechains(withTheme2):Weshalluseanintegratedapproach
toidentifywherediseasesimposeaconstrainttoproductivityandwhereachievablegoalscanbesetto
developanddeliverappropriatetechnologicalsolutions.Theapproachwillinvolveproducersincluding
women,animalhealthserviceproviders,diseaseexperts,policymakersandtheprivatesector.The
economicimportanceofanyparticulardiseaseconstraintwillbeweighedagainsttheprospectsforcreating
newinstitutionalarrangementsorvaccinesanddiagnostictools,thetimerequiredfortheimplementation
oftheinterventionandthepotentialforprivatesectorinvolvement.Thekeyquestionsforconsiderationin
anyvaluechainare:
Whatarethediseaseswhichconstrainproductivityandbyhowmuch?
o arekeydiseaseswellrecognized?
o dodiseasemappingtoolsexist?
22
o aretherediseasespresentwhichpreventtheintroductionofbetterbreedsorspecies?
o aretherediseaseswhichpreventaccesstoothermarkets?
Dovaccinesordiagnosticassaysofferasolution?
o betterdeliveryofcurrentvaccinesthroughnontechnologicaladvances(betterdistribution
channels,increasedawareness,coordinatedvaccinationcampaigns)
o betterdeliveryofcurrentvaccinesthroughtechnologicaladvances(improvedthermostability,
cheaperproduction,morerelevantcomponentsinresponsetopathogenevolution)
o whataretheprospectsforthedevelopmentofnewvaccines(whatislimitingtheeffectivenessof
currentvaccines,doesimmunityexistafternaturalinfection,andwhatisknownabouttheimmune
response)?
o wouldbetterormoreavailablediagnosticassaysfacilitatediseasecontrolthroughmovement
restrictionorbyidentifyinganimalsfortreatmentorslaughter,orunderpinvaccinationprograms?
Doesimprovedbiosecurityofferasolution?
o canmorestringenthygienepracticespreventtheincursionofdiseases
o cantheestablishmentofdiseasefreezonesimprovethecontrolofdiseasesandaccesstomarkets
Assessmentofanimalhealthpolicyandinstitutionalconstraintsacrossvaluechains(withTheme2):
AsapartofthevaluechaindevelopmentinTheme2,thepriorityanimalhealthconstraintswillbeidentified.
Foranimalhealthconstraintsforwhichthereareexistingtechnicalinterventions(vaccines,diagnostics,
drugsandpreventative/biosecuritymeasures)butwhicharenotbeingused,analysiswillbeundertakento
determinethereasonsforthelackofuptake.Thiswillinvolveconsultationswith:
o livestockownersandfarmersandwomensgroups,todetermineifthereisalackofawarenessor
access,orifthesolutionisperceivedasineffective,harmfulortooexpensive
o manufacturersfromtheprivateandpublicsector,toassesstheirperceptionofthefactorswhich
influencedemandfortheparticularintervention
o animalhealthworkers,togaugetheirreasonsfornotusingorpromotingtheinterventionandthe
presenceorabsenceofincentives
o governmentauthorities,tounderstandpolicyandinstitutionalrequirementswhichmaybe
hinderinguptakeoftheinterventionandwhatkindofenablingpoliciescouldbeintroducedor
amendedtopromoteuptakeoftheintervention
Acomparativeanalysisofcaseswithsuccessfuluptakeofsimilarinterventionswillprovideinsightsintothe
factorsinfluencinguptake,suchasincentivesforactorsalongthevaluechain.Eachoftheproposed
interventionswillbeassessedtodeterminehowtheywillfitintothepolicyandinstitutionallandscape
(againanintegralpartofthevaluechainassessmentinTheme2)andthepotentialfordevelopingbusiness
developmentservicestoprovideaffordable,qualityanimalhealthservices.Thefindingswillbetargetedat
thedifferentstakeholderswithmediaandformatsselectedasbeingmostappropriateandcosteffectivefor
eachaudienceinaccordancewiththeCommunicationStrategy(p.79).
Studieswillbeundertakentodeterminethelevelofadoptionofanimalhealthservicesamongpoorand
womenlivestockkeepersandthefactors(economic,social,policy,institutional)drivingtheadoptionand
continueduseoftheseservices.Inparticular,weshallidentifygenderissuesinthedevelopmentand
deliveryofanimalhealthinterventions,focusingonconstraintstoaccessanduseofcurrentandproposed
interventionsbywomenandpoorlivestockkeepers.Weshallidentifyanddevelopinterventionswhichare
amenabletotechnologymodificationsorimprovementsindeliverysystemsand,withkeypartners,assess
differentdeliverysystemsfortheirpotentialtoincreaseaccess.
23
Buildingoncurrentprojects
Technologyplatformslivestock:Thedevelopmentofvaccinesanddiagnosticassaysisunderpinned
bygenerictechnologywhichcanbeappliedtospecificdiseases.Weareusingsuchplatformsinour
currentresearchactivitiesandweshallapplythesetonewprojectsidentifiedbyvaluechain
analysis,describedabove,whilecompletingtheprojectsalreadyinprogress.Theplatformsare
describedinTables2.1and2.2.
Table2.1:Vaccinetechnologyplatforms
Platform
Antigen
identification
Vaccine
formulation
Lyophilization
Purpose
Scientificdisciplinesinvolved
Toidentifypathogenmoleculeswhich
stimulateaprotectiveimmune
response.Thesemoleculescanbe
incorporatedintosubunitvaccines
monitoredinwholepathogen
vaccines
analyzedtodeterminethevariation
withinpathogenspecies
usedinqualityassuranceofvaccine
production
Todevelopvaccineformulationsinto
whichantigensareincorporatedfor
inoculation.Theformulations
determinethetypeandmagnitudeof
theimmuneresponseandcan
lengthenthetimeneededbetween
boostervaccinations
Toproducevaccineswhicharestable
atroomtemperatureforseveral
monthstoyears
24
Immunology
Microbiology
Proteinchemistry
RecombinantDNA
technology
Pathogengenetics/
evolutionarybiology
Genomics/bioinformatics
Immunology
Proteinchemistry
Adjuvantchemistry
Viralvectorbiology
Physicalchemistry
Thermostabilizers
Table2.2:Diagnosticassaytechnologyplatforms
Platform
Analyte
identification
Diagnostic
assay
platforms
Purpose
Scientificdisciplinesinvolved
Toidentifypathogenmolecules,
usuallyproteinorDNA,whichare
incorporatedintoadiagnosticassay.
Thesemoleculesare
uniquetothetargetpathogen
detectableineasilyobtained
samplesfromthehost
Tofacilitateanalytedetectionin
routinelaboratoriesorinthefield.
Commonlyusedtechnologiesinclude:
ELISAs
Polymerasechainreactions
Pensidetests,suchaslateralflow
devices
Immunology
Microbiology
Proteinchemistry
RecombinantDNA
technology
Pathogengenetics/
evolutionarybiology
Genomics/bioinformatics
Proteinchemistry
Nucleicacidchemistry
Microfluidics
Thereispotentialforuseofmobile
telephonetechnologytoextend
diagnosticcapacity.
Additionalactivitiesexistinotherkeyareastofacilitatetheidentificationofdiseaseconstraintsand
thedeliveryoftechnologicalinterventions.ThesearelistedanddescribedinTable2.3.
Table2.3:Identificationofdiseaseconstraintsandthedeliveryoftechnologicalinterventions
Activity
Vaccine
delivery
Purpose
To develop institutional arrangements to facilitate the delivery of vaccines
through sustainable distribution channels to poor livestock owners. Issues
whichareaddressedinclude
engaging manufacturers for products for which there is little commercial
attraction
assessingtheadvantagesofprivateorgovernmentanimalhealthservices
assessingdeliverysystemswithhighpotentialforreachingwomen,youth
andmarginalizedpopulations
registrationandregulatorycompliance
Pathogen
discoveryand
surveillance
Tomonitortheintroductionandspreadofpathogensintargetregions,andto
understand how pathogens evolve. This area relies heavily on genetics and
genomics technology to identify and characterize discrete populations of
pathogens within a species, and contributes to the control of disease
outbreaksandwhethervaccineordiagnosticassaysrequiremodification.
Biobanking
Tocharacterizeandstorebiologicalspecimenssystematicallyandsustainably
toallowuseofthematerialinfutureresearchprojects,possiblyforcurrently
unforeseenaims.
25
Diagnostic
laboratory
strengthening
To ensure that national and regional laboratories can undertake necessary

laboratorytesting.Keyfactorshereinclude:
developingassayswhichcanberoutinelyandsustainablyperformed
ensuring that staff are trained in assay performance, sample collection
andresultreporting
establishinglaboratorynetworks
Buildingoncurrentprojectslivestock:Thedevelopmentofnovelvaccinesanddiagnosticassaysisa
longstandingcomponentofILRIsresearchstrategy.Thecurrenttargetdiseaseshavebeenselected
onthebasisoftheirimportancetopoorlivestockowners.Forthemostpart,theyareorphan
diseases,astheydonotpresentasufficientlyattractivemarketopportunityforfundingagenciesand
theprivatesectorindevelopedcountries.Thereasonsforthisarevariedandincludetheir
geographicaldistributionbeingrestrictedtothedevelopingworldandtheirbeingcontrolledor
eradicatedfromthedevelopedworldusingmeanswhicharenotapplicabletoareasofpoor
infrastructureandregulatorycontrol.Whilenotalloftheprojectsarerelevanttotheidentified
valuechains,weshallcontinuetoworkontheminthenearfuturetodeliverthespecificoutputs.At
thesametime,itisclearthatthetechnologiesusedintheseprojectswillbeneededtoaddressthe
diseaseconstraintsidentifiedinthevaluechainanalysis.Table2.4presentsananalysisofcurrent
researchactivitieswithrespecttoidentifiedvaluechainsandtechnologyplatformsbeingemployed.
26
Table2.4:ILRIscurrentanimalhealthresearchanditsrelevancetotargetvaluechains
Disease
Value
chain
Vaccineanddiagnostic
technology
Supporting
activities
EastCoast
fever
Tanzanian
dairy
antigenidentification
vaccineformulation
vaccinedelivery
pathogen
surveillance
Contagious
bovine
pleuro
pneumonia
African
swinefever
antigenidentification
vaccineformulation
analyteidentification
diagnosticplatforms
vaccinedelivery
Porcine
cysticercosis
Uganda
pigs
Vietnam
pigs
Ethiopian
small
ruminants
Malismall
ruminants
Ethiopian
small
ruminants
Malismall
ruminants
diagnosticplatforms
thermostability
vaccinedelivery
diagnosticplatforms
vaccinetrials
pathogen
surveillance
vaccinedelivery
Pestede
petits
ruminants
RiftValley
fever
Uganda
pigs
pathogen
surveillance
laboratory
strengthening
Fishhealth:TheincidenceofdiseaseanditsimpactsonthedifferentstagesoftheUgandanfishvaluechain
ispoorlyunderstood.However,preliminaryanalysisofthetilapiaandAfricancatfishvaluechainssuggest
thatdiseaseisprimarilyanissueinhatcheries.Thiswasconfirmedduringarecentvisittoacommercial
hatchery,whereseveraldiseasesaffectingAfricancatfishwerereported,including:
Ich,orwhitespot,causedbytheparasiteIchthyophthiriusmultifilis
Columnarisdisease,causedbythebacteriumFlexibactercolumnaris
Saprolgenia,afungusthataffectseggs
Itisanticipatedthattheseandsimilardiseaseswillbecomemoreimportantasthefishindustrygrowsand
productionmethodsintensify.Ofparticularconcernarenewdiseases,suchasEpizooticUlcerative
Syndrome(EUS).EUShasrecentlybeentransferredfromAsiatotheZambezisystem,withpotentially
significantimpactsonfish,fisheriesandthosewhodependonthemfortheirlivelihoods.Thekeytocontrol
ofhatcherydiseasesisimprovedbiosecuritybetterhatcherymanagement,especiallyhygiene,andmore
stringentscreeningandmonitoringofseedstock.Theseactivitiesmustbeunderpinnedbywelltrained
veterinariansandmoderndiagnosticlaboratorycapacity.WearealreadypartneringwiththeFAOandthe
privatesectorintheregiontoimprovebiosecurity.
27
Asinthelivestocksector,weshallundertakeaneedsassessmenttodeterminecurrentandpotentialdisease
constraintsandthecapacityoftheextantfishhealthservicestoaddresstheseissues.Thiswillbefollowed
byimplementationofappropriateinterventions.AccesstotheCGIARdiseaseplatformofferstoolstoscreen
foranddetectpotentialnewpathogenswillbeinvaluable.Weenvisagesynergieswiththepigvaluechainin
Uganda.
Partners:Themostappropriateandrelevantpartnerswillvaryaccordingtotheanimalhealth
constraint/solution;wherepossibleexistingpartnershipswillbebuiltupon.Thespecificvaluechainanalyses
willidentifythepriorityanimalhealthissues,thesolutionstoovercomethese,whetherthesolutionsare
availableorrequiredevelopment,theirlimitationsandanybarriers/constraintstotheirimplementation.
Barriers,constraintsandlimitationscouldbeprimarilytechnologicalorpolicy/institutionalinnatureand
eachwouldrequireverydifferenttypesofpartners.Forexample,ifavaccineexistsbutisnotwidelyused
becauseitisineffectiveorhasundesirablesideeffects,thenpartnerswithexpertiseonthatdisease/vaccine
wouldbeengagedwithaviewtodevelopinganddeliveringanimprovedvaccine:thesecouldcomefrom
national,regionalorinternationaluniversities,researchorganisationsandveterinaryservices,orpublicor
privatevaccinemanufacturers.AkeypartnerforAfricaninitiativesisAUIBAR.TheNGOGALVmed,aglobal
alliancewhichspecialisesinestablishingandmanagingpublicprivatepartnershipstodevelopandmake
availablevaccinesandotheranimalhealthproductsforneglectedlivestockdiseases,islikelytobeanother
keypartner.GALVmedhasindicatedaninterestinaligningtheirprioritydiseasestohavebetterfitwith
CRP3.7stargetvaluechains.ILRIhasextensiveexperienceofworkingwithpartnerswithexpertiseinthe
policyandinstitutionalarena;forexample,duringresearchontheKenyadairysector,productive
partnershipsweredevelopedwiththeInstituteforDevelopmentStudies,UK.Withregardtodeliveryof
animalhealthservices,partnersmightincludeNGOswithexpertiseinthisarea,suchasFARMAfricaand
VSF.Insummary,keypartnerswillbesoughtaccordingtothenatureoftheproposedsolutionandthe
constraintwhichisbeingaddressed.
BecAHublaboratoryfacilities:ItisenvisagedthatmanyoftheactivitieswillbeundertakenattheBecAHub,
Nairobi.Thiscomprisesstateoftheartlaboratories,equipmentandlargeandsmallanimalfacilitiesto
enableawiderangeofbiologicalexperimentationtobeconducted.Theseincludefacilitiesfortissueculture,
serologyandcellularimmunology,genomics,bioinformaticsandhighthroughputsequencing.
Theoutputsandtheirexpectedoutcomesandimpactsfortheanimalhealthtechnologydevelopment
componentaresummarisedinTable2.5.
28
Table2.5:Animalhealthtechnologydevelopmentoutputs,outcomesandimpacts
Outputs
Outcomes
Diseaseswhichconstrain
productivityintargetvaluechains
identifiedandtheirrelativeimpacts
assessed
Developmentofbettersystemsto
deliverexistingandforthcoming
vaccines
Extenttowhichvaccinesand
diagnosticassaysofferasolution
assessed
Existingvaccinetechnology
platformsfocusedonpriority
diseasesofselectedvaluechains
Existingdiagnosticassay
developmentplatformsfocusedon
prioritydiseasesofselectedvalue
chains
Impacts
Bettercontrolandpreventionof
priorityanimaldiseasesinselected
valuechainscontributesto
Developmentofbettervaccinesand increasedproductivityand
productionofanimalsourcefoods
diagnosticstargetedonpriority
toenhancelivelihoodsandnutrition
diseasesinselectedvaluechains
securityofthepoor
Developmentofappropriate
biosecuritysystems
Reductionofdisparitiesbetween
menandwomenintheaccessto
Developmentofdeliverysystems
anduseofanimalhealthservices,
thatincreaseaccesstoanimal
andintheproductivityoflivestock
healthservicestowomenlivestock
ownedandmanagedbythem
keepers,andpoorsmallholders
Improvedsystemsandcapacities
formonitoringevolution,
introductionandspreadof
pathogens
Optionsfordeliveryofvaccinesto
poorandwomenlivestockkeepers
invaluechainsdeveloped
Genderissuesaroundvaccine
developmentanddelivery
identifiedandintegratedinto
technologydevelopmentand
deliveryforselectedvaluechains
Pathogenevolution,introduction
andspreadinvaluechains
monitored
Capacitybuildingfornationaland
regionallabs
Extenttowhichimproved
biosecurityoffersasolution
assessed.
Component1.2Livestockandfishgenetics
Introduction
Thefollowingsectionsdescribetherationale,keyresearchquestionsandactivitiesforlivestockandfish
genetics.Whilstitisrecognizedthatmanyprinciplessurroundingtheutilizationandimprovementof
geneticresourcescanequallybeappliedtobothterrestrialandaquaticspecies,theyarediscussed
separatelyhereforclarityandduetothevaluechainspecificity.Meanstocapitalizeontheimportant
synergiesbetweenlivestockandfishgeneticsareoutlinedunderthesectiontitledanimalgeneticsresearch
platform.
Livestockrationale
Livestockbreedingstrategiesindevelopedcountrieshaveresultedinsignificantandsustainedincreasesin
livestockproductivity.Livestockhaveshownextraordinaryandsustainedresponsetoproductiontraitssuch
asgrowthrateandmilkproduction,andfitnesstraitssuchasdiseaseresistance,albeitatthecostofreduced
livestockgeneticdiversity.
Thisdramaticimprovementingeneticmerithasbeenascribedtothreemajorfactors:
29
1. Choiceofbreeds,developmentofnewcompositebreeds,andtheuseofcrossbreedingsystems
2. Accuratetraitandpedigreerecordinganduseoftheserecordstoevaluateindividualanimalsand
useestimatesofgeneticmerittomakebreedingselectiondecisions.
3. Reductioninenvironmentalvariationthroughdiseasecontrol,improvedhousingandnutrition.
Inthedevelopingworld,however,thesameincreasesinlivestockproductivityduetobreedingstrategies
havenotbeenrealized.Thisisduetoanumberofreasonsincludingthelackofrecognitionofthe
importanceofbreedingstrategiestothelivestocksector(asopposedtocropswheresignificantprogresshas
beenmade),thelackofcapacity(therearefewtrainedanimalbreederswithindevelopingcountries),and
thelackofsupportiveinstitutionsandpolicies(Kosgeyetal2006,KosgeyandOkeyo2007).Thatsaid,these
constraintsarebeginningtobeaddressedandwillformanimportantcomponentoftheCRP.
Inanumberofdevelopingcountrylivestocksystems,exoticbreedshavebeenintroducedwiththeaimof
producinganimalsthatarebothproductiveandadaptive,viacrossingtoindigenousbreeds.Commonly,
however,thiscrossingisnotdoneinanorganizedwayandovertheyearsarangeofdifferentcrossbreeds
emerge.Insuchsituationsapertinentquestioniswhichofthesecrossbreedsmatchbesttothelivestock
keepersdemandsandresourcesituation.Recentadvancesingenotyping,suchastheavailabilityofSNP
chips,allowthebreedcompositionofindividualanimalstobedeterminedintheabsenceofpedigree
(Marshalletal2011)(seebox,below).Thisallowsforcomparisonstudiesusingperformanceandeconomic
datacollectedinsitu(e.g.fromsmallholderfarms),whichhasnotpreviouslybeenpossible.Suchstudieswill
bedirectlyrelevanttoseveraloftheproposedvaluechains.
Withinbreedimprovementprogramsshouldbeconsideredindevelopingcountrylivestocksystemsincases
wherethemostappropriatebreedisalreadyinwideuse,othersystemconstraints(suchasfeedandhealth
care)arebeingaddressed,anditisacceptedthatalongtermapproachisrequired.Whilstwithinbreed
improvementisnotanewtechnology,manyissuesremainintermsofadaptingapproachestakeninthe
developedworldtoadevelopingcountrycontext.Theseinclude,forexample,thedevelopmentofincentive
systemsforparticipationoflivestockkeepersinrecordingschemesandinstitutionalandorganizational(i.e.
breedassociations)modelsforsustainability.Itisexpectedthatdemandforhighergeneticmeritanimals
(andthusgeneticimprovementanddisseminationtechnologies)willincreaseaslivestockkeepersbecome
morecommerciallyorientatedandtheotherrelevantactors,especiallylocalagentsofinternationaland
regionalbreedingserviceproviders,becomemoreengagedascanbeanticipatedusingthevaluechainand
innovationplatformapproaches.
Othergenomicstudies,suchasthecharacterizationofgeneticdiversity(tocomplementphenotypic
characterizations,andtoinformconservationstrategies)ortheidentificationofgenesforimportanttraits
suchasdiseaseresistance(withpotentialapplicationstobreedimprovementand/orthecreationofnew
animalhealthproducts),alsohavestrongrelevancetodevelopingcountrylivestocksystems.However,as
thepotentialoutcomesfromsuchstudiesarelongertermanddifficulttopredicttheyplayacomplementary
(ratherthancentral)roletotheoverallresearchportfoliopresentedhere.
30
Developmentanddeliveryofanimalgeneticswillbeimplementedinwaysthattakeintoaccountthe
constraintsfacedbypoorandwomenlivestockkeepersandwhichhelpthemnotonlymakethebestuseof
theirexistingassets,butalsohelpsthemtobuildtheseassets(Regeetal2011).Attentionwillbepaidto
issuessuchasgenderandpovertygroupdifferentiatedownershipandmanagementoflivestock;genderand
povertygroupdifferentiatedlivestockandfishproductionobjectives;andconstraintsspecifictosocio
economicgroupsthatinfluenceinvolvementinbreedingactivities,farmerorganizations,oraccessto
geneticallyimprovedanimals.Thiswillresultinareductioninthegenderandequitygapsinrelationto
accesstoimprovedanimalsandthuslivelihoodoutcomes.
Box:Thelivestockbreedconcept:TheWesternanddevelopedcountriesdefinitionofabreedis:adistinct,
intraspecific group of animals, with shared peculiar characteristics that are distinct from other such groups,
witheachmemberhavingpedigreetracingitsancestry,oftentoaspecificfamilytreeandgeographicregionor
a people. Usually a breed has defined breed standards, and official register of pedigree (stud book) and
performance recordings are undertaken by a formal organization (breed society) that develops, safeguards,
promotesitandlobbyforit(FAO,DADIS:http://dad.fao.org).ExamplesofbreedsincludeHolsteinFriesian,
CharolaisandAngusforcattle;CorriedaleandMerinoforsheep,andAlpine,ToggenburgandSaanenforgoats.
However, in developing countries pedigree and performance recording rarely take place and the nearest
equivalenttoabreedisalocallyadaptedpopulationwhichhasbeensubjectedtocommonbreedingobjectives,
oftenseparatedbyculturalorcommunity'boundaries'ordifferentialpreferencesforspecificanimalattributes
(Regeetal2006).Thus,thebreedsdocumentedintheDomesticAnimalGeneticResourceInformationSystem
(DAGRIS2007:http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org),typicallyencompassseveraladaptedecotypes.Thenetresultisthat
theconceptofbreedinthedevelopingworldcontextismuchmorecomplexthanintheWest.
Livestockkeyresearchquestions
1. Whataretheavailablebreedsforeachofthelivestockspeciesandselectedvaluechainsandhow
appropriatearetheseforthedifferentgenderandpovertygroups?Cangenomictoolscombinedwith
novelphenotypingapproachesprovideenhanceddescriptionsoftheseresources?
2. Whataretheirgeneticattributes,currentlevelsofproduction,existingproductionsystems,thekey
constraints,menandwomenfarmertraitandmarketpreferences(keytraitcombinations)foreachof
theselectedlivestockandvaluechains?
3. Whatbreedingandmarketservicesareavailabletothedifferentgenderandpovertygroups,whoare
providingthem,andhowgoodarethey?
4. Whataretheexistinginstitutionalandorganizationalarrangementfordeliveryof/accesstoinputand
marketservicestothedifferentgenderandpovertygroupsandaretheysatisfactory?
5. Whatcurrentlyavailablereproductivetechnologiesarebeingusedandbywhom?Istherescopefor
introductionofexistingorincrementallyimprovedtechnologyintothevaluechainsunderstudy?
6. Whatisthepotentialofnovelgenomicapproaches,includingcomparativegenomics,toleapfrog
bottlenecksinprovisionofadaptedanimaltypes(TheseapproachesareunderactiveresearchbyARIs,
butCGIARhasaresponsibilitytoensuretheyareappliedtopropoortraitsandtofacilitatedevelopment
ofenablingpolicyenvironments)?
7. Canthesetechnologiesbesustainedtomatchthedemandsprojectedoverthenext50years,especially
whenfacedwithuncertaintyabouttheimpactofclimatechangeontheproductionenvironment?
Aswelooktomediumtermdevelopmentitisimportanttopayattentiontothesignificantdevelopmentsin
thegenetictoolboxwhichmayfurtherextendourabilitytodelivergeneticimprovement.Someofthese,
suchasimprovedbreedingservicesdeliverysystems,arelikelytobedirectlyapplicabletothevaluechains
selectedinthisCRP.However,theCGIAR,throughthisCRP,alsohasaresponsibilitytoevaluateand,where
appropriate,consideradaptingotherdevelopmentstotheneedsofthepoorfarmer.Manyofthese
31
technologydevelopmentsaredrivenbytheneedsoftheNorthbuttherearelikelytobeopportunitiesto
adaptthemtoaddresstheneedsoftheSouth.Obviousexamplesincludeuseofcomparativegeneticsto
studygenefunctionandtransgenicplatformswhichhavemademajorleapsrecently,butwithNorthdriven
traitsbeingaddressed.Thisrequirementincludesmonitoringandguidingthepolicyenvironment.Whilstnot
alloftheseapproacheswillbedrivenbytheperceivedandimmediateneedsofthevaluechainstheyare,
however,essentialtoallowtheCRPtomaintainitsabilitytodetectandtakeadvantageofnew
developments,anddonotrepresentamajoreffortorbudgetexpenditure.
AnimportantaspectoftheCRPisaunifiedandcomprehensivedatamanagementsystem.Wewillensure
thatallvaluechainsuse,asfaraspossible,commondatacollectionstandardsandontologies.Thiswill
ensurethat,attheveryleast,analysistoolswillbereadilyapplicableacrossvaluechains.Suchplatformsand
systemsarewellestablishedthroughourexperienceofmultisiteandmultispeciesprojectsinwhichdata
arecomparableandvisualisableinaunifiedmanner.Inadditiontoitspracticalusefulness,suchadata
platformwillalsoservetounifythediverseactivitiesoftheCRP.
Livestockactivities
WorkingcloselywithILRIsMarkets,GenderandInnovationTeams,andincollaborationwiththefarmers,
farmerorganizations,andotherstakeholders,theaboveresearchquestionswillbeaddressedby:
1. Assessmentofthemenandwomenfarmerstraitpreferencesandmarketdemandsforsmall
ruminants,cattle,andpigbreedsandrelativeperformanceofthebreedscurrentlybeingusedinthe
selectedvaluechainsandproductionsystems.
2. Establish databases for each of the livestock value chains, and design the architecture for
comprehensivedatacapturing,biobanksamplemanagement,processing,synthesis,analysisanduse
ofresultsforfeedbacks,reportingandwidercrossreferencing.
3. Assessmentofthefarmandcommunitylevelanimalmanagementpracticesandperformanceinthe
selectedvaluechainsandproductionsystems,inordertodeterminewhichonesarethemost
suitable.
4. Genderedparticipatoryapproachtodevelopmentofbreedingobjectives,multiplicationanddelivery
ofimprovedgenetics.
5. Collection of DNA, tissue and serum samples for strategic biobanking and for running of high
densitySNPassaysandundertakingassociationandbioinformaticsstudiesonselectedphenotyped
individuals.Thematerialwillbeusedtoinformcharacterizationprogramsaimedatidentifyingthe
most desirable breed / crossbreed combinations and may also be of future strategic value, thus
contributingtotheFAOGlobalPlansofAction.
6. Undertakestrategicassistedreproductiveresearchinresponsetoobservedlimitingfactorswithin
thevaluechains.
7. Participationinthedevelopmentofhighendgenomicstudies,transgenicsanduseofcomparative
genomicstosupportlongtermbreedingandconservationstrategies.
Aquaculturerationale
CurrentindicationsarethatAsianandAfricanaquaculturewillneedtogrowsubstantiallytomeetthe
demandforfishanditmustdosopartlybyincreasingproductionperunitlandandwateruse.Inresponse,
WorldFishisplacinggrowingemphasisondevelopingtechnologiesthatcansupportnationalandregional
effortstomeetthisneed.
Togetherwiththelackofaffordableandeffectivefeeds,theabsenceofimprovedstrainscapableof
producinghighqualityseedisconsistentlyidentifiedasthemostwidespreadandpersistenttechnical
obstacletothedevelopmentofaquacultureamongbothsmallholdersandmediumsizedenterprises.In
32
developingcountries,veryoftenfarmersstrainsarenotmoreproductivethantheirwildcounterparts(and
insomecasestheyareevenlessproductive)duetopoormanagementofthegeneticresource(inbreeding
andinadvertentselectioninthewrongdirection,forsmallerfish).ToaddresstheseissuesWorldFishhas
focusedonthedevelopmentanduseofgeneticallyimprovedstrainsoffish.
Aquaculturekeyresearchquestions
GeneticimprovementbyselectivebreedingisanareainwhichWorldFishhasbeenactiveandsuccessful.An
improvedstrainoftilapia(Oreochromisniloticus)calledGIFT,anappealingacronymforGeneticallyImproved
FarmedTilapia,isoneoftheproductstheCenterisespeciallyproudofandisoneofthecaseshighlightedin
thepublicationMillionsFed:provensuccessesinagriculturaldevelopment,producedbytheInternational
FoodPolicyResearchInstitute(Spielmanetal2009,Ponzonietal2011).WorldFishalsocontributedtothe
developmentofJayantirohu(Labeorohita),anoutstandingstrainthatisnowwidelyusedbyfarmersin
India.WorldFishalsoprovidesadviceandsupporttogeneticimprovementprogramswithanumberof
speciesinmorethanadozenAsian,AfricanandLatinAmericancountries.Improvedstrainsareessentialto
smallfarmers;otherwise,theresourcestheyassigntofeedingandtomanagingtheproductionenvironment
arelargelywasted.
Growthandsurvivalratearetwokeytraitsinmakingaquacultureeconomicallyviable.Thevalueofsurvival
isobvioussincedeadfishconstituteatotalloss.Whenfishofaparticularsizearedesiredgreatergrowth
rateenablesachievingthataiminashorterperiodoftime,whereasifthedurationoftheproductioncycleis
fixed,largerfishwillbeproduced.Ineithercasegreatergrowthrateisadvantageous.Itisourperception
thatreplicationacrossspeciesandcountriesoftheverysuccessfulapproachdevelopedbyWorldFishwould
resultinsubstantialimpactatthefarmerandconsumerlevel.WorldFishhasstateoftheartexpertiseinthe
planning,designandconductofgeneticimprovementprograms,aswellasampleexperienceinresearch,
developmentandtechnologytransferinthearea.
Geneticimprovementtypicallytakesplaceinarelativelysmallpopulationoftheorderofafewhundred
individuals.Theeconomicimpactofgeneticimprovementinanysuchpopulationissmall,butitbecomes
spectacularwhenitismultipliedthroughhatcheries,disseminatedtofarmers,andexpressedmillionsof
timesintheproductionsystem.Itisthisattributeofgeneticimprovementbyselectivebreedingthatmakes
itsuchauniqueandpowerfultechnology.Furthermore,geneticgainispermanentandcumulative,thatis,
thenewgainachievedineachgenerationbuildsupongainsmadeinearliergenerations.These
characteristicstoo(beingpermanentandcumulative)areuniquetogeneticimprovementandcannotbe
foundamongotheraquaculturetechnologies.WorldFishscientistshaveshownthatinvestmentingenetic
improvementprogramsatanationallevelcanresultinveryfavourablebenefit/costratios,oftheorderof
eightto60,dependingonthespecificcircumstances,andsometimesevengreater(Ponzonietal2007,
2008).
AmongthekeyresearchquestionsweaskinCRP3.7are:
1. Howcanthelongtermevolutionarypotentialofgeneticallyimprovedstrains,currentlycurtailedby
financialandphysicallimitationsofbreedingfacilities,bestbemaintained?
2. Whataretheeconomicbenefits,atnationalandindividualfarmerscale,ofuseofgeneticallyimproved
strains?
3. Whataretheanimalwelfareimplicationsofselectingforfastgrowingproductivestrainsandhowcan
thesebeaddressedinbreedingprograms?
4. Howcanmoleculartechniquesrefineandimprovecurrentprograms,especiallyinselectionfortraits
thataredifficulttohandlewithcurrentlyusedquantitativemethods?
5. Howcanaquaticanimalgeneticdiversity,mostofwhichstillresidesinthewild,bestbeprotected?
33
6. Whataretheriskstowildfishpopulationsposedbygeneticimprovementprogramsandhowcanthese
bemanaged?
7. Whatsortofcapacitydevelopmentprogramsarerequiredtosustainlongtermgeneticimprovement
programsimplementedinaresponsiblemannerfromabiodiversityviewpoint?
8. Whatsortsofbreedingobjectivesmightbebothdesirableandimplementableinrespondingtoclimate
change?
9. Whatsortsofprivateandpublicpartnershipsareneededtomultiplyanddisseminategenetically
improvedstrainsandhowarethesebestdevelopedandmaintained?
Aquacultureactivities
ThespecieschosentoworkinUgandaandEgyptareNiletilapiaandAfricacatfish.TheWorldFishCenterhas
playedapioneeringroleintheinitiationandconductofgeneticimprovementforaquaticanimalspeciesin
developingcountries.FromtheWorldFishCenterweapproachworkinthisareainalogicalandsystematic
manner,byaddressing,asdeemedappropriateineachcircumstance,alltheactivitiesthattheplanning,
designandconductofageneticimprovementprogramentail,namely:
1. Descriptionordevelopmentoftheproductionsystem(s)
2. Choiceofthespecies,strainsandbreedingsystem
3. Formulationofthebreedingobjective
4. Developmentofselectioncriteria
5. Designofsystemofgeneticevaluation
6. Selectionofanimalsandofmatingsystem
7. Designofsystemforexpansionanddisseminationoftheimprovedstock
8. Monitoring,impactassessmentandcomparisonofalternativeprograms
Thisapproachisnotonlyusefulinitselfinthesensethatitenablesalogicaltreatmentofthematter,butitis
alsohelpfulintheidentificationofareasinwhichknowledgeoritsapplicationaredeficient,andthatshould
thereforebecomethetargetofresearch,developmentandtechnologytransfer.Duringtheimplementation
ofwelldesignedgeneticimprovementprograms,weaknesses,deficienciesandareaswherethereisroom
forimprovementarefrequentlyidentified.Suchprogramlimitationsprovidepointerstopotentiallyuseful
researchareas,whichifaddressedwillprovideinformationthatwillenablerefinementsthatmayfurther
increasetheeffectivenessoftheprogram.
Whereaquacultureisrelativelynewandtherearestillwildpopulationsreadilyaccessiblebyescapeesofa
geneticallyimprovedstrainofthesamespecies,therisksarehigh.Theescapeesmayinterbreedwiththe
wildpopulationwithunknownbutlikelyundesirableconsequences(e.g.lossoftheuniquenessofthewild
population,changeinthefitnessoftheresultingpopulationwithconsequencestotheecosystemasa
whole).Theconductofsystematicenvironmentalriskanalysescanbeofgreatvaluefortheidentification
andsubsequentmanagementoftherisksassociatedwithdevelopment,introductionanddisseminationof
geneticallyimprovedfishstrainsinagivenregion.Wheretheadoptionofgeneticimprovementprograms
mayposeenvironmental,ecologicalorgeneticriskstolocalfishpopulationsandindigenousbiodiversity,
WorldFishwillactivelyworkwithpartnerstowardsthedevelopmentoftoolsandmethodologiesthat
improvelocalcapacitytoimplementenvironmentalriskanalyses.Moleculartechniquesmaybeusefulin
surveillance,establishingwhetherintrogressionbetweenescapedfarmandwildpopulationshasoccurred.
AllstepsitemizedabovewillbefollowedinUganda.InEgypt,steps16havealreadybeencarriedoutand
researchwillfocusondetermininghowtodeveloptheprivateandpublicsectorpartnershipsessentialto
maintainingthegeneticallyimprovedpopulationsandonSteps7and8.Complementaryresearchactivities
whichwillprovideessentialinformationabouthowwewillexecutetheprogramsinEgyptandUganda,as
34
wellasserveasareaswherewecaneventuallyscaleoutimpacts,arealsobeingsupportedatvariouslevels
ofinvolvementelsewhereinAfrica(Ghana,Malawi)andAsia(Bangladesh,China,India,Malaysia,SriLanka,
Vietnam).
AnimalGeneticsResearchPlatform
Therearedifferencesbetweenlivestockandaquaticanimalsinrelationtoconservationandutilizationof
geneticresources.Inlivestocktherearemanybreedsandveryfewwildrelativesremain.Theunitof
conservationisoftentakenasthebreed,andconservationbyutilizationisthusausefulapproach.By
contrast,withaquaticanimalsthereareveryfewbreedsandmostofthegeneticdiversityisinwild
populations.Thefractionofgeneticdiversitythatisconservedinthefewimprovedbreedsinexistenceis
verysmall.Hencetheimportanceassignedtothepreventionoffurtherhabitatdegradationwherenatural
populationsofaquaticanimalslive.
However,thecoreexpertiseandprinciplesingeneticsareidenticalacrossspecies,whetherwearedealing
withterrestrialorwithaquaticanimals.ILRIhasthegreaterexpertiseinmoleculargeneticsand
immunology,fromwhichWorldFishandICARDAwouldbenefit,andalsoalonghistoryofinvolvementin
breedcharacterisationandimprovementprogramsinAfricaandAsia.WorldFishgeneticistshavebeen
workingonawiderangeofaquaculturegeneticimprovementprogramsandonaspectsofcharacterization
andriskassessmentassociatedwiththeuseofimprovedfishstrains.ICARDAgeneticistshaveexpertisein
smallruminantbreedcharacterization,sustainableuseoflocalbreedsandhavestartedworkingonbreeding
programsforsmallholders.Inaddition,thegeneticgroupsinWorldFishandILRIhavebeenveryactiveinthe
areaofcapacitybuilding,frequentlyrunningtrainingcoursesforpartnersatdifferentlevelsonthe
applicationofgeneticstoaquaticanimalandlivestockimprovement.
TheCRPwillprovideaplatformforworkinginacoordinatedmanner,buildingateamofgeneticistsacross
Centerswithabroaderrangeofexpertise.Complementaryskillsandtalents,aswellasexperiencein
differentenvironments,areexpectedtotranslateintoagreaterabilitytoaddressthemostlimiting
constraintsconsequentlyleadingtohigherchancesofachievingimpact.ThisnewlyforgedAnimalBreeding
andGeneticsgroupwillalsoraisetheprofileofworkinthisareaintheCGsystemthroughconsolidated
viewsandpropositions.ThiswillincreasetheattractivenessofestablishingcollaborationbetweentheCG
Centersandtheleadingresearchgroupsinthisfield,suchastheUniversityofNewEngland,Wageningen
University,andtheUniversityofGuelph.ThephysicallocationofthethreeCentersalsofavoursthenotion
ofworkingtogether.TheanimalbreedingandgeneticsgroupofILRI,WorldFishandICARDAarelocatedin
Africa,AsiaandtheNearEast,respectively.However,allCentersareactiveinbothcontinents.Working
together,WorldFishgeneticistscanprovidesupporttolLRIslivestockprogramsinAsiawhileILRIs
geneticistsmaydothesameforWorldFishsprojectsinAfrica.Inmanyinstancesthiswouldmake
monitoringandoverseeingofprojectseasierandmorecosteffective.Further,thefrequentinteractions
amonggeneticistsfromthedifferentinstituteswouldbeaverystimulatingdevelopmentforallinvolved,and
onecanexpectimprovedscientificproductivityandstandardsasaconsequence.
Component1.3:Feeds
Rationale
Feedisattheveryinterfaceofthepositiveandnegativeeffectsoflivestockandfishproductiononfood
security,incomeandlivelihoodsandtheenvironment.Lackofaffordable,adequatefeed(quantityand
quality)representsamajorconstrainttosmallholdercompetitivenessandtheoverallprofitabilityof
livestockandfishproductionsystems(Ayantundeetal2005;Ranaetal2010)becauseofitsdirectimpacton
animalproductivity.Choiceoffeedsandfeedingstrategiesalsohavemajorimplicationsfornaturalresource
usage,greenhousegasemissions(Subbaraoetal2009;Blmmeletal2010)andcarbonsequestration
35
(Fisheretal2009).Forexample,feedproductioncansignificantlydepletewater,particularlyinconcentrate
andirrigatedforagebasedsystems(Singhetal2004),whichpotentiallyrelatestotheCRP5researchonland
andwatermanagement.Useofcropresiduesasfeedcancompetewithsoilimprovementinterventions(an
aspectthatisaddressedinCRPs1.1and1.2).Feedtypealsoinfluencestheamountofmethaneemitted
fromruminants,andpoorfeedresourcescontributetolowanimalproductivityand,therefore,high
greenhousegasemissionsperunitoflivestockproduct;thispresentsapotentialintersectionwithCRP7.
Ecologicalfootprintsofvariousfeedresourcingstrategiesneedtobeinvestigatedincollaborationwith
thoseCRPs.
Thelargestproportionofwomenstimeinlivestockproductionistakenbysourcingfeedand/orfeeding
livestock.InmostpartsofsubSaharanAfricaandIndia,work,suchaspreparationoffeed,cleaningsheds
andmakingdairyproductsisdoneonlybywomen,whilefoddercollection,takinganimalsforgrazingand
milkingareundertakenbybothmenandwomen;similarlyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,womenare
stronglyinvolvedinmilkprocessingandcareofmonogastricanimalssuchasswine.Inpastoralsystems,
youngmenspendconsiderableamountsoftimegrazingcattle,whilewomenoftengrazesmallruminants
andcollectforagesandfeedsformonogastricanimals.InIndiaforexample,womenspenduptoanaverage
of5.3hoursinlivestockproduction,mostofwhichisoncollectingfeed(Upadhyay2005);inSouthKivu,DR
Congo,mostlywomenandchildrenspentbetween1and4hoursdailytofetchforageforthelivestock
(Maassetal2010).Similarly,womencanspendconsiderableamountsoftimecollectingcropbyproducts
andanimalwastetobeusedinfishponds.
Feedmarketing,however,alsoprovidesgreatopportunitiesforincreasingwomensincomethroughsaleof
livestockfeedorfromgrowingandmarketingfeed/fodderseedforspecializedforages.Someofthefeed
sourcesarelegumeswhichareimportantforfoodsecurityandareoftenmanagedbywomen.Feeding
systemsthatreducewomenslabourandthatprovideincomeopportunitiesforwomenandyouthwillbean
importantcomponentoftheresearchunderthissubcomponentandwillinvolveparticipatoryresearchwith
men,womenandtheyouth.
Optimizingthecontributionoffeedandforageresourcestoanimalproductivityandthereforethe
profitabilityandefficientnaturalresourceuseoflivestockandlivestockbasedfarmingsystems,while
minimizingtheirnegativeenvironmentalimpact,willbeatthecoreoflivestockfeedworkinCRP3.7.For
aquaculture,themajorchallengeistoprovidefarmeraccesstotheaffordablequalityfeedsthatare
essentialfordevelopingproductive,profitableproductionsystemsaspartofpropoorvaluechainsandin
determiningtheeffectsofintensificationofproductionontheparticipationofwomenasproducers.Access
tokeyingredientscurrentlyused,especiallyfishmealandfishoil,islimited,indeclineandincreasingly
expensive,signallingtheneedtoshiftincreasinglytoplantbasedfeeds.
Approach:Avaluechainframeworkwillbeusedasasystematicapproachtodefineasetofresearchareas
thatinclude:(i)producingmoreandbetterfeeds,(ii)makingbetteruseofthefeedsthatexist;and(iii)
processing,densification,fortificationandredistributionoptions,includingtransferoffeed(andgenerally
biomass)fromsurplustodeficitareastoprovideadditionalfarmincomeandemploymentinsurplusareas
andmitigatefeedconstraintsindeficitareas;and(iv)understandingtheimplicationsofdifferentfeeding
systemsonlabourallocationandtimeuse,andincomegenerationpotentialespeciallybywomen.
SpecifictechnologyoptionswillbetargetedtothevaluechainsdescribedinPart4,whilefeedbackfrom
valuechainswillhelptorefinetechnologyrequirementsinaniterativeprocess.Placingfeedresearchinthe
contextofspecificvaluechains,andworkingthroughinnovationapproacheswillcircumventsomeofthe
previouspitfallsoffeedresearchthathasbeenlimitedtotechnologydimensions.Feedworkwillalso
36
supportdevelopmentofsustainablefeedresourcesbeyondtheconfinesofCRP3.7valuechains,for
examplethroughbuildingofregionalfeedresourcescenarios,interactingwithcropfocusedCRPsonfeed
aspectsofmajorfoodcrops,andaccessingnewfeedresourcessuchasfrombiofuelproduction.
Producingmoreandbetterfeeds
Foodfeedcrops:Foodfeedcrops(potentially:sorghum,maize,wheat,rice,millets,triticale,barley,cowpea,
pigeonpea,groundnut,cassava,sweetpotato,soyabean)arealreadymajorlivestockandfishfeed
resourcesandshowhighpotentialforincreasesinthequalityandquantityofavailablebiomasswithout
compromisingfood(grain,tuber)yieldoradditionalinputsoflandandwater,whicharealsorequiredto
producefoodforpeople.Theirimportanceinthefutureis,therefore,likelytoincrease.Multidimensional
cropimprovementresearchfordevelopmentwithpartnersfromCGCentres,NARESandtheprivatesector
willdetectandexploitavailablegeneticvariationforlivestockfeeding,andfurthertargetgenetic
enhancementtowardsmultipurposetraitsusingconventionalandmarkerassistedcropbreeding.Variations
inexistingcultivarswillbeexploitedbyintegratingcropresiduefoddertraitsintotheadvanceandrelease
proceduresanddecisionsfornewcultivarsandbycomprehensivescreeningofreleasedcultivars.Further
targetedimprovementwillbeachievedbyrecurrentselectionprocedures,QTLidentificationand
backcrossing.ProofofconceptoftheseapproacheshasbeenestablishedbyILRIandnationaland
internationalcropimprovementpartners(Sharmaetal2010).Researchhereprovidesaplatformforthe
evaluationoffeeddimensionsofcropbreedingresearchimplementedincropfocusedCRPs,inparticular
(butnotonly)drylandcerealsandgrainlegumes,whichspecificallyplantoimplementresearchoncrop
residuefeedqualityandquantitylinkedtoCRP3.7.Whilefoodfeedcropsseemparticularlysuitedfor
ruminantandfishnutrition,substantialpotentialexistsalsoforpignutritionnamelyfromsweetpotatoand
cassavaproduction.
Keyactivitiesare:
Identifypotentialfoodfeedcropsforplanneddairy,smallruminant,pigandfishvaluechainsinthe
contextofprevalentcroppingsystems.
Upgradebasaldietcomponentscontributedbyfoodfeedcropsthroughidentificationofsuperior
foodfeedtypecultivarsfrombreedingandcultivarreleaseprogramsandfromfoddertrading.
Conductstudiesandparticipatoryevaluationtrialstoassessimportanttraitstowomenandmenfor
integrationintoimprovedfoodfeedcultivars.
Establishregionalhubs(EastAfrica,WestAfrica,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,andSouthAsia)to
enablephenotypingforcropresiduefoddertraitsinnewcultivaradvanceandreleaseprocedures
andintegratingfeedresearchwithinternationalandnationalpublicandprivatecropimprovement.
SuchhubswillalsoprovidetheintersectionwithcropbreedingresearchimplementedinCRPs,in
particularondrylandcerealsandgrainlegumes.
ConnectwithpartnerCRP(especiallythosefocusedonkeycrops)andregionalnetworkstofacilitate
theinclusionofcropresiduetraitsandtraitspreferredbymenandwomeninnewcultivarrelease
criteria,throughprovidingaplatformforsuchevaluations.
Conductresearchtoanalyzelabourandotherimplicationsofintegrationoffoodfeedcropsinto
livestockfeedingsystemsespeciallyforwomenandchildren
Incloselinkageswiththeme2,identifyandevaluateopportunitiesforincreasingwomensand
youthparticipationinlivestockfeedmarketsthroughfeedagroenterprises
Keyoutputsare:
37
Feedresourcescenariosdevelopedforspecificvaluechainsincludingimprovedbasaldietsand
availabilityanduseofvarietyreleasecriteriaforquantitativeandqualitativetraitsofmajorcrops.
Newvarietyreleasecriteriathattakeintoaccountquantitativeandqualitativefoddertraitsandmen
andwomenspreferredtraits
CoordinatedapproachforfoodfeedcropworkinthenewCGdevelopedandimplementedincluding
efficientnetworksthatcanphenotypeforfoddertraits.
Improveddualpurposevarietiesoffoodfeedcropsthatintegratemensandwomenspreferred
traits,outperformexistingcultivarsnotonlyby10%grain,podorroot/tuberyieldsbutalsoby10%
highercropresidueyieldand5%highercropresiduefodderqualitytraitssuchasmetabolizable
energycontentincerealcropresiduesandmetabolizableenergycontent(whenmajorfeed
component)and/orproteincontent(whensupplement)inleguminouscropresidues.
Keypartnersare:
NARESandnationalcropimprovementprograms,andCRPsthattargetkeyfoodfeedcrops,suchas
drylandcereals,grainlegumes,rootsandtubers,andthepartnernationalandinternationalcrop
improvementinstitutions,includingpublicandprivateenterprises.
Actorsinvaluechainstradingcropresidues,suchassellers,middlemen,foddertradersandbuyers.
Specializedforages
Wherelivestocksystemsintensifythereisoftenincreaseddemandforforagesforspecifictemporaland
spatialnichesandsystemstofeedanimalsinaresourceefficient(e.g.water,nutrients,land,labour)and
costeffectiveway.Inthiscontext,theselectionanddevelopmentofimprovedforagesneedstorecognize
thatahighproportionofsmallholdercroplivestocksystemsinthetropicsarelocatedinvulnerable(and
oftendegraded)environmentswithlowfertility,acidsoils,prolongeddryseasons(e.g.Mugisaetal1999;
Kabirizietal2006;Mtengetietal2008)and/orexposuretowaterlogging.Tradeoffsinresourceuse
betweenforagesandfoodcropsalsoneedstobeassessedinsomeinstances,meaningthatcareful
assessmentandtargetingofforageresources,tailoredtothediversityofeconomic,institutional,policyand
biophysicalconditions,isalsoimportant.
TheCGIARforagecollection,whichcomprisesover70,000accessionsof1,500speciesoftropicalandsub
tropicalgrasses,legumesandfoddertrees(forageregistry:http://icarda
genebank.icarda.cgiar.org/crs/forage/public/),isanessentialresourcetoprovidecandidatesforimproved
foragegenotypeswhichcanbedirectlyusedorincorporatedintoforagebreedingprogrammes(suchasthe
extensivebreedingprogramsonBrachiariainCIAT:Milesetal1996;2004).Aswithfoodfeedcrops,new
molecularbasedtoolsofferpotentialforQTLidentificationandtargetedimprovementthroughrecurrent
selectionproceduresforkeyusetraits,suchasdroughttolerance,feedquality,insectanddiseaseresistance.
LegumescontainedintheCGIARforagecollectionarecandidatestobedevelopedascomponentsinforage
basedanimalfeedsforruminantsandassupplementsformonogastricsandfishinsmallholdersystems.
Locallyproducedgrainandleafmealsfromtheseplantsprovidehighqualityproteinfeedsthatcan
substituteforhighcostimportedfeedingredients.Inaddition,perennialforagegrassesandcultivarsderived
fromkeyrainfedcrops,suchassorghumandpearlmillet,havethepotentialtoprovideverypromising
multicutorshortdurationforages,whichlinksalsointoresearchconductedinthecontextofCRPson
cerealsandlegumes.Whileconservingthediversityoftropicalandsubtropicalgrasses,legumesandfodder
trees,thecomprehensiveCGIARforagegermplasmcollection(Maassetal1997)providesoptionsforfuture
useofeithergenotypesorspecificgenesforimprovingforagestodealwithmultiplebioticandabiotic
38
constraints.Thecollectionhasbeenrecognizedasaninternationalpublicgoodthatisbeingmadeavailable
tobonafideusers.
Keyactivitiesinclude:
Approachestotargetforagestoparticularvaluechainsincludingoptionsthatfitintoexistingcrop
basedfarmingsystemsandthathaveeconomicandsocialviabilityincludingreductionsinwomens
timeconstraints.
Conserve,maintainanddistributetheCGIARforagecollectionandevaluatetargetedmaterialinthe
CGIARforagecollection.
Combiningphenotypicforagescreeningwithnewassociatedmoleculartechniquestoidentify
foragesforspecialniches(agronomical,physiological,croppingpattern,phytochemical
characteristics)andforagegenediscoverytousespecificdesiredtraits(e.g.diseaseanddrought
resistance).
Whereappropriateforspecificvaluechains,developthroughconventionalandmolecularselection
andbreedingactivitiesimprovedforagegrassesandlegumesresilienttomultiplestresses(e.g.biotic
andabioticconstraints,climatechange)andsuitablefordifferentiatedspatialandtemporalniches.
Thisincludesselectionandbreedingofshortdurationannualforagesthatareecoefficientwith
adequatebiomassyieldandnutritionalquality.
Differentanimalspecieshavedifferentnutritionalrequirements.Thusinthedevelopmentofforage
optionsspecificapproachesandevaluationmethodologieswillbeemployedtotargeteither
monogastricorruminantanimals,withtheformerrequiringahighernutrientdensity.Inthecaseof
foragesformonogastricanimals,whilethereareanumberofcasestudies,thedataandapproaches
totestawiderangeofforagesforsuitabilityisrelativelyscarceandthuswillrequiretheadaptation
ofnutritionalanalysistotestawiderangeofoptions.However,inbothcaseshighqualityforages
willbeemphasized,inparticularinrespecttoproteinandenergyconcentration.Whiletheworkin
thevaluechainstargetsspecificanimalspecies,developmentofforagesfortheruminantcattleand
sheepandthemonogastricswinewillallowsomeinsightinsuitableaswellforgoatandpoultry,
caviesandrabbits,respectively.Foragescanalsobeasuitablefeedforsomefishspecies,
complementingtheirexistingdieteitherasfreshfeedorasgreenmanures.Thismaybeexplored
specificallyinthefishvaluechainsthatwillbedevelopedinUganda.
Definemechanismsforadaptationofforagestoabioticandbioticstressestodeveloprapidand
reliablephenotypicscreeningmethods.
Workwithprivateandpublicseedindustriesandmensandwomensfarmerassociationsto
facilitatesustainabledisseminationandpromotionofseedsandplantingmaterialofsuperiorforages
inthecontextofspecificvaluechains.
Developmentandupgradingofdecisionsupporttoolsforforagechoiceswithinbothanagro
ecological,economicandvaluechainproductionsystemscontext.
Knowledgesharingaboutavailableforagegermplasmandforageoptionsforspecificnichesandthe
economicbenefitsandenvironmentalservicesthatintegrationofforagescontributestosystems
sustainability.
Keyoutputsinclude:
Welltargetedresourceefficientforageswithadequatebiomassyield,nutritionalquality,seed
productionandresiliencetomultiplestressesavailabletoprovideimprovedplantbasedfeedsfor
ruminants,fishandmonogastrics.
39
Appropriatelyconserved,maintainedandphenotypedforagecollectionavailableforpublicuse
underappropriateinternationalconventions.
Phenotypicandgenomicscreeningmethodsavailableforgermplasmcharacterization
Seedsofforagesthatimprovefeedresourcesinspecifictargetedvaluechainsmultipliedand
disseminated.
Decisionsupporttools,includingeconomicconsiderations,andknowledgebaseforforage/feed
basedinterventionsavailable.
Toolsfortradeoffanalysisbetweenfeedandfoodproduction,fuelprovisionandnaturalresource
managementandthegenderissuesaroundthesetradeoffs.
Keypartners:
Privateseedsectorandfeedcompanies.
Smallholderproducerassociations
Regionalandnationalresearchinstitutionsthataddressproductivityandenvironmental
componentsofforage/livestockresearch.
Advancedresearchinstitutionsforstrategicresearchsuchasdevelopmentofmethodologyforgene
discoveryinrelationtophysicalstresses.
Internationalandnationalbodiesconcernedwithappropriatemanagementofplantgenetic
resources.
Developmentpartnersandvaluechainactors.
CRPsthattargetagriculturalsystems(CRP1),soilandwaterresources(CRP5)andclimatechange
(CRP7).
Biofuelresiduesandspinofftechnologiesfromcellwallhydrolysis
Firstandsecondgenerationbiofuelproductionprovidesboththreatsandopportunitiestoruminant,pigand
fishfeeding.Theremaybecompetitionforbiomass,landandwaterbutsuchinterventionscanalsoprovide
additionalfeedresources,suchasinthecaseofsweetsorghumbagasseremainingafterbioethanol
production(Blmmeletal2009)andcakesfrombiodieselproduction,forexamplefromJatropha(Makkar
andBecker1999;Taconetal2009).Farreachingopportunitiesliewithtechnologiesdevelopedbyglobal
privatesectorplayerstohydrolyzethelignocellulolyticplantcellwallsforreleaseofsugars.Forsecond
generationbiofueltosucceed,thesehydrolysistechnologiesneedtobeenvironmentallysustainableand
economicallyviable.Thereexistsahugeuntappedpotentialforadaptingandadoptingthesetechnologies
forsmallholderlivestocknutritiononalargescale.LessIPissuesareassociatedwithhydrolysisapproaches
toreleasesugarsfromthecellwallsthanwithenzymestechnologiesthatconvertsugarstoethanol.Onlythe
firststepisrequiredforharvestingspinofftechnologiesfromsecondgenerationbiofueltechnologiesfor
livestocknutrition.Thebyproductsofbioenergytechnologiesoftenamixtureofprotein,fibre,andun
fermentablecarbohydratescanalsobeusedinlimitedquantitiesasafeedingredientfortheomnivorous
farmedtilapiaandAfricancatfishthatarebeingtargetedinthefishvaluechains.
Keyactivities:
Investigateresiduesfrombioethanolandbiodieselproductionasfodderforlivestockpigandfish
andfacilitatetheirentryintofeed,ruminant,pigandfishvaluechains.
Investigateandmodifysecondgenerationbiofueltechnologiesforspinoffsusefulforupgrading
lignocellulolyticbiomassforfeedandfodderforlivestockandmonogastrics.
40
Analyzewithkeyprivateindustrypartnersdifferentapproachestoplantcellwallhydrolysisand
choose,furtherrefine,adaptanddeveloptechnologiesthatcanmakeuseofsecondgeneration
biofueltechnologiesforimprovingfeedresourcesespeciallyforsmallfarmers.
Keyoutputs:
Newfeedresourcesavailablefrombioenergyvaluechainsandreducedcompetitionforbiomassfor
foodfuelandfodder.
Awarenessestablishedandlinkagesgeneratedbetweenmajorplayersinsecondgenerationbiofuel
andfeedtechnologiesinordertodeliverresearchresultsprovidingmoreaccessiblesugarsfrom
lignocellulosematerialforhostanimalandpossiblyhumandigestion.
Keypartners:
Privateindustryinbioenergytechnologies(localanddecentralized,smallscaleenterprisesthrough
tomajormultinationalplayers).
Advancedinternationalresearchinstitutions.
Makingbetteruseofavailablefeedsonfarm
Makingbetteruseofavailablefeedswillbeachievedbyexploitingassociativeeffects,forexamplebetween
cerealandleguminousresidues,supplementingdryfeedswithgreenforages,rootsandtubervinesand
leaves,conserving(silage,hay)plantbasedfeeds,definingandallocatingmostlimitingnutrients(energy,
nitrogensourcesandaminoacids,mineralsandvitamins)tobasaldiets,andbywelltargetedallocationof
feedtothemostresponsivelivestockandfishvaluechains.Inpondaquaculture,wherefeedingresponseis
notalwayseasytoassess,poorfeedmanagementoftenresultsingoodqualityfeedssimplyactingas
expensivepondfertilizers.
Thesedifferentcombinationsoffeedsonfarmwillhavedifferentimplicationsforthegenderedlabour
allocationinlivestockproductionandtheprioritisationofspeciestargetedforallocation.Theinvolvementof
bothmenandwomenondecisionmakingaroundtheseissueswillbeacriticalcomponentofthe
operationalresearch.
Keyactivities:
Optimizeuseofimprovedbasaldietcomponentsfrommultidimensionalcropimprovementthrough
foddercombinationsthatincreasesynergisticeffectssuchascombiningresiduesfromcerealsand
legumes,supplementationofdryroughageswithgreenforages,sweetpotatovines,cassavaleaves
etc.
Developapproachesforstrategicallocationofavailablefeedaccordingtolivestockspeciesand
physiologicalstageonlifecycleproductiontakingintoaccountimportantspeciesfordifferent
functionsandlivestockownershippatterns.
Developtechnologiesforfeedconservation/processingthatreducewomenandmenslabourand
evaluatethemfortheireffectiveness
Developfeedconservation(e.g.hays,silages,meals)approachessuitabletosmallholdersystemsand
promotionofbestpracticesinprocessingandstorageoffeedstuffsforfish,ruminantsand
monogastricsincludingmitigationoptionsformycotoxincontamination
Determineeffectsofdifferentfeedformulationsonlivestockandaquaculturefeedstability,
palatability,foodconversionprofitabilityand,foraquaculture,wastes.Determineeffectsofdietand
foddernutritionalqualityonproductquality.
Conductstudiestodeterminethegenderedadoptiontrendsandimpactsoffeed/foragesystems
41
Keyoutputs:
Onfarmfeedingrations,feedingregimesandsupplementationstrategiesdevelopedincludingration
componentsthatactsynergisticallytoincreasefeedintakeandfeedconversionintomeat,milkor
fish.
Feedingstrategiesdevelopedthatleadtoimprovedbiologicalandeconomicherd,flockandfish
productivityandbetterproduct(milk,meat,fish)quality.
Forage/feedconservationtechnologiesforsmallholdersystems(e.g.selectionoffeeds,forage
conservationtechnologiesandpractices,silageadditives)forbetterbalancingfeedsurplusdeficit
timesinthefeedcalendarandformaintainingfeedqualityandstandards
Forage/feedconservationtechnologiesthatoptimizemensandwomenslabourandthatreduce
thegendergapinadoptionandproductivity.
Keypartners:
Extensionandotherdevelopmentagencies
Farmerorganizationanddairyandsmallruminantcooperatives
Smallscaleentrepreneurs
Supermarkets,retailers
Privatefeedsector
CropCRPs
Transporting,tradingandprocessingoffeeds
Whilefeedisoftenscarceatleastseasonallyopportunitiesexisttotransportregionallyunderusedfeed
resourcesfromsurplustodeficitareas.Insomeregionsthereareexamplesoflivestocksystemsevolution
thathavemovedfromtransportoffeedstotransportofanimals,whichraisessomechallengesabout
nutrientmanagementandpollution(Steinfeldetal2006).Whilstthisresearchwillnotdirectlyaddressthis
issue,theopportunitiespresentedwithregardtofeedprocessingandtransportwillbeexplored.Targeting
feedproductionandutilizationincombinationwithcomprehensivefeed/fodder/foragepricequality
relationshipinvestigations,aswellascollaborationswithfoddertradersandfeedproducers,hasopeneda
windowofopportunitytosystematicallyexploitsurplusesonaregionalscale.Feedmarketsprovide
opportunitiesforengagingandbenefitingwomeninlivestockandfishvaluechains.Itisnowfeasibleto
optimizefeednutrientcontent,theirtransportandstoragepotentialandthephysical(chopped,feedblock,
mash,pellets)andbiological(mostlimitingnutrients,balanceddiets,totalmixedrations)characteristicsof
feeds(Taconetal2009;Anandanetal2010a;Anandanetal2010b).Theseactivitieswillalsoaddressdistrict
andvillagelevelneedsforfeedprocessing,workingwithfeedmanufacturersthatareincreasinglyprepared
todownscaleprocessingunitstocaterfordecentralizedfeedprocessingoptions(whichalsolimitnutrient
removalfromthefeedproducingareas).Forfishthemainapproachwillbetoidentifyreliablesuppliesof
qualityfeedmaterials,understandandremovebarrierstotheirsupplyandeffectsofdifferentprocessing
technologiesonpalatability,consumptionanddigestibility,feedlossesandpollution.Linkstoactorsthatcan
supportmenandwomenwithaddressingconstraintstotheirparticipationinfeedmarketswillalsobe
explored.
Keyactivities:
Mapcurrentandpredictfuturefeedresources(includingdemandsupplyscenarios,quantityand
quality)alongwithindicationsaboutnaturalresourceusageimplicationsespeciallywaterand
environmentalservices.
42
Conductagenderanalysisofthefeedvaluechainsfromproductiontoprocessingandmarketingand
identifytheconstraintsandopportunitiesforincreasingwomensparticipationandbenefitsfrom
them
Developtoolsthatsupportdecisionsalongfeedvaluechainsincludingtransportandcentralizedand
decentralizedfeedprocessingoptions.
Determineeffectiveandcostefficientmethodsofpretreatmentoffishandlivestockfeedtoreduce
antinutrients,increasepalatabilityanddigestibilityandreducewastesandidentifysynergieswith
otheragriculturalfeedproducers.
Identifynutritionalrequirementsoffarmedtilapiasandcatfish,understandeffectsofprocessingon
feedqualityanddevelopimprovedtechnicaladvice.
Determineimpactsofstorageconditionsonnutritionalvalueofaquacultureandlivestockfeedsand
oncontaminants.
Determinefeedtransportconstraintsandmethodstoaddressthese,includingsynergieswithother
agriculturalinputdistributionandstorageservices.
ExploreuseofLifeCycleAnalysistolookatimpactsoffeedsdevelopedfromdifferentfeedstuffson
ecologicalfootprints,forexampleintheEgyptianfishvaluechain(linkstoCRP5andCRP7).
Designbusinessmodelsforsmallholdersespeciallywomenandtheyouthtoparticipateinfeed
markets
Keyoutputs:
Assessmentoffeedoptionsthatfacilitatespolicymakeranddevelopmentpractitionerstomake
informeddecisionsoninvestmentintofeedresourcedevelopmentanditsimplicationsfornatural
resourceuse.
Economicinformationonfeedstoenablefodderproducers,foddertraders,feedmanufacturerand
fodderuserstomakeeconomicallysounddecisionsquickly.
Strategiesforthedevelopmentandpromotionofdecentralizedandsmallscalefeedprocessing
units.
Businessopportunitiesforwomenfarmersassociationsinfeedvaluechainswithindecentralized
feedprocessingsystemsidentifiedandevaluatedforprofitabilityandsustainability
Nutritionallysound,affordableandenvironmentallyfriendlyfeedsavailableformonogastricand
aquacultureproducers.
Testedbusinessmodels(thatincludefinancingoptions)forsmallholderstoparticipateinfeed
marketing
Keypartners:
Commercialfeedproducers,foddertraders,farmers,NARSandnationaluniversitiesinvaluechain
locations.
Agrobusinessincubatorsandfinancialinstitutestargetingsmallscaleentrepreneurs.
WomenandMenfarmerassociations/producergroups
ARIswithinterestsandexpertiseinlivestockandaquaculturenutrition.
Outputs,outcomesandimpacts
TheoutputsandtheirexpectedoutcomesandimpactsaresummarisedinTable2.10.
43
Table2.10:Feedtechnologydevelopmentoutputs,outcomesandimpacts
Outputs
Outcomes
Impacts
Foodfeedcrops
Feedresourcescenariosforspecificvaluechains
Appropriatefoodfeedoptions
identifiedanddeveloped,forthe
selectedvaluechains
Costeffectivefeed
optionsusedinvalue
chainswhichmake
availablesufficient
quantityandqualityof
feedcontributesto
increasedproductivity
andproductionof
animalsourcefoodsto
enhancelivelihoodsand
nutritionsecurityofthe
poorandvulnerable,
withoutexcessive
impactsonglobal
warming
Improvedbasaldietsfromfoodfeedcrops
Coordinatedapproachtofoodfeedcropworkin
thenewCGincludingefficientnetworksthatcan
phenotypeforfoddertraits
Ecologicalfootprintsassociatedwithdifferent
typesoffeeds
Newvarietyreleasecriteriathattakeintoaccount
quantitativeandqualitativefoddertraitsandmen
andwomenspreferredtraits
Improveddualpurposevarietiesoffoodfeed
cropssthatoutperformexistingcultivarsnotonly
by10%grain,podorroot/tuberyieldsbutalsoby
10%highercropresidueyieldand5%highercrop
residuefodderquality(measuredintermsof
metabolizableenergy,proteincontent,
digestibility)
Forage/feedconservationtechnologiesthat
optimizemensandwomenslabourandthat
reducethegendergapinadoptionand
productivity
Specializedforages
Welltargetedresourceefficientforageswith
adequatebiomassyield,nutritionalquality,seed
productionandresiliencetomultiplestresses
Improvedfood/feedcropvarieties
andfeedingsystemstargetedat
womenmanagedvaluechains
developedandtested
Appropriatespecializedforage
optionsidentifiedanddevelopedfor
theselectedvaluechains
Appropriateoptionsidentifiedand
developedtoexploitbiofuelsand
associatedspinofftechnologiesfor
theselectedvaluechains
developedtoenablebetteruseof
feedsonfarmfortheselectedvalue
chains
developedfortheselectedvalue
chains
Aquaculture,livestockand
monogastricfeedswithreduced
ecologicalfootprints
Areductioninthe
gendergapinthe
adoptionoffeed/fodder
technologiesand
livestockproductivity
Feedvaluechainsthatsupport
selectedlivestockvaluechainsandin
whichwomenareengageidentified
anddeveloped
Appropriatelyconserved,maintainedand
phenotypedforagecollectionavailableforpublic
useunderappropriateinternationalconventions
Phenotypicscreeningmethodsavailablefor
germplasmcharacterization
Foragesidentifiedforprovidingingredientfor
improvedplantbasedfeedsforruminants,fishand
monogastrics
Seedsofforagesthatimprovefeedingresourcesin
specifictargetedvaluechainsmultipliedand
disseminated
Decisionsupporttools,includingeconomic
considerations,forforage/feedbased
interventionsavailable
Biofuelsandspinoffs
Newfeedresourcesfrombioenergyvaluechains
andreducedcompetitionforbiomassforfoodfuel
andfodder
Awarenessestablishedandlinkagesgenerated
betweenmajorplayersin2ndgenerationbiofuel
andfeedtechnologies
Moreaccessiblesugarsinlignocelluloseavailable
forhostanimalandevenhumandigestion
Makingbetteruseoffeeds
Onfarmfeedingrationsandfeedingregimeswith
rationcomponentsthatactsynergisticallyto
44
increasefeedintakeandfeedconversionintomeat
andmilk
Improvedbiologicalandeconomicalherdandflock
productivity
Forage/feedconservationtechnologiesfor
smallholdersystems(e.g.selectionoffeeds,forage
conservationtechnologiesandpractices,silage
additives)forbetterbalancingfeedsurplusdeficit
timesinthefeedcalendarandformaintainingfeed
qualityandstandards
Improvedproductquality(milk,meatfish)
Transporting,processingandtradingfeed
Assessmentoffeedoptionsthatfacilitatespolicy
makeranddevelopmentpractitionerstomake
informeddecisionsoninvestmentintofeed
resourcedevelopmentanditsimplicationsfor
naturalresourceuse
Economicinformationonfeedstoenablefodder
producers,foddertraders,feedmanufacturerand
fodderuserstomakeeconomicallysounddecisions
quickly
Strategiesforthedevelopmentandpromotionof
decentralizedandsmallscalefeedprocessingunits
Businessopportunitiesforwomenfarmers
associationsinfeedvaluechainswithin
decentralizedfeedprocessingsystemsidentified
andevaluated
Supplementswelldesignedandtargetedto
optimizeutilizationofprevalentbasalfeeding
systems
Nutritionallysound,affordableand
environmentallyfriendlyfeedsavailablefor
monogastricandaquacultureproducers
45
RESEARCHTHEMETWO:VALUECHAINDEVELOPMENT
Strategiesforpropoor,genderequitablevaluechainsforlivestockandfishproducts
Overthepastdecade,developmentpractitionershaveincreasinglyshiftedtheirattentionfromfarming
systemstotargetingagriculturalvaluechainstoimprovesmallholderproductionandparticipationin
markets(see,forexample,RotaandSperandini2010).Thisisbecausesmallscaleproducersareoften
unabletoincreaseproductionbyadoptingproductivityenhancingtechnologiesunlessthevaluechainsfor
theirproductsaresufficientlydevelopedanddynamic.Accordingly,valuechainsmustprovidebothpush
andpullfortechnologyuptaketojustifytheinvestmentofthevariousactorsalongthevaluechainto
increaseproductionandproductivity.Moreemphasishasbeengiven,therefore,toabusinessorientationto
stimulateagriculturalproductionandrelatedservicesratherthanviewingsmallholderagriculturesimplyasa
meansofsurvival(WebberandLabaste2010).Theunderlyingassumptionisthatincreasingthecommercial
orientationofsmallholdersandgrowingtheassociatedvaluechaintocreatepropoorvalueaddition
opportunitieswillresultinsustainableandresilientoutcomesandpreventsmallholderlivestockkeepersand
fishfarmersfrombeingmarginalized.
Agriculturalresearchhastakenthecuefromthesetrendsinthedevelopmentsector,recognizingthat
technologiesandstrategiesbeinggeneratedneedtoberelevantwithinsuchavaluechaincontextiftheyare
tobetakenupandachieveimpact.ThisProgramadoptsthistypeofvaluechainperspective;Theme2,on
ValueChainDevelopment,willserveasthemechanismfordirectlyengagingwithintheselectedanimal
productvaluechains.
TheobjectivesofTheme2willbeto:
Identifytechnologicalandinstitutionalopportunitiestoincreasesupplyofanimalproductsfromthe
targetvaluechainsthatbenefitpoorconsumers
Alignresearchanddevelopmentpartnerstomobilizeresourcestotransformthetargetvaluechains
throughmajordevelopmentinterventions
Developstrategiesforworkingeffectivelyasknowledgepartnertodevelopmentactorsby
supportingimproveddesign,genderintegrationimplementationandassessmentofinterventions
thatenhancevaluechainperformance,output,andinnovationcapacityaswellasdevelopment
impacts.
Approach
Alargeliteraturealreadyexistsofferingavarietyofconceptualframeworksandarangeofmethodsand
toolsunderthegenerallabelofvaluechainanalysis(seeWebberandLabaste(2010)forarecentreview).
Valuechainanalysisincludesacharacterizationcomponenttodescribethestructureandrelationships
withinachain,adiagnosticcomponenttoidentifyopportunitiestoincreaseitsefficiencyandequity,anda
prescriptivecomponentfordesigning,implementingandsequencinginterventions.Keyfeaturesofvalue
chainshighlightedbyeconomistsincludeunderstandingtrustandcooperation,governance,marketpower,
innovationandknowledge,andinterventionpoints(WebberandLabaste2010),butotherperspectivesof
politicaleconomyandsocioculturalcontextanddynamicsalsorequireconsideration.
Thestrengthofvaluechainanalysisisthatitharnessestheenergyandinnovationoffunctioningsystems
involvingmotivatedstakeholdersservingwelldefinedcustomers.Itslimitationsarethatittendstobe
inwardfocusedandattimesunderanalytical(ignoringconsequencesoutsidethechainofproposedchange)
oroveranalytical(dealingwithissuesthatstakeholdersanddevelopmentactorsdonotrecogniseas
important).Twocomplementaryapproachesarethereforeneeded.Thefirstisthroughsectoralandpolicy
analysis,tounderstandthebroadercontextwithinwhichthetargetvaluechainfunctions,andits
46
implicationsforthechainslongertermviability.Economicandpolicyanalysistoolswillbeadaptedand
appliedtoassess,forexample,supplyanddemanddynamicsandthecompetitivenessofthetargetvalue
chainsrelativetoalternativevaluechainsandopportunitiesfacedbytheactors,aswellissuesrelatedto
politicaleconomy.Thesecondapproachaddressesthechallengeofstimulatingmarketleddevelopment
whenthevaluechainsinnovationcapacityisweak.Stimulatingdevelopmentofvaluechainsisaparticularly
promisingareawhereourunderstandingofinnovationsystemscanbeimprovedandtranslatedinto
practicalactionstofacilitateinteractionsbetweenactorsbothwithinandoutside(e.g.researchers)thevalue
chaintococreatesolutions.OngoingworkthatwillbeappliedincludesIntegratedAgriculturalResearchfor
Development(IAR4D)intheformofinnovationplatformsinwhichresearchersfacilitateinteractions
betweenactorstocodevelopinnovationcapacityforsustainedinnovation(TizikaraandKwesiga2006;van
RooyeandHomannKeeTui2009;NewAgriculturalist2010).
Whatareinnovationplatforms?
Innovationplatformsarenetworksorloosecoalitionsofindividualsandorganizationswhocometogethertoshare
experiences,knowledge,skills,resourcesandideaswiththeobjectiveofaddressingproblemsandopportunitiesof
mutualinterestinnewways.Inadevelopmentalcontext,theobjectivewouldbetoachievebeneficialandequitable
outcomeswhichtargetpoorpeople,includingwomenandothervulnerablegroups.
Intheexampleofaninnovationplatformfocusedonimprovedproductionandmarketingofanagriculturalcommodity,
membersmightincludethosealongthatcommodityvaluechaine.g.individualfarmers,farmersorganizations,large
scaleproducers,womensgroups,CBOs,NGOs,FBOs,localgovernmentofficers,traders,transporters,processors,input
andserviceproviders,microfinanciersandinsuranceagents,retailersandwholesalers,agribusinesses,researchers
andjournalistsamongstothers.Innovationplatformsevolvewithtime;membersoftheplatformchangeasincentives
andneedfortheirparticipationchange.
Innovationplatformsneedtobeeffectivelyfacilitated.Innovationbrokers,whocancomefromtheresearchor
developmentcommunity,canplaythisimportantrole.Ideallytheyensureeffectivenetworkingbetweenplatform
members,actasconduitsforknowledge,capacitybuildingandfinance,provideconflictresolutionservicesand
negotiatedealsandalliances,amongstotherroles.
Innovationplatformsaretransitoryarrangements.Thesuccessofaninnovationplatformshouldnotbejudgedon
whetherornotitissustainable.Onthecontrary,successfulinnovationplatformsoftenevolveintodifferenttypesof
entity,suchasfarmersorganizations,cooperatives,businessesorcontractedarrangements.Itis,however,desirable
thatinnovationcapacityisenhancedandremainsavailablelocallysothiscanbegalvanizedandtargetedtoaddress
futureneeds.
Genderinequalitiesareoftencriticaltounderstandingandaddressingthe'weakestlinks'withinvalue
chains,andthemostcriticalareasforupgradingqualityandgrowthaswellaspovertyreduction.Gender
analysisis,however,generallyalsotheweakestpointinmostvaluechainanalyses,andlargelyignoredin
mostvaluechainmanuals(MayouxandMackey,2007).Genderinequalitiesaffectwherepowerislocated
andwhereandhowchangecanoccurinordertotranslatechainupgradingintopovertyreduction.Gender
inequalitiesareoftenimportantinexplainingwhydifferentpartsofthechainareblockagestogrowth.
Genderanalysisisneededtoexplainwhyparticularchainsaredominatedbymenorwomen,inwhat
circumstanceswomenhavebeenabletobecomesuccessfulatcreatingemployment,andhowwomencan
besupportedtomakeamoreeffectiveeconomiccontribution.
Agenderandequityinclusiveprocesswouldentail(i)givingwomenandthepooratalllevelsavoiceinthe
process(ii)genderdisaggregationofalldatatoidentifyareasofgenderdifference(iii)investigatingareasof
genderdifferencetoidentifywhetherthisisduetogenderinequalitiesofopportunityordifferencesin
choice(iv)genderequitableplanningwhichmainstreamsequalityofopportunityandidentifiessupportive
strategiesneededtoenablewomentorealizetheseopportunities,andtopromotethesupportofmenfor
thenecessarychangesand(iv)genderaccountableimplementationandlearningwhichinvolveswomenas
47
wellasmeninimplementation,incorporatesgenderindicatorsinmonitoringandinformswomenaswellas
menoflearningoutcomes.
ThisProgramsCGpartnershaveatrackrecordinexploringandapplyingvaluechainanalysisinpropoor
developmentofvaluechainsforanimalproducts(Negassa2009;Richetal2009;Bakeretal2009).Animal
productvaluechainshaveparticularcharacteristicsthatdistinguishthemfromotheragriculturalproducts,
suchas:theassetrelated,cashflowandsocialfunctionsoflivestockthatoftenseepeopleaccumulatelarge
numbers;productperishabilityandassociatedpublichealthrisks;theroleplayedbylivestockinrisk
management;thedivergentpathsofcropandlivestockpricingduringcrises;andseasonalityoffeedandof
demand(Upton2004;NegassaandJabbar,2008).Certainlivestockspeciesarealsoassociatedwith
marginalizedpopulations,genderdemarcatedcontrolandintrahouseholddivisionoflabour.These
featurespresentopportunities,butdemonstratetheneedfordevisingstrategiesthatmaybespecificto
animalproductvaluechainsencompassinganimalsourcefoods,liveanimals,anarrayofserviceand
distributionfunctions,andinputsuppliessuchasfeedandveterinarycarethatmaycomefromwithinor
beyondthefarmhouseholdsystem.
Asaconsequenceoftheirnature,measuringproductivityandefficiencyinanimalproductsystemspresents
someuniquechallenges.Theperformanceoftheirvaluechainsoffersinterestingavenuesofapproach(Rich
etal,submitted2010).AcorefeatureofthisThemeisthatitwillbuildonexperiencestodate(e.g.Bakeret
al2009)tocontinuedevelopingamethodologyplatformfortailoringvaluechaindevelopmentmethodsto
animalproducts,anditsapplicationtovaluechainsoftenintheinformalsectorthatbenefitthepoor.
Themethodologyplatformwilltaketheformofasetofcommonapproaches,suchasvaluechainanalysis,
beingcontinuouslyadaptedandrefinedthroughcommunityofpracticeofthemembersoftheresearch
teamandtheirresearchanddevelopmentpartnersworkinginthisarea.Theteamwillworkcloselywiththe
valuechaincomponentunderCRP2,drawingfromitscrosscutting,genericmethodologydevelopmentand
contributingtheanimalproductperspectiveandcasestudiesfromourexperiencesinapplyingthemethods.
Asecondkeyfeatureofourapproachwillbeintegratingtechnologygenerationandadaptationunder
Theme1directlyintovaluechaindevelopment.Whilevaluechaindevelopmentspecialistscanhelpidentify
particularconstraintsandbottlenecksinthetargetvaluechain,itrequirestheexpertiseandinsightofthe
technicalscientiststoidentifypotentialtechnologicalsolutions,whileinteractingwithsocialscientiststo
ensuretheirappropriateness.Bothtechnicalandsocialscientistswillalsohaverolesinidentifyingthe
organisationalconditionsandchangesrequiredfortechnologyadoption,andthisapproachspecifically
addressesanticipatedproblemswithtopdowndeliveryofinappropriatetechnologyasexperiencedinthe
past.CGtechnicalscientistswillthereforeparticipateinthevaluechaindevelopmentteamforeachsite.
Theirrolewillbetoassesstechnologicalconstraints,identifyanddeveloppotentialsolutionswhether
adaptingexistingtechnologiesorcreatingnovelonesandthenpilotthesolutionsthroughtotheirscaleup
withindevelopmentinterventions.Devisingstrategiesforimprovingserviceprovisiontodeliverandsupport
technologies(e.g.breedingschemes)willbenefitfrominteractionbetweenthetechnicalandsocial
scientists.Thisarrangementwillorientthetechnologygenerationresearchagendatoaddressingthe
priorityneedsofthetargetvaluechains,whichwilllargelyconsistofcommonkeytechnicalproblems(e.g.
increasingthefoddervalueoffoodcrops).Participatingintheteamisalsoexpectedtoenhancethe
appreciationandunderstandingofthescientistsdevelopingandcombiningtechnologiesaboutthecontext
inwhichthetechnologyistobeused.
AthirdprinciplecentraltothisThemewillbestructuringmostofourworkthroughourroleasknowledge
partnertodevelopmentactors.Thismakesexplicitanewapproach,notwithoutrisks,basedonongoingCG
experiencesinamajordairydevelopmentprojectinEastAfricaandprojectselsewhere(e.g.withTataTrust
48
inIndia).Itentailsinitialactivitytoscopethetargetvaluechain,itsrelevantstakeholders,andpotential
researchanddevelopmentpartnerswillingtosupportamajordevelopmentintervention.TheCGteamwill
thenworktowardsaligningthevariouspartnersindesigningsuchaninterventionandmobilizingthe
requiredresources,usingevidencegeneratedduringitsinitialscopingstudyandvaluechainanalysisto
informtheprocess.Severalofthetargetvaluechainswerechoseninpartbasedondemonstrateddonor
interest;thiswillminimizetheriskoffailingtomobilizeresources.TheCGteamanditsresearchpartners
willseektoparticipateasknowledgepartnersforimplementationoftheintervention,permittingthemtobe
directlyinvolvedandprovidingthefieldlaboratoryforimplementingvaluechaindevelopmentactivitiesas
theyrespondtotheneedsanddemandsofthedevelopmentpartnerstoensurethesuccessofthe
intervention(andlearnfromfailureswherepossibleandnecessary).Thisformulaalsoprovidesan
immediateimpactpathwayforourworkaswesupportthedevelopmentinterventioninachievingits
objectiveofimpactonalargenumberofbeneficiaries.Toimplementthisapproach,staffresponsiblefor
leadingtheengagementwithnationalandlocalpartnersanddevelopingexpertiseonthetargetvaluechain
willbepostedfulltimeincountry.
Afourthprinciplewillbetheintegrationofgenderinthevaluechainapproach.Thiswillentailgender
sensitivevaluechainselectionwhichhasalreadyformedthebasisfortheselection.Agenderedanalysisof
thesevaluechainsusingsomeoftheexistingframeworks,includingtheGenderDimensionsFrameworkand
theWomenEmpowermentinAgricultureFramework,andadaptthemforuseinlivestockandfishvalue
chains.Thisanalysiswillsystematicallyidentifygenderissuesthatmaylimittheoveralleffectivenessofthe
valuechaindevelopment.TheWorldBankestimatesthatwomenengagedinagriculturalvaluechainswould
increasetheirproductionandincomesby10%to20%iftheyhadaccesstothesameknowledge,education
andinputsasmendo.Forvaluechainstobeaneffectiveapproachforpovertyreduction,thesedisparities
willneedtobeaddressed.Wewillusedifferentstrategiesthatreducethedisparitiesinparticipationand
benefitsfromvaluechainsbywomenbybeingsensitivetointrahouseholdrelationsandresourceflows,
supportingserviceprovidersthatincreasewomensaccesstoessentialvaluechainservices,addressing
unequaldistributionofentitlements,addressingwomenstimepovertythroughimprovedtechnologiesand
reducingwomensriskaversion.Thiswillrequireinvolvingwomeninthewholevaluechaindevelopment
process,disaggregatingvaluechaindatabygenderanddesigningthevaluechainprogramssothatwomen
havetheequalopportunitiesasmentoparticipateandbenefitfromthevaluechaininterventions.
Theme2willthereforeconsolidateexistingcapacitywithinthefourCGCentersinaninterdisciplinaryteam
ofvaluechaindevelopmentspecialisttogetherwithtechnicalresearchersfromTheme1,specialistsfrom
Theme3,andM&EandgenderresearchersworkingunderTheme3,workingacrossthetargetvaluechains,
andwithstaffbasedincountrytocoordinatetheeffortsinthespecifictargetvaluechain.
Researchactivitiesandoutputs
Researchactivitieswillbestructuredaround3principal,butintegrated,subcomponentsthatreflectthe
threedimensionsoftheapproachdescribedabove:sectoralandpolicyanalysis,valuechainanalysis,and
valuechaininnovation.
Component2.1.Sectoral&policyanalysis
TheanimalproductvaluechainstargetedbythisCGIARResearchProgramtypicallyrepresentonlyoneof
severalproductionandmarketingsystemsfortheanimalproductinquestion,whichtogetherrepresentonly
onesubsectorwithinthelargeragriculturalsectorandnationaleconomy.Valuechaindevelopmentefforts
cannotignorethisbroadercontext,eitherintermsoftheconstraintsitmayimposeonthetargetvalue
chainorincentivesitmaycreate.Moreover,thiscontextextendstothehighlypolicyrelevantimpactsthat
changesinthetargetvaluechainmaycreateinotherpartsofthesectororeconomy.Wethereforeapply
49
economicandsystemmodellingtechniquestoevaluateandmonitortheinteractionsbetweenthevalue
chainanditscontext,toinformthevaluechaindevelopmentinterventions.Researchquestionstobe
addressedinclude:
Howcompetitiveisthetargetvaluechainvisvisothersforthesameorsimilaranimalproducts?
Howdopoliciescurrentlyinfluencetheviabilityofthevaluechainanditscapacitytodeliverpro
poordevelopment?
Howwillmarketreacttoimprovedcompetivenessofthetargetvaluechain?
Whatpolicyinterventionswillboostcompetivenessofthetargetvaluechain?
Whatwillbetheimplicationsofimprovedproductivityandincreasingproductionandefficiency
withinthevaluechainforfactoruseandcompetitionforresources?Whatcrosscommodityeffects
willbecreated,e.g.croplivestockinteractions,particularlywithrespecttofeedsascropoutputs
anddraftpowerandmanureascropinputs?
Whatwillbetheimplicationsongenderroles,participationandbenefitsbythepoorandwomen
withimprovedproductivity,increasedproductionandefficiencyofthevaluechain?
Howisdemandfortheanimalproductexpectedtoevolve,andwhichchangescanbeexpectedin
livestockandfisheryindustriesanddeliverysystems?Whataretheimplicationsforpricesandtrade
opportunities?
Howwillmacroeconomictrendsandpoliticaleconomycontextbeexpectedtoaffectthevalue
chainovertime?
TherewillbeoverlapandsynergieswiththetypesofanalysesundertakenwithinTheme3,withthe
distinctionbeingthatTheme3willbelookingmoreatlargerperspective,crosscuttingissuesandmethods
(e.g.whichvaluechainstotarget),whereasComponent2.1willconcentrateonspecificstudiestoinform
strategiesandpoliciesfortheindividualtargetchain(e.g.howaremacroeconomicpoliciesaffectingthe
trajectoryofthetargetvaluechain).
Component2.2.Valuechainassessment
Thereareawiderangeofmethodsandtoolsforassessingvaluechainsfromadefinitional,identificationand
diagnosticperspective(asreviewedinWebberandLabaste2010).Toolsforgenderanalysisofvaluechains
havebeendeleopedandtestedindifferenttypesofvaluechains.SuchtoolsincludetheGenderDimensions
FrameworkGDF(DevelopmentandTrainingServices,2009),andtheWomensEmpowermentinAgriculture
frameworkWEA(Care,2009).Theseassistpractitionersinanalyzingstructureandgovernancewithinthe
valuechaintoidentifypotentialentrypointsforupgrading:toaddmorevalue,improveequityindistribution
ofvalueadded,ortoimproveflexibilityorresilienceinuncertainenvironments.Thegenderanalyticaltools
helpinidentifyingthegenderbasedconstraintsinvaluechainsandopportunitiesforwomenandthepoor
toparticipateinthesechains.Component2.2willbuildonongoingworktorefineandadaptthesetoolsto
thespecificitiesofanimalproductvaluechains,integratinginstitutionalandtechnicalinsightsfromour
collectiveknowledgebase.AnexampleisthedatacollectiontoolVAIMSdevelopedbyILRIwithpartnersin
southernAfrica(Bakeretal.2009).Weproposetofocusonfiveareasofresearch.
Thefirstwilldevelopmetricsandmodellingapproaches,suchassystemdynamicsmodels,forquantifying
andmonitoringvaluechainperformanceandsimulateperformanceunderdifferentinterventionscenarios
(Richetalsubmitted2010).Thesecondseekstoquantifyproductivitygapsandtheirimpacts,similartothe
wayyieldgapanalysishasalreadybeenusedincropresearch,butbuildingonexistinglivestockandfish
productionmodels.Thiswouldimproveourabilitytoprioritizeresearchanddevelopmentinvestmentto
addressproductivityconstraintsandpredictpotentialimpact.Third,healthriskassociatedwithanimal
productsisarecurrentconcernandconstraint.Wethereforeproposetobuildonsomepreliminaryworkto
50
integrateriskanalysistoolsfromepidemiologyaspartofourvaluechainanalysistoolkit.Thecommunityof
practicedescribedabovewouldensureaproductiveinterfacewithCRP4,specificallyinapplyingtheOne
Healthapproachwithinamarketcontext.Thefourtharea,highlightedbyparticipantsduringthestakeholder
consultation,isrisks(e.g.price,transaction)andtheirinfluenceonvaluechainactorsinvestmentin
productivityenhancingtechnologiesandinstitutionalarrangements,andhowsuchriskcanbemanaged.The
fifthareawillfocusonthegenderbasedconstraintsandopportunitiesinlivestockandfishvaluechains,
buildingoncurrentworkonselectedvaluechainsinEastAfrica.Weproposetoanalyze/modelthepotential
impactsofthesegenderbasedconstraintsandthepotentialfordifferentgenderintegrationstrategiesto
addresstheseconstraints.
Component2.3.Valuechaininnovation
WhereasSubcomponent2.2focusesonwhereinthevaluechaintointervenetoimproveproductivity,this
Subcomponentdealswithhowtointervenetopromoteuptake,andcapacitytosustaingrowthofthe
valuechain.Activitieswillcentreonthreemaintopics.
ThefirsttopiciscocreationofinnovationcapacitywithvaluechainstakeholdersconsistentwiththeIAR4D
approach(Jones2004,Moriartyetal2005),andthenecessaryprocess.TheCGpartnershavebegunworking
withinnovationplatformsaslearningalliancesofstakeholdersfromvariouslevels(localtonational)and
sectors(smallholder,private,public,civil,research).Researchershelpestablishfora(platforms)whereactors
andstakeholdersmeetandarefacilitatedinacollectiveanalysisofthevaluechain.Researchersthen
participateasaknowledgepartner,providinginformationandevidencetostimulateinteractionsamongthe
stakeholdersandvaluechainactorstocodevelopnewstrategiestopilotandevaluatewithinthevalue
chain.Thismechanismservestoimproveaccesstomarketinformation,improvecontactsandbuild
trustworthyrelationsamongstpartners,andindoingsoestablishcommunitycapacitytodealwithother
opportunitiesandchallengesastheyemerge.Amajorcontributionwillbetodevelopmetricsforevaluating
theperformanceofthisapproach.Afurtherchallengeisconsolidatingemerginglessonsonhowtoapply
businessdevelopmentservicestostimulatesmallscaleagribusiness(e.g.creatingsmallscalefeed
processingservicesaccessibleandaffordabletosmallholderfarmersthatprovideemploymentopportunities
forwomen,orcertificationschemesformilkhawkersininformalrawmilkmarketsystems(ILRI2006)).
Strategiesarealsoneededfordevelopingeffectivepublicprivatepartnershipswiththelocaland
internationalcommercialsectortoprovidecommercialservicesappropriatelyformulatedforpropoorvalue
chains,suchasthosecurrentlybeingestablishedtodevelopforagepulveriserservicesinEADD(Hartwich&
Tola2007).
Thesecondtopicinthiscomponentexaminesorganizationalstrategiestoaddressthelackofeconomiesof
scalesoprevalentinsmallholdersystems.Smartdesignofdevelopmentinterventionscanintegrateresearch
totestarangeofdifferentstrategies,suchasproducerorbusinessgroupstoallowcollectiveproduct
marketingandinputpurchase,andschemesforclusteringofservicessuchasprovisionofmicrocredit,input
provision,technicalandmarketinformation,andmarketingservicesthatsupportuptakeofproductivity
enhancingtechnologies.Theroleofwomenandyouthinproducerandbusinessgroupsandasservice
providerswillbeacriticalelementunderthistopic.ThiswillbenefitfrominteractionwithCRP2activities
targetingcollectiveactionmoregenerally.
Thethirdtopicexaminesdifferentstrategiesforaddressinggenderandequitywithinvaluechains,suchas
incentivebasedschemesforwomentoengageinvaluechains,addressingsystemicbarriers,improving
domesticservicemarkets,savingsledassetorcapitalmobilizationamongstothers.Whilesomeofthese
strategiesarebestimplementedbydevelopmentpartners,researchcanplayaroleintargetingtheseand
evaluatingtheireffectivenessinaddressinggenderbasedconstraintswithinvaluechains.
51
Fourthly,theproposedapproachofworkingastheknowledgepartnerinmajordevelopmentinterventions
raisesquestionsabouthowresearchcaneffectivelyplaysucharole.Oneaspectconcernstheabilityof
researchtosharpentheM&Esystemsusedbydevelopmentpartners.Anotheristhedevelopmentof
methodsforrespondinginrealtimetodevelopmentpartnersneedsforinformation,aswellasaction
researchtechniquesfortestingnewtechnologiesandinstitutionalstrategieswithintheinterventions.
Implementationintargetvaluechains
Thevaluechaindevelopmentteamwillconsistofamultidisciplinarymixoftechnicalandsocial(including
gender)scientists,someofwhowillfocusonaspecificvaluechaintogainadeepunderstandingofits
specificities,andotherswhowillworkacrossvaluechainsprovidingamethodologicalperspective.TheCG
partnershavealreadybeenconductingresearchactivitieswithinseveraloftheselectedvaluechains,but
havelessexperienceinothers.Thefirsttaskoftheteamwillbetoconductarapidassessmentofthecurrent
statusofthevaluechain,includingidentifyingtherelevantactorsandstakeholdersinboththeresearchand
developmentsectors.Theteamwillcreateaforumfortheinterestedstakeholderstoworktowardsa
consensusonresearchanddevelopmentprioritiesforthevaluechainsandbegindevelopinganintervention
concept,withtheobjectiveofpreparingandsubmittingadevelopmentproposalforfundingwithinthefirst
year.Theinitialresearchactivitiesundertakenbytheteamwillgenerateinformationtoinformthe
stakeholdersandpreparationoftheproposal.Thegoalwillbetoalignsufficientinterestandcapacityamong
stakeholdersandresearchanddevelopmentpartners,andmobilizesufficientresourcestoundertakea
largescaledevelopmentinterventionthatwillsignificantlyimprovevaluechainproductivityandefficiency
involvingatleasttensofthousandsofhouseholds.
TheProgramwillseektoparticipateastheknowledgepartnerwithinthedevelopmentintervention,
leveragingdevelopmentfundingforadditionalcapacitytosupportthisrole.InthecaseoftheongoingEast
AfricaDairyDevelopment(EADD)project,thisroletranslatesprimarilyinprovidinganM&Efunctiontothe
developmentactorsresponsibleforimplementingtheintervention,whichwillallowtheteamtoevaluate
whatworksandwhatdoesnt,andadjustmentsneeded.Afterinitiationofthedevelopmentintervention,
theProgramwillcomplementtheknowledgepartnerrolewithaparallelprogramofstrategicresearchto
identify,develop,andtestpilottechnologicalandinstitutionalstrategiestoenhancetheperformanceofthe
interventionandthevaluechain.Theteamwillleverageitsrolewithinthedevelopmentinterventiontofeed
inresearchoutputsforvalidationandpromotionatthescaleoftheintervention.
Again,followingtheexampleofEADD,wewouldenvisageaninitialdevelopmentinterventionphaseof46
yearstoachieveproofofconcept;duringthisperiodtheteamwillprovidesupporttomobilizeadditional
developmentresourcesforsubsequentscalingoutoftheinterventiontonewbeneficiariesnationallyor
regionally.Atthispoint,adecisionwillbemadewhethertomaintainafocusinthevaluechainortopursue
anexitstrategytodisengageandredeploytofocusonanothervaluechainelsewhere.
52
Researchtheme2:
Table2.11:Outputs,outcomesandimpactsforResearchTheme2
2.1 Sectoral
policyanalysis
Outputs
Outcomes
Situationanalysesoftheselected
Consensusonroleoftargetvalue
valuechains,includinganalysisof
chaindevelopmentwithinnational
trendsincompetitivenessofexisting
developmentstrategy
valuechains,marketanalysis,political Evidenceavailabletopolicymakers
economyfactors
forvaluechaininvestmentscenarios
Multimarketandsectoralmodelsto
Betteralignmentofpolicieswith
assess
propoorvaluechaindevelopment
o factoruseanddistributionof

benefits
o crosssectoralpricedynamics
o policyscenarios
Spatialequilibriummodelstoguide
targetlocationsforinvestmentand
tradeopportunities
Resourcetradeoffmodelling
Scenariosfororganisingand
developingvaluechainsthatbenefit
thepoorandwomenruralproducers
andurbanconsumers
2.2 Value chain Genderedvaluechainanalyseswithin Improvedtargetingofdevelopment
assessment
targetvaluechainsidentifying
interventionstoentrypointswithin
technologicalandinstitutionalentry
valuechainswithhighestpotential
pointsforimprovingproductivityand
forimprovingproductivity
efficiency
Bettertargetingandrelevanceof
technologyadaptationand
Systemdynamicsmodelsandmetrics
generationresearchandvaluechain
forquantifyinganimalproductvalue
developmentresearch
chainperformance
Productivitygapsestimatedfortarget Improvedcapacitytomonitorvalue
chainperformance
valuechains
Genderspecificvaluechain
Toolkitsforpropoorandgender
interventionsareimplemented
integrativeanimalproductvaluechain
duringvaluechaindevelopment
analysis

Methodsforassessmentofanimal
&
53
Impacts
Publicandprivatevaluechain
investmentsyieldinghigherthan
averagereturns
Improvedcompetitivenessofthe
targetvaluechain
Betterperformingandequitable
valuechains
Valuechaindevelopment
interventionsaremoreprogram
andcosteffective

2.3 Value chain

innovation
productiongapsandresearch
prioritisation
Innovationplatformsestablishedfor
codevelopmentbyvaluechainactors
andotherstakeholders
Publicprivatepartnershipscreatedfor
privatesectorprovisionofservices
targetvaluechains
Microandsmallscaleagribusinesses
engagedinimprovedvalueaddition,
efficiencyandequityinthetarget
valuechains
Novelorganizationalstrategiesto
createeconomiesofscaleandthat
effectivelyengagewomenandthe
poorareevaluatedandadopted
Strategiesformulatedandtestedfor
researchasknowledgepartnerwithin
majordevelopmentinterventions
Businessopportunitiesfor
Innovationplatformapproach
adoptedbydevelopmentactorsfor
stimulatingvaluechaininnovation
Innovationcapacitywithintarget
valuechainsstrengthened
Engagementorcreationofsmall
businessservices,includinga
significantportionbyandfor
women,improvesvaluechainactor
accesstoinputsandservices,
supportingintensification
Farmerandtraderbusinessgroups
withatleast40%women
participation
Improvedmenandwomenmember
accesstoinputsandservices,and
enhancedmarketpower
Improvedintegrationofresearchin
developmentactions
54
Targetvaluechainsaremore
resilientandresponsive,adapting
bettertochangingmarket
conditionsandopportunities
Increasedmarketactivityand
professionalismasvaluechains
becomemorebusinessoriented
Poorvaluechainactors,including
women,investinandintensifytheir
productionandmarketingsystems
Researchachievesimpactatscale
moredirectly
Reductionofgenderdisparitiesin
participationinvaluechainsandin
benefitsaccruedincludingincome
underthecontrolofwomen

RESEARCHTHEMETHREE:TARGETING,GENDERANDIMPACT
Overview,aimsandcontext
ImpactiscentraltothisProgramandtoitsvisionofgoingfurtherthantraditionalresearcheffortsofthe
pasttoensuretheProgramsactivitiesandoutputsleadtosignificantandmeasurableimprovementsin
thelivesofpoormenandwomen.Adedicatedthemeontargetingandprioritysetting,integrated
genderresearch,monitoringandcapacitysupportisrequiredtoenablesuccess.Theaimsofthistheme
include:a)generatingthedatatoinformtargetingandprioritysetting,b)supportingthemainstreaming
andcarryingoutstrategicgenderresearchonlivestockvaluechains,technologydevelopmentand
deliverysystems,c)ensuringimpactsontheintendedbeneficiariesincludingpoorandwomenlivestock
keepersandconsumers,d)supportinglearningandcontinuousprogrammeimprovementtoenhance
performanceandimpact.
Theresearchfordevelopmentexperienceoverseveraldecadeshashighlightedmultipleshortcomingsin
themannerinwhichscienceandknowledgeoutputsaredesignedforand/ortranslatedintobehavioural
changeamongtargetclients,andimpactsinlivelihoods,welfareandresources.Thefrequentlackof
uptakeoftechnologiesandstrategiesthatonpaper,oronstation,demonstrateclearpotentialfor
impacthasledtowidespreadquestioningofthewayresearchisconducted,howtechnologiesandother
innovationsarecommunicatedanddisseminated,andhowtheimpactsofresearchanddevelopment
projectsareassessed.Themostsignificantdeterminantsoflackofimpactarenotoftenidentified.
Confirmationbiasinwhichsuccessstoriesareusedtoconfirmandjustifyinvestments,whilefailures
arenotdocumentedorarequietlyshelvediscommonamongdevelopmentagentsandinvestors.
Mutualselfinterestofdonorandimplementercontributestothis,andsolearningfromfailurethe
importanttestofthecounterfactualrarelyoccurs.Thisiscoupledwiththefactthatwhensuccess
occurs,thereisinabilitytoidentifythosecentralelementswhichbroughtthatabout,andsoinabilityto
replicateorscaleout.Amodelthatworksistypicallyreplicatedwholesaleinanotherlocation,whereit
mayfailduetounidentifiedlocationalfactors,orunidentifiedcapacityrequirements.Therehasalso
beenaninabilitytopredictwhatthemostsuccessfulstrategiesarelikelytobefromlocationtolocation
aswellastoanticipateeveninthemediumtermwhatmaylieaheadinthefuture,andpreparerural
communitiesandmarketactorstorespondtoalternativelikelyscenarios.
Othershortcomingsrelatetotheinabilitytoclearlymeasure,documentandpredicthowchangesin
productivityandtechnologyuptaketranslateintorealincreasesinwelfareandlivelihoodassets.The
differentialaccesstoandcapacityamongresearchersfortoolsthatenablethemtounderstandand
monitorimpacts,andtheprocessesthatbroughtthemabout,whichinturnsleadstothecontinuation
oftheaboveshortcomingsandpreventsprojectsfrommakingmidcourseadaptationsthatwouldallow
themtoreachtheirtargetbeneficiariesandgenerateintendedoutcomesandimpacts.
Thelackofeffectiveandcontextspecificstrategiesforaddressinggenderandequityissueshasledtoa
neglectofalargeproportionofpotentialeconomicplayers,includingwomenandtheyouthwhile
marginalizingwholepopulations.Thisisdespitethepresenceofgenderstrategiesonpaperthathave
failedtotranslatetoimpactsonwomenandothermarginalizedgroups.Therationaleforconsidering
55
genderinagriculturalresearchandinnovationrelatestoagriculturalproductivity,foodsecurity,
nutrition,povertyreductionandempowerment(MeinzenDicketal,2010).Inallofthesecases,women
playacriticalrolebutoftenanunrecognizedroleandfacegreaterconstraintsthanmen.Althoughtwo
thirdsoftheworlds600millionpoorlivestockkeepersareruralwomen(Thorntonetal2003),little
researchhasbeenconductedinrecentyearsonruralwomensrolesinlivestockkeepingandthe
opportunitieslivestockrelatedinterventionscouldofferthem.Thisisincontrasttoconsiderable
researchontherolesofwomeninsmallscalecropfarming,wheretheirimportanceiswidely
recognizedandlessonsareemergingabouthowbesttoreachandsupportwomenthrough
interventionsandpolicies(e.g.QuisumbingandPandolfelli2010,Gladwinetal2001).
Toaddresstheseissues,goodpracticehasbeenidentifiedinmanyareassuchassystematic
characterizationandtargeting(Herreroetal2010;Hymanetal2008,Quirosetal2009),involving
beneficiariesinR&DprocessesincludingM&E(Sangingaetal,2009;Kristjansonetal,2009),andin
movingbeyondanecdotalsuccessstoriestoevaluateimpactusingcounterfactuals(Walkeretal2008)
and,whereappropriate,controls(Maredia2009).Additionally,therehavebeentools,andapproaches
developedforintegratinggenderinagriculturalresearchanddevelopment.Toolsforgenderedvalue
chainanalysistools(Rubinetal,2009;MayouxandMackie,2007)andapproachesforintegrating
genderinresearch(Kaariaetal,2009;Ashby,etal2000;Njukietal,2009)areavailableforadaptationto
theProgram.
Theextenttowhichthesearebeingtakenupvaries,however,duenotonlytoknowledge,capacityand
fundingconstraintsbutalsotoalackofincentiveonthepartofresearchers,practitionersanddonorsto
lookcriticallyattheirimpacts,acknowledgefailures,andlearnfromthemtoimprovefuture
performance.TheresultsbasedapproachesthatarebeingadoptedbymanyfundersandR&D
managers,includingintheCRPs,areprovidingthatincentive,encouragingprojectstobecomingmore
learningorientedinordertobecomemoreimpactoriented.
TherationaleforincludingthisThemeasacentralcomponentoftheProgram,andwhichdeterminesits
structureandfunctioningisbasedonthefollowingprinciples:
1. Identifyingourtargetbeneficiariesandunderstandingtheircommunitiesandhowtoreach
themiscriticalforhavingthedesiredimpact
2. Nonspatialfactors,suchashouseholdspecificattributesandresources,areoftenassignificant
asdeterminantsofopportunityandimpactasspatialfactorssuchasagroecosystemor
proximitytoinfrastructure.
3. Inorderforresearchanddevelopmentprocessestobeeffective,thoseprocessesinthemselves
requireexplicitanalysis,capacitydevelopment,support,andmonitoring.
4. Integrationofgenderhasinthepastbeenadhocanduncoordinated,andinmostcaseslimited
toprogramsworkingonparticipatoryresearch.Systematicintegrationofgenderinthepriority
setting,researchdesignandimplementation,monitoring,evaluationandimpactassessment
andthegenerationofnewevidenceongenderandlivestockandaquaculturevaluechains
requiresadedicatedeffortandresources.
5. Monitoringoutcomesandimpactisanessentialpartofresearchprocessandredesign,forgood
scienceandimpact,notjustforaccountability.
56
6. InternalM&Eisbestintegratedwithoutcomeandimpactanalysisthroughconstructionof
detailedimpactpathwaysandexplicitimpacthypothesesinordertocombinelearningabout
resultswithmonitoringofprocessandactivity,bywhichthoseresultsareachieved.
Approach
Basedontheseprinciples,Theme3willconductcomplementaryandcrosscuttingresearchandprovide
thesupportrequiredtoguideCRP3.7researchbyidentifyingtargetbeneficiarieswithinourselected
countriesandvaluechains,prioritizingtheirneedsandlinkingtoregionalandnationalstrategies,
integratinggenderandequityconcernsandmonitoringandassessingtheoutcomesoftheresearchand
objectivelyassessingitsimpact.GiventheincreasinglyresultorientednatureoftheCGIAR,thisisa
criticalelementoftheresearchportfolio.Notonlywillthishelpusunderstandwhether,whereand
amongwhomresearchishavingimpact,butimportantlythefeedbackprocesswillimproveprogram
designandimplementation,includingtheexplicitdevelopmentofoutcomeandcommunication
strategiesthatleveragepartnershipstoachieveinnovationandimpactamongtargetcommunities.
Theme3willbedevotedtoworkingwithscientistsandpartnersinThemes1and2intakingstockfor
prioritysetting,inguidinginterventionstowheretheyhavegreatestutilityandimpact,planning
strategiesfortranslatingoutputsintooutcomes,integratinggenderandequity,andmonitoringprogress
andassessingimpact.ThisThemewillalsobeactiveintestingnewapproachesforidentifyingand
mappingtherelevanttargetdomains,usingexperimentalapproachesforstructuringinterventionsfor
learning,andusingscenariosandaforwardlookingapproachessothatourresearchtodayisalready
addressingthechallengesandexploitingtheopportunitiesoftomorrow.Theme3willalsosupportan
internalprogramM&Efunctionbyprovidingthebaseinformationrequiredtoevaluateoutcomesand
impactssoastoassessandredesignprogramdirections.
TheteaminTheme3willalsoworkwithotherscientistsandpartnersinintegratinggenderinthe
technologydevelopmentanddeliverysystemsandvaluechaindevelopment,leadingeffortsingender
analysisandsupportingTheme1and2tointegratetheresultsoftheanalysisinthedesignand
implementationoftheresearch.Theteamwillworkwithinvaluechainteamstoensuregoodpractices
areappliedinthevaluechainandtechnologyresearchaswellasacrossthevaluechainstosynthesise
dataandlessonsacrossvaluechains.Thethemewillberesponsibleforgenderspecificresearchaimed
atgettingnewinsightsintogenderissuesinlivestockandaquaculturevaluechainsincludingresearchon
labour,marketsandnutrition.
TheThemewillbestructuredaroundthreeorganisingcomponents,designedtoassemblecriticalmass
acrosstheprogramaroundthemainfocusareas.Theseare:
Component1.1:Spatial,systemsandfarmhouseholdanalysis
Component1.2:Genderandequity
Component1.3:Monitoring,evaluation,impactassessmentandlearning
ItisimportanttonotethateachComponentwilldeliversetsofoutputsthatwillincludeboth:
ResearchoutputsinlinewiththeProgramaimsanddeliverables
57
Capacityandprogramsupportoutputsintheformofanalyticalanddecisiontools,frameworks
andguidelinestosupportprogramimplementationandinformingtargetingandprioritysetting,
particularlyinthevaluechains(ResearchTheme2).
Component3.1Spatial,systemsandhouseholdanalysisandtargeting
Objective:Theobjectiveofthiscomponentistogeneratethespatial,systemsandfarmhouseholdlevel
relateddata,knowledgeandtoolsrequiredtoguidetheeffectivetargeting,implementationandscaling
outoftheProgram,andsupportthevaluechainteamintheuseofthosetools.Thekeytargetgroups
fortheProgramarepoorandwomenlivestockkeepersandurbanconsumersoflivestockproducts.The
ProgramwillevaluatedifferentmeasuresforpovertytargetingincludingtheUS$1aday,levelof
expenditureonfoodwhichisespeciallyrelevantforurbanconsumers,assetholdingsandconsumption
fortheirrelevancetotheprogrampurpose.
Researchquestions
Whatarethemainchallengesandopportunitiesforourtargetcommunitieswithintheselected
valuechains?
Withintheselectedvaluechains,whatarethekeycharacteristics(agroclimate,resource,
market,anddemographic)thatarelikelytoinfluenceprogramsuccessandhowarethey
distributedspatiallyandtemporarily?
Whatarethelikelyfuturescenariosforsupplyanddemandofthetargetcommodities,andwhat
implicationsdotheyposeforprograminterventions?
Inthecontextofprogramtargetbeneficiaries,whatisthelikelydistributionspatiallyandamong
communitiesoflivelihood,genderandnutritionoutcomes?
Beyondtheselectedvaluechains,wherearethelikelyareasforsuccessfulreplicationof
programinterventions,forconsiderationinfuturepriorities?
IfPrograminterventionsarescaledout,whatarethelikelyfuturescenariosfordemandson
ecosystemservicesandnaturalresources,andwhatconstraintsmaytheypose?
Whatarethespatiallydifferentiateddeterminantsofsuccessfullivestockandfishtechnology
uptakealongthevaluechain?
Keyactivitiesunderthiscomponentwillbe:
(i)
Macroscalemapping(multicountry,multicontinent)andspatialanalysisoflivestockandfish
productionsystemsintegratedwiththeassociatedsocioeconomicandagroclimaticvariables.
Trendandscenarioanalysisandmodellingofproductionsystems,marketflows,
production,demandandsupplyandwillbeusedtoidentifyconstraints,opportunities,
tradeoffsandfurtherguidevaluechaintargeting.
Aggregationofhigherresolutioninformationandanalysisonlivelihoods,nutrition,gender,
productionandpractices,tounderstandbroadpatternsofassociationbetweenlivestock
systemsandrurallivelihoods
(ii)
Landscapelevelanalysisagroecozonesandassociatedsocialandmarketsystems.
Technologyuptakeanalysis,prediction,andtargetingthroughintegratedrecommendation
domainstoguideprogramdesignandvaluechaininterventions.
58
(iii)
Nationallevelsupplyanddemandmultimarketmodelling,implicationsforopportunities
andimpactoftargetcommodities
Analysisofcarbonfootprints,ecosystemserviceprovision,needs,andsustainability,
differentiatedspatially
Decisionsupporttooldevelopmentbasedonabovemodelling,particularlytosupport
targetingandscalingoutoftechnologyandvaluechaininterventions
Farmhouseholdanalysis
Bioeconomicmodellingofsmallholderlivestockandfishproductionsystemstoidentifyex
anteopportunitiesforproductivitygrowthandincomegeneration
Developmentofharmonizedmeasuresoflivestockproductivity,andpragmaticstrategies
andtoolsformeasuringthemindatascarcesmallholdersystems
Analysisoflivestockandfishproductivitygaps,andidentificationoftheirdeterminants
Livecycleanalysisoflivestockandfishproductionandmarketing,toevaluatecarbon
footprints,environmentandresourceimplicationsanddemands
Collecthouseholdleveldatatodetermineappropriatelevelsfortargetingofprogram
interventions
Usingthespatial,landscapeandhouseholdanalysisresultsforprioritysetting,targetingand
scalingout
Usethegenerateddatatoidentifycurrentandfuturehotspotareas.Thesehotspotscanbe
definedintermsof(technological,environmental,institutional)constraintsbutalsointerms
ofopportunitiespresent.Bothwillhavetobetakenintoaccountforsettingpriorityareas
foraction.
Usingspatialandhouseholdleveldatatodevelopandimplementcriteria(toincludepoverty
levels,householdtypesincluding%FHH,agroecology,andpotentialdemandforproducts,
potentialimpactandassociatedtradeoffs)fortargetinglocationsforprogram
interventions.
Usedevelopedcriteriaforthetargetingofprograminterventionsanddefinedevelopment
domainsforfuturescalingoutofprograminterventions
(iv)
Component3.2:Genderandequity
TheProgramproposestousegendertransformativeapproachesthatwillexamine,questionandchange
genderinequalitiesinlivestockandfishdevelopmentinterventionsasameansforachievingincreased
productivity,incomeandpovertyreductionaswellasgenderequityobjectives.TheProgramwilltake
threedifferentapproachestoaddressinggenderandequity:
Usinggenderanalysistoidentifythedifferentneeds,roles,priorities,capacities,constraintsand
opportunitiesindifferentlivestockvaluechains,technologydevelopmentanddissemination
processes.
Mainstreamgenderindifferentcomponentsoftheprogrammeusingdatafromthegender
analysis.Usingexistingdata,thisisalreadyreflectedintheresearchdesignandwillbe
integratedintheapproachesforvaluechaindevelopment,technologydevelopment,
59
dissemination,monitoring,evaluationandimpactassessmentandinotherareassuchas
budgetingandstaffingissues.
Specificgenderresearcharoundkeyfocalareasoftheprogrammeespeciallylookingatgender
andconsumptionofanimalsourcefoods,thepotentialoflivestockandfishvaluechainsto
achievewomenssocialandeconomicempowerment,andresearch/evidenceonstrategiesthat
bestaddressgenderissuesinlivestockandfishvaluechains.
Objective:Theobjectiveofthissubcomponentwillthereforebegenerateevidencethroughgender
analysistosupportallelementsofthePrograminincorporatinggenderintodesign,implementation
approaches,theirdatacollectionandanalysis,andtoleadincarryingoutgenderspecificresearchand
analysisofgenderrelateddata.Thissubcomponentwillalsodevelop/oradaptevidencebased,
participatoryandgenderresponsivetechnologydevelopment,socialmarketingandextension
approachesthatengagewomenandmenintheequitableaccesstotechnologies,benefitsharingfrom
valuechainsandconsumptionofanimalproducts.Themethods,approachesandstrategiesdeveloped
underthissubcomponentwillbeadaptedandappliedacrossthedifferentvaluechains,countriesand
contexts.
Bothwomenandmenareengagedintheproduction,marketingandconsumptionoflivestockandfish
inmanydevelopingcountriesbuttheirroles,contributions,benefitsandcostsdiffer.Womenconstitute
adisproportionateshareofthepoorwithinlivestockandfishvaluechainsduetolackofaccessto
assets,technologiesandresources,andlowereconomicreturnstolabour.Thisisdespitetheir
widespreadparticipationinthecareoflivestockandfish,inprocessingandtradingofaquaticandmeat
products,andeffortstoimprovetheirstatusthroughdevelopmentinterventions.
Inadditiontousinggenderanalysistointegrategenderinthedifferentprogrammecomponents,some
ofthespecificinterventionstoaddresswomensspecificconstraintswillusetheframeworkonlivestock
andfishasapathwayoutofpovertyforwomenfocusingon(i)increasingandsecuringtheiraccessto
livestock,fishandassociatedassets(ii)increasingproductivitythroughincreasingaccesstoappropriate
technologies,inputsandservicesand(iii)enhancingparticipationandbenefitsfromlivestockandfish
valuechains.
Researchquestions:
Underthissubcomponent,wewilladdressthefollowingkeyresearchissues:
Whatarecriticalgenderissuesandtradeoffsinparticipationinandbenefitsfromspecific
livestockandfishvaluechains?
Howcanproductivityofthelivestockandaquaculturesectorsbeincreasedtoenablepoor
womenandmentoconsumeadequatesuppliesofmeatandfishataffordableprices,while
ensuringinclusiveparticipationbymenandwomeninvaluechainsthatwillresultinequitable
povertyreduction?
Whatkindofexantegenderanalysis,targeting,interventionsandpathwaysareneededfor
effectiveoutcomesandimpacts?
60
Howcanweaddressgenderissuesatallpointsalongthevaluechaininsuchawaythatwomen
canbenefitfromincreasedincomesandopportunities,andconsumptionofanimalsourcefoods
withoutincreasingtheirworkloads.
Whataretheadvantagesandthedisadvantagesofthevaluechainapproachforreducing
povertyamongwomenthroughincreasingproductivityandincomethelivestockand
aquaculturesectors?
Whatarebeststrategieswecanuseintargetedprojectinterventionstoimprovewomens
accesstotechnologies,servicesandproductswithinfishandlivestockvaluechainsin:
thedevelopmentanddisseminationoftechnology
increasingeconomicandsocialbenefitsfromthesevaluechains
equitableintrahouseholdconsumption
Activities:
ThekeyactivitiesaregroupedaroundgenderanalysisactivitiesinTheme1and2,gender
mainstreaminginTheme1and2,andgenderspecificactivitiesacrossthemesandvaluechains.
GenderAnalysis:
(i) Genderedvaluechainanalysisoflivestockandfishvaluechainstounderstandthediffering
rolesofwomen,men,childrenandthepoorindifferentsegmentsofthevaluechain,female
andpoordominatedenterprises,decisionmaking,accesstoresourcesandtheirshareinthe
benefits(withinTheme2).
(ii) Genderedvaluechainanalysisofthefeedsectortoidentifytypesoffeedchainsthatthepoor
andwomencanbenefitinhavethemosteconomicbenefits,identifytheroles,constraints
andopportunitiesfortheirparticipation(withinTheme3)
(iii) Genderanalysisoflivestockandaquaculturesystems,identifyingtheroles,constraintsand
opportunitiesformen,womenandpoor.
GenderMainstreaming:
(iv) Developmentofmethods/approachesandidentificationofstrategiestoaddressgenderin
valuechaindevelopment,technologydevelopment,deliveryandadaptationandmarketing:
Participatorytoolsandapproachesforvaluechainanalysis,technologydevelopment,gender
analysis,socialmarketingamongotherswillbedevelopedandtestedacrossvaluechainswith
valuechainscientistsandpartners.
(v) Developtheskills/capacityofprogramstaffandpartnerstoidentifyandaddressgender
issuesinthedevelopmentoflivestockandfishvaluechains.Workwiththecapacity
developmentteamtostrengthenskillsingenderanalysisandgenderintegrationthrough:
linkageswithnorthandsouthuniversitieswithtrainingprogramsongender,valuechains,
livestockandfisheriesorwillingtodevelopsuchprograms;targetedworkshopsandhandson
trainingforvaluechainscientistsandpartners;graduatetrainingforNARS,NGOandregional
partnerswithattachmentstodifferentvaluechainprojects.
61
(vi) Enhanceparticipationinandbenefitsfromdifferentvaluechainsbybothmenandwomen
andothersocialgroupsthrough:Identificationofopportunitiestoenablewomenandmento
haveequityofopportunitytoparticipateinvaluechaindevelopmentactivities;targetingin
segmentsofvaluechainwhichwouldhavethegreatestbenefitsforwomen,poorandchildren;
testmechanismsforincreasingandsecuringtheirlivestock,fishandotherassociatedassets;
develop,testandpilotapproachesforstrengtheningtheorganizationalandentrepreneurial
capacityofwomenandothersocialgroupsindividuallyorcollectivelytoparticipateinvalue
chains
Specificgenderresearch/activities
(vii) TestandevaluateapproachesforIncreasingaccesstowomenandothermarginalizedsocial
groupstoassets,technologies,servicesandotherinnovations:Thiswillincludetestingand
evaluatingdifferentapproachestoincreaseaccesstotechnologies(communitybreeding
programs),financialandotherserviceinnovations(businessdevelopmentservices,innovation
hubs,innovationplatforms),assets(multiplierschemes,microleasing,groupbasedpurchase
schemes,passonprograms).Effectiveapproachesandtheirimpactsinaddressinggenderissues
willbedisseminatedtovaluechainactorsandpolicymakers.
(viii)
Analysisofthegenderandintrahouseholdimplicationsofchangesinlivestockvalue
chainsincludingonconsumptionandnutritionalstatus,distributionofeconomicandsocial
benefitsandthetradeoffsbetweenmarketorientationandfoodsecurity
(ix) Adoptionstudiestoanalysechangesinthegenderdisparitiesintheaccessanduseof
technologies,inputsandservicesandchangesinproductionandproductivity
(x) Establishaninformationsharingandlearningplatformforsharinggendergoodpractices,
lessonsandchallengesacrossallthevaluechains,centresandotherstakeholders(withlinksto
othervaluechainresearchinCRP2)
Component3.3:Monitoring,evaluation,impactassessmentandlearning
Objective:Theobjectiveofthissubcomponentistodeveloparobustsetofmonitoring,evaluation,
impactassessmentandlearningmechanismsthatwillservemultiplefunctionsa)maximizingthe
probabilityofachievingintendedimpactamongtargetbeneficiaries,includingwomenandvulnerable
groups,b)documentingthelevelandmannerofthatimpact,andtheoutcomesthatbroughtitabout,c)
understandingandsupportingtheprocessesofinnovationandresearchtodevelopment,toimprovethe
performanceoftheprogramanditspartners,d)supportingtheinternalM&E,planninganddecision
functions,andthecommunicationstrategyoftheProgramtocontinuallyensureefficiency,
accountabilityandrelevance.
KeyFocalAreasofAssessment
(i)
Developmentofamonitoringandevaluationframeworkandappropriatetoolsatprogramand
valuechainlevel
AninitialframeworkwillbedevelopedthatmapsoutcomesandimpactsforwhichtheProgramis
accountabletoprojectsandactivitiesandoutputs,includingidentificationofintermediateandfinal
indicatorsandaplanforachievingthemandmonitoringprogressalongtheway.Aspriorityprojects
sitesandinterventionsareselectedandtargetedwithinvaluechains(withsupportfrom3.1),impact
62
pathwaysmapped(seeiiibelow)andbaselinedatacollected(seeivbelow),theframeworkwillbewill
adaptedandupdatedwithmorespecificindicators(disaggregatedbygenderwhereappropriate),their
currentlevels,andtheirtargets.Resultswillbefedintotheongoingmonitoringandlearningprocess(ii
below).
(ii)
Processmonitoringtoimprovelearningduringprojectimplementation
Adiagnosis,planning,implementation,monitoringandlearningprocesswillbeinitiatedatthedifferent
levelsoftheproject.ThiswillintegratetheprocessM&E(PM&E)withintheprojectimplementation
processesallowinglessonstobedistilledandintegratedbackintotheplanningprocess.Forums
convenedatdifferenthorizontalandverticallevelswillparticipateintheselearningprocesseswith
regularmeetingsformingalearningcycle.Keyindicatorswillbedevelopedfortheprocessmonitoring.
ExamplesofsuchindicatorsareshowninTable2.12.
Diagnosis
Planning
Reflection
/Monitoring
Planning
Action /
Intervention
Reflection
/Monitoring
Action / Adapted
Intervention
Datacollectiontoolsforcapturingtheseindicatorswillbedevelopedwithpartnersandmonitoring
schedulesagreed.APM&Eanddatamanagementsystemthatallpartnershaveaccessto,willbe
developed.KeypartnersandfieldstaffwillbetrainedontheuseofthePM&Esystem.
Table2.12:Examplesofprocessindicators
Partnerships
Scalingoutstrategies
Informationsharing
Participation
Numberandtypesof
partnersinvolvedin
theprojectactivities
Numberoffarmers,
stakeholdersbeing
reachedbydifferent
strategies
Numberandtypesof
informationsharingstrategies
beingused
Numberofmenand
womenfarmers
effectively
participatingin
differentactivitiesof
theproject(atleast
40%women)
Effectivenessof
differentpartnersin
deliveringonmutually
agreedactivities
Farmersand
stakeholder
perceptionsofproject
strategies
Numberofmenandwomen
farmersreceivinginformation
fromthedifferentinformation
sharingmechanisms
Changesinskills,
knowledgeand
behaviourbypartners
Effectivenessofthestrategies
ondifferenttargetgroups
63
(iii)
Assessingoutcomesandbehaviouralchangeamongvaluechainactors
Thiswillutilizemultipletoolsincludingvaluechainanalysisandoutcomemapping.Theoutcome
mappingapproachdevelopedbytheInternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre
(www.idrc.ca/evaluation)willbeusedtobuildprojectpartnercohesionandtoanalyzeprojectoutcomes
intermsofdesiredbehaviourchangeratherthanjustperformanceindicators.Theprocessofoutcome
mapping,whichwillbepartofthedevelopmentoftheframeworkiniabovehelpsaprojectteamtobe
specificabouttheparticipantsittargetsandthechangesitexpectstosee,andtobecreativeinthe
strategiesitemploystoachievetheidentifiedoutputtargets.Resultsaremeasuredintermsofthe
changesinbehaviour,actionsorrelationshipsthatcanbeinformedbytheproject.
Outcomemappingisbasedonprinciplesofparticipationandpurposefullyincludesthoseimplementing
theprojectinthedesignanddatacollectionsoastoencourageownershipanduseoffindings.Itis
intendedtobeusedasaconsciousnessraising,consensusbuilding,andempowermenttoolforthose
workingdirectlyinthedevelopmentprogram.Proposedrolesofpartnerorganizationswillbescreened
andrefinedthroughthisprocessattheonsetofprojectimplementation.
Table2.13:Outcomeandbehaviourchangeindicatorsamongvaluechainactors
Outcomeareas
Indicators
AdoptionofVCasanapproach
forlivestockandfisheries
researchanddevelopment
Increasedinvestmentbyprivateandotheractorsinfocusorothervalue
chains
Increasedcapacitybyactorsto
addresskeyvaluechainissues
Innovationcapacity amongkeybeneficiariesandactorsstrengthened
Uptakeofvaluechaininnovationsandotherinstitutionalmechanismsby
valuechainactors
Partneringbecomesaroutineinorganizations,ratherthanbeingepisodic
andlimitedtoprojectsorprograms
(iv)
Analysisofhouseholdandcommunityoutcomesandimpact
TheimpactoftheProgramonindividual,householdandcommunityleveloutcomesandimpactswillbe
assessedinselectedsiteswherePrograminterventionsareimplemented.Oncethespecific
combinationsofinterventionsthatwillbetestedineachsiteisidentified,astudydesignandsampling
strategywillbedevelopedtoassessrelevantimpactsacrossbeneficiariesandscales,incorporatingto
theextentpossiblebestpracticeregardingcounterfactualsandcontrols,andcollectingdata
disaggregatedbygender.Analysisofcommunityandhouseholdleveloutcomesandimpactswilluse
toolssuchasfocusgroupdiscussions,valuechainmapping,andhousehold,individualandfirmsurveys.
Totheextentpossible,theprocesswillstartwiththedevelopmentofharmonizedindicators(building
ontheframeworkini,above)thatcutacrossdifferentvaluechainprojects,commonsampling
strategiesanddatacollectiontools.
Oncethebaselinedataarecollected,theywillbeusedtobenchmarktheM&Eframework,andto
informdesignandimplementationofprojectR&D,directlyandthroughthekindsofexanteanalyses
describedin3.1.Thiswillintegrateeconomicmodellingprinciplesandscenarioanalysisfordifferent
combinationsoftechnologicalandinstitutionalinnovations.Ananalysisofproductivity,production,
livelihoodsandassetrelationshipswillgiveindicationsofthepotentialimpactsoftheprogramon
differenttargetgroups.
64
Usingresultsfromthisandsubcomponent3.2,decisionsupporttoolsfortechnologyrecommendations
willbedevelopedandusedacrossthevaluechainprojectstoinformtechnologydevelopment,
adaptationanddelivery.
65
Table2.14:Potentialindicatorsofimpactassessmentandformonitoringandevaluation
Impact/outcomefocus
Livelihoods
Indicators
Incomegainsdisaggregatedbygender,valuechain
reducedcosts,fromprojectactivitiesandtheiroutcomesalonglivestockandfish
valuechains
Accumulationof,accesstoandcontroloverlivelihoodassetsbymenandwomen
amongtargetbeneficiarygroups(CarterandBarrett2006)
Foodsecurity
Individual(includingchild)andfamilyfoodconsumptionforbothproducersand
consumers
Individual(includingchild)nutritionalstatus(incollaborationwithCRP4)
Increaseinuptakeofimprovedtechnologiesamongtargetbeneficiaries,
differentiated
Reductioninthegenderdisparitiesintheadoptionoftechnologies,servicesand
inputs
Increaseinproductivityoflivestockandfishsystems,basedonharmonized
measures
Reductionindisparitiesinproductivityoflivestockandfishsystemsmanagedby
menandbywomen
NRMandecosystemsustainability,andlifecycleefficiency(incollaborationwith
CRP1)
Technologyuptake,and
productivity
Theabovemeasuresofoutcomeandimpactwillbedevelopedandharmonizedacrosstheprogramand
itsconstituentvaluechainswherefeasible.
ImplementationandlinktootherlearningandM&Eelements
AComponentLeaderwillbedesignatedfromwithinoneoftheCGIARpartners,andwilllikelybechosen
fromamongresearcherswithstrongcapacityinlivelihoodandimpactanalysis.Keyresearcherswillbe
designatedfromeachofthevaluechainteamtoworktogetherwiththeleadertoensureboththat
specificvaluechainspriorityneedsareaddressed,andthatcommonframeworksandtoolsareapplied
acrossthevaluechains.TheywillbeselectedtoensurethateachoftheCGIARpartnersisrepresented
ontheTheme3team.Analysisofvaluechainprocessandperformancewillbecloselyintegratedinto
theperformancetoolsusedbyTheme2,addressingvaluechaindevelopment.BasicM&Eindicatorsof
performanceandimpactwillbelinkedtotheoverprogramM&Eframework,coordinatedatthelevelof
theProgramDirector.
SystematiceffortswillbemadetoincludewiderstakeholdersandclientsinthelearningandM&E
processinordertoensurerelevance,accuracy,andtocontributetojointlearningandwideroutcomes.
ThesewillincludetheregularprogrammechanismoftheScienceandPartnershipForumandvalue
chaininnovationplatforms.
ImplementationoftheactivitiesofthisThemewillalsobecloselycoordinatedwiththeCommunications
leaderoftheProgram,toensurethatoutcomestrategiesthatincludestrongcomponentsof
communicationandadvocacyarereflectedintheoverallThemecommunicationstrategy,that
supportedbythecommunicationscapacityintheProgramcoordination.
66
Table2.15:Theme3outputs,outcomesandimpacts.
Component3.1Outputs
Evidencebasedrecommendationzonesforprogram
technologyandvaluechaininterventions,
differentiatedspatiallyanddisaggregatedbygender,by
wealthleveland/orothersocioeconomiccategory.
Evidencebasedextrapolationzonesforprogram
prioritysettingforfuturevaluechainselection
Predictionsunderlikelyfuturescenariosof
commoditiessupplyanddemand,andassociated
livelihoodandnutritionaloutcomes,spatially
differentiatedandwherepossibledisaggregatedby
gender,bywealthleveland/orothersocioeconomic
category..
Predictionsunderlikelyfuturescenariosofvaluechains
developmentofdemandsonandconstraintsposedby
ecosystemservicesandnaturalresources,
differentiatedspatiallyandbyfarmsizeandtype
Decisionsupporttoolsfordevelopmentpartnersand
investorstosupporttargetingoflivestockandfish
technologyandvaluechaininterventions
Identificationofpotentialproductivityincreasesin
smallholderlivestockandfishsystems,potentialtrade
offsandtheirimplicationsforwelfareandthenatural
resourcebase,differentiatedspatially,bysystemand
bygenderandwealthcategories.
Harmonizedsetsofdataefficientindicatorsof
smallholderlivestockproductivity,andestimatesof
currentlevelsandtheirdeterminantsinprojectssites,
differentiatedspatially,bysystemandbygenderand
wealthcategories.
Component3.1Outcomes
Uptakebyprojectleaders,partners
anddecisionmakersofevidence
basedtargetinginformationfor
technologyandvaluechain
development,aimedatmore
successfulimpactamongtarget
communitiesandgroups
Revisedvaluechaindevelopment
strategiesandimplementationbased
onunderstandingoflikelyfuture
scenariosinmarketsandecosystem
servicesdemand,tomaximize
opportunitieswhileminimizing
negativeenvironmentalimpact
Usebydevelopmentpartnersand
decisionmakersofdecisionsupport
toolstoimprovepropoorimpactof
interventionsandinvestments
Bettertargetingofprogramand
partnertechnologydevelopmentto
addresskeyidentifiedproductivity
gapsandopportunities
Usebyprojectleadersandpartnerof
harmonizedproductivityindicators,
andsomoreinformedand
consistentcomparisonsof
productivitygapsandopportunities.
67
Component3.1Impacts
Increasedproductivityand
productionamongtarget
communitiesoflivestockandfish
systems,withlesslikelihoodof
environmentalimpact.
Improvedlivelihoodsandfood
securityamongtarget
communitiesduetoincreased
marketedsurplus
Improvednutritionamongtarget
producercommunitiesand
amongpoorconsumersservedby
thesevaluechains
Component3.2Outputs
Toolsandmethodsforgenderedvaluechainanalysis,
technologydevelopment,socialmarketingandextension
thataretestedacrossvaluechains,countriesandmarket
contexts
Genderdisaggregateddataontheroleofmen,women
andothersocialgroupsintheselectedvaluechainsfor
useinfutureprogrammingandpolicymaking
Refereedandnonrefereedpublicationsofevidenceof
strategiesforintegratinggenderinvaluechainprojects
andmoregenerallyinlivestockandfisheries
developmentprojects
Evidenceofapproachesforenhancingaccesstoassets,
technologiesandotherinnovationstowomenandother
socially,economicallyandgeographicallymarginalized
populations
Evidenceofwhatvaluechainshavethegreatestimpacts
onwomenseconomicempowerment
Evidenceofthegenderedtradeoffsbetweenthemarket
orientedvaluechainapproachandhouseholdnutrition
securityandhowthesetradeoffscanbeminimized
Component3.3Outputs
Aharmonizedframeworkformonitoringandevaluation
andappropriatetoolsforitsimplementationatprogram
andvaluechainlevels
Frameworkandtoolsfordevelopmentprocess
monitoringtoimprovelearningduringproject
implementation
Assessmentofoutcomesandbehaviouralchangeamong
valuechainactors,includingchangesininnovation
capacity
Targetedanalysesprogramoutcomesimpactat
householdandcommunitylevels,basedonharmonized
indicators
Component3.2Outcomes
Genderedtoolsforvaluechainanalysis,
valuechaindevelopment,technology
developmentanddeliveryareusedby
valuechainscientistsandpartners
withinthecontextoftheCRPand
beyond
Genderdisaggregateddatabaseisused
bydecisionmakerstoidentifyand
promotevaluechainoptionswiththe
greatestgenderandequityimpacts
Increasedcapacitywithinpartner
organizationstoaddressgenderissues
inlivestockandfishvaluechains
Increasedcollaborationbetweennorth
andsouthorganizationswithinterestsin
genderandlivestock
Improvedproductivityand
remunerablemarket
participationbywomenand
othervulnerablegroups.
Improvedlivelihoodsand
accumulationandcontrolof
livelihoodassetsamong
womenandother
vulnerablegroups.
Improvednutritionamong
women,childrenandother
vulnerablegroups
Component3.3Outcome
Usebyprogramandpartnersof
harmonizedframeworksandtoolsfor
monitoringandevaluation
Betterunderstandingamongprogram
andpartnersofkeydeterminantsof
developmentoutcomesandimpact,and
strategiestoinfluencethem
Improveddesignanddeliveryof
programinterventionswithvaluechain
actors
Betterunderstandingamonginvestors
anddecisionmakersofstrategiesfor
impact
68
Component3.2Impacts
Component3.3Impacts
Increasedproductivityand
improvedlivelihoodsamong
targetcommunitiesdueto
betterdesignedand
evaluatedinterventions
Increasedinnovation
capacityamongvaluechain
actors,andimprovedvalue
chainperformance
Improvedfoodsecurityand
nutritionamongtarget
communities
PART3:ORGANIZATIONALSTRATEGYFOREFFECTIVE
IMPLEMENTATION
MANAGEMENTANDGOVERNANCE
ThisProgrambringstogetherCGIARinstitutionsandtheirpartnersfrommultipleregions,eachwithabroad
rangeofstrengths,toaddresstheproductionofmultiplelivestockandfishspeciesandtheassociated
systems.Managementofthiscomplexpartnershipmayriskimposingsignificanttransactionscostsifitnot
carefullydesignedandimplemented.
Someoftheunderlyingprinciplesthatwillbeappliedinthisprogramare:a)applyingaconsortiummodelto
thepartnership,whichimpliesaconsultativeprocessofdecisionmakingandoverallsharedownershipof
andresponsibilityforprogramsuccessandoutputs;howeverretainingb)clearleadershiproles,andspecific
accountabilityfordesignatedelementsoftheprogrambyeachinstitutionandteam.Theconsortium
principlehelpsensurethatthecapacitiesandskillsofeachinstitutionarefullyutilizedandleveraged,while
clarityofrolesandaccountabilityhelpsreducetransactionscosts,andensuresdeliveryofagreedoutputs.
Fortheconsortiumapproachtoworkeffectively,theleadinstitutionisrequiredtocreateaconsultative,
jointdecisionmakingmechanismwiththeothercorepartners,andtogenerallycedeasignificantpartofthe
strategicdecisionprocesstothepartnership.However,inreturnfortheopportunitytoparticipateinthe
strategicdecisionmaking,thecorepartnersassumejointresponsibilityforthosedecisionsandforthe
overallsuccessoftheprogram.Successoftheprogramissharedbyall,andshortcomingsalsoreflectonall
thepartners.Thedevelopmentoftheprogramproposalsofarhasbeenbasedonthisprinciple,andhas
demonstrateditspotentialvaluethroughjointevidencegathering,decisionsonpriorities,andleveraging
synergiesandexperiences.
Atthesametime,contractualresponsibilityfortheprogramremainswiththeleadCenter,andinthecase
thattheCenterdoesnotagreewithjointgroupdecisions,thatCenterisrequiredtotakedecisionsthatit
feelswillmeetitsresponsibilitiestotheCGIARConsortiumandtheFundCouncil.Aneffectiveconsultative
mechanismbetweenthepartnerswillensurehoweverthatthatrarelyoccurs.Contractualtiesbetweenthe
leadCenterandthecorepartnerswillalsoensureclarityofspecificresponsibilityanddeliverables,andalso
providetherequiredfinancialmechanismsandlegalcommitmentstoallowthesmoothadministrative
functioningoftheProgram.
TheleadCGIARCenterwillbeILRI,withWorldFish,ICARDAandCIATasthecoreCGIARpartnersinthe
managementoftheprogram,althoughasexplainedbelow,mechanismswillbecreatedtoallowmajor
developmentandsciencepartnerstohavearoleindecisionmaking.Thereforeoverallresponsibilityforthe
implementationanddeliveryoftheprogramwillrestwiththeILRI,whowillrepresenttheotherCentersto
theCGIARConsortiumforthisprogram,althoughwiththeconsortiumapproachprovidingforjointdecision
makingandoverallaccountabilitytotheextentfeasible.
ProgramPlanningandManagementCommittee:ThePPMCisthebodythatwilloverseetheplanning,
managementandimplementationoftheCRPandwillensurethatthePerformanceContract
AgreementfortheCRPbetweenILRIandtheConsortiumBoardisbeingeffectivelydelivered.Towardsthat
end,thePPMCwillreviewandagreetheprogramworkplans,milestonesandbudgets.ThePPMCwillalso
agreethestrategicdirectionsoftheprogram,newfundinginitiatives,andwilladviseonthedevelopment
andimplementationoftheprogram,includingstrategiclinkages.ThePPMCwillcomprisetheProgram
69
More meat, milk and fish by and for the poor

Director, who will chair the Committee, and the lead individuals responsible for each of the main program
elements. Among the Program component leaders will be the main Program representatives of the partner
CGIAR organisations, thus providing the required institutional representation for joint program development
and implementation across the Centres. Given the emphasis on technology development within the
program, and the diversity of skills required for the main technology components of Feeds, Breeds, and
Animal Health, the Leader of each of those components will be represented on the PPMC. As the Program
develops, it is anticipated that key external partners central to program implementation, and who commit
resources and staff towards its implementation, will play a role on the PPMC, possibly on a rotational basis
depending on numbers. The PPMC will thus be the primary mechanism to ensure joint decision-making by
the partners, that various elements of the program work effectively together, and that the cross-cutting
components of the program are closely tied to the specific country value chain needs and contexts.
CRP 3.7 Management structure
It is anticipated that the PPMC will meet monthly during the first year but less frequently thereafter (bimonthly). Meetings will not all be face-to-face.
The Directors General of the partner CGIAR institutions in the Program will consult as required to ensure
smooth functioning of the Program governance structure and its progress towards delivery of outcomes.
Science and Partnership Advisory Committee. The SPAC will made up of a small group of internationallyrecognized scientists, development partners, and private sector representatives, and will play a strategic
70
advisoryrolewithafocusonensuringbestscienceaswellasappropriateandeffectivepartnershipsfor
development.TheSPACwillalsofacilitatelinkageswithglobalandregionalstakeholders.TheSPACwillmeet
twiceannuallyinconjunctionwithmeetingsofthePPMC,towhichitreports.TheSPACwillalsoreport
annuallytotheILRIDGandBoardofTrusteesastoitsassessmentoftheProgramsscience,impactand
strategicdirection.ThiswillensurethattheSPACisabletoprovideinputtodecisionmakingatboth
oversightandimplementationlevels.
Programmanagementwillbedesignedtoprovideaclear,streamlinedstructureofreportingand
accountability,andwillbringtogetherkeyelementsof:a)overallscienceandresearchfordevelopment
leadership,b)groundedexperienceinagriculturaldevelopmentandpartnerships,andc)aninternalM&E
processthatsupportsthetimelyachievementofprogrammilestonesandaccountability.
ProgramDirector.AProgramDirectorwillbeappointed,reportingtotheDGofILRI,towillberesponsible
forensuringimplementationanddeliveryofallaspectsoftheprogramandforensuringthatallreporting
andcontractualobligationsthroughthePerformanceContractAgreementtotheConsortiumaremet.The
ProgramDirectorwillchairtheProgramPlanningandManagementCommittee,andwillleadthejoint
implementationanddecisionmakingprocessthatthePPMCisresponsiblefor.S/hewilldirectlysupervise
theDevelopmentManagerandtheM&EOfficer.TheProgramDirectorwillalsoactassecretarytothe
ProgramGovernanceCommittee,andleadthedevelopmentofandinteractionwiththeScienceand
PartnershipAdvisoryCommittee.
DevelopmentManager.Oneoftheinnovativeandcentralelementsofthisprogramisagreaterlevelof
interactionandpartnershipwithdevelopmentactorsinthelivestockandfishvaluechains,notonlyinthe
selectedcountriesbutatagloballevel,suchaswithmultinationalcompanieswhohaveastrongstakein
theoutcomesoftheCRP.WerecognizethatCGIARscientistsmayrarelyhavetheskillsandexperienceto
engageeffectivelywithsuchpartners.ForthatreasonaDevelopmentManagerwillbeassignedtobuildand
managestrategicpartnershipswithprivatesectoractorsanddevelopmentpartnersthatprovide
opportunitiesforscalingupandleveragingCRPinvestments.S/hewillalsobackstopandadvisethe
implementationofthecountryvaluechains,andprovidepracticalinputtotheirdevelopment,particularlyin
thecontextofengagementwithdevelopmentpartnersandinvestors.TheDMisnotexpectedtobea
researcher,butwillbeanindividualwithsignificantagriculturaldevelopmentand/oragribusiness
experience.
CommunicationsOfficer.TheCommunicationsOfficerwilldesignandimplementthestrategic
communicationsfunctionsoftheProgramtoenhancetheregionalandglobaloutcomesoftheProgram,
employingawiderangeofappropriatemediaandengagementstrategies.S/hewillalsosupportthe
communicationsneedsofthespecificvaluechaindevelopmentefforts.TheCommunicationsOfficerwill
alsooverseeaKnowledgeManagementsystemthatprovidesaplatformforglobalpublicaccesstoProgram
knowledgeproducts,toolsanddataresources.
M&EOfficer.TheM&EOfficerwillmanagetheinternalM&Eprocessoftheprogram,ensuringthatthe
programmilestonesareidentifiedandmetinatimelyfashion,andsupportingthereportingresponsibilities
oftheprogramtotheConsortiumBoard.ExternalM&Esupportwillbecontractedwherespecific
assessmentsarerequired.
Finally,itisvitalthattheprogramincludesotherpartnersinthedecisionmakingandoversightprocess,both
tohelpensuresoundandcuttingedgescience,butalsotofacilitateamoreeffectivedevelopment
partnership.
71
Thisisacomplexprograminwhichintegrationofthedifferentcomponentsiscrucialtothesuccess.The
effectivenessofthemanagementarrangementswillbecontinuallymonitoredandreviewedandthe
managementstructureandarrangementswillbemodifiedasnecessary.
Astrongcultureofcommunications(bothinternaltotheprogramandwithstakeholders),gender
mainstreaming,participatoryM&E,impactassessmentandcontinuouslearningwillunderpinthewhole
effort.ToensurethatthissucceedsthoseresponsiblefortheseactivitieswillparticipateinthePPMC.
TIMEFRAMEANDMILESTONES
AspartoftheapprovalprocessforCRP3.7,weanticipatethattheoperationsplantobeprepared,asperthe
StrategyandResultsFramework,willserveasthebasisforestablishingperformancecontractswithILRIas
theleadCenterandbetweenILRIandthecoreCGIARpartners.TheOperationPlanwillcompriseasetof
activitiesstructuredtoachievemeasurableimpactsinthefocalvaluechainsbyYear6.
Uponapproval,thecoreCGIARpartnerswillworkquicklytoestablishthegovernanceandadministration
arrangementsandtobringtheresearchteamsandotherpartnerstogethertodevelopmoredetailed
strategiesandimplementationplans.BytheendofYear1,existingprojectswillhavebeenintegratedtothe
degreepossibleandjointactivitieswithpartnerswillhavebeeninitiatedinthetargetvaluechains.To
ensuregoodprogressisachievedasquicklyaspossible,prioritywillbegiventoeffortsinthosevaluechains
wherethereisbothsignificantneed,andstrongmomentumamongresearchanddevelopmentpartnersand
donorstoprepareandfundamajordevelopmentintervention.
Withthecaveatthatconsiderableeffortwillcontinuetobedevotedinitiallytodeliveringoncommitments
toexistingprojectshavingtheirownmilestonesandoutputs,CRP3.7commitstothecriticalmilestonesof
itseffortshavingmobilizednewmajordevelopmentinitiativesineachtargetvaluechainoverYear2toYear
4.
72
Milestone
Year1
Quarter: 1
Year2
Year3
Year4
Year5
Institutionalarrangementsamongcore
partnersestablished
PPMCestablished
Appointmentofstaff
SPACestablished
M&Eframeworkestablished
Inceptionmeeting
Thematic,communicationandresource
mobilizationstrategieselaborated
Prioritizationexercisecompleted
Valuechainpartnershipengagement
Valuechainscopingstudiescompleted
Integratedoperationsinitiated
Annualreviewandplanningmeeting
Midtermreviewincludinglongterm
prioritizationandredesign
Newmajorjointresearch
developmentinterventionsinitiatedin
3valuechains
ROLESANDPARTNERSHIPS
Introduction
Theeverincreasingcomplexityofagriculturalandruraldevelopmentchallengesisdemandingcomplex
solutions,whichnooneorganization/actorhasthecapacityorcompetencetoaddress.Thepolicyand
institutionalcontextwithinwhichagriculturalresearchandinnovationoccurshavechangeddramatically
overtheyears.Rapidchangescontinuetotakeplaceinthestructureandauthorityofgovernments,the
globaleconomy,thestructureofthefarmingsectorandtheglobalandlocalfoodindustries.The
institutionallandscapehasalsochangeddramaticallywiththethirdsector(suchasnongovernmental
organizations,farmerorganizationsandcivilsocietyorganizations)playinganimportantroleinagricultural
R4D.
Innovationsystemsareaboutexploitingavailableandnewknowledgeforsocioeconomicuse.Innovations
emergefromsocialprocessesinwhichnetworksofactors(fromthepublic,privatecivilsociety,research,
enterpriseandpolicysectors,i.e.theentirevaluechain)playacrucialrole.Innovationisaresultofco
operationandisdeterminedbyinteractionbetweenthem.Partnershipsformthecoreofinnovation
systems.
Partnershipstrategyandmanagement
Purpose:CRP3.7proposestoserveasthecatalysttoalignresearchanddevelopmentactorsincoalitionsto
addressthedevelopmentchallenge.Theseincludereducingundernutritionandenhancingfoodsecurity,and
alsoenhancinglivelihoodsthroughstrengtheningtheassociatedvaluechains,amongstpoorvulnerable
householdsandothertargetgroups.Thesecoalitionswillmobilizeresourcesformajordevelopment
73
interventionstoimproveproductivityandproductioninselectedanimalsourcefoodvaluechainstobenefit
thepoor;theywillalsomobilizerelevantknowledgeandsupportitsapplicationduringprogram
implementation.
Typesofpartners:Toaddressthecompletevaluechain,theprogramwillengagewithawiderangeof
partnersaccordingtotheircompetencies,mandatesandinterests.Ontheresearchside,itwillpartnerwith
researchersfromthenationalagriculturalresearchsystemanduniversities,andwillleveragetechnical
expertisefromadvancedresearchinstitutes.Onthedevelopmentside,itwillworkcloselywithnational
ministriesandpublicservices,civilsociety(nongovernmentalandcommunitybasedorganizations),farmer
andproducerorganizations,andtheprivatesector.Itmayalsoneedtopartnerwithspecialized
organizationsinthecommunicationarea.Makingthesepartnershipseffectivewillbecriticaltothesuccess
oftheprogram.
Therewillbeseveraltypesofpartners:
Strategicprogrampartners,whowillbeeitheractiveparticipantsintheresearchprogram,orplaya
significantroleinguidingtheprogramandleveragingorscalingouttheoutcomes.TheProgramwill
capitalizeonthenewandemergingmodels/experiencesofpartnershipswiththeprivatesector,where
theCGIARCentersareplayingaknowledgebrokeragerole(e.g.theBill&MelindaGatesFoundation
fundedEastAfricanDairyDevelopmentproject,andtheGlobalAllianceforLivestockVeterinary
MedicinesGALVmed).Thesealsoincludeinternationalandregionalbodieswithrolesindeveloping
agricultural,livestockandfishsystems,suchasFAO,OIE,andAUIBAR,andthecontinentalresearch
coordinationorganizationssuchasFARAanditsregionalunits,andAPAARI.Particularlyintheareaof
technologydevelopmentanddelivery,multinationalprivatesectorsciencecompaniescanplayan
importantrole.RepresentativesofthisgroupofpartnerswillparticipateintheScienceandPartnership
ForumdescribedbelowintheGovernancesection.
Valuechainpartners,atthegrassrootslevelwheretheactionhappens.Thiswillincludepeopleand
organizationswhoworkwithinthevaluechain,includingfarmers,processorsandtradersamongst
others.Keymembersofthissetofpartnerswillalsobepublicandotherrepresentativesofbodies
responsibleforpolicy,investment,valuechaingovernance,andconsumerinterests.Theywillbe
membersoftheplatformsthatwillbeformedaspartoftheinnovationsystemsapproachtoimplement
developmentactions,whichwillformacoremechanismforengagement.
Identificationofpartners:CRP3.7sPartnershipStrategywillincludeanassessmentoftheactorand
organizationallandscapeatthenationalandsubnationallevels.Thiswillbefollowedbyaparticipatory
partnershipanalysis,inwhichthevaluechaindevelopmentneedswillbeidentifiedalongwiththepotential
roleseachpartnercanplayinrespondingtothese,theirparticularstrengths,theincentivesmotivatingtheir
contribution,andtheirexpectations.Animportantcriterionwillbethegenderandequityrelevanceofthe
agendasofpotentialpartners.Experiencehasshownthatbuildingnetworkswithdiverseagenciescanlead
toenhancedefficiencyindeliveryofmandatesofvariousagenciestosupportcommunities.However,a
generalimprovementinservicedeliverydoesnotnecessarilyguaranteeaccessbythepoorandthishasto
benegotiatedbychampionsinthenetwork.Table3.1summarizesthepotentialcoreprogrampartnersand
rolestheycanplay(fromthestakeholderconsultationmeeting,Addis,August2010).
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Table3.1:CategoriesofcoreProgrampartnersandpotentialroles
Typeofpartner
Potentialrole
CGCenters
Research(especiallyadaptive),capacitybuilding,knowledgebrokerage,provide
accesstonetworks,sourceofnewtechnologies(includingbreeds,feeds,
vaccines,vetdrugsetc)
AdvancedRIs
Basicandstrategicresearch,technologydevelopment,advancedcapacity
building
NARSincluding
universities
Research(especiallyadaptive),stakeholdermobilizationandnetworking,
training,capacitybuilding,sourceofnewtechnologies(includingbreeds,feeds,
vetdrugsetc)
Government
Provideaccesstonewknowledge,informationandtechnologiesthrough
extension,providinganenablingenvironmentthroughpolicymakingand
implementation,provideresourcesforcapacitybuilding,fundmobilization,
scalingupandout
Privatesector
Serviceandinputprovision,marketing,technologygeneration(e.g.seeds,
feeds,breedsetc)
Regionalandsub
regional
organizations
R4Dprioritysetting,accesstofunding,capacity building,coordination,policy
learning,scalingupandout
CBOs
Collectiveactionforaccessinginputsandmarketing,trainingoffarmers,social
mobilization,networking,scalingupandout
NGOs
Socialmobilization,capacitydevelopment,propooradvocacy,environmental
development,scalingupandout
Wewanttohighlightthemultiplerolesoftheprivatesector,bothasapotentialcontributortotechnology
developmentandasaselfinterestedcentralplayerinvaluechaindevelopment:
Asaninternationalsciencepartner:LargeinternationalcompanieshaveimpressivecapacityinR&Dandcan
leveragepatentedtechnologiesthatcanacceleratethediscoveryprocess.ILRIhaspartneredinthepastwith
pharmaceuticalcompaniesforvaccinedevelopment.Inthedevelopmentanddeploymentofvaccinesand
diagnostics,theprivatesectorisessentialforthemanufacturingoftheseproducts.Itiscrucialthatprivate
sectorisinvolvedattheinitialstagesofdevelopmentoftheproducts.
Morerecently,ILRIandWorldFishCentrehavesimilarlyengagedwithinternationalfeedcompaniesin
developingfeedproductstailoredtosmallscalesystems.ILRIiscurrentlypartnered,forexample,withone
companyinfieldtestingprototypefeedproductsappropriateforbeginnerdairyfarmersinKenyaand
Uganda.CIATcollaborateswithmultinationalseedcompaniesforthemultilocationalevaluationand
disseminationofbredgrasscultivarsmainly,butnotonly,targetedattheLatinAmericanmarket.The
motivationfortheinternationalcompanymaypartlybetomeetcorporatesocialresponsibilityobjectives,
butclearlyremainslargelycommercialsuchcollaborationprovidesthemanopportunitytodevelop
appropriatelydesignedproductsaimedatemergingmarketsthathavebeenignoredtodate,aswellas
facilitatingtestingofnewproducts.FortheProgram,onceanewtechnologyhasprovenitsviability,such
companiescanimmediatelyscaleitupforsubsequentwidespreaddisseminationinternationallymotivated
byahealthyprofitincentive.
Asanationalbusinesspartner:Wecannotforgetthatananimalbasedvaluechainisprivatesector,andso
thevaluechaindevelopmentworkwillnecessarilybedonewithinaprivatesectorcontext.Withinspecific
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valuechains,wewillseektoidentifyopportunitieswhereexistingcompaniescouldcontributetodeveloping
thevaluechaininapropoormannerwhileexpandingtheirownbusiness.AcurrentexampleistheEast
AfricaDairyDevelopmentproject,alargescaleinterventionbeingimplementedbyHeiferProject
Internationalandotherpartners,withILRIsupportingastheknowledgepartner.AKenyangenetics
company,AfricanBreedersServicesTotalCattleManagementLimited(ABSTCMLTD),isoneofthecore
partnersintheproject;notonlydoesitbenefitfromtheimmediatebusinessgainedfromworkingwith
project,butitalsoiskeentoteststrategiesforcreatingnewmarketsamonglowerincomedairyfarmers
whotheyhavefailedtoreachpreviously.Similarly,theWorldFishCenterhaspartneredwiththecommercial
feedindustryinEgypttohelpdevelopfishmealandfishoilfreenutritionallycompletetilapiafeeds.Inpork
valuechains,anopportunitymaybetoreplicatesmallholderoutgrowerschemeswiththesmallmeat
processingenterprisesthathaveemergedinUganda,andsoon.
Asalocalsmallscalebusinesspartner:Atlocallevel,wewillworkwithexistingsmallscaleoperatorssuchas
butchersandfishtraderswhoseproductsaresourcedfromanddestinedtolowincomeclients.Butweare
alsofindingitincreasinglycriticaltohelpdevelopandoftencreatesmallscalebusinessservicesto
supportemergingproductionandmarketingsystems.Thisapproachwillbecentraltovaluechain
developmentefforts.InposttsunamiAceh,Indonesia,forexample,theWorldFishCenterhasfostered
thousandsofsmallscale,enterpriseorientedaquaculturebusinesses,improvingfoodsecurityandhelping
createresilientlivelihoods.Underthedairydevelopmentprojectmentionedabove,ILRIhasbeen
instrumentalinrespondingtofeeddemandbyusingbusinessdevelopmentservicesapproachestointroduce
andpromotesmallscalefeedprocessingservices.Ontheoutputside,trainingandcertificationschemesfor
informalmilktradershavebeendevelopedforupgradingtheseimportantmarketservices.Similar
experiencesexistfromtheworkofCIATandpartnersinLatinAmericawithmilkcollectioncentresandsmall
scalecheesefactories,andinSouthEastAsiaworkingwithlivestocktradersandnationalinstitutionsto
connectconsumerdemandtoproducers.Thekeyistocreateavibrantnetworkoflocalbusinessactorswho
eachhaveitintheirinteresttosustainthedevelopmentofthevaluechain.
Partnershipbuildingandmanagement:Appropriatepartnershiparrangementsineachcountrywillthenbe
establishedusingaworkinggroupformattocoordinateactivitiesandtocontinuouslymonitorthe
partnerships.Akeyindicatorofahealthypartnershipdynamicwillbetheabilityoftheworkinggroupto
attractbothresearchanddevelopmentfundingtosupportthevaluechaindevelopmentagenda.
Valuechaindevelopmentiscomplexandrequiresworkingcloselywithawidevarietyofactors.The
genderedvaluechainanalysiswillhelpidentifyrequiredpartnershipsatthegrassrootslevel.However,value
chaindevelopmentisadynamicprocess,andsothepartnersinvolvedandtherolestheyplayincludingthe
CGIARpartnerswillcontinuouslyevolveandchangeovertime.Theinnovationplatformsformedaround
thevaluechainswillbequitefluid;partnerswillenterorexitbasedonthefunctionsthatarerequiredtobe
playedandtheirrespectiveincentivestoparticipateatdifferentstagesofthevaluechaindevelopment.
Smallholderfarmers,tradersandprocessorswillrequirestrengtheningoftheirorganizationalcapacityin
ordertoeffectivelyengageintheseplatforms.Producerorganizationsthatwillincludewomenorganizations
andtraderorganizations(livestockandfishmarketingorganizations)willbestrengthenedandsupportedto
playamoredecisiveroleinthevaluechains.Thesameactorsmightplaydifferentrolesindifferent
segmentsofthevaluechain.Somepartnerswillhaveabiggerroletoplaythantheothersinsomestages.
Brokeringactionnetworksatthislevelisacriticalrolethathastobeplayedbythepartnerswhooperatein
theareasandhavethenecessarylegitimacy,credibilityandsocialcapital.Whoismostappropriatetoplay
thisrole,isverycontextspecific.
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Identifyingthecommoninterestspaceandincentivesforparticipationofsuchawidevarietyofpartnersis
challenging,butcriticalcommitmentandcompetenceofinvolvedpartnersarecrucialtothesuccessofthe
program. Theincentivesfortheprivatesectorwillbeprofits;gettingaccesstolargerandnewmarkets;
assuredsupplyofqualityrawmaterials;accesstotechnologiesandfinancing;andmarketintelligence.For
theresearchers,governmentorganizationsandNGOs,theywillbetheopportunitytofulfiltheir
mandates/agendasefficientlyandgainrecognitionfortheircontribution.Thepoorhouseholdsandwomen
willbemotivatedbythepossibilityofhavingbetteraccesstoinputsandmarkets,knowledgeandservicesto
improvetheirenterpriseproductivityforenhancedincomesandwellbeing(fromstakeholderconsultation
meeting).Thesehavetobeunderstoodandnegotiatedduringpartnershipdesignandmanagement
processes.
LeadershipandcoordinationofthepartnershipstrategyandimplementationattheProgramlevelwithsit
withintheteamoftheProgramDirector,butwillbeakeyroleoftheDevelopmentManagerposition
(describedintheManagementandGovernancesection,above).Atthelevelofspecificvaluechainsthe
valuechainleaderswillplaythatrole,withfocusonvaluechainspecificandnationalpartners,supportedby
theDevelopmentManager.
Whatmakespartnershipswork?:Astronginternalcommunicationsystemwillbethebedrockofeffective
andsustainablepartnerships.Thefoundationelementsthatshouldbeaddressedduringthepartnership
formationinclude:compellingsharedvision,strongparticipatoryleadership,sharedproblemdefinitionand
approach,powerequity,interdependenceandcomplementarityandmutualaccountability.Thesustaining
elementsthatshouldbeaddressedduringtheimplementationthathelptoreducetensions,smoothout
interactions,buildtrust,enhanceeffectivenessandcontributetosustainabilityinclude:attentiontoprocess;
communicationlinkages;explicitdecisionmakingprocesses;trust,respectandcommitment;andcreditand
recognition(Gormley2001).
Monitoringandevaluatingpartnershipprocessesandoutcomes:Partnershipshaveimplicationsfor
resourcesandarecriticalforinnovation.Itisthereforeveryimportanttomonitorhowtheyarefunctioning
andevaluateiftheyareachievingthejointgoalsthatweredefined.DevelopinganM&Esystemforassessing
partnershipprocessesandoutcomesisacrucialstepinthedesignstageandM&Eshouldbeanintegralpart
oftheimplementationprocess.Partnershipsandnetworksareameanstoanend.Theultimateendis
definedintermsofthegoalsandpurposeoftheProgram.TheM&Ecomponentsshouldincludemonitoring
partnershipprocessesandaninteractiveorstakeholderevaluationofoutcomesofthecollaborativeactivity
(Sullivan&Sketcher2002).ThroughtheM&Esystems,incentiveswillbedevelopedforprogramteamsto
demonstratethedevelopmentandeffectivemanagementofrequiredpartnership.Atthesametime,using
partnershipmechanismsdescribed,wewillseektoinvolvekeypartnersatseverallevelsintheM&Eprocess
itself,toincreaseitsrelevance,accuracy,andtopromotejointlearning.
PartnershipskillsandimplicationsforCGIARstaffing:Foranorganizationtorealizethefullpotentialofthe
collaborativeadvantageofpartnerships,itmustbeskillednotonlyinidentifyingtherightpartners,butalso
shouldbeabletomanagethesepartnershipseffectively.Thisrequiresanewsetofskillsandtools.Among
others,thekeysetsofskillrequiredare:interpersonal,facilitation,conflictmanagement,feedbackand
negotiationskills.ThestrategicstaffingprofileintheparticipatingCGIARCenterswillbemodifiedtoinclude
individualswhobringsuchskillstothetable.TheCapacityDevelopmentactivities(seebelow)willalso
ensurethattheseskillsareavailableintherelevantpartnerorganizationsandwiderstakeholdergroups.
Competitivegrantmechanism:Asonemechanismforexploringthehorizonandengagingwithpartnerswith
relevantandcomplementaryresearchcapacity,resourceswillbesetasideandcallsannouncedfordelivery
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ofspecificfocusedresearchoutputsontopicsforwhichthethemeshaveidentifiedclearneed,yetforwhich
thereisevidencethatotherplayershaveacomparativeadvantagetodeliver(inspiredbytheInnoCentive
modelhttp://www2.innocentive.com).
ThiswouldallowstrategicresearchinputintotheprogrambykeyNARS,ARIandprivatesectorresearchers
andagencies,andcapacitybuildingtargetedatpotentialfailpointsforuptakeofprogramoutputsor
achievingplannedoutcomes.
GENDERANDEQUITYSTRATEGY
Therolesofmenandwomeninagriculturalproductionandhouseholddecisionmakinginresource
allocation,technologyadoption,marketingandconsumptionvaryacrossthetargetcountriesofAfrica,Asia
andLatinAmerica.Thisimpliesthatwhereastheprogramisexpectedtocontributesignificantlyto
improvingnutrition,welfareandpovertyconditions,itsimpactonmenandwomenwillnotbeuniform,
interventionsmayaffectmenandwomendifferently,andcouldpotentiallyevenworsengenderandincome
inequalities,unlessspecificeffortsaredesignedtoaddressgenderspecificissues,andtheunequalrelations
betweenwomenandmenthatcreatethesedisparities.Considerationofgenderandsocialequityshould
affectdecisionsatallstagesofR4D,includingassessingR4Dprocessesaswellasoutcomes.Inthecontextof
thisCGIARResearchProgram,wearereferringtosocialgroupsincludingmenandwomen;maleandfemale
headedhouseholds;indigenousandethnicgroups;ruralandurbanpoor;sociallyandeconomically
underprivilegedgroups;andpeoplelivingwithHIV.
The2009GlobalHungerIndex(GHI)ishighlycorrelatedwithgenderinequalitythatiscountriesthat
exhibithighlevelsofglobalhungerarealsothosewithahighdegreeofgenderinequality(vonGrebmeretal
2009).Thereisincreasingevidencethatthosecountrieswhichhaveperformedwelltowardsachieving
genderequityhavealsoreachedhigherlevelsofeconomicgrowthand/orsocialwellbeingandexhibit
greatercompetitivenessintrade(WorldEconomicForum2005).
Bothmenandwomenareemployedinlargenumbersinthelivestock,fisheriesandaquaculturesectorsbut
womensworkisoftenunderestimatedorinvisible.Forexample,thecurrentestimatesfromtheBig
NumbersProject(whichaimstofillaninformationgapbyprovidingdisaggregateddataoncapturefisheries)
foremploymentinsmallscalecapturefisheriesindevelopingcountriesalonereach2527million,withan
additional6870millionengagedinpostharvesting(Rolfetal2008).However,customarybeliefs,normsand
laws,and/orunfavourableregulatorystructuresofthestate,reducewomensaccesstofisheriesresources,
assetsanddecisionmaking(FAO2006;Porter2006;Okali&Holvoet2007),confiningthemtothelowerend
ofsupplychainswithinthesocalledinformalsectorinmanydevelopingcountries.Thisresultsinwomen
receivinglowerreturnsontheirlabour.Thisimpliesthatwomenarelikelytoconstitutealargerproportion
ofthepoorwithinthissector.Theyoftenhavelittleornoaccesstoproductivetechnologieswhichcould
increasetheeconomicreturnsfromtheirlabour.
Inlivestock,ownershipofdifferentlivestockbymen,womenandinmaleandfemaleheadedhouseholds
vary.Ingeneralhowever,womenaremorelikelytoownsmalllivestockthanlargelivestock.InEastAfrica,
onlyabout30%offemaleheadedhouseholdsownedlivestock(EADD2009).Incattleowninghouseholds,
womenownedlessthan20%ofthecattle.InWestAfrica,womenownedmoregoats,sheepandpoultry
thantheydidcattle.In80%ofthehouseholds,womenownedgoats,in70%,womenownedpoultrywhile
theyownedcattleinonly40%ofhouseholds(PROGEBE2010).Overall,controloverlivestockresourcesis
neitheronesided(wheremaleheadsofhouseholddominate)norclearcut.Decisionmakingpatternsinany
societyareusuallymorecomplexthantheymayfirstappearandtakeplaceonbothinformalandformal
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levels(Kabeer2000).AmongtheNandiinKenya,womenwerefoundtoexertastronginfluenceondecisions
regardingcattle,evenwhentheanimalsformallybelongedtomen(SmithOboler1996).Thedegreeof
controloverlivestockwasalsofoundtovaryaccordingtotherelativeimportanceofdifferentlivestock
productsintotalhouseholdincome.
Evenwheremenownlivestock,womenareoftenresponsibleforthem,andthishasimplicationsfor
interventionsandtechnologiesinlivestockproductionandmanagement,especiallyzerograzingsystems.In
India,womenplayasignificantroleinprovidingfamilylabourinputforlivestockkeeping.Especiallyin
poorerfamilies,theircontributionoftenexceedsthatofmen(Georgeetal1990).InAsianintensivelivestock
systems,morethanthreequartersoflivestockrelatedtasksaretheresponsibilityofwomen.Inthetribal
lowrainfall,semiaridareasofIndia,muchoftheworkwithregardtoanimalmanagementisinthehandsof
womenduetomigrationsofmalelabour.
Womenandpoorhouseholdsareoftenconstrainedbylimitedaccesstoresources/inputsandservices(land,
livestock,finance,knowledge,informationandsoon);lackofcontroloverassets;limitedaccesstomarkets;
limitedformalknowledgenetworks/sourcesandsocialnetworksand;limiteddecisionmakingpower.Itis
importanttonote,however,thatwomeninmaleheadedandfemaleheadedhouseholds,respectively,face
differentsetsofconstraints.Thisaffectstheirabilitytoaccessanduseimprovedagriculturaltechnologiesor
engageinresourceintensiveenterprises.Forexample,genderdifferencesinaquacultureadoptioninCentral
AfricanRepublicrevealedthatcostsoffeedandfingerlingsinadditiontotightfeedingschedulesprevented
womenlowoncash,labour,andinformationfrominvestingincatfishfarming;theyfoundthelowinput,
lowcosttilapiamoreappropriatetotheirneeds(VanderMheenSluijer&Sen1994).Thisalsoholdstruefor
poorhouseholds.
Theimpactsduetotheconstraintsfacedbywomenaremanifoldandaffectthehouseholdwellbeingin
general,goingbeyondjustproductivity.Highlabourrequirementsdemandedbycertainenterpriseskeep
childrenawayfromschools.Increasingtheresourceswomencontrolhasbeenshowntoimprovechild
healthandnutritionandincreaseallocationstowardeducation(Quisumbing2003).InBangladesh,fishpond
programsthattargetedpoorwomenempoweredthemandimprovedthelongtermnutritionalstatusof
womenandchildrenaswellasgenderassetequalitymorethanuntargetedprograms(Kumar&Quisumbing
2009).
ThegenderandequitystrategyofCRP3.7isdesignedtoprovideequitableopportunitiesinvaluechain
development,technologygenerationandaccesstoanimalsourcefoodstothegroupsmentioned.The
overallpurposeofthestrategyistopromoteequitythesefocusareasfollowingamultiprongedapproach
andacombinationofstrategiesthataddressthemultipleconstraintsandopportunitiesinacontextspecific
manner.Theprogramwillaimtointegrategenderthroughthewholeresearchdevelopmentcyclefrom
planninganddesign,technologydevelopmentanddelivery,valuechainanalysisanddevelopment,
monitoringandevaluationandimpactassessment.
Thegenderandequitystrategywillfocusonfourinterrelatedareasofinterventionswithpotentialforhigh
impact:Targetingandvaluechainselection,productivity,valuechainsdevelopmentandconsumption.
Targetingandvaluechainselection:Oneofthecriteriafortheselectionofthevaluechainswithin
theprogramisthepotentialforthevaluechaintobenefitwomenintermsofmarketopportunities,
reductionofgenderassetdisparitiesandnutritiondisparities.Targetingfortechnologies,services
andotherinnovationswillusegenderandespeciallythepotentialtoreachandbenefitmen,
women,andothersocialgroupsascriteria.AsdescribedinTheme3,thiswillrequireagenderedand
sociallydifferentiatedsystemsandlivelihoodanalysistoidentifygenderissuesinlivestockandfish
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production,technologydevelopment,marketingandconsumptionindifferentsystems,countries
andcontexts.
Productivity:Womenareoftenexcludedfrommostpartsoftheresearchdevelopmentcycleoffish
andlivestocktechnologies.Theirpreferencesinspeciesandtraitsareoftenoverlookedthishas,
forexample,resultedinneglectingthepotentialofmicronutrientrichsmallindigenousfishspecies
andlowinvestmentinsmalllivestocksuchaspigs,poultryandsmallruminants.Thus,weproposeto
focusongenderedpreferencesforspecies,traits,productionmodelsandmarketsandeffective
engagementofmen,womenandothersocialgroupsintheresearchprocess.Increasingaccessto
productivityenhancingtechnologiesandservicestobothmenandwomenwillbeapriority.
Valuechains:Thesearegenderedanddonotoftenprovidealevelplayingfieldforthepoorand
womenalthoughwomenengagesubstantiallywithinthemasproducers,gleaners,processorsand
traders,theircontributionisundercountedandtheirreturnsdisproportionatelylower.Gendered
valuechainanalysiscandeterminepointsofthechainwherewomen,thepoorandsociallyand
economicallymarginalizearelocated,constraintstoimprovetheireconomicbenefitsfromlivestock
andfishandopportunitiesuponwhichtobuild.
Consumption:Genderedintrahouseholdconsumptionpatternsoflivestockandfishproducts,
consideredhighvalueprestigefoodinmanydevelopingcountries,favourmeninmanycases,thus
deprivingwomenandchildrenofadequateproteinsandmicronutrientswhentheyneedthem
most.Weproposeincreasedawarenessonnutritionandequityissuesthatrelatetoproductivity
choicestobeapriorityfocus.Researchonthevariabledynamicsofintrahouseholdfoodallocation,
aswellasinterventionsimplementedtoincreasetheconsumptionofmeatandfish,especiallyby
women,childrenandothervulnerablegroups(suchaspeoplelivingwithHIV),canbeconducted
throughlinkageswithCRP4onagriculture,nutritionandhealth.
Thestrategywillbeimplementedthroughtwomaingeneralapproaches.Thefirstiscrosscuttinggender
analysis,integrationandgenderresearchthatcutsacrosstheentireprogram,ledbyTheme3,onTargeting,
GenderandImpact.Thiswillinvolvedevelopmentofapproachesandtoolsforgenderanalysisacrossvalue
chains,countriesandsites,developmentofgenderedindicatorsformonitoringandevaluationofoutcomes
andimpacts,developingguidelinesforuseinintegratinggenderandequityissueswithinindividualvalue
chains,carryingoutresearchoncrosscuttingresearchquestions.Thesecondwillbecapacitydevelopment
amongprogramteamsandpartnerstosupporttheintegrationofgenderindifferentcomponentsofthe
program.ThisisdescribedinmoredetailinResearchTheme3,whichwillplaybotharesearchandcapacity
supportrole.
COMMUNICATION,ADVOCACYANDDATAANDKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENT
Introduction
Thissectionsetsoutsomeprinciplesthatwillguideourinvestmentsinthisarea,brieflydescribesthe
expectedactorsandclientsforthiscomponentoftheProgram,andidentifiesfourareasofintervention
andassociatedresultswherewewillfocusourefforts.
Knowledge,informationanddataandthesocialandphysicalinfrastructuresthatcarrythemarewidely
recognizedaskeybuildingblocksformoresustainableagriculture,effectiveagriculturalscienceand
productivepartnershipsamongtheglobalresearchcommunity(Ballantyneetal2009).
ThroughinvestmentsineScienceinfrastructureandcollaboration,andrapiddevelopmentsindigitaldevices
andconnectivityinruralareas,thewaysthatscientists,academicsanddevelopmentworkerscreate,share
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andapplyagriculturalknowledgeisbeingtransformedthroughtheuseofinformationandcommunication
technologies(ICTs).
TheseICTsarebeingappliedtoallpartsoftheresearchfordevelopmentcontinuumthatconnects
agriculturalsciencewithagriculturalandruralchange:eScience(oreResearch)ischaracterizedbyglobal
collaborationandthenextgenerationofinfrastructurethatwillenableitwhilemAgricultureusesmobile
digitaldevices,suchasphones,laptopsandsensors,thatputsICTs,connectivityandapplicationsintothe
handsofruralcommunities.Betweenthese,ICTsaretransformingagriculturalextension,facilitatingthe
deliveryofeducationandlearningthroughdistanceeducation,helpingtoempowertheruralpoorin
developingcountries,andpoweringawidearrayofagriculturalfinance,credit,market,weatherandother
servicesdeliveredbypublicandprivateorganizations.
Theintegrationofdatamanagement,knowledgemanagement,informationsharing,communicationsand
advocacyacrosstheProgramisthusanessentialwaytoachievethenecessarysynergiesandcollective
actionthatwillberequiredfortheProgramtohaveimpact.
TheCGIARCenterscandomuchinthisarea,butcertainlynotall.Particularlyinthesevenfocuscountries,a
lotofgroundtruthingisrequiredtomatchthegeneralapproachtolocalsituations.Totakeonalltheroles
andtasksweenvisage,wewillneedtodrawontheskillsandcapacitiesoflocalandnationalpartnersaswell
asthoseofspecializedpartners.Wewillthereforeincludeanassessmentofcapacitiesandopportunitiesin
thisareaaspartoftheproposedparticipatorypartnershipanalysisprocessesthatwilltakeplaceineachof
thesevenfocuscountries.
Principles
Inthedesignofdifferentinterventions,weareguidedbythefollowingprinciples:
KnowledgegeneratedbytheProgramwillbeopenandpublic.Wewillencourageallpartnersto
documentandsharetheirworkfromtheoutsetusingopenplatformsandsystemswiththe
minimumoftechnical,financialandlegalrestrictions.Thisknowledgewillbeaccessibletoallasan
internationalpublicgood,soitcantravelandbeputtouselocallyandglobally.
Wevaluetheknowledgeofourclientsandpartners.Theideathateveryonehasusefulknowledgeto
offerunderpinsthenotionofinnovationsystemsandthesocialweb.Wewillexplicitlyencourage
differentactorstocontributetheirdifferentformsofknowledgetotheprogram,avoidingtoomuch
pushfromthecentre.
Multipurposeknowledge.RecognizingthatdifferentactorsandclientsinandbeyondtheProgram
havedifferentknowledgeneedsandinterestsandthattheyresponddifferentlytomessagesin
differentformats,wewillrepurpose,reformat,adaptandtranslatedifferentoutputsand
messagesfordifferentaudiencesandpurposes.
Knowledgemanagement:Collect,connect,converse.Wewillensurethattheknowledgeofthe
programiscollectedanddisseminatedforreuseandposterity.Wewillensurethattheactorsand
partnersintheprogramareconnectedtooneanotherandtosourcesofdataandknowledge.We
willcatalyzeconversations,dialogueandinteractionsamongstakeholders,mobilizingandlistening
todiverseperspectives.
Facetofacecommunication.Wewilluseallsuitablewaystogenerateandexchangeinformation
andknowledge,payingparticularattentiontoeffectivefacetofaceeventsthatalsoreinforcethe
socialandhumanrelationshipsthatareessentialforgooddevelopment.
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Advocacyiseveryonesresponsibility.Werecognizethatdifferentpartnersintheprogramhave
differentstrengths.Researchersareusuallygoodatgeneratingevidence;developmentpartnersare
oftenbetterinprovidingavenuesintopolicyandchangeprocesses.Wewillcombinethestrengths
ofbothgroupstoadvocatecollectivelyforpropoorchange.
Communicationinextricablylinkedtooutcomes.Whatwecommunicate,whoto,andhowwillhavea
stronginfluenceonprogramoutcomes.Wewillintegrateourcommunicationactivitiesintoour
outcomestrategy.
InternalcommunicationandM&Earepartofourcommunicationstrategy.Wedonotsee
communicationsolelyasanexternalactivitytowardsexternalaudiences.ThisProgramaimsto
alignandintegratetheeffortsofmanypeoplespreadacrossfourCGIARCenters,associated
researchpartners,sevencountries,andwithinthemlargemultistakeholdernetworksofactors.We
willmaximizelearningandcommunicationacrosstheProgramasavalueadditiontootherdispersed
activities.
Partnershipsarethekeytoimpact.Wewillmobilizethevariousskillsandcapabilitiesofthe
programspartnerstocreate,share,communicateandputdata,informationandknowledgetouse.
Theseskillsdonotexistinanyonepartnersoweneedtobuildonandreinforceasnecessarythe
capacitiesofthewholeProgram.
InnovationandICTs.Newinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesarerevolutionizingboththe
wayswedoscienceandthewaysthattheprivatesector,governments,andlocalcommunities
engageindevelopment.Weaimtograsptheopportunitiesthesenewtoolsprovidetoimprovethe
wayswecollectandcreatedataandinformation;integrate,shareandcommunicatethisknowledge
intoourresearchandtechnologydevelopmentactivities;andgetitintothehandsofpeopledirectly
workingwiththepoor.
Actorsandclients
EveryoneengagedintheProgramisapotentialcreatorsandconsumerofdata,information,andknowledge.
ThereisalsoalargeaudiencebeyondtheProgramlocally,nationallyandinternationallythatwillbe
interestedinitsresults.
Whoarethepeoplewewillworkwith,andwhataretheirknowledgeneeds?
ResearcherswithintheProgramandelsewhereneedindepthknowledgeproducts,data,data
sources,aswellasmethodsandtools.Wemayneedtohelpthemproduceawiderrangeof
communicationproductsthantheyareusedto.
Developmentpractitionersandpartnerspublic,nongovernmentalandprivateneedtargeted
knowledgeproducts,disseminationproducts,trainingandcapacitybuildingproducts,decision
supporttools,synthesizeddataandthechancetojoineventsanddialogue.Wewillneedtolook
carefullyatcommunicationbetweenthesegroupsandtheresearchersthereisfrequentlya
cultural/communicationgapthatneedstobeovercome.Wealsoneedtofindinnovativewaysto
captureandsharetheirknowledge,recognizingthattheymaynotbeasusedtopublishingasare
scientists.
Weaimtoinfluencedecisionmakers,investorsandtheglobalsupportcommunity.Theyneed
focusedknowledgeandadvocacyproducts,awarenessproducts,decisionsupporttools,and
synthesizeddata.Influencingthemrequirestargetedstrategiesthatcombinearangeofapproaches,
aswellastimelyadviceandinputsfrompeopletheytrustandthemedia.
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Valuechainactorsproducers,traders,andthelikemustalsobereached.Here,wearelikelyto
havegreatestimpactbyworkingthroughotherpartnerswhoareclosetothem,translatingor
adaptingtheprogramsoutputsintolocallyaccessibleformats.National/localradio,printand
televisionmediawilloftenbeimportantpartnersinthis.Wewillalsojoinwithorganizationsand
initiativesthatusemoreinteractivetoolsthatintegratewebapplicationswithmobilephonesfor
example.Theseenablevaluechainactorstointeractinrealtimeandtotransactinmore
transparentways.
AvitalinternalcommunityofProgrammanagersandimplementersneedsaccesstoaneffective
M&Esystem,informationoncurrentprogramactivitiesandevents,sharedmethodsandtools,data,
trainingandcapacitybuildingproducts,outcomesupporttools,communicationandcollaboration
spaces,andeventplanningtools.
Areasofintervention
Theprogramwilloperateinfourdifferentspacescomprisingdifferentactorsandstakeholdersand
requiringdifferentknowledgeandcommunicationsupport.Theseareintroducedbelow.
1. Connectingandpoweringvaluechaindevelopment
Workingthroughinnovationplatformsinsevencountries,wewillcatalyzerichinteractionsand
communicationamongthekeyactorsandpartnersworkingoneachvaluechain.Wewillfacilitate
interactionswitheachotherandwiththespecializedresearchteamsworkingtoovercometheidentified
technologydevelopmentconstraints.Wewillassistthemtocommunicatetheirfindingsforlocal,national
andglobaluptake,facilitatingtheiraccesstorelevantinformationandknowledge,locallyandglobally.
Muchofthiscommunicationwillbefacetoface,requiringeffectivefacilitationandinnovativewaysto
engagemultipleactorsandtheirmultipleinterests.Weexpecttogeneratelargeamountsofrawdataand
informationthatwillbecapturedandorganizedforreuse.Manynonscientistswillbeinvolvedinthese
activities,sowewillusedifferentapproaches,incentivesandtoolstoensurethattheirdifferenttypesof
knowledgearealsocapturedandincorporatedintheprocess.
Particularlyinthiscomponent,wearelikelytogenerateawiderangeofintermediateknowledgeproducts
andoutputsandfewclassicscientificarticles,books,andthelike.
Wewillcapitalizeontheincreasinglywidespreaduseofmobilephonesandotherdevicesthatarenow
accessibleandusedintheremotestandpoorestcommunities.Wewillpartnerwithspecializedpartners
manyfromtheprivatesectorthatusethesetoolstoapplyrelevantapplicationsandcontentrightacross
thevaluechain.Byworkingwithpartnerstointegratearangeofdifferentservicesandapplicationswith
mobilephones,wewillenablepoorandilliterateproducerstobetterparticipateinthevaluechainsand
participateinlocalsocialnetworks.
Inthisarea,weexpecttocontributedirectlytothevaluechaindevelopmenteffortsbyinformingallthe
actorsinvolved,mobilizingtheirknowledgeandknowhow,creatingalevelknowledgespaceforthemto
accessandshareinformation,andhelpingdocumentandcommunicatethelessonsandresultsforuse
elsewhere.Weseethesecommunicationactivitiesperforminganessentialgluingrolethatreinforcesthe
operation,cohesionandreachoftheinnovationplatforms.
2. Enablingtechnologydevelopment
Wewillensurethateachresearchgroupthatisconductingtechnologydevelopmentacrosscountriesand
valuechainsonasmallnumberofissueshasnecessarysupportandtoolstogainaccesstoitsspecificglobal
83
knowledgeanddatabase,tocommunicateandsharetheresultsofitsworkwithpartnersworkinginthe
targetedvaluechains,andtoinformscienceandpolicyaudiencesglobally.
Sincetheteamswillbegeographicallydispersed,wewillensurethattheyareabletocollaborateanddo
sciencevirtuallyacrossorganizational,geographicandtimeboundaries.Thecommunicationproductsinthis
areaarelikelytobemoretraditionalreports,articles,dataandthelike.Onechallengewillbeto
complementthesewithmoreaccessibleformatsandchannelsforotheraudiences.Experimentingwith
emergingsocialmediaandalternativewaystodoescienceforinstancewiththesupportofmobile
phoneswillmaximizethepotentialfortheseproductstotravelandbetakenupelsewhere.Weforeseean
importanttranslationandbrokerageaspecttoensurethatsciencemessagesfromthispartoftheProgram
aregloballyvaluedandaremadeaccessibletolocalstakeholdersengagedinvaluechaindevelopmentand
associatedactivities.
Weexpecttheseactivitieswillgetresearchresultsintothepublicdomainandintothehandsoftargetactors
inthesevenfocuscountriesandbeyond.Theywillalsocontributetothescientificprocessbysupporting
collaborationspacesandplatformsandprovidingaccesstoglobalknowledgeanddatabases.
3. CommunicatingandlearningacrosstheProgram
Wewillestablishmechanismstofacilitateandcatalyzelearning,knowledgesharingandcommunication
amongthevariouselementsoftheProgram.Withinthecountries,theworkinggroupsofpartnersplayakey
roleinthis.Wewillsupportroutineinformationsharingandcommunicationinsupportoftheefficient
runningoftheprogramscomponents.Wewillalsoensurethatknowledge,data,andinformationis
documented,captured,shared,synthesized,andputtogooduseacrosstheprogram.
Thissharingspacewillthusproduceefficientinformationflowsamongtheprogramsactorsandpartners.
Itwillalsocapitalizeonandreinforcelearningacrossthevariouslevelsoftheprogram.Asintheother
spaces,wewilluseemergingsocialandothermediatoensurethatthesetasksaredoneinasopenand
accessiblewaysaspossible.
4. Communicatingforwiderimpact
Weaimtogetourresultsandmessagesoutbeyondtheprogram.Wewillestablishnecessaryadvocacyand
communicationproductsandapproachestoensurethattheseresultsandmessagesreach,andinfluence,
nationalandinternationalaudiences.Thepublicawarenessendofthespectrumwillincludeuseofprint,
videoandradiotodeliverinformationandmessagespackagedappropriatelyforarangeofstakeholders
includingfarmers,extensionworkers,policymakersandscientists.
Weexpectmostoftheoutputsinthisareawillbesynthesized,polishedoradaptedfornonspecialist
audiences.
TheseactivitiesneedtobespreadacrossthewholeProgram,withresponsibilitiesforspecificvaluechain
advocacyandpublicawarenessbasedincountries,butlinkedtoanoverallcoordinatedapproach.
Dealingwithdata
TheProgramwilluseacommondataplatform,collectingandcollatingdatafromthediversesystemsunder
study.Datacollectionwillbesystemspecificandembeddedwithineachvaluechain,butbyrequiringthatit
conformstocommonstandardsofformatandcontent,wewillallowittobeusedbycommonanalysistools
acrosstheprogram.
Integration,synthesisandcommunicationofresearchdatawillbecentralizedwhereappropriate.Thiswill
allowlessonstobedrawnacrossdifferentvaluechains.Thedatamanagementplatformwillensurethat
84
dataismadereadilyavailableinasnearrealtimeaspossibletoresearchersacrosstheProgramthroughthe
provisionofwebbasedtoolstoextractinformationfromtheunderlyingdatabases.
Alldatawillbeplacedinthepublicdomainasearlyaspossible.Therewillbepracticalandethicalconstraints
insomecases;forexamplewemaynotallowinformationtobetracedbacktoanindividualfarmerandwe
maynotreleaseinformationthatwouldrequirenationalapproval,suchasevidenceofanotifiabledisease.
Butwithintheseconstraints,theoverridingprinciplewillbetomakedataavailableandtoencourageitsuse
andexaminationbythebroadcommunity.
Communicationchannelsandtools
Ourcommunicationapproachesandtoolswillbeusedto:cocreateknowledgeandinformationwithour
partners;informandinfluencemanyaudiences(directlyorviapartnerinfomediaries);integrate,translate
andadaptknowledgefordifferentuses;andreinforcethepotentialnetworkeffectoftheprogram.Wewill
alsousethesetoolstohelpcoordinateandmanagetheProgram.Especiallyamongnationalpartners,we
expectthesetoolstoreinforcetheircommunicationcapacitiesandprovidealegacyofskillsandexpertise
thatcanbespilledoverintootheractivities.
Ingeneral,wewillusethefollowingmainchannels:
TheInternetwillbethemostcriticalcommunicationtoolthatwewillusefromtheexchangeof
basicemailandSMSmessages,throughcollaborativeworkspacesforteamsandsharinglearning,
onlinevideoandblogs,mobilephonesandotherdevices,totargeteddisseminationandoutreachto
audiencesworldwide.
Facetofaceandinterpersonaldiscussionsandmeetingsarecritical;wewillensurethattheyare
wellfacilitatedtofosterexcellentdialogueandinteraction;wewillalsousesocialreporting
approachestocaptureandsharetheessenceofthesediscussionspromptly.
Traditionalmassmedialiketelevision,radioandnewspapersstillplayanimportantroleinreaching
wideaudiencesbeyondthewebandwewillseekoutpartnersandexpertisetoensurethatour
messagesreachtargetedaudiences.
Traditionalsciencecommunicationandpublishingarticles,books,postersandpaperswillbea
strongelementoftheoverallprogram,especiallythetechnologydevelopmentcomponent.Weaim
tobetterintegratesuchscientificproductswithawiderangeofothercommunicationchannelsand
productsthatmaybetterinfluencepropoorpolicyanddevelopmentchange.
Wewillexperimentandinnovatewithtoolslikemobilephonesaswaystocollectandsharedata,
tointeractwithandreachmanypeople,togetbeyondtheweb,tolinkspatialinformationwith
otherapplications,andtoconnectvariousinformationandadvisoryservicesandapplications(such
asquestionsandanswers,voiceservices,expertisenetworks,marketpricesandweather)withvalue
chainactors.Theseapplicationsalsoofferavenuesforprogrammonitoringandqualitycontrol
systemsthatinvolveallstakeholders.
Wwillalsopayparticularattentiontofivetoolsandapproachesthatreinforcecommunication:
Mobiledevicesthatbridgeandintegratelocalneedsanddemandswithspecializedinformation,
advice,andknowledgeservices.Wealreadyhavevariousexperiencesinthisarea;wewillextend
anddeepenthesewithspecializedpartners.
Socialmediathatenablemanyactorstoeasilycreate,shareandcommunicateinformationand
knowledgetovariousaudiences.Somepartnershavestartedusingthesetoolstoenhancethereach
oftheirresearch;weneedtoextendtheseusesacrosstheentireprogram.
85
Networkingandcommunity/networktoolsthatconnectthepartnersandactorsinnetworksand
communitiesinsupportoflearningandsharingacrosstheprogram.Tofullyengageourpartners,we
willputtheseinplaceearly,providingeasytousefacilitiesforallpartnerstocontributeandbe
informed.
Informationanddatarepositoriesthatcaptureandmakeaccessibletheknowledgecreatedand
compiledandallowlocalandglobalreuseandpermanentaccesstotheseassets.Wewillneedto
realignandrepurposesomeoftheresourceswealreadyhave,lookingtointegratebetterdifferent
systemsandcontentwithemergingneeds.Wewillalsoexplorehowtheycanbeconnectedand
presentedtonewaudiencesthrough,forexample,mobilephonesorenhancedgraphicandmapping
applicationsthatenablebettervisualizationofdataandinformation.
Crowdsourcingawayofapproachingdataandinformationcreationandmaintenancethatdraws
onthecontributionsofmanyparticipants,amateurandexpert.UsingwidelyavailableICTs
(especiallyphones),theseapproachesallowustodrawinknowledgefrommanysources,reinforcing
themultiactoremphasisoftheprogramandourintentiontodrawonalloftheirknowledge.
Akeyelementinthesuccessfuluseofthesetoolsandapproachesisthatparticipantsadoptopenandpro
sharingmindsetsandattitudes.Wewillworktowardsthisfromthestart,buildingonthepositivelessons
wegaineddevelopingtheProgramthroughanopenprocessofconsultationandengagementwithmultiple
stakeholders.
SYNERGIESANDLINKAGESWITHOTHERCRPSANDCGCENTERS
ThefocusinCRP3.7onproducingmoremeat,milkandfishisbasedonthecorepremisethattheCGIARwill
delivergreaterbenefitstothepoorandvulnerablelivinginspecificgeographiesifweadoptamoreeffective
approachtointegratingtheresources,skillsandenergyofthe15CGIARCentersandtheother14CRPs.
ConsiderableeffortshavebeenmadetopursuesuchintegrationthroughthedesignoftheCRPsand
substantialprogresshasbeenmade.InitialdevelopmentandthesubsequentrevisionofthevariousCRP
proposalshasbeenadynamicandevolvingprocess,butithaslargelyconfirmedtheopportunitiesinitially
identifiedforintegrationbetweenCRP3.7andotherCRPs.However,untiltheproposalsareapprovedand
governancestructureshavebeenestablishedtoleadmoredetaileddiscussions,thespecificmechanismsfor
integrationremainspeculative.
ThecurrentstatusofCenterandCRPintegrationinCRP3.7issummarizedinTables3.2and3.3.Table3.2
providesaninitialindicationofthesciencethateachCenterisexpectedtobringtoCRP3.7,togetherwith
thecurrentstatusofmechanismstoachievethisintegration.
Table3.3summarizesourcurrentassessmentofthescopeforcollaborationbetweenCRP3.7andother
CRPS,thespecificcontributionthateachcanmake,andproposedmechanismsforachievingintegration.
FirstindicationssuggestthatthereareclearsynergiesoncommonresearchareasbetweenCRP3.7withthe
CRP3sonfoodfeedcrops,withCRP2onvaluechainsandpolicy,CRP4onhealthandnutrition,andwith
thesystemCRP1sontechnologyadaptationandnaturalresourcemanagement.
86
Table3.2:PotentialcontributionandcurrentstatusofengagementofCGIARCentersinCRP3.7
Center
Potentialcontribution
ActiveroleinspecificaspectsofCRP3.7
CIAT
Livestockvaluechains;alsoviaCRP1.2andCRP7
Currentstatusofengagement
Contributedtoconsultationsandto
proposaldesignandwriting;developed
dualpurposecattlevaluechainfor
Nicaragua
ILRI
Livestockvaluechains;alsoviaCRP1.1,CRP1.2,
Ledindevelopmentofproposalstructure
CRP2,CRP4,andCRP7
andcontentandinestablishingand
managementofconsultationprocesses;
developeddairyvaluechainsforEastAfrica
andIndia,pigvaluechainsinUgandaand
Vietnam,andsmallruminantsinMaliand
Ethiopia
Contributedtoconsultationsandto
ICARDA
Smallruminantvaluechainsindrylands;alsovia
CRP1.1andCRP7
proposaldesignandwriting,especiallyin
nutritionandgenetics;developedvalue
chainprogramforsmallruminantsin
Ethiopia
WorldFish
Aquaculture,marketsandvaluechains,governance, Ledindevelopmentofproposalandin
establishingandmanagementof
gender,nutrition;alsoviaCRPs1.3,2,4and7
consultations;developedvaluechain
programsforfishinUgandaandEgypt
Noorlimiteddirectcontribution,butcontributingviaCRPs
CIMMYT
ViaCRP3.2and3.3
CollaborationviaCSISAprojectin
Bangladesh;technologyplatformson
improvementsinforagecrops
IFPRI
Markets,policiesandinstitutions,linkstowider
Limitedengagementinproposal
developmentenvironment;alsoviaCRP2and4
development;willseektoengagein
participatoryscopingandvaluechain
researchagendaatnationalandhublevels
infocalcountries
IITA
ViaCRP1.2
IdentificationofsynergiesinEastAfrica
andSouthEastAsia
IRRI
ViaCRPs1.3and3.1
Limitedatpresenttocollaborationaround
CSISAprojectinBangladesh
IWMI
ViaCRP5onwatermanagement;
Maycontributetopolicies,modelsand
technologiesregardingrightstoanduseof
water
ICRISAT
ViaCRPs1.1,3.5,3.6
Improvementofbasalfeedresources
throughmultidimensionalcrop
improvement
IdentificationofsynergiesinMaliandIndia
Nodirectcontribution,limitedviaCRPs
Bioversity,CIFOR,CIP,ICRAF,WARDA
87
Table3.3:Collaboration,linkagesbetweenCRP3.7andotherCRPs,andmechanismsforachievingeffectiveintegration
CRP
Scopefor
collaboration
1.1Dryareas LargeinEthiopia
MaliandIndia(AP
inparticular)and
moderateinother
CRP3.7value
chainsandthrough
jointlearningand
developmentof
appropriate
technologiesto
addressmajor
constraintsin
livestock
production.
Moderatein
1.2Humid
tropics
Ugandaand
Vietnamand
throughjoint
learningand
developmentof
appropriate
technologiesto
addressmajor
constraintsin
livestock
production.
1.3Aquatic
Moderatein
agriculture
Uganda,Zambia
systems
andBangladesh
andthroughjoint
learningand
developmentof
appropriate
Formoflinkages
Contributionto3.7
Mechanismsforachievingintegration
Contributionfrom3.7
Participationininceptionmeetingsin
ordertoexplorepotentialforjoint
researchandsupportingactivitiesin
eachoverlappingtargetcountrytohelp
ensurethatCGIARconveysacoherent
approachtointegratedagricultural
systemsandvaluechaindevelopment.
Sharinglearningfrom
approachestobuildpro
poor,genderequitable
technologiesandvalue
chainsandindryareas;
NRM;ecologicalfoot
print
Sharinglearningfrom
approachestakento:focus
programonselectedhubs;
pursueimpactsatscale;
partnershipmanagement;
usevaluechainapproaches;
spilloverfromtechnology
development
Sharinglearningfrom
poorgenderequitable
chainsinhumidtropics
Sharinglearningfrom
approachestakento:value
chainanalysis;focusprogram
onselectedhubs;pursue
impactsatscale;partnership
management;uselivelihood
andfarmerfirstapproaches
Focusontherolein
humidtropics,using
aslearningsystems
ordertoexplorepotentialforjoint
programmingforactivitiesineach
overlappingtargetcountrytohelp
ensurethatCGIARconveyscoherent
approachtointegratedagricultural
systemsandvaluechaindevelopment.
Sharinglearningfrom
poorgenderequitable
chainsinaquatic
agriculturesystems
Sharinglearningfrom
approachestakento:value
chainanalysis;focusprogram
onselectedhubs;pursue
impactsatscale;partnership
management;uselivelihood
andfarmerfirstapproaches
Developmentand
governanceofvalue
chainsthatmaximize
opportunitiesfor
poorparticipants,
includingwomen
ordertoexplorepotentialtoextend
scopeofUgandanaquaculturevalue
chaintoincludepoorproducersandto
coordinateeffortstobetteralignthe
supportingpolicyenvironment
88
Jointresearchand
supportingactions
Focusonthesupply
offodderindry
areasforsmall
ruminantsystems,
usingEthiopiaand
Maliaslearning
systems,anddairy
systemsinIndiaand
Tanzania;policy
coherenceacross
sectors
technologiesto
addressmajor
constraintsin
livestock
production.
89
2.Policies,
institutions
andmarkets
Largeinallvalue
chaincountries
Global,regionaland
nationalanalysesof
macroeconomicfactors,
povertyscenariosand
foodsecurityformeat,
dairyandfishvalue
chains
Provisionofinformation
onglobalbestpractice
regardinginstitutional
arrangementsfor
agriculturalresearchand
extension,financeand
insurance,andother
areasofinnovation
andmethodsonglobal
bestpracticeonvalue
chaingovernance
andmethodsforvalue
chainresearch
methodologies
Integratedresearch
onpolicies,
institutionsand
markets,which
bringstogether
learningfromthe
livestockandfish
sectors(CRP3.7)into
theglobal
agriculturalsector
Comparisonacrossvalue
(CRP2);cross
chainsonlearningfromCRP
learningsfrom
useofbestpracticeand
regionalandnational
innovativeapproachesto
levelpolicyanalyses
institutionalarrangements,
undertakenbyboth
includingspecificimpactsof
CRPs;
CRPlinkageswithsocial
methodologicaland
protectionmechanismsand
evidencebased
supporttoimproved
learningsfrom
extension
livestockandfish
valuechainsas
specificcategory
useofbestpractice
withinCRP2focus
onvaluechainsand
itsproposedrolesas
aknowledge
clearinghouseon
useofbestpracticeregarding thesubject.CRP
valuechainresearch
3.7sselectedvalue
chainswillprovidea
laboratoryforCRP
2sgenerated
hypotheses.
Hublevelinformationon
factorsstudiedbyCRP2at
largerscales,soproviding
groundedcontextual
informationonthe
implicationsofanalysesand
theapplicabilityoftheir
recommendations
90
Pendingtheestablishmentofthe
respectiveCRPgovernancestructures,it
canbeanticipatedthatresearcherson
theCRP3.7teamsworkingonTargeting
willinmanycasesbethesame
individualsworkingwithintheCRP2s
strategicforesightworkinitspolicyand
modellingcomponent.Similarly,the
researchersleadingworkongenderand
thesocioeconomicdimensionsofValue
ChainDevelopmentinCRP3.7willalso
bemembersofthecrossCenterteams
workingontheCRP2componentson
valuechainsandinstitutions.These
researcherswillinevitablyseektobuild
directsynergiesintotheiractivitiesto
meettheneedsofbothCRPsand
therebyprovidethemechanismfor
crosslearning.
Anearlyopportunityalreadyflaggedfor
joinedworkwillexaminetheroleof
animalsasassetsforthepoor
whichCRP2seesasamajorinstitutional
issue,andCRP3.7iswellplacedtotest
themechanismsandtheirresiliencein
thefaceofhigherproductivityand
greatermarketutilisation.
3.1GRiSP
3.2Wheat
3.3Maize
Limited
Limited
Importantinsmall
numberofvalue
chainswheremaize
isgrown(e.g.,Mali,
Ethiopia,Tanzania,
India)
Tobedetermined
Tobedetermined
Provisionofimproved
germplasmandother
technologies
3.4Pulses
Important
especiallyin
drylandareasin
conjunctionwith
CRP1.1inMali,
Ethiopia,India;
3.5Roots,
tubers,
bananasand
plantains
Important
potentialforthepig
andfishvalue
chainsespecially
whereroots/tubers
andbyproducts
canbeusedasfeed
orprocessedinto
silage
3.6Sorghum, Significantin
milletand
relationtodryland
areasin
barley
conjunctionwith
CRP1.1inMali,
Ethiopia,India
Largeinall
4.Nutrition
andhealth
countriesgiventhe
objectivesofthe
CRPtoproduce
Tobedetermined
Tobedetermined
Provisionofcomprehensive
integratedframeworkinfocal
countriesandsites,within
whichtobetterchannel
applicationofmaize
technologies
Tobedetermined
Tobedetermined
WewillbuildontheCSISAcollaboration
describedaboveandpursuesimilar
modalitieswherepossible.
Tobedetermined
Improveddualpurpose
varietiesasvaluechain
upgradinginterventions
Identificationoftarget
characteristicsandscreening
strategies;fieldtestingand
disseminationwithintarget
valuechains
Intersectionwiththe
feedsplatformfor
multidimensional
cropimprovement
Buildonongoingjointprojectactivities
withSASHAinEastAfrica
Improveddualpurpose
varietiesasvaluechain
upgradinginterventions
Identificationoftarget
characteristicsandscreening
strategies;fieldtestingand
disseminationwithintarget
valuechains
Intersectionwiththe
feedsplatformfor
multidimensional
cropimprovement
Tobedetermined
Global,regional,national
andhouseholdlevel
analysesofhealthand
nutritionissuesthatneed
integratedframeworkinfocal
countriesandsites,within
whichtobetterchannel
Jointanalysisof
healthandnutrition
issuesinvaluechain
countries
Wewillbuildonparticipatorydiagnoses
todevelopintegratedprojectsineach
countryandhubthatlinkbothCRP3.7
andCRP4
91
Tobedetermined
Tobedetermined
Jointanalysisofhow
besttointegrate
maizecultivation
withothercrop,
livestockandfish
productionoptions
inCRP1.3hubs
wheremaizeis
importantcrop
Intersectionwiththe
feedsplatformfor
multidimensional
cropimprovement
5.Water
scarcityand
land
degradation
6.Forests
andTrees
7.Climate
Change
moremeat,milk
andfishforthe
poorinorderto
reducemalnutrition
andhunger,of
whichhealthisalso
acriticaldimension
Moderate,inall
valuechains;initial
potentialsynergy
inEthiopiaandMali
Limited
Largegivenhigh
vulnerabilityof
valuechainsto
climatechange
inducedchangesin
wateravailability,
stressand
pathogens
tobeaddressedinthe
CRPvaluechains,and
provisionofguidanceon
bestpracticeastohow
todoso.
researchonhealthand
nutritionforcommunities
dependentonAAS
Global,regional,basin
andnationalanalysesof
watermanagement
issuesthatimpacton
valuechainsindifferent
countries.Thisinvolvesin
particularanalysisof
watermanagementat
thebasinscaleand
assessmentofimpactson
ecosystemsdownstream.
Tobedetermined
Improvedmanagementof
valuechainsdemonstrating
bestpracticesforuseof
water,contributingtobetter
appreciationofoptionsfor
wateruse
Tobedetermined
butpossibly
involvingjoint
analysisofwater
productivityinvalue
chainareasandof
thelocalimpactsof
watermanagement
atthebasinscale
WewillestablishadialoguewithCRP5
todesignthenecessarycollaboration
astheprogramproceeds;potential
earlyinteractionswithNileBasinand
VoltaBasinprojectactivities
Tobedetermined
Tobedetermined
Tobedetermined
Globalandregional
analysesofclimate
changevulnerabilityand
adaptation,including
implicationsforfocal
systems,countriesand
hubs
integratedframeworkin
valuechaincountriesinorder
tobetterunderstandimpacts
onfoodsecurity;climate
changemitigationinrelation
toincreasedproductivityand
thepotentialtoreduce
animalnumbers;betterfeed
qualityalsoreducesmethane
output.
Tobedetermined,
butpossibly
includinghowvalue
chainscanbemade
moreresilientto
climatechange
shocks
Tobedetermined,butwewillbuildon
participatorydiagnosestodevelop
integratedprojectsineachvaluechain
thatlinkbothCRP3.7andCRP7.
92
RISK
TheapproachproposedforCRP3.7entailstwonewprincipalinternalsourcesofriskinadditiontothe
genericonesfacedbyallinternationalagriculturalresearchprograms.Thefirsttwoare:
Tootightageographicalfocuslimitsabilitytogenerateinternationalpublicgoodsforwiderimpact.
CRP3.7isproposingtofocusitsresearchtoimproveproductioninafewselectedvaluechains.As
highlightedbystakeholdersduringourconsultationprocess,thisapproachcouldlimitourabilityto
extrapolateourresearchresultsmorewidely.AsexplainedintheearliersectiononImpactPathway,this
riskisbeingaddressedby:(1)carefullyselectingvaluechainsandcountrieswiththehighestpotential
forshorttermimpactandwiderscalingoutregionally;and(2)workingthroughresearchplatformsthat
developgenericcrosscuttingtoolsandmethodsacrossthesites.Whetherthisapproachisworkingwill
beperiodicallyevaluated.
CRP3.7failstoalignpartnersandmobilizeresourcesfordevelopmentinterventionsinthetargetvalue
chains.ThiscouldhappeneitherbecauseCRP3.7researchersdonothavetheskillsrequiredtobroker
suchefforts,orbecausethereisinsufficientinvestorinterest.Wearereducingthisriskbyincluding
existingstakeholdersupport,capacitiesofpotentialpartners,andknowndonorinterestaskeycriteria
whenselectingthetargetvaluechains.Developingthenecessarybrokeringskillsamongresearcherswill
certainlybeachallenge,butstaffimplementingthevaluechaindevelopmentactivitieswillbeexpected
tohavestrongresearchfordevelopmentexperience.
Theothertraditionalinternalriskremains:
CRP3.7researchresultsfailtobetakenuportranslateintoimpact.AsexplainedundertheImpact
Pathwaysection,theproposedCRP3.7approachoffocusingourresearchasaknowledgepartnerin
interventionstodevelopselectedvaluechainsisdesignedexplicitlytominimizethisrisk,whichwillbe
monitoredandaddressedasnecessary.
KeyexternalrisksincludethoserelatedtothetransitiontothenewConsortiumarrangements:
CRPsincreasetransactioncostsbutfailtoaddvaluetoexistingefforts.Toavoidexcessivecosts,we
havestrivedtokeepthemanagementandgovernancestructurestotheminimumrequired.Weexpect
thatguidancefromtheConsortiumwillfacilitateadequatecoordinationandcollaborationtoavoid
duplicationacrossCRPs.
InsufficientfundingsignificantlydelaysorhampersimplementationoftheProgram.TheCRP3.7
partnerswillsupporttheConsortiumasitworkstoaddresstheuncertaintyaboutthelevelandtimingof
CRPfunding.Theyhavealsoagreedtoorientnewprojectswithrestrictedfundingtoalignandsupport
CRP3.7tocompensateforpossiblefundingshortfalls.
Otherrisks,outlinedintheTable3.4,below,willbeevaluatedonacontinuousbasisaspartofthe
CRP3.7managementstrategy.
93
Table3.4:Risks,likelihoodofoccurrenceandmitigatingactions
REALM
RISK
MITIGATION
RiskwithHIGHlikelihoodofoccurrence:
Management
MPsincreasetransactioncostsbutfailtoadd
valuetoexistingefforts
ProvideincentivestoCRPsforcrosscentre&trans
disciplinaryprograms
RiskwithMEDIUMlikelihoodofoccurrence:
Publicpolicy
Nationalpoliciesnotconducivetoincreasing
privatesectorinvestments
Engagewithgovernmentswhenselectingfocus
countriessoastoidentifycountrieswithpro
businesspolicyenvironment
Publicpolicy
Nationalpoliciespromoteindustriallivestock
production&smallproducerssqueezedout
ofmarkets
Identifycombinationswithprobusiness/propoor
policyenvironment;targetrelevantevidenceof
tradeoffs;demonstrate&advocatepropoorpro
businesswinwins
Publicpolicy
Strategyrequirescoordinationacross
multiplesectors(livestock,feeds,fish,health
&environment)
Engagewithhighlevelpolicymakersonneedfor
integratedapproach;includeinstitutionalcapacity
buildingcomponent
Publicpolicy
Regulatoryenvironmentlimitsscientific
options
Selecttargetcountrieswithenablingregulatory
environment
Investment
Negativeenvironmentalperceptionsof
livestock&fishleaddonorsnottoinvestin
sectorduetoreputationalrisk
Articulatespecificityofnegativelivestock
externalities&importanceofaddressingtheseas
publicgood;privatesectorunlikelytoaddress
these
Investment
InsufficientfundstoimplementCRP
holistically
2011transitionphase,usingcurrentlycommitted
funds;designmodularprogramwhichcanbe
implementedasnewfundsbecomeavailable
Technology
Toolsnotefficientlydisseminated,withlow
adoption
Explicitlyaddressedbypriorityforcollaboration
withprivatesector&developmentpartners,but
mustbeattractivetothem;designprogramwith
participationofpartners
94
BUDGET
TheindicativeinvestmentofCRP3.7ispresentedinthebudgetsbelow,withUS$29.7millionininitial
activity in 2011 rising to US$ 36 million in 2013. This reflects investments among the four core CG
Centers, working though a number of partners and focused on the eight selected Value Chains, but
supported by technology platforms and research support services located centrally at the primary
institutionalfacilities.
Wepresenttwosetsofbudgets:thosebasedoncurrentresourceenvelopeexpectation,followingthe
Consortiumguidelines(theasisbudget),andaBudgetforGlobalOutcomeswhichoutlinesthetype
and levels of investment required to achieve the impacts that are desired at a global scale. This is
explainedfurtherbelow.
The expenditure budget for CRP 3.7 is broken down several ways, reflecting both the target areas for
investmentalongtheProgramThemes(Table3.5)andtheexpenditurecategories(Table3.6).Themain
areasofinvestmentare:
ProgramCoordination(ManagementandCommunication)
Theme1TechnologyDevelopment
Theme2ValueChainDevelopment
Theme3Targeting,GenderandImpact
TheProgramCoordinationbudgetcomprisessome56%ofthetotalinvestment,anddeclinesovertime.
It includes the costs of supporting the Program Director, the Development Manager, and the
CommunicationsandM&Eofficers,aswellasassociatedsupportstaffandmaterials,includingallthose
related to knowledge management, Programlevel publications and media. The Coordination budget
alsoincludesallthecostsoffacilitatingtheworkoftheProgramPlanningandManagementCommittee
andtheScienceandPartnershipAdvisoryCommittee.
Theme 1, Technology Development comprises about half of the Program investment, reflecting the
emphasisonproductivitygrowthwhichiscentraltotheProgram.Thatemphasisismaintainedthrough
thefirstyearsoftheProgramandwillbeexpectedtocontinuebeyondthat.Thecomponentsofthat
aredescribedbelowunderbudgetassumptions.
Theme2,ValueChainDevelopmentisexpectedtocompriseabout20%ofthePrograminvestment,in
ordertoensurethattechnologydevelopmentislinkedtotheneedsofthetargetsystems,andalsoto
address the complexity of delivery of livestock and fish technology, and the need for innovation in
institutionstomakethathappensuccessfully.
Theme 3, Targeting, Gender and Impact will comprise some 16% of investment initially, declining by
2013 as strategies and crosscutting mechanisms are put into place for ensuring Program outcomes
meet the needs of target clients, and processes established to continually monitor Program learning
processestosupportredesignandprioritization.
Institutional overhead reflects the administrative and management support cost of the partner CGIAR
centers,andrangesfrom17%to20%,dependingontheircoststructure.
95
Table3.5:ProgramInvestmentbyThemes,2011to2013
2011
US$ 000s
2012
US$ 000s
1,777
12,131
6,141
4,795
24,845
1,868
15,215
6,838
4,326
28,247
1,961
16,034
7,936
4,217
30,148
5,607
43,380
20,914
13,339
83,240
Institutional Overhead
4,885
5,543
5,914
16,342
Total Program Cost
29,730
33,791
36,062
99,583
Component
Coordination
Theme 1
Theme 2
Theme 3
Overhead
Description
Program management and communications
Technology Development
Value Chain Development
Targeting, Gender and Impact
Total
2013
US$ 000s
Total
US$ 000s
Anothertablewithannualbudgetbycostitems
Table3.6:ProgramExpendituresbyCategory,2011to2013($000s)
Cost
group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2011
US$ 000s
Description
Personnel Cost
Travel
Operating expenses
Training / Workshops
Partners / Collaborator / Consultancy Contracts
Capital and other equipment for Program
Contingency
10,869
922
7,882
352
4,508
43
268
Total
8
24,845
4,885
Total Program Cost
29,730
96
2012
US$ 000s
11,110
838
8,607
107
5,975
1,212
398
28,247
5,543
33,791
2013
US$ 000s
12,467
998
9,042
380
6,771
48
443
30,148
5,914
36,062
Program Cost
US$ 000s
34,446
2,758
25,530
840
17,254
1,303
1,109
83,240
16,342
99,583
Table3.7:SourcesofProgramFunding,2011to2013($000s)
2,011
US$ 000s
Description
2,012
2,013
Program Cost
US$ 000s US$ 000s
US$ 000s
Funding
CGIAR Fund
Current Restricted Donor Programs
Other Income
Total Funding
10,333
16,982
2,415
11,881
19,963
1,947
12,969
21,381
1,713
35,183
58,326
6,074
29,730
33,790
36,062
99,583
Figure3.1:ProgramExpendituresbyCGIARPartner,2011to2013($000s)
$7,113
$3,183
CIAT
$25,195
ICARDA
ILRI
$64,091
WorldFish
97
Table3.6showsexpendituresbycostcategory,thelargestcomponentsofwhicharePersonnel(35%),
OperatingCosts(26%),andPartnerexpenses(17%).Thesereflectrespectively,theheavydemandson
humanresourcesforgeneratingscienceandknowledgeoutputs,theoperatingcostsofworkinginmany
sitesandcountries,andthepolicyofworkingwithandthroughpartnersinallcases.Theseexpenditure
plansarebasedalmostentirelyoncurrentcoststructuresandthecommitmentsmadethroughrestricted
projects.From2012on,therewillbeincreasingflexibilitytoadjustthesetofillpriorityfundinggaps,andto
suitthelongertermProgramstrategy.ThefundsindicatedforPartnersareonlythosethataredirectly
channeledtothem,anddonotreflectthesignificantadditionalfundswhichgotopartnersindirectly.These
taketheformforexampleofPhDstudentssecondedbypartners(appearinginPersonnel),directpayment
forpartneroperatingcostsandtravel,andwiderangeofothersupporttopartnerswhichgoesthrough
otherexpenditureschannels.
Table3.7describesthesourcesoffundingforthecurrentresourceprojections.Therelativecontributionsof
thetwomainsources,theCGIARFundandRestrictedFunding,areexpectedtoremainconstantduringthis
initial3yearplanninghorizon.TherequestoftheProgramontheCGIARfundgrowsfromjustover$10Min
2011toabout$13Min2013,amodestgrowth.AnalternativeBudgetforGlobalOutcomesasdescribed
below,wouldrequirehigherlevelsoffundingfrommultiplesources.Thevaluechaindevelopment
componentisexpectedtoleveragesubstantialdevelopmentfundingthatwillcontributetoaddressingthe
policyandinstitutionalbottlenecksspecifictoeachtargetvaluechain;thetechnologydevelopment
componentisnotlikely,however,toleverageadditionalfundinginthismanner,andsowillneedtobefully
fundedfromCRP3.7,justifyingitslargerbudgetallocation.
Figure3.1illustratestherelativelevelsofinvestmentintheProgramthroughthepartnerCGIARCenters.
Reflectingitsuniqueandprimarycommitmenttolivestockresearch,some65%ofthePrograminvestment
willbeundertakenthroughILRIanditspartners.InvestmentthroughWorldFishwillcomprisesome25%of
theProgram,andICARDAandCIAThavecommittedsmallersharesoftheirresourceenvelopes,reflecting
thewiderrangeofresearchareastheyarededicatedto.
BudgetAssumptionsandComposition
Budgetfiguresarestatedatconservativelevelsanddonotincludeupsideoroverlyoptimisticestimates
(apartfromtheBudgetforGlobalOutcomeswhichfollows).FollowingConsortiumguidelines,firstyear
budgetswerebasedon2010projectionsforCenters,andcompriseapproximately110%ofactual
expendituresfor2009.Yearsfollowingthebaseyearshowamodestcostincreaseof5%peryear.An
exceptiontothatisthatfollowingtheConsortiumBoardsrequest,CIAThasassumeda2009actualfunding
+a10%increasetoestablishyear2011budget.Budgetsfor20122013assumea5%increaseinordertobe
abletodeliverontheoutputs.AchangeinoverallProgramresourcesreflectstheaddition,sincetheSept
2010proposalsubmission,ofEgyptaspartofthefishValueChainportfolio.Thatincreaseinbudgetis
entirelybasedonnewsourcesofrestrictedprojectfunding.Giventhedemandfromstakeholdersand
Donorsfortheseresearchtopics,thebudgetillustratesaclearandachievabletransitiontoamegaprogram
financingstructurethatsupportsarapiddeploymentofCRP3.7in2011.
Projectionsforthespecificvaluechaininvestmentsarebasedonacombinationofexistingproject
commitmentscloselylinkedtothetargetvaluechainsononehand,andapproximationsastowhat
proportionofheadquarterbasedplatformsupportaccruestoeachvaluechain.Thosesupportinvestment
includethecrosscuttingThemessupporttoVCspecificneeds,suchastechnologyneedsassessmentand
adaptation,valuechainmethodologicalsupport,genderstrategy,etc.Resourcesforthevaluechainsare
thusimbeddedwithin,andnotdifferentiatedfrom,themainCoordinationandThematicinvestments.Based
onthosecombinedprojections,wehaveestimatedthefollowlevelsofinvestmentinthespecificvalue
98
chainsfortheinitialphase.Thesewillhoweverbemorehighlyrefinedduringtheoperationplan
development:
DairyvaluechainsinIndiaandTanzania:Some$11Mofinvestmentover3yearswhichreflectsinparticular
ILRIssignificantattentiontosmallholderdairyasthemostlywidelyrecognizedandgloballyrelevantavenue
forsustainedrurallivelihoodsthroughlivestock.CIATwillsupportfeedsystemsinTanzaniainparticular,
wheretheyhaveparticularcomparativeadvantage.
SmallruminantvaluechainsinEthiopiaandMali:ThisisanimportantareaofworkforICARDAanda
growingpriorityforILRI,andtheinvestmentduringthisphaseoftheProgramwillcomprisesome$9M.
AquacultureinUgandaandEgypt:ThisisofcourseanimportantpillarforWorldFishworkinAfricaandwill
comprisenearly$7Mofinvestment,growingfromarelativelysmallbasetoananticipatedlevelof$3Min
2013.
SmallholderpigvaluechainsinUgandaandVietnam:ThisisarelativelynewareaofworkforILRI,
particularlyinUganda.Expectedinvestmentwillbesome$7M.Therearegoodopportunitiesforsynergies
withCIATinfeedingsystemsinbothtargetcountries.
DualpurposecattleinCentralAmerica:ThisisapriorityareaofworkforCIAT,andtherelativelylowlevel
ofinvestmentthroughthisprogramofsome$1.7Mreflectsthefactthatthisisacoinvestmentwithother
CPRsworkinginthatarea.ILRIexpectstoincreaseitsroleovertimetosupportthisworkintheareaofdairy
valuechaindevelopment.
Othercrosscuttingareasofinvestmentthatarecriticaltoachievethedesiredoutcomesoftheprogram
includeGenderandCapacityBuilding.Likethevaluechainsabove,theseinvestmentsareimbeddedacross
boththeThematicprogramsandthespecificcountrylevelinvestments.Anticipatedlevelsofinvestmentare
expectedtobeasfollows:
Gender:Inadditiontothededicatedsupporttodevelopmentandimplementationofgenderstrategiesin
Theme3,workongenderanalysisandsupporttodeliveringspecificoutcomesandimpactsforwomenand
otherdisadvantagedmembersofcommunitiescutsacrosstheotherThemesandvaluechains,andisalso
incorporatedinpartinProgramlevelM&Eandcommunicationstrategies.Theanticipatedsumofthis
investmentacrosstheProgramis$5Movertheinitial3years.
CapacityBuilding:ThisimportantcomponentoftheProgram,whichwillbesupportedandcoordinatedat
theleveloftheProgramDirector,cutacrossallaspectsofresearch,fromlabbasedsciencetofieldlevel
pilotingofvaluechaininterventions.Examplesofcapacitybuildingincludenotjustdegreeoriented
graduatetraining,butcodevelopmentwithresearchpartnersofnewtoolsandapproaches,andtrainingof
developmentpartnersinscalingupandsupportingevidencebasedsystemsfordevelopmentinterventions.
Theanticipatedlevelofinvestment,cuttingacrossallcomponentsoftheProgramandimbeddedwithin
thosebudgets,is$10M.
Allocationprocedureandprioritization
ThedevelopmentoftheoperationplanuponanticipatedapprovalofthisCRPproposalwillreviewinfar
moredetailtheplannedinvestmentsandcomparethosetoanticipatedneedsfortheinitialphaseofthe
Program.Keyelementsofthatprocesswillinclude:
Inventoryofexistingprojectbasedfundingthroughrestrictedprojects
DevelopmentofdetailedimplementationstrategiesforallcomponentsoftheProgram,from
coordinationandstrategy,toThematicdevelopment,toValueChaindevelopment.
99
Identificationofresourcegapsbasedoncomparisonoftheabovetoidentifypriorities.Thatwill
drivebothreallocationofProgramresources,andwillsetprioritiesfornextinitiativesinresource
mobilization.
Moreofthisisdetailedinthesectionontimeframeandmilestoneswhichfollows.
BudgetingforGlobalOutcomes
ThebudgetdevelopedtodatereflectscurrentCentreresourceallocationsandbilateralproject
commitments,andcanberegardedasthebudgetasis.TheProgramhasbeendesignedtomore
effectivelyusethatresourceenvelopebybuildingonsynergiesbetweenthepartnerCentres,andby
focusingthoseresourcesonalimitednumberofcountriesandvaluechains.Ashasbeenexplained,effort
willbemadetobuildonthoseplatformstotheextentpossibletogenerateglobalpublicgoodsthatcanbe
scaledupmorebroadly.
Howeveritshouldberecognizedthatinthecontextofthefactthatlivestockcomprisesome40%ofglobal
agriculturalGDP,asharewhichcontinuestogrow,thisProgrameffort,nomatterhowwellintendedand
implemented,maynotachievetheneededbroadchangesinproductivityacrossthemanydozensof
countriesthatfallwithinthecriticallivestockandfishneedsdomainoftheCGIAR.Inorderforthattooccur,
higherlevelsofinvestmentarerequiredtoestablishandimplementthelongtermtechnologyplatformsthat
livestockandfishsciencerequire,andtobuildthedeliveryandpartnermechanismstoscaleupandout
globally.
Wehaveoutlinedbelowtheadditionalneedsthatwouldberequiredtobemettoachievethat,andthe
indicatedresourcesforthatinvestment.ThisBudgetforGlobalOutcomeswouldverysignificantlyraisethe
prospectsofachievingthehigherlevelsofproductivitychangeandincreasedsupplythatitisnowcertain
thatthedevelopingworldwillneedtomeetdemands,whileatthesametimetransformingrural
communitiesthroughlivestockandfishbasedlivelihoodgrowth.
Feedresources:Currentfeedresourcesresearchfundedincludesworkonfoodfeedcrops,feedoptions
(processing,transport,useofbiofuelresidues)andonforagedevelopmentandadoption.Thisisin
particularbeingcarriedoutinproximitytotheplannedvaluechainsondairyinIndiaandTanzania,dual
purposecattleinNicaraguaandpigsinAfrica.However,additionalinvestmentswouldfacilitatespeedier
developmentofresearchonfeedresourcestargetedatsmallruminantvaluechains,wherecurrent
investmentisextremelylow,andtheexpansionofmonogastricandfishvaluechainsthroughfeedresources
ofspecificrelevancetosmallholderproducers.Furtherinvestmentswillalsospeedupresearchonthe
interfacebetweenlivestockandtheenvironment.Todothiseffectivelywewouldneedtoemploythefull
emergingpotentialofbiotechnology(molecularbreeding,transgenics,syntheticbiology)forimprovementof
foodfeedcropsandforagesandstandardeconomicresearchtoassessthecostandbenefitsandtradeoffs
intheuseofdiversefeedresources.Resourcesforthisexpandedscenariowouldbeintheorderofan
additional$1.7Min2012and$2.5Min2013abovethecurrentbudget,whichwouldincludededicatedstaff
timeonmonogastricandsmallruminantfeedresources,andspecificresearchsupportintotheeconomicsof
feed,andintoenvironmentalresearch.
Vaccines:Itisexpectedthatthevaluechaindevelopmentactivitieswillidentifyademandfornew
generationvaccinesasmoreeffectiveandsustainablesolutionstodiseaseconstraintstoanimal
productivity.Thedevelopmentofnovelvaccinesisahighriskbuthighreturninvestment,whichrequiresa
substantialresourcebaseandtime.Theseactivitiesrequirespecialiststaff,accesstoanimalsand
appropriate,specializedequipmentandfacilities,andincludefieldtestingofprototypevaccines.Itshould
beemphasizedthattheapplication,andthusthebenefits,ofanovelvaccinewillalmostcertainlynotbe
limitedtoaparticularvaluechainandwillhaveregionalorinternationalapplication.Further,the
100
technologyplatformswhichareestablishedwillalsobeofuseforthedevelopmentofvaccinesagainsta
rangeofpathogens.Anindicativebudgettofundmultiplepartners,includingearlyinvolvementofthe
privatesector,forthedevelopmentofanovelvaccineisatthelevelof$15M$20M,whichwouldbe
requiredoveraperiodoffivetoeightyears.Thefundingandconsequentresearchactivitiesareeasily
dividedintophasesdefinedbyverifiablemilestoneswithtargetstop/godecisionpoints.Anticipatedinitial
investmenttofullydeveloptheseactivitiesis$2.2min2012,$3.3mfor2013andthen$3.5mperyearafter
that.
Genetics:Theareaofgeneticresourcesiscentraltolongtermproductivitygrowthinalllivestockandfish
systems.Atthesametime,thedevelopmentofimprovedanimalgeneticsandthesustaineddelivery
systemsrequiredforimpactsuffersfromlonggenerationcyclesinkeyspecies,andcomplexsystemsfor
germplasmproductionanddelivery.ThecurrentportfolioinCRP3.7servestomakeincrementalchangesto
geneticbasedproductivitygains,butinordertoachievegamechangingimpactamongtargetregions,
additionalinvestmentwillbeneeded.Thecomponentsofthatinclude:a)integratedgeneticdata
managementplatformacrosstheValueChainsandacrosscenters.Thiswillincludebiobankingand
associateddatasystems,b)strengthenedcapacityatalllevelsacrosskeyValueChains,especiallyamong
farmersandNARSscientists,especiallyinrelationtomanagementofbreedingprogramsinordertoachieve
thelongtermproductionofimprovedgermplasmthathasbeenlacking,c)additionalstaffwithintheCGto
supportbreedingactivitieswithinthevaluechains,andd)developmentofinsituconservationmethods,
andtheirimplementation,forselectedaquaticresourcesinkeylocations.Theanticipatedcostofthis
additionalinvestmentwillbe$1.7Min2012and$2.5Min2013andsubsequentyearsoveralongterm
horizon.
Leveragingagribusiness:Marketsforagriculturalproducts,andfortheservicesandinputsneededto
producethemcompetitively,areincreasinglyshiftingfromthehandsoftraditionalandinformalmarket
actorstolarger,moreprofessional,andoftenverticallyintegratedmarketplayers.Ifsupportedthrough
targetedresearchinapropoormanner,thisevolutionaryprocesscanalsoimprovemarketopportunitiesfor
smallholderproducersandruralcommunities.Inmanyofourtargetvaluechainsandcountrieshowever,
thisprocessisonlyatanascentstage,duetolimitedcapacityofmanyprivatesectorplayers,andtherisks
theyfaceinmakinginnovativeinvestmenttogrownewmarkets.Targetedresearchandinvestmentisthus
neededtocatalysethisprocessofvaluechainupgrading,andthecurrentresourceportfoliowillonlybeable
toaddressthatincrementally.Thetypesofinvestmentneededwillcentrearoundemployingagribusiness
specialiststodevelopnewbusinessandfinancingmodelswithmarketactors,andestablishingbusiness
incubationcentreswithinkeyvaluechains.Theanticipatedcostoftheseadditionalinvestmentswillbe$1M
in2012and$1.2Min2013.
Table3.8:ProgramBudgetforGlobalOutcomes,2011to2013($000s)
2011
Amount
(US$)
2012
Amount
(US$)
Program coordination and management

Technology Development
Value Chain Development
Targeting, Gender and Impact
1,777
12,131
6,141
4,795
2,198
19,415
9,238
4,326
2,436
22,259
11,211
4,217
6,412
53,805
26,589
13,339
Total
24,845
35,177
40,123
100,145
4,885
6,863
7,814
19,562
Total Program Cost
29,730
42,041
47,937
119,708
Component
Coordination
Theme 1
Theme 2
Theme 3
Overhead
Description
101
2013
Amount
(US$)
Program
Amount
(US$)
TheseadditionalinvestmentsarereflectedintheTable3.8,whichoutlinestheBudgetforGlobalOutcomes.
Overthe3yearinitialphaseoftheProgram,thiscomprisesabudgetgapofsome$20M.
102
PART4:DESCRIPTIONSOFTHESELECTEDVALUECHAINS
ThissectioncontainsdetaileddescriptionsoftheeightcandidatevaluechainsthatformthecoreofCRP3.7.
Eachisdefinedbyananimalsourcefoodcommodityandacountry:
Fish:
o tilapiaandAfricancatfishinUgandaandEgypt
Smallruminants:
o sheepmeatinEthiopia
o goatmeatinMali
Dairycattle:
o milkinIndia
o milkinTanzania
o milkinNicaragua(dualpurposecattle)
Pigs:
o pigmeatinVietnam
o pigmeatinUganda
Eachvaluechainisdescribedintermsofabriefprofileofthevaluechain,therationaleandargumentsasto
whythisvaluechainwasselected,indicativeresearchableissuesandsupportingactionstoaddresspriority
constraintsalongthevaluechain,andanindicationofthenatureandanticipatedscaleofimpact.Much
moredetailedvaluechainanalyseswillbeundertakenasanearlystageprogramactivitybutthis
informationisprovidedasaguidetothetypesofactivitiesthatarelikelytobeundertaken.
103
FISHVALUECHAINSINUGANDAANDEGYPT
Whythesevaluechains?
Thefocusononlytwocountriesforvaluechainworkintheaquaculturesectoracknowledgesthechallenge
oftakingacomprehensivevaluechainperspectiveandensuringthatasufficientcriticalmassofpeopleand
resourcesaredevotedtoaddressingthechallengesidentified.
WehavechosencountriesinAfricaforthreereasons.
First, because Africa is the most food insecure continent and it has the largest and fastest growing gap
betweenfishsupplyanddemand.Whileaverageglobalfishconsumptionrosefrom12to16kg/yrbetween
1973and1997,itfellinSSAfrom9to6.6kg/yr(Fishto2030).
Second, because the African aquaculture sector has the most urgent need of support to develop at scale.
AlthoughgrowthinaquacultureisessentialifAfricaistoproduceenoughfishtofeeditspeople,thesector
makes a much lower contribution to fish supply than the rest of the world. African aquaculture currently
produceslessthan2%ofglobalaquacultureproduction,representinglessthan5%ofAfrica'sfish(FAOStat,
2010).
Third,becauseaquacultureinAsiaismuchmoredevelopedandwellservedbyseveralnationalandregional
researchagencies.Asaresult,giventhelikelylimitstoavailablefundinginthenearterm,ourcontributionto
AsiaisbestmadethroughsharingtheresultsofourfoundationaltechnologyresearchandtheIPGsthatarise
fromourincountrylearning.
Our choice of focal countries within Africa was guided by an initial screening to identify those countries
where a) fish consumption was high relative to total animal protein consumption, b) there was significant
undernourishment in the population and c) the baseline production in the aquaculture sector indicated
potential for effective intervention. Table 4.1 summarizes data for the top 8 countries ordered by
aquacultureproduction.
Table4.1Aquacultureproduction,theimportanceoffishinthedietandthelevelofundernourishmentin
thepopulationforthetopeightaquacultureproducersinsubSaharanAfrica.
1
Country
Egypt
Nigeria
Uganda
UnitedRepofTanzania
Madagascar
Zambia
Ghana
Kenya
ChildStunting
(%ofChildren<5)
31
41
39
44
53
46
29
36
FishConsumption2
(%oftotalAnimal
consumption)
38
45
63
65
33
56
74
38
AquacultureProduction3
(Tonnesin2008)
693,815
143,207
52,250
11,308
11,081
5,640
5,594
4,452
1. Source:WorldHealthStatistics(2010);2.Source:Speedy(2003).GlobalProductionandConsumptionofAnimalSource
Foods.JournalofNutrition.133:4048S4053S;3.Source:FAOStat(Onlinequery).
Thefollowingcriteriawerethenapplied:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Marketsforfisharedevelopedtoascalethatofferspotentialtosupportavaluechainfocus.
Potentialforaquacultureproductiontocontributesignificantlytomeetingnationalorregionalfishdemand
within57years.
Foodandnutritionsecurityassessmentsindicatecurrentsituationasloworatrisk.
Nationalandregionalpolicyenvironmentsupportstheproposedapproach.
Internationaldevelopmentagencypolicyenvironmentsupportstheproposedapproach.
DevelopmentPartnersalsoidentifyaquaculturevaluechainsasafruitfulareaforinvestment.
UsingthesecriteriaweconcludedthatUgandaandEgyptshouldbeourfinalchoices.
104
Anadditionalimportantconsiderationthatguidedthischoiceisthepotentialforlearningthatcomesfrom
workingintwocountriesatcontrastingstagesintheiraquaculturedevelopment(Fig4.1).Thesedifferences
willrequiredifferentkindsofsupport,therebyofferingdifferentopportunitiesforlearning.
Characteristic
Stage1
Uganda
Egypt
Stage2
Stage3
Stage4
Primaryfocus
Household foodsecurity
Supplytoimmediatelocal
markets.Rudimentaryvalue
chains
Supplytolocalandregional
markets.Valuechains
increasinglywelldeveloped.
Supplytolocalandregional
markets andretailchains.
Maturingvaluechains.
Scale of
production
Onfarm
Smallscaleenterprises
Mainlysmallscale
enterprise,butsomeMEs
emerging.
Mediumscaleenterprises
becomingdominant,some
consolidationoccurring.
Feed andseed
supply
Rudimentary,with supply
andqualityproblems.
Rudimentary,with supply
andqualityproblems.
Functioning,but
considerablescopefor
improvementsinquality
Systemswelldevelopedand
operatingata highstandard.
Production
Practices
Rudimentary, fewadopted
norms.
Rudimentary, fewadopted
norms.
Broadly sound,but
considerablescopefor
improvements.
High standard.Focus on
innovationtodrivedown
productioncosts.
Support
services
Poortobasic,farmerto
farmerlearningnetworks
emerging.
Poorto basic,industry
associationsemerging.
Basicservicesavailable.
Welldeveloped.
Primary
Development
Benefits
Household foodand
nutritionsecurity
Household foodsecurity
Incomegenerationfor
farmers.
Stable andaffordablefish
suppliesforpoorconsumers.
Employmentandincome
throughvaluechain
participation.
Stable andaffordablefish
suppliesforpoorconsumers.
Employmentandincome
throughvaluechain
participation.
Figure 4.1. A model of the various stages of aquaculture development, showing the current position of
UgandaandEgypt.
Ourbroadobjectiveistoworkwithpartnerstohelpmoveeachcountrytothenextstage,therebyincreasing
the supply of affordable nutrition to poor consumers. (Note: support for countries at Stage 1 will be
provided through livelihoods focussed approaches that form part of work under CRP 1.3 on Aquatic
AgriculturalSystems.
In the case of Egypt, we also took into consideration the opportunity to build on existing WorldFish
infrastructure and capability in the country. A more complete rationale for the choosing each country is
providedbelow,alongwithadescriptionoftheworktobeundertaken.
105
TilapiaandCatfishinUganda
TheaquaculturesectorinUganda
Withtheincreasingpopulation,therehasbeenanincreasinglocaldemandforfish.Withexportdemandalsorising,
this has led to overfishing, a shortage of fish and an approaching collapse of the capture fish industry (see Section
2.2.3).Thepotential,indeednecessity,todevelopaquaculturebecomesevermorepressing.Thereisgoodpotentialfor
this with numerous permanent water sources in the country, soils with high water retention capacities and suitable
temperaturesalltheyearroundinlowaltitudeareas.GovernmentofUganda(2010)
Albeit from a low base, at an APR between 2004 and 2006 of 142%, Uganda has had among the highest
aquaculture growth rates in the world in recent years. Several thousand smallholders are involved, from
subsistence levels to small enterprises, growing fish in earthen ponds and stocked community water
reservoirs and minor lakes; there are also a few larger farms. The most recent data are from 2005 which
indicatedanestimated20,000pondsinthecountrywithanaveragesizeof500m2.Pondsizesrangefrom
lessthan100m2toabout6,000m2.Yieldsin2005rangedbetween1,500kgperhaperyearforsubsistence
farmersto15,000kgperhaperyearforemergingcommercialfishfarmers(FAOCountryProfile,2005).
Table4.2.CriteriaforfinalcountryselectionandtherationalforchoosingUganda.
Criteria
RationaleforUganda
Markets for fish are

developedtoascalethat
offers
potential
to
support a value chain
focus.
Second largest farmed fish producer in SSA, accounting for approx 20% of the total in 2008. (Nigeria
largestproducerat55%).(FAOStat,2010).
Potential for aquaculture

production to contribute
significantly to meeting
national or regional fish
demandwithin57years.
OneofthelargestgapsbetweenfishsupplyanddemandinAfrica. Per capita fishsupplydeclinedby

37%between1973and1997.Catchesfromwildcapturefisheriescontinuetodecline.
Astrongfishconsumptionculture.Supportedtodatebynaturalcatchfisheriesthroughoutthecountry,
this culture is key to ensuring that value chain development is focussed on meeting a demonstrated
demand. The demand for fish is further supported by income and population growth in urban areas,
andanincreasingandfoodinsecureruralpopulation.(JaggerandPender2002).
SignificantGrowthpotential.83%Averageannualgrowthinproductionfrom20002008(c.f.Nigeria,
26%)(FAOStat,2010).31districtsidentifiedbygovernmentassuitableforfisheriesand/oraquaculture
developmentbasedonbothnaturalandsocioeconomicfactors.(FAOCountryReport,2005).
Potential to support regional fish demand. Uganda borders several countries that also have a high
dependence on fish (e.g. DRC, Kenya, Tanzania, see Table 4.1). This offers considerable potential for
increasedproductiontomeetregionaldemands.
Food
and
nutrition
security
assessments
indicate current situation
asloworatrisk.
Aloomingfoodsecuritycrisis.Itispredictedthatanadditional14millionUgandanswillbecomingfood
insecureinthenext10years(Nigeria,7m).Thisis4thlargestprojectedincreaseintheworld,exceeded
onlybyDRC,TanzaniaandAfghanistan.Itisalsojoint2ndlargestintermsofpercentageincrease(100%
increasec.f.Nigeriaat22%)(USDA,2010a).(USDAGlobalFoodSecurityAssessment20102020).
National and regional

policy
environment
supports the proposed
approach.
ThegovernmentofUgandaseekstomake2.5mhouseholdsfoodsecureinthenext5years.Increased
aquaculture production is a priority for helping to achieve this by meeting the local and regional fish
supplygap.
The 2004 National Fisheries Policy commits to increase aquaculture production by 200% from an
estimated 2,000 t in 2004 to 100,000 t by 2014. The Ministrys National Aquaculture Development
Strategyalsoprovidesindicativetargetsto:
1.
2.
3.
Increasesmallscaleaquaculturefrom5000hato20,000haby2015;
Increaselargescaleaquaculturefrom5,000hato25,000haby2015,and;
Establishfunctionalmanagementsystemsatsome80percentoftheexistingaquaculture
waterfacilities.
RegionalTradePolicyisdeveloping.CrossbordertradewithintheEastAfricaregionislikelytoimprove
withthesigningoftheEastAfricaMarketProtocol.Thiswillallowsfreemovementofpeopleandgoods
between markets in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. USAID (2010b) (East Africa
RegionalFoodSecurityUpdate,July2010).
International
development
agency
policy
environment
supports the proposed
USAIDFeedtheFutureInitiative.Ugandaisatargetcountryforinvestmenttofeedandstabilizethe
regionwhileimprovingthelivesofitsfarmers.Aquacultureisatargetforscaleupinvestmentin2010
to develop thevalue chains for fisheries and valueaddedproducts that addresses both food security
andmarketdevelopment(USAID,2010).
106
approach.
NORAD Fishery and Aquaculture Investments. Identified Uganda as a high potential location for
investment(NORAD,2009).
107
Development Partners
also identify aquaculture
value chains as a fruitful
areaforinvestment.
USAID LEAD (Livelihoods and Enterprises for Agricultural Development). The LEAD program has
undertakenconsiderableworkonUgandanfishvaluechainsandcontinuestoprioritizethisasafocal
areaforintervention.
SavetheChildren.ArecentconsultancycommissionedbySavetheChildrenrecommendsaquaculture
asahighpotentialareaforintervention.(SaveTheChildrenUSA,2008).
Improved market prices for fish have begun to attract entrepreneurial farmers, leading to a progressive
increase in pond sizes. The Government of Uganda estimate that 20 to 30 percent of smallholder
subsistence ponds have been transformed into profitable smallscale production units (ref) and that there
are 2000 commercial farmers who own nearly 5,000 ponds, with an average pond size of 1,500 m2. Two
speciescomprise99%oftotalproduction;Africancatfishaccountsfor67%ofproductionwhileNiletilapia
accountsfor32%.Sincegrowthinaquacultureproductionofthesetwospeciesisalsofastesttheyrepresent
anappropriatefocusforthisprogram.
Research,supportingactionandpartnership
Although the level of detail that can be provided at this proposal stage is necessarily limited, and
notwithstandingtheneedforfurthertargeteddiagnoses,severalstudiesoffishvaluechainsinUganda(Save
TheChildren,2008;USIADLead,2010),andourownstakeholderconsultations(seeBox4.1,below)indicate
significantconstraintsthatcanbeovercomeandopportunitiesforimprovement.Principalamongthese,and
incommonwithmanyotherlocationsinAfricaandelsewhere,istheavailabilityofaffordable,goodquality,
seed of improved seed and feed inputs. For the sake of clarity we treat improved strains, feed and fish
production as three separate, although interlinked value chains. Tables 4.3 and 4.4 summarize the key
constraints,theresearchandsupportingactionsandthepartnershipsneededtodeliverdesiredoutcomes
alongtheseedandfeedinputvaluechainsforbothcatfishandtilapia.Table4.5focusesontheremaining
elementsofthefishproductionvaluechain.
Basedonourinitialstakeholderconsultations(Box4.1),oursenseofthepriorityfociforthisprogramare
indicated in bold. Further discussion will be needed, however, to refine this assessment during the early
phasesoftheprogram.Throughoutwewillseektoidentifywherethesechainsare,orcouldbe,linkedto
otheragriculturalvaluechainstomutualbenefit.Forexample,theexistinglinksbetweenpoultry,livestock
and fish feed manufacture offers potential for developing further synergies in product development,
storage,transportanddistributionandmarketing.
Box4.1
StakeholderConsultation:EntebbeandKampala17th20thAug2010
AstakeholderconsultationundertakeninUgandahelpedtorefinethisproposal.Thepurposeofthisconsultationwasto:
1. Introduceourpreliminarythinkingtostakeholdersandtestitthroughdialogue.
2. Gaugethelevelofalignmentbetweentheseideasandtheinterestsandneedsofstakeholders.
3. Seekendorsementandsupportbyrelevantgovernmentagencies.
4. Identifydevelopment,researchandpolicypartnerstoworkwithustocodeveloptheseideasintoaprogramthatwillreally
haveimpactatscale.
Consultations were held with key departments in the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, The Aquaculture
SectorWorkingGroupofthePlanfortheModernizationofAgriculture,nationalresearchpartners,ASARECA,andrepresentatives
fromtheprivatesector,NGOotherCGcentresanddonorsagencies.
ThefeedbackwereceivedandtheendorsementofourideasbytheMinisterofStateforFisheriesandMinistryofficialsconfirmed
thecompellingcaseforfocussingonUganda.
Fulldetailsoftheconsultationcanbefoundat:http://livestockfish.wordpress.com/
108
Aswiththerestofthisprogram,oneimportantdimensionconcernsgender.Asmightbeexpectedresearch
to date indicates highly gender differentiated roles in the aquaculture sector in Uganda a feature that
validates the rationale for an explicit gender focus given earlier in this document (see Part 2: Research
Theme 3). We will adopt a gendered approach to value chain analysis in Uganda, seeking improved
understanding of current roles and opportunities for creating gender equitable opportunities in the
developmentofthevaluechainandinderivinganequitableshareofbenefitsamongpoorconsumers.To
help achieve this, we will work to develop the skills of program and partner staff to identify and address
genderissues,especiallythosearisingfromtechnologicalinnovationandfrompolicychange.Wewilluse
the WorldFish framework and toolbox for mainstreaming gender analysis in fisheries and aquaculture
research(WorldFish,2010).
Ourincountryconsultationsalsohelpedusbegintodevelopthepartnershipsneededforthisprogramand
wehavehadstrongexpressionsofsupport(seeattachedletters).Atthisstage,however,wehaveindicated
these as indicative in the table because further work will be needed to build on our initial partnership
discussions to ensure that interests and needs are aligned and roles and responsibilities are clear and
capitalize on comparative advantages. We do not see any impediment to achieving this, but wish to be
realisticaboutthelevelofengagementrequiredandbelievethatcodevelopmentoftheworkprogramatits
inceptionisakeytosuccess.Importantly,however,therolesweoutlineinTables4.34.5drawuponthose
describedintherecentdraftAquacultureStrategyforUgandathatwasdevelopedjointlybytheMinistryof
AgricultureandFAOthroughawidelyconsultativeprocess.Theyalsoreflectourpreliminarydiscussions.
109
Table4.3Opportunitiesandconstraintsintheseedvaluechainsandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem.
Constraints ResearchableIssuesandSupportingActions
Indicativepartnersandtheirroles
Inputs
&
Services
Lackofquality
broodstock
Research
StateofgeneticresourcesofUgandanNiletilapiaand
Africancatfish
Breedingprogramdesign(including:Syntheticfounder
populationestablishment,choiceoftestingenvironments,
breedingobjectivesandcriteria,geneticevaluation
system,selectionandmateallocation,monitoringof
geneticgainandonfarmtestingoftheimprovedstrains.
Risksassociatedwithdisseminatinggeneticallyimproved
strains
Farmers,hatcheriesandProducerOrganizationstohelpensurethebreedingprogramis
designedandimplementedinamannerthataddressestheirneedsandtopartnerin
relevantactivities,includingcapacitybuildingatalllevels
NAROtopartneroncapacitybuilding,developingandimplementingbreedingprogram
ARIs(Bergen,CIRAD,DartmouthCollege,NotreDame,Stirling,Wageningen)topartner
onresearch,technicalbackstoppingandcapacitybuilding
Production
Poorhatchery
performance
SupportingActions
Genderequitableapproachtobuildhatcherybroodstock
managementcapacity
Buildandimplementriskmanagementplanforuseof
geneticallyimprovedstrains
Brokerdialoguetodeterminerolesandoptionsfor
privateandpublicsectorsandcivilsociety,especiallyfor
women,indisseminationofbroodstock
ResearchableIssues
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpprioritiseactionsandincorporateintogovernment
planningcycleanddeviseandimplementriskmanagement
NAADStocollaborateongenderedapproachtocapacitybuilding
Hatcheryownersandmanagerstopartnerinuseandmanagementofgenetically
improvedbroodstock
USAIDLEADtopartnerondisseminatinggeneticallyimprovedbroodstocktohatcheries
andevaluatingtheircontributiontoincreasedproductivityandprofits
Technicalservicesproviderstosupportuseandmanagementofgeneticallyimproved
broodstock
Bilateraldonors,microfinanceprovidersandNGOstosupportprogramimplementation
Research
Hatcherydesignandgenderedstaffingandmanagement
practices
Sourcesofmortalityandmitigationapproaches.
Seed production technologies for high potential new
species(e.g.Barbus,Labeo)
Genderedimpactsoftechnologicalandmanagement
changesandmitigationresponses
Farmers,hatcheriesandProducerOrganizationstopartneronimprovinghatchery
design,managementandM&E
NAROtopartneroncapacitybuilding,developingandimplementingimprovedseed
production
USAIDLEADtopartneronhatcherymanagementresearch
ARIs(Stirling,Wageningen)topartneronresearch,technicalbackstoppingandcapacity
building
SupportingActions
SupportingActions
SupportingActions
Genetic
Improvement
ResearchableIssues
Identify priority areas for hatchery development and MinistryofAgriculturetohelpprioritiseactionsandincorporateintogovernment

policy changes and public sector investments that are
planningcycleanddeviseandimplementbiosecurityissuesassociatedwithuseof
Improve
needed to create an enabling environment for the
geneticallyimprovedseedanddisease
hatcherydesign
developmentofthehatcherysector
NAADStocollaborateondesignandimplementationofagenderedapproachto
and
capacitybuilding
management Developanddisseminatesimpleguidelinesandimplement Hatcheryownersandmanagerstopartnerinproductionandmanagementof
trainingforfryandfingerlingmanagement
110
Outcomes
Widespreaduseof
productive,fast
growingbroodstock
strainsthatmeets
presentandfuture
anticipatedneedsof
farmers
Widespreaduseof
productive,fast
growingseedthat
meetspresentand
futureanticipated
needsoffarmers
geneticallyimprovedseedandcapacitybuilding
Develop and promote hatchery business management
USAIDLEADtopartnerondisseminationofgeneticallyimprovedbroodstockto
tools
hatcheriesandevaluationoftheircontributiontoincreasedproductivityandprofits
Designandpromotegenderequitableneedsbased
Technicalservicesproviderstosupportuseofgeneticallyimprovedseedbyfarmers
trainingforhatcheryoperatives
Research
ResearchableIssues
Farmers,hatcheries,ProducerOrganizationsandtransporterstohelpidentifyand
prioritizecriticalstepsinfishtransport,deviseeffectiveandeconomicallyefficient
solutionsandbuildcapacitywithinthetransportsector
NAROtopartneronresearch,capacitybuildingandimplementingimprovementsinthe
seedtransportsector
USAIDLEADtopartneronresearchandimplementationofimprovementsinseed
transport
ARIs(Bergen,CIRAD,DartfordCollegeNotreDame,Stirling,Wageningen)topartneron
research,technicalbackstoppingandcapacitybuilding
SupportingActions
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpestablishprioritiesforaction,includingwhere
infrastructureimprovementsshouldbeprioritized
Hatcheryoperators,seedtransportersandfarmerstopartnerindevelopmentand
adoptionofbetterseedtransportandstockingpractices
NAADStocollaborateongenderedapproachtocapacitybuildingamonghatchery
operators,seedtransportersandfarmers
USAIDLEADtopartnerondevelopmentofimprovedseedtransportandstocking
practicesandevaluationoftheircontributiontoincreasedproductivityandprofits
Technicalservicesproviderstosupportadoptionandcapacitybuildingofhatcheries,
transportersandfarmers
Transportandposttransportseedmortalitiesand
transportpractices
Protocolsforfarmerstoassessseedqualityondelivery
Transport
&
Processing
Hightransport
associated
mortalities
Improvefish
transport
Supportingactions
Brokerdialoguesbetweenfarmer/groups,
hatcheries/nurseriesandtransporters
Evaluateutilityofnursingnetworks
toimproveseedtransportandstockingpractices
Developtrainingmaterialsforsharingwithstakeholders
(e.g.throughadoptionbyTSPsandincorporationinto
farmerfieldschoolsandotherrelevantcapacitybuilding
fora)
Identifyinfrastructureweaknessesinpriority
aquaculturedevelopmentareas
ResearchableIssues
Performanceandprofitabilityofseedfromimproved
strains
Production,economicreturnsandfarmersatisfaction
fromuseofseedfromimprovedstrains
Marketing
Weakmarkets
forqualityseed Supportingactions
Reducedseedlosses,
reducedcostsand
increasedproduction
Research
Farmers,hatcheriesandProducerOrganizationstohelpassessimpactsofimproved
seedqualityonproductivityandprofits,
NAROtopartnerononfarmandonstationresearchintoimpactsofimprovedseedon
productionandprofits
Bilateraldonors(EC,DFID,NORAD)tohelpimplementprogram
ARIs(Stirling,Wageningen)topartneronmarketresearch,technicalbackstopping
SupportingActions
111
Conductonfarmdemonstrationstoshowimpactsof
geneticallyimprovedstrainsonproductionand
profitability
Formationofbusinessorientedandsustainableproducer
organizations
Developandimplementahatcheryaccreditationscheme
incloseconsultationwithrelevantstakeholders(e.g.
NAROs,hatcherymanagers,farmerorganisations,
environmentalimpactassessmentagencies).
Identifyeffectiveandcostefficientinterventions(e.g.
contractgrowing,accesstoaffordablecredit)thatwill
increasetheuseofqualityseedbyfarmers
Strengthen
demand
Table4.4Opportunitiesandconstraintsinfishfeedvaluechainandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
ResearchableIssuesandSupportingActions
Potentialpartnersandtheirroles
Inputs
&
Services
Lackofaffordable
qualityfeedstuffs
ResearchableIssues
Nutritionalcontentandvalueofkey,especially
locallyproduced,feedstuffs
Methodsofpretreatmenttoreduceantinutrients
andincreasepalatabilityanddigestibility
Markets,bothagriculturalandhuman,forfeedstuffs
Impactsonecosystemservices(land,water,waste
dispersionandassimilation)
Useofwastesfrompigandotheranimalproduction
systemsaspondfertilizers
SupportingActions
Identifysynergieswithotheragriculturalfeed
Identifymaterials
producers
Promotebestpracticesinprocessingandstorageof
andremove
feedstuffs
barrierstotheir
supply
Outcomes
Research
Farmersandfeedproducerstopartnerinidentificationanduseoffeedstuffs
NAROandUgandanuniversitiesandASARECApartnerNARSanduniversitiestocarry
outresearchonfeedstuffs
ARIs(Bergen,CIRAD,Stirling,Wageningen)topartneronfeedstuffsrelatedresearch
CGCenterstopartneronresearchintomarketsforfeedstuffsandonfeedstuffquality
anddevelopmentofpretreatmentmethodologies
SupportingActions
Developmentof
affordablenutritionally
andenvironmentally
sound,aquaculture
feeds
planningandpolicymakingcycles
NAROandUgandanuniversitiesandSROpartnercountryNARSanduniversitiesto
partneroncapacitydevelopmentforfeedstuffproducers,transporters,feedproducers
andfarmers
Feedproducerstopartnerindevelopingandusingfeedstuffsqualitystandards
USAIDLEADtopartneronidentificationofreliablesuppliesoflocallyavailable,
affordableandnutritiousfeedstuffs
112
Demandledincreases
indevelopmentand
usebyfarmersof
qualityseedfrom
geneticallyimproved
strains
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpprioritiseactionsanddevelopappropriatepolicysupport
NAADStocollaborateongenderedapproachtocapacitybuilding
Hatcheryownersandmanagerstopartnerindevelopmentandadoptionofindustry
standardsforproducingandtransportingofqualityseed
Aquacultureenterprisestofacilitatecontractgrowing
USAIDLEADtopartnerindevelopmentofmarketsforqualityseed
Technicalservicesproviderstosupportuseandmanagementofqualityseed
ResearchableIssues
Effectsoffeedformulationonpelletstability,
palatability,foodconversionandprofitability
Effectsofdietonnutritionalvalueoffarmedfish
Simpleleastcostformulationtoolsthroughfarmer
fieldschoolsandothermechanisms
Effectsoffeedproductiontechnologiesonfeed
Nutritionally
stability,palatability,foodconversionratio,
deficientfeedsand
profitability
poortechnical
Developmentofbusinesscaseforinvestmentin
support
feedsandfeedimprovements
Advantagesanddisadvantagesoflargescaleversus
smallscalecommercialandonfarmfeedproduction
(qualityandsupply,profitsandecosystemservices)
Effectsofprocessingtechnologiesonecosystem
servicesandglobalwarmingpotentialanddetermine
Identifynutritional
waystoreducethese
requirementsand
Production
improvefeed
quality
ResearchableIssues
Feedspoilageand
poordistribution
networks
Farmers,feedproducersandFarmerOrganizationstoimprovethequalityand
performanceoffeeds
partneronfeedformulationandprocessingresearch
ARIs(Bergen,CIRAD,StirlingandWageningen)topartneronresearch,technical
backstoppingandcapacitydevelopmentonfeedproductionandondemandfor
ecosystemservices
CGCenters,feedplatformandUgandanpigvaluechainMPtopartneronfeed
productiontechnologyandrelatedresearch
Reliablesuppliesof
nutritionallysound,
affordableand
environmentally
friendlyfeedsthatmeet
theneedsoffarmers
Impactsofstorageconditionsonnutritionalvalueof
feedsandoncontaminants
Feedtransportconstraintsandmethodstoaddress
these,includingsynergieswithotheragricultural
inputdistributionandstorageservices
Businessincentivestomakethefeedsupply/
transportsystemworkefficientlyatscale
SupportingActions
Developeffectiveandcostefficientinterventionsto
SupportingActions
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpidentifyandimplementincentivestopromoteadoption
ofnewfeedprocessingtechnologies
Feedmillownersandmanagerstopartnerinproductionoffeedthatmeetstheneeds
ofproducersandincapacitydevelopment
USAIDLEADtopartnerontriallingdevelopmentoffeedsbylocalmillsandfarmers
TSPstodevelop,promoteandcollectdataononfarmfeedmanufacture
Research
prioritizecriticalstepsinfeedtransport,deviseeffectiveandeconomicallyefficient
partneronresearchonfeedstorage
USAIDLEADtopartneronresearchinfeedtransportandstorage
ARIs(CIRAD,Stirling)topartneronresearchandtechnicalbackstoppingonfeed
storage
SupportingActions
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpestablishandimplementprioritiestoimprovefeed
transport,includinginfrastructureimprovements
113
SupportingActions
Brokerandcatalyzethepartnershipsneededto
ensureuptakeofresultsbyfeedmanufacturers,
includingfarmers
Transport
&
Processing
Research
Affordablequalityfeeds
availabletoall
producers
Improvefeed
distributionand
storage
facilitateaccesstoqualityaffordablefeeds
Developstorageguidelinesforfarmers
Creategenderequitableemploymentopportunities
ResearchableIssues
Marketing
Poorlydeveloped
feedmarkets
Improved
institutionsand
information
Currentandfuturemarketdemandforaquaculture
feeds
Simpletoolsthatallowfarmerstodeterminetherole
offeedsinproductionandprofits
Rolesofprivateandpublicsectorandcivilsocietyin
developingmarketsforfeeds
SupportingActions
DevelopProducerOrganizationsinvaluechainareas
toreducecostsoffeedpurchases
Developextensionmaterialsonfeedmanagement
forfarmersandPOs
Feedproducers,transporters,farmersandProducerOrganizationstohelpdevelopand
adoptbetterfeedtransportandstoragepracticestoimprovequalityandreducecosts
NAADStocollaborateongenderedapproachtocapacitydevelopmentamongfeed
USAIDLEADtopartneronbrokeringimprovementsinfeedavailability
Technicalservicesproviderstosupporttransportersandfarmersonbestpracticesfor
feedtransportandstorage
Research
Farmers,hatcheries,ProducerOrganizationsandtransporterstohelpidentify
constraintstofeeduse
NAROandUgandanuniversitiestopartneronresearchonfeedmarkets
USAIDLEADtopartneronresearchinfeedmarkets
ARIs(Stirling)topartneronresearchintoaquaculturefeedmarkets
SupportingActions
FarmersandProducerOrganizationstohelpdevelopcapacitytopurchaseand
distributefeeds,therebyreducingcosts
NAADS,TSPs,USAIDLEADandNGOstocodevelopandpromotebestpracticeson
useoffeeds
114
Strongdemandfor
qualityandprofitable
feedsbyfarmers
Table4.5OpportunitiesandconstraintsintilapiaandcatfishproductionvaluechaininUgandaandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
Inputs
&
Services
Lackofqualityand
availability
Seeseedandfeedvaluechainsabove
Improveaccessto
qualitybusiness
andtechnical
advice,affordable
credit,seedand
feedandfertilizer
Production
Lowproductivity,
poorproduction
practicesand
marginal
profitability
Improve
Outcomes
ResearchableIssues
Research
Fertilizationregimes
Systemspecificbusinessplans
Speciesandproductionsystemspecificfeedingand
fertilizationregimestomaximizeproductivityand
profits
Impactsofproductionintensificationongenderand
householdpowerrelations
Feasibilityandpropoorandgenderequitable
benefitsfromcontractgrowing
Farmers,feedproducersandFarmerOrganizationstoseek
genderequitablemethods(includingcontractgrowing)to
increaseproductionandproductivity
NAROandUgandanuniversitiesandSROpartnercountryNARS
anduniversitiestopartnerondevelopingproductiveand
profitabletechnologies
ARIs(Bergen,CIRAD,StirlingandWageningen)topartneron
research,technicalbackstoppingandcapacitydevelopment
SupportingActions
Developrecordkeeping,technicalcapacityand
businessskillsamongproducers
Developsoftskills(e.g.communication,business,
negotiation,genderawareness)amongCGstaff
Developtechnical,communicationsandbusiness
SupportingActions
FarmersandPOstohelpidentifycapacitybuildingneeds,develop
capacitybuildingmaterialsandparticipateincapacitybuilding
programs,andtoparticipateintechnologydevelopment
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpidentifyandimplementincentives
115
Farmersabletoaccessquality
seed,feedandtechnicaladvice
thatmeetstheirneeds
Increasedfarmedfish
productionandconsumptionby
thepoor
production
practices
Transport
&
Processing
Lowqualityand
limitedvalue
adding
Improvequality
andseekequitable
valueadded
opportunities
skillsamongNAADSstaffandTSPs
DevelopresearchskillsamongNAROanduniversity
staff
Developcapacitydevelopmentmaterialforuseby
NAADSandTCPs
ResearchableIssues
toadoptionofproductiveandprofitabletechnologies
NAADSandTCPstoparticipateindevelopmentofstaff
communicationandgenderawarenessskills
TSPs,USAIDLEADandNGOstopartnerongenderedtechnology
developmentanddisseminationtofarmers
Research
Impactsofharvestingandtransportonpostharvest
quality,foodsafetyandprice
Impactofcosteffectivecoldchainonreturns
throughoutthevaluechain
Optionsforpostharvestprocessingtoimprove
storageoraddvalue
Farmers,hatcheries,ProducerOrganizationsandtransportersto
helpidentifyandprioritizecriticalstepsinfishtransport,devise
effectiveandeconomicallyefficientsolutionsandbuildcapacity
withinthetransportsector
NAROandUgandanuniversitiesandSROpartnercountryNARS
anduniversitiestopartneronresearchonfishprocessingand
coldchaindevelopment
SupportingActions
Developanddelivertrainingonfishtransport
Seeksynergieswithotherfood,especiallylivestock,
intransportandcoldchains
Designandimplementimprovementstoroadand
otherinfrastructure
ResearchableIssues
Marketing
Poorlydeveloped
markets
Presentandlikelyfuturedemandfordifferent
farmedfishproductsamongpoorconsumers
Newmarketsfornovelproducts
Mechanismstoincreasecommunicationbetween
customersandproducerstotestthehypothesisthat
farmerswillusetheinformationtobettertarget
productiontomarketdemand
UseofICTtoreduceknowledgeimbalancesand
improvevaluechainefficiency
TheroleofPOsinmarketing
Driversofcompetitionamonglocal,nationaland
Increasedquantitiesof
affordableandnutritionally
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpestablishandimplementpriorities
soundfishandfishproductsin
toimprovefeedtransport,includingroadandotherinfrastructure
markets
improvements
Transporters,farmersandProducerOrganizationstohelp
developandadoptbetterfishtransportpracticestoimprove
quality,foodsafetyandreducepostharvestlossesandprices
NAADStocollaborateoncapacitydevelopmentamongfish
transporters
USAIDLEADtopartneronbrokeringimprovementsinfish
transportsystems
Technicalservicesproviderstosupportfarmersondevelopment
ofbestpracticesforharvestingandpostharvesthandling
Research
SupportingActions
Farmers,consumersandProducerOrganizationsNAROand
Ugandanuniversitiestocollaborateonfishmarketresearch
NGOstopartneronmarketresearchanddevelopment
ARIs(Stirling)topartneronresearchintomarketingof
aquacultureproducts
Strongdemandforand
increasedaccesstofarmed
fishproductsbypoorand
vulnerableconsumers
116
Awarenessraising
amongpoor
consumers
regionalmarketsforfarmedfish
Impactsofincreasedfishsupplyonconsumptionby
vulnerablegroups,includingwomenandchildren
SupportingActions
SupportingActions
Developcapacitytoconductmarketresearch
Developcapacitytocollecthumanhealthand
nutritiondata
Farmers,ProducerOrganizationsandtraderstocollaborateon
developmentofmarketingskills,useofICTandcollectionof
data
NAADS,TSPs,USAIDLEADandNGOstosupportfarmersin
adoptionofICT
117
GeographicFocus
Biophysical analysis shows that fish
farmingcanbeundertakenacrossmost
Population:3.3M(7districts)
ofUganda(FAOCountryReport,2005).
PovertyRate:60.7%
LiteracyRate(F/M) 45%/74%
Ourincountryconsultations,however,
#Ponds:3,606
havehelpedusidentifytwocontrasting
FishProduction(2008):4,429t.
#Households engagedinfish
areasasthefocusforthisprogram(Fig
farming: 3,000
4.2). The northern area is one of
considerable focus for rehabilitation
following the recent period of conflict.
Population:3.4M(8Districts)
Infrastructure investments are now
PovertyRate:35.9%
Literacy(F/M)56%/71%
being made and the Ugandan
#Ponds:3,359
FishProduction(2008):4,366t.
government has identified this as a
#Households engagedinfish
priority region for aquaculture
farming: 3,000
development.
The
region
is
characterized by a very high unmet
demandforfishbothlocallyandforcrossbordertradewithsouthernSudan.Incontrast,thesoutheastern
regionhasbetterinfrastructureandsomewhatlowerpovertyrates.Themarketdemandforfishfromthis
areacomesfromlocalmarketstheurbanmarketsofKampalaandEntebbeandcrossborderdemandfrom
Kenya.Itisalsoagovernmentpriorityareaforaquaculturedevelopment.
We believe these areas provide not only the greatest potential for impact but also that the contrasts
between them offer excellent opportunities for learning. The north is one of the poorest and least
accessible regions of the country but it is one where local and regional demand for fish is very high. In
contrast, the southeast region has good connection to urban centres and there is existing interest by the
privatesectorininvestinginfishfarming.Thereis considerable potentialfor growthinfishproductionin
bothregionsbutthedifferingcontextsshouldprovidegreaterinsightswithregardtoeffectivedevelopment
pathwayselsewhere.
PotentialforImpact
Productionlevelsfromeachofourtwotargetregionsin2008wereoftheorderof4,500tonnes.Because
annual average growth rates are slowing as value chain barriers have developed we assume baseline (do
nothing)growthratesof3%.Undertheseassumptionsexpectedproductionby2018wouldtotaljustover
11,000tonnesforthetworegionscombined.Iftheproposedprogramissuccessful,webelieveitispossible
to double annual production by 2018 to 22,000 tonnes. This will require annual average growth rates of
approximately 13.5% a challenging but achievable target, assuming that the partnerships we have
identifiedarewellstructuredandeffective.
Overall, this growth would yield an additional 11,000 tonnes of fish per year over baseline (do nothing)
levels,distributedevenlybetweenthetworegions.Assumingthat75%ofadditionalproductionissupplied
toconsumerswithinthenorthernarea,withtheremaindertradedacrossUgandasnorthernborderitwould
provide an additional 1.5 kg of fish per person per year. Assuming higher (50%) levels of trade in the
southeast, increased annual consumption here would be of the order of 1 kg per person. These values
represent a 25% and a 17% increase in per capita consumption for the populations in northern and
southeastern areas, respectively. This of course ignores the contributions traded fish would make to
nutritionoutsidethetargetregions.
Weestimatethatapproximately3,000householdsparticipateinfishproductionineachoftheregionsand
believeitispossibletoincreasethistotalby50%by2017.Improvingthelivelihoodsofbothcurrentfarmers
andthese3,000newentrantswould,therefore,reach9,000households.Inaddition,weanticipatebenefits
to a further 3,000 participants participating in the upstream and downstream linkages in the target value
chains.
118
The figure below

b
summ
marises the pathway
p
from
m the targett outcomes identified in
n Tables 4.3 5 for each
h
componentofthevaluechainsthrou
ughtotheim
mpactonfoo
odsecurity.
Althoughthesecalculatiionsareneceessarilycrud
de,andwilln
needtobefu
urtherrefineedduringthe
eearlyphasee
ofthiswork,webelievetheyofferaarealisticpicctureofthelocalreturnstoinvestmeent.Theimpactsofwider
capacitybuildingeffortssanduptakeeandscaleo
outbeyondtthetargetreegionwould addtothettotalbenefitss
thatcanbeeexpectedfro
omthisworkk,butwehavvemadenoe
efforttoquaantifythis.
119
TilapiainEggypt
TheaquacullturesectorinEgypt
Egyptian aquaculture haas grown rapidly over th
he past decaade and is an
a importantt component of nationaal
ofwhichsup
ppliesdomessticmarkets,,farmedfish
h
foodsupply.ValuedatssomeLE4.0billionatfirrstsale,allo
bute over 65%
6
of totaal national fisheries pro
oduction, up from 15%
% in 1994. Aquaculturee
now contrib
production increased frrom 57,000 tonnes in 1994
1
to 694
4,000 tonnes in 2008, aan average 21% growth
h
annually. In contrast, wild
w capture supplies haave been staable or declining since 1998, fish imports havee
remainedreelativelystab
bleandexpo
ortshavebeeenminimal (Fig4.3a).Duringthesame1994to 2008period
d
theEgyptian
npopulationgrewby36%
%,from60.1
1millionto81.7million.
Despitethelargepopulaationincreasse,thestagnationofwild
dfishproducctionandtheestabletrendinimportss,
percapitafishsupplyinccreasedfrom
m8.5kgto15.4kg/perso
on/yrduringthisperiod((Fig4.3b).Intheabsencee
ofaquacultu
ure,butwith
hothersupplliesremainin
ngthesame,thisfigurew
wouldhavefallento7.6kkgby2008.
Growth in aquaculture
a
production also affecteed the afforrdability of fish
f
for consumers. Witth tilapia for
example,wh
hichconstitu
utesover50
0%ofallfarm
medfishbyw
weight,atreendofincreaasingpriceffrom1994to
o
1998wasreeversedoverthenextfou
uryears.Sinccethenprice
eshaverisen
nslowly,buttremainwellshortofthee
peakin1997.Thus,fish
hfarminghasincreased fishsupplyfforconsumeersandmain
ntainedafforrdablepricess
(Fig4.3c).Thishasconttributedtoaadoublingbeetween1994
4and2008 ofthecontrributionthattfishprotein
n
makestoto
otalproteinintheEgyptiiandiet(Fig 4.3d).Pricessfortilapia remainwell belowthose
eforchicken
n
meat;inurb
banmarketstheywere35
5%lowerin2007and42
2%lowerinrruralmarketss.
Despitethis impressiveggrowthand currentvalu

ue,however,aquacultureeproduction
nwillneedto
orisefurther
in coming years
y
to meeet growing demand
d
for fish. Even more
m
will be required fo
or fish to continue to bee
available to
o people witth lower incomes. To meet projeccted nationaal needs forr the next 1015 yearss,
aquacultureproductionofsome1.01.6million
ntonneswillberequired.Analysisof
f thesectorin
ndicatesthat
this growth will need to primarily be based on
n the expan
nsion of tilap
pia aquacultture in semiintensive to
o
120
intensiveponds(WorldFish,2007).Tomeetthisproductiongrowthtargetsignificantchallengesintermsof
resources, technology, investment and sector organisation must be met. At present the sectors growth is
slowingand,togetherwithincreasingpressureonlandandwaterresourcesintheNileDelta,theprinciple
areaofproduction,improvementsinproductionefficiencyareessentialifgrowthistocontinue.
Table4.6.CriteriaforfinalcountryselectionandtherationalforchoosingEgypt.
Criteria
Egypt
Markets for fish are

developed to a scale
that offers potential
to support a value
chainfocus.
LargestfarmedfishproducerinAfrica(650,000t),accountingforapproximately70%ofproduction.
Largeincreaseinprojecteddemand.Ifconsumptionismaintainedatthe2002levelofmorethan14kg
percapita,domesticdemandwouldbe1,148,300tand1,369,900tin2010and2025respectively.This
wouldrequireincreasesof20.5%and43.7%above2002supplylevels.
A strong fish consumption culture. The expansion of aquaculture has succeeded in reducing and
stabilizing the cost of fish in Egypt allowing accessibility to the poorer rural population to healthy and
affordableanimalprotein.
Potential
for
aquaculture
production
to
contribute
significantly
to
meeting national or
regional fish demand
within57years.
Required growth achievable, but only through sustainable intensification of production. The average
annual growth required for aquaculture to double in output in 10 years would be 7.2%. According to
nationalstatistics,thiscompareswith24.4%overthelast10yrs,16.1%overthelast5,and12.0%over
the last 2 years. This suggests that doubling is not unreasonable, but the sector will need specific
attentiontoreducecostsandincreaseresourceuseefficiencies.(EgyptianAquacultureStrategy,2008).
Food and nutrition

security assessments
indicate
current
situation as low or at
risk.
Egyptisalowincome,fooddeficitcountry,with19.6%ofthepopulationalmost14.2millionpeople
livingbelowthelowerpovertylineonlessthanUS$1/day.
National and regional

policy environment
supportstheproposed
approach.
Malnutrition and undernutrition is common. In 2008 29% of children under 5were stunted, 6% were
underweightand7%werewasted(EgyptianMinistryofAgricultureandLandReclamation,2010).
StarkgeographicaldisparitiesexistbetweentheregionofUpperEgypt,desertareasinSinaiandtheRed
Seawhicharesomeofthecountryspoorestareaswithhighlevelsoffoodinsecurityandmalnutrition
WFP(2010).
TheGeneralAuthorityforFishResourcesDevelopment(GAFRD)hassetagoalof1.1millionmetrictons
of farmed fish, equivalent to around 75 percent of total fish production, by 2012. It hopes to increase
averageannualproductionoffreshwaterfishfarmsto5tonsperacre,upfromanaverageof13tons
peracre(2.57metrictonsperhectare).
Development of the 2008 Egyptian Aquaculture Strategy was supported by WorldFish. This proposal
alignsfullywiththecountrystrategy.
Egypt has a regional role to in capacity building and sharing lessons as a member of the African Union
and COMESA, and as the continents leader in aquaculture. WorldFish facilities at Abbassa and the
trainingprogramsitprovidesareakeyelementinthiscapacitybuildingcapability.
International
development agency
policy environment
supportstheproposed
approach.
DevelopmentPartners
also
identify
aquaculture
value
chains as a fruitful
areaforinvestment.
Egypt is not currently a priority country for many development agencies, but some see it as of
considerablestrategicimportance.
CanadianCIDA,havesmallandmediumenterprisedevelopmentasoneoftwothematicprogrampillars
intheirCountryDevelopmentProgrammingFramework(CDPF)forEgypt(20012011).
USAIDsupporttoEgyptisgreaterthanforallothercountriesexceptIsrael.IFADsupportsEgyptwitha
priorities to both encourage private sector development and enhance agricultural competitiveness,
andpromoteinnovativeresearchandextensionsystemsthatrespondtotheneedofsmallfarmersand
ruralwomen.
The Netherlands Government invested in development of SME aquaculture through the agribusiness
sectorbetween2005and2009.
FAO and JICA have funded a large number of regional and national capacity building courses at the
WorldFishAbbassaCenterandatpublicandprivatesectorpartnertrainingfacilities.
Theprivatesectorhasinvestedinthedevelopmentofhighquality,lowfishmealandfishoilfeeds
121
The EC and Government of Egypt have invested in the development of genetically improved strains of
tilapiaandAfricancatfish,theformernowbeingreadyforlargescalemultiplicationanddisseminationto
farmers.
Research,supportingactionandpartnership
The importance and future challenges of the aquaculture sector are widely recognised in Egypt and have
attractedconsiderableresponseatpublicandprivatesectorlevel.Aseriesofworkshopsandconsultations
since2005hasexaminedthesector,discussedthespecificconstraintsandchallenges,andmadetechnical
recommendations on issues to be addressed to support successful growth. A comprehensive stakeholder
consultation in 2007 facilitated by WorldFish at the request of the Ministry of Agriculture culminated in a
detailed sectoral analysis and series of recommendations to support sectoral growth (WorldFish, 2007).
Theserecommendationsfocussedonfouressentialcomponentsthatarerequiredforpositivedevelopment
ofthesector:(i)productionefficiency;(ii)marketdevelopment;(iii)policyandinstitutions;and(iv)research,
developmentandcapacitybuilding.
Since that time we have worked with the Ministry of Agriculture, the Agricultural Research Council, The
General Authority for Fisheries Research and Development and the private sector to gain support to help
implementtheserecommendations.ThisCRPprovidesanidealcontextfortheCGIARtomorefullyengagein
and support this effort through an enhanced research and capacity building effort that builds on these
relationships.
Thereislimitedinformationatthisstageonmarketchains,volumesandmargins,andalsoontherespective
marketpower.Thiswillhavetobebuiltupmorestronglyforfutureunderstandingofthesectorspotential.
It appears that traditional local and city market structures still represent the bulk of trading, mainly
operating through traditional wholesalers. However, contract buying from some fish farms or producer
groups has been reported, which is consistent with aquaculturelinked market changes seen in other
countries.AlargequantityoftilapiaistransportedtothemainnationalmarketofElObourforauctionand
furtherdistributionthroughoutGreaterCairo.Itscapacityisestimatedfrom100to150tperday(~30,000
50,000 t per year). This was reported to be similar to the estimated quantities entering the Greater Cairo
areafromallothersourcesdirectlytotraders,retailersandhotels(Feidi,2004).
Thereisalsoasubstantialresearchagendaconcerningaccesstofishandfoodchoicebypoorconsumersand
the constraints and issues surrounding this. Our hypothesis is that a value chain approach to supporting
development of the sector can drive positive development impacts for poor consumers. Testing this will
requireresearchefforttobetterunderstandtherelationshipsbetweenincreasesinproduction,availability
andpriceforpoorconsumers,thefoodchoicestheymakeandresultanthealthandnutritionoutcomes.The
genderdimensionsofthesetopicsareofconsiderableimportanceandwillreceiveparticularattention.Here,
linkageswithCRPwillbeexploredandelaboratedatanearlyopportunity.
In the tables below, we summarize the conclusions from our research and consultations to date on the
researchfociforthiswork,usingthevaluechainframeworkadoptedthroughoutthisCRP.
122
Table4.7Opportunitiesandconstraintsintheseedvaluechainsandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem.
Constraints ResearchableIssuesandSupportingActions
Inputs
&
Services
Broodstock
ResearchableIssues
Research
Breedingprogramevaluationandadaptation(including:
breedingobjectivesandcriteria,geneticevaluation
system,selectionandmateallocation,monitoringof
geneticgainandonfarmtestingoftheimprovedstrains).
Risksassociatedwithdisseminatinggeneticallyimproved
strains
Farmers,hatcheriesandProducerOrganizationstohelpensurethebreedingprogramis
designedandimplementedinamannerthataddressestheirneedsandtopartnerin
relevantactivities,includingcapacitybuildingatalllevels
Privatesectortopartneroncapacitybuilding,developingandimplementingbreeding
program
CLARtohelpdevelopgeneticallyimprovedstrains.
ARIs(Bergen,CIRAD,DartmouthCollege,NotreDame,Stirling,Wageningen)topartner
onresearch,technicalbackstoppingandcapacitystrengthening
performance
SupportingActions
Genetic
Improvement
Production
Hatchery
performance
Developindustrywidebreedimprovementstrategy
Genderequitableapproachtobuildhatcherybroodstock
managementcapacity
Brokerdialoguetodeterminerolesandoptionsfor
privateandpublicsectorsindisseminationof
broodstock.
ResearchableIssues
Hatcherydesignandgenderedstaffingandmanagement
practices
Sourcesofmortalityandmitigationapproaches.
Genderedimpactsoftechnologicalandmanagement
changesandmitigationresponses
SupportingActions
SupportingActions
planningcycleanddeviseandimplementriskmanagement
Hatcheryownersandmanagerstopartnerinuseandmanagementofgenetically
improvedbroodstock
Technicalservicesproviderstosupportuseandmanagementofgeneticallyimproved
broodstock
Research
Farmers,hatcheriesandProducerOrganizationstopartneronimprovinghatchery
design,managementandM&E
Privatesectortopartneroncapacitybuilding,developingandimplementingimproved
seedproduction
ARIs(Stirling,Wageningen)topartneronresearch,technicalbackstoppingandcapacity
building
SupportingActions
Facilitatenewmodelsforhatcherydevelopmentandpolicy
planningcycleanddeviseandimplementbiosecurityissuesassociatedwithuseof
changes and public sector investments that are needed to
geneticallyimprovedseedanddisease
improvethequalityandservicelevelofthehatcherysector
Hatcheryownersandmanagerstopartnerinproductionandmanagementof
geneticallyimprovedseedandcapacitybuilding
Develop and disseminate best practice guidelines and
Improve
qualitystandards.
Technicalservicesproviderstosupportuseofgeneticallyimprovedseedbyfarmers
hatcherydesign
and
Backstoptrainingforfryandfingerlingmanagement
management
Developandpromotehatcherybusinessmanagement
tools
123
Outcomes
Widespreaduseof
productive,fast
growingbroodstock
strainsthatmeets
presentandfuture
anticipatedneedsof
farmers
Widespreaduseof
productive,fast
growingseedthat
meetspresentand
futureanticipated
needsoffarmers
Transport
&
Processing
Designandpromotegenderequitableneedsbased
trainingforhatcheryoperatives
ResearchableIssues
Research
Transportandposttransportseedmortalitiesand
transportpractices
Protocolsforfarmerstoassessseedqualityondelivery
Performanceofstockedseedasafunctionofsize,health
andstrain
prioritizecriticalstepsinfishtransport,deviseeffectiveandeconomicallyefficient
ARIs(Bergen,CIRAD,DartfordCollegeNotreDame,Stirling,Wageningen)topartneron
research,technicalbackstoppingandcapacitybuilding
Hightransport
associated
mortalitiesand Supportingactions
deteriorationin
Brokerdialoguesbetweenfarmer/groups,
seedquality
Improvefish
transport
Marketing
Businesscase
forgenetically
improvedseed
widely
appreciated
Improve
evidenceand
marketing
hatcheries/nurseriesandtransporters
SupportingActions
Research
Performanceandprofitabilityassociatedwithuseof
seedfromimprovedstrains
Production,economicreturnsandfarmersatisfaction
fromuseofseedfromimprovedstrains
Farmers,hatcheriesandproducerorganizationstohelpassessimpactsofimproved
seedqualityonproductivityandprofits,
CLARtopartnerononfarmandonstationresearchintoimpactsofgenetically
improvedseedonproductionandprofits
Bilateraldonorstohelpimplementprogram
ARIs(Stirling,Wageningen)topartneronmarketresearch,technicalbackstopping
Supportingactions
SupportingActions
Conductonfarmdemonstrationstoshowimpactsof
geneticallyimprovedstrainsonproduction,productivity
andprofitability
Developtraceabilitysystemsandstandards
Developandimplementahatcheryaccreditationscheme
incloseconsultationwithrelevantstakeholders(e.g.
MinistryofAgriculture,hatcherymanagers,farmer
organisations).
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpprioritiseactionsanddevelopappropriatepolicysupport
Hatcheryownersandmanagerstopartnerindevelopmentandadoptionofindustry
standardsforproducingandtransportingofqualityseed
Technicalservicesproviderstosupportuseandmanagementofqualityseed
124
Reducedseedlosses,
reducedcostsand
increasedproduction
Hatcheryoperators,seedtransportersandfarmerstopartnerindevelopmentand
adoptionofbetterseedtransportandstockingpractices
Technicalservicesproviderstosupportadoptionandcapacitybuildingofhatcheries,
ResearchableIssues
Demandledincreases
indevelopmentand
usebyfarmersof
qualityseedfrom
geneticallyimproved
strains
125
Table4.8Opportunitiesandconstraintsinfishfeedvaluechainandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
Potentialpartnersandtheirroles
Inputs
&
Services
Relianceon
importedfeed
stuffs,withlarge
ecologicalfoot
print
ResearchableIssues
LCAanalysisoffeedindustry,identificationof
reliablesuppliesofaffordableandnutritiouslocal
feedingredients
Competitionbetweenfeedproducersandpoor
consumersforfeedingredientsandeffectsonprices
Tailoredfeedsforkeyproductionstages
Qualitycontrolandtestingapproaches
Development,costingandadoptionoftraceability
processesinfeedmanufacture
Benefitsofprobiotics
ImprovedLCA
valuesand
traceability
ResearchableIssues
Effectsofdietonnutritionalvalueoffarmedfish
Effectsoffeedproductiontechnologiesonfeed
stability,palatability,foodconversionratio,
profitability
Production
Expensive,energy
intensivefeeds
Profitable,
nutritionallysound
and
Research
backstoppingandcapacitydevelopmentonfeedproduction
CLARandotherEgyptianagricultureresearchcenterstocollaborateonresearchinto
locallyproducedfeedstuffs
Development
of
environmentally sound
aquaculture
feeds,
based
on
local
ingredients, that meet
international standards
oftraceability
SupportingActions
Brokerandcatalyzethepartnershipsneededto
ensureuptakeofresultsbyfeedmanufacturers,
includingfarmers
SupportingActions
planningandpolicymakingcycles
Capacityenhancementofpublicandprivatesectortrainers
Developmentandadoptionofenvironmentalcriteriaforfeedproduction
Research
Farmers,feedproducers,FarmerOrganizationsandCLARtocollaboratetoimprove
thequalityandperformanceoffeeds
backstoppingandcapacitydevelopmentonfeedproduction
SupportingActions
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpidentifyandimplementincentivestopromoteadoption
ofnewfeedprocessingtechnologies
Feedmillownersandmanagerstopartnerinproductionoffeedthatmeetstheneeds
ofproducersandincapacitydevelopment
TSPstodevelop,promoteandcollectdataononfarmfeedmanufacture
126
SupportingActions
Disseminateresultstoindustry,producersandpolicy
makers

Outcomes
Reliablesuppliesof
nutritionallysound,
affordableand
environmentally
friendlyfeedsthatmeet
theneedsoffarmers
environmentally
friendlyfeeds
Transport
&
Processing
ResearchableIssues
Research
Impactsoftransportonfeedcostsandperformance
Impactsofstorageconditionsonnutritionalvalueof
feedsandoncontaminants
CLARandEgyptianuniversitiesandtopartneronresearchonfeedstorage
ARIs(CIRAD,Stirling)topartneronresearchandtechnicalbackstoppingonfeed
storage
SupportingActions
Disseminatebestpracticeguidelines
Inefficientfeed
distributionchains
Improvedfeed
distributionand
storage
Marketing
Poorlydeveloped
feedmarkets
Improved
understandingby
producersoffeed
qualityissues
SupportingActions
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpestablishandimplementprioritiestoimprovefeed
transport,includinginfrastructureimprovements
Feedproducers,transporters,farmersandProducerOrganizationstohelpdevelopand
adoptbetterfeedtransportandstoragepracticestoimprovequalityandreducecosts
Technicalservicesproviderstosupporttransportersandfarmersonbestpracticesfor
feedtransportandstorage
ResearchableIssues
Research
Currentandfuturemarketdemandforaquaculture
feeds
Impactsoffeedformulationsandproduction
methodsonfeedperformanceandenvironmental
impacts
SupportingActions
DevelopProducerOrganizationsinvaluechainareas
toreducecostsoffeedpurchases
Developextensionmaterialsonfeedmanagement
forfarmersandPOs
CLAR,Egyptianuniversitiesandprivatesectorfeedcompaniestopartneron
researchonfeedmarkets
ARIs(Stirling)topartneronresearchintoaquaculturefeedmarkets
SupportingActions
FarmersandProducerOrganizationstohelpdevelopcapacitytopurchaseand
distributefeeds,therebyreducingcosts
NAADS,TSPs,andNGOstocodevelopandpromotebestpracticesonuseoffeeds
127
Affordablequalityfeeds
availabletoall
producers
Strongdemandfor
qualityandprofitable
feedsbyfarmers
128
Table4.9OpportunitiesandconstraintsintilapiaproductionvaluechaininEgyptandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
Outcomes
Inputs
&
Services
Lackofqualityand
availability
Improvedaccess
toqualitybusiness
andtechnical
advice,affordable
credit,seed,feed
andfertilizer
Production
Lowproductivity,
poorproduction
practicesand
marginal
profitability
?
Improved
ResearchableIssues
Research
Productionsystemspecificfeedingregimesto
maximizeproductivityandprofitsintheproduction
offishthattargetpropoormarkets
Improvedlanduseandwatermanagement
Integrationwithcropproduction
Developmentofrecirculationaquaculturesystems
andtheirassociatedimpactsonLCA
Aquaculturewastetreatment/use
Farmers,feedproducersandFarmerOrganizationstoseek
genderequitablemethods(includingcontractgrowing)to
increaseproductionandproductivity
CLARandEgyptianuniversitiestopartnerondeveloping
productiveandprofitabletechnologiesARIs(Bergen,CIRAD,
StirlingandWageningen)topartneronresearch,technical
backstoppingandcapacitydevelopment
SupportingActions
Developrecordkeeping,technicalcapacityand
businessskillsamongproducers
Developsoftskills(e.g.communication,business,
negotiation,genderawareness)amongCGstaff
SupportingActions
FarmersandPOstohelpidentifycapacitybuildingneeds,develop
capacitybuildingmaterialsandparticipateincapacitybuilding
programs,andtoparticipateintechnologydevelopment
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpidentifyandimplementincentives
toadoptionofproductiveandprofitabletechnologies
129
Farmersabletoaccessquality
seed,feedandtechnicaladvice
thatmeetstheirneeds
Increasedfarmedfish
productionandavailabilityto
thepoor
NAADSandTCPstoparticipateindevelopmentofstaff
communicationandgenderawarenessskills
TSPs,USAIDLEADandNGOstopartnerongenderedtechnology
developmentanddisseminationtofarmers
productivity,
profitabilityand
productionand
reducedecological
footprint
Transport
&
Processing
Variablequalityof
limitedrangeof
products
ResearchableIssues
Research
Impactsofharvestingandtransportonpostharvest
quality,foodsafetyandprice
Impactofcosteffectivecoldchainonreturns
throughoutthevaluechain
Optionsforpostharvestprocessingtoimprove
storageoraddvalue
Farmers,hatcheries,producerorganizationsandtransportersto
helpidentifyandprioritizecriticalstepsinfishtransport,devise
effectiveandeconomicallyefficientsolutionsanddevelop
capacitywithinthetransportsector
CLARandEgyptianuniversitiestopartneronresearchonfish
processingandcoldchaindevelopment
SupportingActions
Developanddelivertrainingonfishtransport
Seeksynergieswithotherfood,especiallylivestock,
intransportandcoldchains
Designandimplementimprovementstoroadand
otherinfrastructure
Improvequality
andseekequitable
valueadded
opportunities
SupportingActions
MinistryofAgriculturetohelpestablishandimplementpriorities
toimprovefeedtransport,includingroadandotherinfrastructure
improvements
Transporters,farmersandProducerOrganizationstohelp
developandadoptbetterfishtransportpracticestoimprove
quality,foodsafetyandreducepostharvestlossesandprices
WithNARsdevelopcapacityamongfishtransporters
Technicalservicesproviderstosupportfarmersondevelopment
ofbestpracticesforharvestingandpostharvesthandling
Increasedquantitiesof
affordableandnutritionally
soundfishandfishproductsin
markets
Marketing
Poorly
developed
markets
ResearchableIssues
Research
Impactsofincreasedfishsupplyonconsumptionby
vulnerablegroups,includingwomenandchildren
Presentandlikelyfuturedemandfordifferent
farmedfishproductsamongpoorconsumers
Theroleofgenderindemandpatternsamongpoor
consumersandbarrierstoconsumptionaspartofa
balanceddiet
Newmarketsfornovelproductsthatareattractive
andaffordabletopoorconsumers
Mechanismstoincreasecommunicationbetween
customersandproducerstotestthehypothesisthat
farmerswillusetheinformationtobettertarget
productiontomarketdemand
Farmers,consumersandProducerOrganizations,ARCand
Egyptianuniversitiestocollaborateonfishmarketresearch
NGOsandhealthsectortopartneronmarketresearchand
development
ARIs(Stirling)topartneronresearchintomarketingof
aquacultureproducts
130
Strongdemandforand
increasedaccessto
nutritionallysoundfarmedfish
productsbypoorand
vulnerableconsumers
Awareness
raisingamong
poorconsumers
UseofICTtoreduceknowledgeimbalancesand
improvevaluechainefficiency
TheroleofPOsinmarketing
Driversofcompetitionamonglocal,nationaland
regionalmarketsforfarmedfish
SupportingActions
Developcapacitytoconductmarketresearch
Developcapacitytocollecthumanhealthand
nutritiondata
SupportingActions
Farmers,ProducerOrganizationsandtraderstocollaborateon
developmentofmarketingskills,useofICTandcollectionof
data
131
GeographicFocus
The key to increasing tilapia
t
produ
uction in Egyypt lies prim
marily in sup
pporting farm
mers in existing growingg
regions,alth
houghthereissomepoteentialtoexpandtonewareas.Mostttilapiaproductioniscon
ncentratedin
n
theNiledeltta,closeto theNortherrnLakes,witthsomeinFFayoum.In2
2004 8about 96%oftotaalproduction
n
was in the delta, while Fayoum accounted for 3.3%, farms south of Fayoum
F
0.3%
%, and farm
ms near Cairo
o
around0.1%
%.InthedeltaareaKafrElSheikhgo
overnoratep
producedmo
osttilapiafo
ollowedbyD
Damiettaand
d
Sharkia, at 88,079 t, 36
6,319 t and 30,186 t reespectively. About 89% of tilapia p
production derived
d
from
m
earthenpon
nds,therem
maining11% beingfrom intensivepro
oductionin cagesandtaanks.These
eregionsand
d
production systems willl be the focus for work on the prod
duction elem
ments of thee fish value chains. With
h
respect to downstream
linkages, ho
d
owever, thee major markets in Egyp
pt, both urban and ruraal will be thee
focus.
Mapshowinggthemainttilapiaprodu
ucingregion andthetheerelativecon
ntribution(b
byweight)of
Figure4.4M
fishtothedietofruralaandurbanpo
opulationsineachEgyptianGovernorrate(SourceGalal,2007)).
PotentialforImpact
Annualaverrageproducttiongrowthrratesfortilapiabetween
n2003and2
2008wereap
pproximatelyy16%.Inthee
absence of further inveestment in in
nnovation, this growth is
i unlikely to
o be maintained. Optimistically, onee
mightexpecctanaverageofabout5
5%growthannuallyuntil2017,whicchwouldyieeldanadditio
onal213,000
0
tonnesover2008levels..Throughsu
upporttothiisprogramw
webelieveacombination
nofupgradin
ngfarmersto
o
o the curreent best pro
oducers, exp
panding areas under production and technicaal
produce at the level of
c
increase annual avverage prod
duction grow
wth rates to 10%, yieldin
ng an additio
onal 615,000
0
innovation could
tonnes by 2017.
2
At currrent populattion growth rates, and assuming
a
all other sourcces of fish su
upply remain
n
static,thisin
ncreaseintilapiaalonew
wouldbringp
percapitafisshsupplyfrom15.4%in2
2008to18.6
6%in2017.
Given trends observed elsewhere, we
w would allso expect th
his increase in productio
on to stabilize or reducee
onsumers.Sin
ncelowgrad
detilapiaistheprinciplesourceoffisshforthepo
oorestsectorrofsocietyin
n
pricesforco
many region
ns this could
d have signifficant role in
n ensuring adequate
a
levvels of fish cconsumption
n. Significant
researchwilllbeneeded
dhoweverto
ounderstand
dlinksbetwe
eenproductionincreaseesfoodconsumptionand
d
ultimately health
h
and nutrition im
mpacts amon
ng the poorr in target markets.
m
Esttablishing baselines and
d
structuredaapproachesformonitorin
ngandevaluatingoutcom
meswillbeaavitalearlyin
nvestmentfo
orthisCRP.
The figure below
b
summ
marises the pathway
p
from
m the targett outcomes identified in
n Tables 4.74.9 for each
h
componentofthevaluechainsthrou
ughtotheim
mpactonfoo
odsecurity.
Data obtained from the Gene

eral Authority fo
or Fisheries Ressources Develop
pment (GAFRD
D) statistics
132
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Bolwig, S., Po
onte, S., du Toit, A., Riisggaard, L., Halberg, N. (200
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Gender and Environmenta
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al
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daParaba.(Englishversion
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ww.web.ca/~robrien/papeers/arfinal.htm
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C
Scan for Cre
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ww.jobstrust.org/Publicatio
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USAIDLead(2
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Secu
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pdf
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WorldFish.20
010.GenderA
AnalyticalMattrixandToolsforFisheries//Aquaculture. Penang:TheWorldFishCe
enter
133
SHEEPMEATVALUECHAININETHIOPIA
Ethiopiaishometo77millionpeople;32millionareclassifiedaspoorlivingonlessthanUS$1perday.With
apopulationof48millionsmallruminants(FAOStat2010)Ethiopiahasoneofthelargestpopulationsinsub
SaharanAfrica(Table4.6).Sheep(24million)arethesecondmostimportantspeciesinEthiopia(CSA2008a).
Sheeparemostlykeptbysmallholdersandtheruralpoor,includingwomenheadedhouseholds.They
contributesubstantiallytothelivelihoodsofEthiopiansmallholderhouseholdsasasourceofincome,food
(meatandmilk),andnonfoodproductslikemanure,skinsandwool.Theyalsoserveasameansofrisk
mitigationduringcropfailures,propertysecurity,monetarysavingandinvestmentinadditiontomanyother
socioeconomicandculturalfunctions(Tibbo2006).Atthefarmlevel,sheepcontributeupto63%tothenet
cashincomederivedfromlivestockproductioninthecroplivestockproductionsystem.Inthelowlands,
sheeptogetherwithotherlivestockareamainstayofpastorallivelihoods(NegassaandJabbar2008).
Theannualmeatproductionfromsmallruminantsisrelativelysmallcomparedtothenumberofheads
(Table1).Theaverageannualofftakerateandcarcassweightperslaughteredanimalfortheyears2000
2007wereestimatedat32.5%and10.1kg,respectively(FAO,2009);thelowestamongsubSaharanAfrican
countries.NegassaandJabbar(2008)reportedanevenlowersheepofftakerateofonly7%intheEthiopian
highlands.
Table4.6:SheepandgoatpopulationsinselectedsubSaharancountriesin2009
Country
Sheepandgoat
population
(000s)
Sudan
Ethiopia
Kenya
Mali
Uganda
Cameroon
Mozambique
Congo,DemocraticRepublic
Malawi
Burundi
93,931
47,827
23,395
18,538
9,972
8,200
5,219
4,935
2,906
1,900
Productionof
sheepand
goatmeat
(1000tons)
334
124
124
78
35
32
26
21
18
2
Reasonsattributedfortheapparentlowproductivityare:absenceofwellplanned/appropriatebreeding
programs,lackoftechnicalcapacity,inadequateandpoorqualityfeeds,diseasesleadingtohighlamb
mortality,andunderdevelopedmarketsintermsofinfrastructureandmarketinformation.Asthemarket
systemsaretypicallyinformal,individualproducershavelittlebargainingpower.Furthermore,sheepand
goatsgenerallyreceivelittlepolicyorinvestmentattention.
Althoughtechnologiestoaddressmanyofthemostcommonconstraintsareinhand,akeyconstraintisthe
lackofmodelsofsuitableandacceptableorganizationalstrategiesforproducergroupsthatcouldfacilitate
accesstoservicesandmarkets.Researchisthereforerequiredtodevelopandtestinputandmarketservice
deliveryoptionsandmodels,aswellastheinstitutionalandorganizationalarrangementsthatwouldprovide
sustainabledeliveryanduptakeoftheavailablehealthmanagement,feedingandgeneticimprovement
technologiesthrougheffectivepublicprivatepartnershipsinwhichgovernmentalsupportservicesand
privatepartnersareintegralpartofvalueadditionprocess.
Whythisvaluechain?
Demandandpricesforsheepandgoatmeatshowanincreasingtrendduetourbanizationandincreased
incomeinthecitiesandincreaseddemandfromtheGulfcountries.From2000to2008thepriceoflive
134
sheepandsheepmeatincreasedby157%;theincreaseforlivegoatsandgoatmeatwasslightlylowerat
107%(FAOStat2010) 9.
AstructuralmodeloftheEthiopianlivestocksectorestimatesthetotalconsumptionofsheepandgoatmeat
at91,200and91,600tonsin2010whichexceedstheestimatedsheepandgoatmeatproduction(124,000
tons,seeTable1)by47%.Thesamemodelpredictsapercapitaannualgrowthrateinsheepandgoatmeat
consumptionfrom2010to2020by3.4%and1.3%,andanoverallchangeof41%and14%,respectively
(FadigaandAmare2010).
Itisevidentthattheincreasingdemandforsheepmeatcannotbemetwiththecurrentinefficient
productionandmarketingsystems.AlthoughEthiopiansheepbreedsarewelladaptedtotheexisting
productionenvironments,theirfullproductionpotentialisobviouslynotbeingrealizedduetoacombination
ofconstraints.Manyoftheseconstraintshavealreadybeenstudiedandtechnologiestoovercomesomeof
themhavebeendeveloped.However,theiruptakeandwideradoptionremainslow,thusfurtherresearch
anddisseminationoftheknowledgeandtechnologiesarestillrequired.
Inourviewthissituationprovidesgoodopportunitiestoincreasesheepmeatproductionandensurethat
thiswillbenefitpoorruralproducers,bothmenandwomen.Table4.7summarizesthereasonsfor
proposingthesheepmeatvaluechainasafocusvaluechainforourproposal
Table4.7:CriteriaandrationaleforchoosingEthiopia
Criteria
Growthand
market
opportunity
RationaleforchoosingEthiopia
Hugeandincreasingdemandforsheepmeatwithinandoutsidethecountryreflectedin
increasingprices
EthiopiasstrategiclocationpromotingexportstoMiddleEastmarkets
CurrentannuallivestockandmeatexportpotentialisestimatedatUS$136million;
however,therealizedexportearningoverthepast15yearsto2003averagedonlytoUS$
2.5million.
AbattoirsinEthiopiaoperateonlyat40%oftheircapacity(informationfromElfora)
Highpotentialtoraisethelowflockproductivityandofftakerateinsmallholderflocks
Propoorpotential ThemajorityofruralpoorinEthiopiadependonsheep(andgoat)production
Bothmenandwomenareinvolvedinsheepproductionwithdifferenttasksanddecision
makingpower
Goodincomeopportunityforwomenheadedhouseholds
Manymarketagentsalongthevaluechain(input/livestocktraders,meatprocessorsand
transportersetc.)providepotentialaswellaschallengeforcooperation
Researchable
Negativeselectionofbreedingramsforlambgrowthasfastgrowinglambsaresoldfirstand
supplyconstraints
inbreedingduetosmallflocksizes
Shortageandfluctuationinquantityandqualityoffeedsupply
Pooranimalhygieneanddiseases(highlamb/kidmortality,PPR,CCPP)
Lackofbusinessenterpriseproductionstrategy
Lackofsustainableorganizationalstructuresforbreederandproducergroupsinorderto
facilitatetheiraccesstoaffordablebreedinganimals,animalhealthcareandefficient
marketservices
Poormarketinfrastructureandinstitutionalarrangements(underdevelopedmarketing
system)resultinginhighpricedifferencebetweenruralandurbanmarkets,highnumberof
middlemenandthussmallproducermargins
Poorinputsupplysystemandlimitedsupportservices(extensionandcreditsystems)
Insufficientsupplyofabattoirswithsheepmeat(number,weight,ageandbodycondition)
Ineffectiveknowledgemanagementsystems,inparticularknowledgesharingbetween
producersandscientists,toenhanceuptakeofproventechnologies
Enabling
Increasinginternationalinterestandsupportfromdonorsfordevelopingthelivestock
ILRIdata
135
environment
Existing
momentum
sectorinEthiopia(anumberoflivestockdevelopmentprojectsfundedbyUSAID)
Variousprojects/initiativesongoingorplannedandcompetentorganizations/institutions
CommitmentbyGovernmentofEthiopiatoimprovepolicyenvironment
Ongoingimprovementofpavedroadnetworkwhichwillenhancemarketaccess
ILRIandICARDA,togetherwiththeirkeypartners,bringinarichcombinationoftechnical
andpracticalexperiencesondevelopingcountryandlowinputmixedcroplivestock
systems,andahistoryofhavingsuccessfullyworkedtogetherinrelatedresearch,onwhich
tobuildon
Veryfewotherglobalorganizationscombinedevelopmentwithinnovativeandadaptive
research.
BothCentershaveexperiencewithvaluechaindevelopmentinsmallruminantsandother
livestockproductionsystems.
AnumberofILRIandICARDApartnerorganizationsarealreadyactiveinEthiopiaorare
partnersinnewprojectproposals,suchastheEthiopianNARS,BOKUVienna,Universityof
Goettingen,andEMBRAPA.
ILRIprovidesanexcellentinfrastructureandispartnerincomplementaryprojectlike
IPMS 10;twoprojects,SPSLMMandESGPIP 11fundedbyUSAIDprovideopportunitiesfor
linkagesandknowledgesharing
Researchandsupportingactions
Furtherdiscussionwithstakeholdersalongthevaluechainarerequiredtorefineandprioritizethemajor
barriersandopportunitiesforincreasingsheepflockproductivityandmeatproductionandsupporting
researchanddevelopmentactions.TheconstraintslistedinTable4.7arebasedontheexperiencesofan
ongoingICARDA/ILRI/BOKUCommunitybasedSheepBreedingprojectandtheILRIIPMS(Improving
ProductionandMarketSuccessofEthiopianFarmers)project.
Incommonwithmanyotherlivestockproductionsystemsinthedevelopingworldandconstraintsidentified
inotherkeyvaluechains,majorconstraintsatinputandproductionlevelincludelackofaccesstobreeding
ramswithprovengeneticattributes(breedingvalue),inadequatefeedingatcriticalproductionstagesand
poorhealthcare,inefficienthealthcareservices(diseasecontrolandpreventionmeasures),lackofaccessto
inputsandsupportiveinstitutional/organizationalandknowledgesystems.Thispreliminaryanalysis
underlinestheneedfortheplatformresearchapproachdescribedinanearliersectionofthisproposalthat
willallowtheprogramtosearchfortechnologysolutionsacrosstheproposedvaluechains.
Notsurprisingly,theshareoftheretailvaluecapturedbysheepproducersissmallandcouldbeincreasedby
developingandorganizingthesheepmarketsinallimportantaspectsmarketaccess,structure,and
transparencyintransactionsandpriceinformation.Onerootoftheproblemisthefailureofproducersto
coordinateandcollaboratewitheachothertoincreasetheirbargainingpowerbysupplyingmoreattractive
quantitiestothebuyersatthetimeofpeakdemand.Butitisdifficultforsuchcollectiveactionto
spontaneouslyoccurinthesetraditionalruralcommunities.Innovationsinruralorganizationsand
cooperationamongdifferentmarketplayers(producers,traders,fatteners,abattoirs,andretailers)are
needed.Table4.8summarizesthekeydevelopmentchallenges,knowledgegapsandareasofintervention
envisagedforthevaluechainsinpilotareasofEthiopia.
Variableproductqualityofbothliveanimalsandmeatareadditionaldrawbackstosatisfyingqualitiesthat
aredemandedbythedomesticandexportmarkets;althoughbothofferbetterpricestheyarealso
increasinglydemandinghigherproductsafetyandqualityconsistency.Forexample,theexportmarkets
whichmainlytradeinsheepcarcassesdemandmorerigorousmeatinspectionsystems,thuscoldchainsare
10
IPMS=ImprovingProductivityandMarketSuccessofEthiopianfarmers
11
SPSLMM = Ethiopian Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards and Livestock and Meat Marketing Program; ESGPIP =
EthiopianSheepandGoatProductivityImprovementProject
136
prerequisitestoaccessingsuchmarkets.Combined,theseconstraintslimitthesheepproducerscapacityto
maximallybenefitfromtheirsheepandtofurtherinvestinthisindustry.
StudiesbyIPMSandthecommunitybasedsheepbreedingprojectacrossdifferentregionsinEthiopia
showedthatwomenshareresponsibilitieswithmenintheproductionofsheepandaremainlyresponsible
forfeeding,maintaininghygieneanddaytodaymanagement.Childrenareoftenresponsibleforsupervising
thegrazingduringrainyseason.However,mendominatethemarketingofsheepandcontroltheincome
fromsales.Itwasfoundthattheworkloadofwomenandchildrenmayincreaseduetomarketoriented
developmentofthecommodity,butmentendtobenefitmoreintermsofincomeobtained.
137
Table4.8:OpportunitiesandconstraintsinthesheepmeatvaluechaininEthiopiaandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
Valuechain
components
Inputs
&
Services
Developmentalchallenge
Indicativepartners 12
Outcomes
Howtoorganizeefficient
andsustainableinput
servicesforsmallholders
(independentfrom
developmentprojectsinthe
longterm)?
Howtoorganizelongterm
functionalandaffordable
animalhealthdelivery
servicesforremoteareas?
ResearchableIssues
Whatisthemostefficientstrategy/modelfor
organizinginputdeliverysystemsforsmallholder:
- Requiredpartnerships(government,private
partners,developmentprojects)
- Requiredinvestmentsbysmallholders(micro
credits)
- Requiredsupportingtraining/extensionprogram
forsmallholders
- Supportive,policies,organizationaland
institutionalarrangementsforimprovedsheep
production
Differencesinmensandwomensandpoorandrich
householdsaccesstoinputs,preferenceforinputs,
useofinputs,rolesininputsupply.
Research
NARSEthiopia
IPMS
ESGPIP
Inputsandservices(including
vaccinationcampaigns)accessibleand
deliveredintimetomaleandfemale
smallholders
Increasedknowledgeofmaleand
femalesmallholdersaboutuseful
inputsandservices
Functionalinstitutionsandconducive
policyenvironment
SupportingActions
Assesscurrentinstitutionsandpolicies;identify
gendersensitiveandequitableoptionstobetter
supportbreedingprograms,resourcemanagement
andmarketing
Undertakeactoranalysesandevaluatetheexisting
animalhealthservices(vaccines,anddrugs),delivery
systems(includingprivate)anddesignefficientand
affordabledeliveryoptionssystemstocoverin
particularwomenandthepoor,includingtraining
communitybasicveterinaryworkersandlinkingthem
withgovernmentalveterinaryservices
Assesstheexistingforagespecies,theirpotentialin
thevariousproductionsystemsanddesignforage
seed/seedmaterialdeliverysystemsandthe
agronomicpracticesthatwouldensuresustained
yields
Designadequatetrainingprogramsformaleand
femalesheepowners
Facilitatelinkagestomicrocreditandotherfinancial
12
CompareTable4.9
138
SupportingActions,inparticular
organizinginputdelivery:
Privateveterinariansorgovernmental
services
Seedcompanies
Feedenterprises
Microcreditschemes
Production
Howdoweincreasesheep
meatproductionandflock
productivitytomeetcurrent
andfuturemarketneeds?
Howtoavoidinbreedingand
negativeselectionoframs?
Howtoovercomeseasonal
orcontinuousgapsinfeed
quantityandquality?
Whichpreventivemeasures
andtreatmentsareessential
toincreaseproductivity?
servicesoperatedthroughotherpartnerswitha
focusonwomenandpoor
ResearchableIssues
Whatdesignofbreedingprogramsandstrategies
wouldbeappropriatefortheexistingandemerging
productionsystems/environment(incl.appropriate
datarecordingandfeedbacksystem)?
Whatarethebeststrategiestoreducemortality,
particularinyounganimalsandavoiddecreased
productivitycausedbydiseases?
Howtodesignoptimizedfeedingsystems?
Arethereoptionstointroduceforagesandthe
economicsoftheirproduction?
Aretheredifferencesamongmensandwomens
motivationtoengageintheenterprise,inanticipated
benefits,rolesinproduction,skills/capacityneeds,
sourcesofknowledge/technology,influenceof
policiesandinstitutions?
Arethereanyaspectsofproductionthatarehardfor
womenorsociallydiscouraged?
Whatchangesarerequiredinsheepmanagement
systemstoovercomespecificconstraintsthatwomen
face,e.g.herding?
Howwillimprovedresourceuseandsheep
productivityaffecthouseholdlivelihoods,especially
womenandchildrentakingintoconsiderationthe
spilloverintootherpartsofthefarmingsystem?
SupportingActions
Implementingbestbetbreedingprograms,incl.
performancerecording,selectionstrategiestoenable
sustainedgeneticimprovementinthekeybreeding
objectivetraits,whilemaintainingreasonablelevels
ofgeneticdiversity,includingminimizinginbreeding
anditseffectsatherdandatpopulationlevel.
Developingandfacilitatinginstitutional(e.g.bylaws
andguidelines)andorganizationalarrangements
throughfarmergroupapproachesandcollective
action
13
Theprojectwassupposedtoendin2010butitmaybeextendedforoneortwomoreyears
139
Research
NARSEthiopia
BOKUVienna
INTA
CIRAD
IPMS
ESGPIP
SupportingActions
MoARDEthiopia
IPMS
ESGPIP 13
Accesstobreedingramswithhigher
breedingvalue
Decreasedinbreedingindex
Flocksmorehomogenousindesirable
traits
Improvedmarketweightandbody
condition
Reducedmortality
Increasedofftakerate
Increasedmeatconsumptioninthe
households
Transport
&
Processing
Howtodeliverreliable
quantitiesofmore
homogenous,safeand
qualityproducts(meator
liveanimals)from
smallholdersystems?
Howtoincreasethesupply
ofqualityskins(slaughterat
bothprivateplacesand
abattoirs)
Optimizeanimalhealthanddiseasecontrol,through
- investigatingtheepidemiologyofparasitesand
pathogens,anddesigningpreventive/control
strategiesinaccordance.
- promotingsimplepreventivemeasuressuchas
accesstoadequatefeed,cleanwater,clean
housing,spraying/dipping
Optimizefeedingsystemsandincreasefeed
resources,inparticular
- Testingforagesvarieties(foodfeedvarieties)and
integratethemintocroppingsystems
- Optimizinguseofcurrentlyavailablefeed
resources,(strategicsupplementation,feed
preservation,purchaseofmostlimiting
nutrients).
- Promotingfeedprocessingoptions(simplehand
chopping;villagebasedmotordrivenchoppers;
commercialbutdecentralizedfeedprocessing
units)
- Plantingfoddertreesinprivateandcommunity
managedplots
ResearchableIssues
Isacarcassgradingsystemrequiredandwhatwould
beanappropriategradingandpricingsystem?
Doesthemarketprefer/segregatecarcasspartsor
cutsandifso,howcanthisbemainstreamedinthe
breedingstrategyandpricingsystem?
Howtoreducemeatqualitylossescausedby
transportandinadequatehandlingofanimals?
Howtoavoiddarkeningofmeatfromhighlandsheep
impedingtheirexport?
Whatarethecausesofmostcommonpreandpost
mortemskindefects?
Isthereanydifferenceinqualityofproductssupplied
bymenandwomen?
Aretheredifferencesinaccesstotransportand
processingservices?
SupportingActions
Establishgrading/qualitysystemsforcarcassesif
appropriate
Capacitybuildingontransport,handlingand
140
Research
NARSEthiopia
IPMS
SPSLMM
SupportingActions
MoARDEthiopiaandSPSLMMfor
sanitaryregulations,e.g.meat
inspection
Abattoirs(Elfora)
Butchers(meatshops)
Meatqualitycriteriadefinedwith
tradersandconsumers
Higherqualitycarcassesandskins
produced
Higherpricesandincomesforsheep
producers
Howtoorganizemarkets
(bothdemandandsupply)
forequitablebenefitsalong
thechain?
Howtoensureaccessforthe
Ethiopianpeopletosafe
meatatanaffordableprice?
Marketing
slaughterofsheepwithallinvolvedstakeholders
Studyfactorscausingpreandpostmortemskin
defectsanddesignhandlingandprocessingstrategies
toimproveskinqualityaccordingly
Designoftraceabilitysystemforsheepmeat(longer
term)
ResearchableIssues
Market/Consumerdemands:whatdomarketspay
for(breed,region,specificliveweightorsize,
quality)?
Marketstructures:relations/transactionsbetween
local,regionalandexportmarketsincluding
transboundarytradeissues(e.g.foodsafety)tobe
addressedforincreasingexports
Marketaccess:isitpreferabletoorganizethe
farmersforaccessingmarketsortoimprove
marketingsystemsandinfrastructure(e.g.
infrastructureofmarkets)?
Markettransparency:whatmarketinformationis
available/needed,andhowcoulditbebetter
disseminated(informationsystems)?
Differencesinmensandwomensaccesstomarkets
andmarketinformation
Intrahouseholddecisionmakingonsales(where,
when,howmany)andcontrolofbenefits
Arethereanyaspectsoftradingthataredifficultor
sociallydiscouragedforwomenandpoor?
Howcanwomenowningsheepbetterparticipatein,
andbenefitfromsmallruminantmarkets?
SupportingActions
Analyzethemarketstructure,constraintsand
opportunitiesforsheepandmutton,coveringall
agentsandactorsinvolvedinsheepmarketing
includingtraders,middlemen,transportersand
exporters.
Evaluateandtestoptionsforcoordinatingand
transportingbulkgroupsalesofanimals.
Testmarketingarrangementsthroughbreeders
cooperatives
Assesstheperformanceofdifferentmarketing
servicesincludingprovisionofmarketinformation,
141
Research
NARSEthiopia
IPMS
SupportingActions
MoARDEthiopiaandUSAIDSPSLMM
forregulatoryframework
ELFORAEthiopia(abattoirs)andtrade
organizationsfordefiningproduct
standardsandarrangingmarketing
channel
Increasedmarginsforsmallholdersin
thevaluechain
Salesofsheepwithappropriateweight
andsizeaccordingtomarketdemands
Organizedmarketingofsheepatgood
prices
Sheepownerswellinformedabout
marketingopportunities
Abattoirsoperateneartheirfull
capacity
Crosscutting
issues
Howtoorganizeavalue
chaintoconsiderably
increasetheoutputwhat
areessentialcomponents
andpartnerships?
facilitationofmarketlinkages,provisionofmarketing
facilities,transportofsheepandmuttonandidentify
waysofimprovingthem
Identifyandrespondtodemanddrivenmarket
opportunitiesforvalueaddition,throughimproved
productquality
Facilitatelinkagestomarketinformationsystems
operatedbyotherpartners.
Genderdisaggregatedanalysisofmarketandservices
access
ResearchableIssues
Impactofvaluechaindevelopmentonworkloadsand
oncontrolovertheincomewithinthehousehold
Whobenefitsfromnewtechnologiesinhouseholds
andcommunities(equity)?
Whatareincentivesforvariouskeyactors(farmers,
inputproviders,tradersandanimalhealthproviders
etc.)toinvestinsmallruminants?Andhowcanthese
actorscooperate?
Isitfeasibletodesign(a)commonmodel(s)forvalue
chaindevelopmentthroughanalysisofthelessons
learntfromthediversevaluechains,inparticular
comparingtheSRvaluechainsinMaliandEthiopia?
SupportingActions
Characterizationofcompletevaluechainsand
productionsystemsinthetargetlocations(own
surveysandotherstudies)atthestart
Developindicatorsofsuccess
Capacitybuildingatallstages
Comparetheapproachesappliedforthedifferent
valuechains
Developaneasymonitoringsystemforhome
consumptionofmeat
142
Research
NARSEthiopia,
IPMS
Boku,Vienna
SupportingActions
MoARDEthiopia
IPMS
ESGPIP
Contributionofsheepproductionto
livelihoodsincreasedconsidering
tangibleandintangiblebenefits
Geographicfocus
Diversesheepbreedsandecotypesarekeptindifferentregionsandecologiesfromthemountainous
highlandstothearidpastorallowlandareas.Nineindigenoussheepbreedshavebeenidentifiedby
phenotypicandmolecularcharacterizationmethods(Gizawetal2007).Thecommunitybasedsheep
breedingprogramsisbeingimplementedinfourareasinEthiopia,namelyHorro,Bonga,MenzandAfar..
Basedontheprojectrelatedstudiesandtheexperienceduringthelastfouryearsweareproposingto
initiatesheepproductionvaluechainsforHorro,MenzandAfarsheepintheirhomeareasofthesame
name.
HumanpopulationinMenzareaisestimatedat324,720.However,thebreedisbeingusedoutofitsoriginal
homeregionbyanestimated2millionpeopleandiswidelydistributed.Horrosheeparerearedbyabout
6,874,480people.PopulationofAfarsheepisestimatedat2,499,640andiskeptby1.4millionAfarpeople
andotherneighbouringcommunities(CSA2008b).
MapofEthiopiadepictingHorro,MenzandAfarregion
TheargumentstoselectHorroandMenzareaaspilotsitesforvaluechaindevelopmentinclude:
Horro,MenzandAfarsheeparethemostpopulousbreedsinEthiopia(populationisestimatedat
morethan2millionforeachbreed)withawideareacoverage
Pilotcommunitybasedbreedingprogramshavebeenestablishedintwocommunitiesofeachregion
thatcanbeusedaslearninganddemonstrationsites
RegionalresearchcentreswithwelleducatedandinterestedstaffarefoundinMenzandHorroregion
Reasonablygoodinformationisavailableonthebreedsandtheproductionsystemsasbaseforfuture
researchanddevelopmentwork 14
14
TheCommunitybasedSheepBreedingProjectfocusesongeneticimprovementandrelatedaspects.Initiallyother
constraintssuchasfeedavailabilityandqualityandanimalhealthcareandaccesstoefficientmarketsthatareequally
importantwerenotaddressed.Acknowledgingtheimportanceoftheseconstraintsforachievingimpact,duringitslast
yeartheprojecthasstartedtointroduceinterventionsaddressingsomeoftheseconstraints
143
Thethreeareasarecomparativelyeasyaccessible.
AfarandMenzsheeparemajorcontributorstothehouseholdsincomes:Menzisahighlydegraded
highlandareamostlynotsuitableforothercropandlivestockproduction.Thus,thereistrendtowards
specializationinsheepproductionandthiswillhelpustoachieveimpact.Afarsheeparekeptinthe
lowlandsbypastoralists,livestockproductionbeingthemainstayofthepopulation.Horroregionis
characterizedbycroplivestockproductionsystemswithmorediversefarmingactivities;nevertheless
thecommunitiesalsodependtoarelativelylargeextentonsheepforlivelihoodandassecurity
measureagainstcropfailure.
BasedonanILRIclassificationofrecommendationdomainswithinAfrica(Omoloetal2009)thethreesites
representthreedifferentdomains:Horroislocatedinanareamainlycharacterizedashavinghigh
agriculturalpotential,goodmarketaccessandlowpotentialdensity,whileMenzareashowslowagricultural
potential,goodmarketaccessandhighpopulationdensityandAfarlowagriculturalpotentialandpopulation
densitywithpartlygoodandpartlypoormarketaccess.Thus,thisdiversitywillenableacrosssitelearning
andamoreprecisedefinitionofrecommendationdomainsforcertaintechnologies.
Potentialforimpact
ThegeneralprinciplesofthevaluechainapproachthatweintendtoapplyinthisProgramandtheenvisaged
impactpathwaywereexplainedearlierintheproposal.Akeyprincipleistoenhancethecompetitivenessof
allvaluechaincomponents,combiningresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesinstrategicpartnerships.Thisis
consideredasthemostpromisingoptiontoachievetheenvisagedimpacthighersheepmeatproduction
levelsandincreasedlivingstandardsoftheinvolvedhouseholds.Thepathwaytoimpactwillbethrough
increasingofftakeratesfromsheepflocksandeasieraccessforsmallholderstomarketswithhigher
producermargins,resultinginhigherincomesforruralhouseholdsandthusenablingtherequired
investmentinsheepproductiontofurtherenhanceproductionlevels.
However,developingacomprehensivestrategyandamodelapproachfororganizingthesheepmeatvalue
chainwillbeachallengeonethathasnotbeenachievedforsmallholdersystemsindevelopingcountries
uptonow.Researchanddevelopmentprojectstendtofocusonindividualcomponentsofthevaluechainor
specifictechnologiesonly.Ourapproachaimsatintegratingresearchanddevelopmenteffortstoprovide
solutionsandstrategiestoovercometheexistingsystemdeficienciesalongthewholevaluechainina
comprehensiveandsynergisticmanner.Thelevelandscaleofimpactwilldependonourabilitytobuildthe
essentialpartnershipsalongthevaluechainandattractinvestmentsfromdevelopmentpartners.
Basedonsimulationmodelsforthebreedingprogram(Tadeleetal2010)andcurrentproductivitylevelsitis
expectedthatby2017thenumberofweanedlambsperewecanbeincreasedby10%andyearlingweight
canbeimprovedbyabout20%(fromabout24kgto27kgperyearonaverageacrossthethreeregions)
whichwouldresultinanincreasedannualproductionpereweby20%(anincreaseofabout7kgperewe
andyear).Flocksizesperhouseholdarerelativelysmall:15.2productiveewesinMenz,5.6inHorroand10
inAfar.
Thenumberofhouseholdsthatwillbenefitfromthefocusonthisvaluechain,andtherebythepercent
increaseinsheepmeatproduction,willultimatelydependontheinvestmentthatcanbemadebythe
Programanditspartners.About1.46millionhouseholdskeepHorro,MenzorAfarsheepinEthiopia.Ifwe
assumethat5%oftheseareimpactedbythisProgram,throughactivitiesthatstrengthenthesheepvalue
chain,thismeansthatsome70,000householdswillenjoyenhancedlivelihoods,andthiswillinresultin
productionofanadditional5,000tonnesofsheepmeatannually.
Incontrasttothedairy,pigandfishvaluechainsweexpectonlyasmallincreaseinhomesheepmeat
consumptionoftheruralhouseholds:sheepmeatisnotconsumedonaregularbasisinruralcommunities.
Insteadtheincreasedsheepmeatproductionwillbenefiturbanconsumersandexportmarkets.Themajor
impactofdevelopingthevaluechainonlivelihoodsofruralsmallholdersandpoorhouseholdsisexpectedto
beachievedthroughincreasedincomefromsales.
144
Intermediate
Outcomes
PriorityVCconstraints
Inputs
&
Services
Production
Transport
&
Processing
Marketing
lessenedorresolved
Partnershipswith
majorstakeholders
establishedand
additionalinvestments
aligned
Flockproductivity
increasedby20%
Components
Valuechainoutcomes
Inputsandservices
Production
Processing
Marketing
UltimateOutcome
1000sheepmeat
producinghouseholdsin
threepilotregions
directlyparticipatingin
theprogram
Increasedmeat
production(plus72t)in
1000householdswhich
isefficientlymarketed
Impacts
5000tonnesadditional
sheepmeatproduced
annually
70,000households
involvedinthevalue
chainprogramimprove
theirstandardofliving
Inputsandservices(includingvaccinationcampaigns)accessibleand
deliveredintimetomaleandfemalesmallholders
Increasedknowledgeofmaleandfemalesmallholdersaboutuseful
inputsandservices
Functionalinstitutionsandconducivepolicyenvironment
Accesstobreedingramswithhigherbreedingvalue
Reducedmortality
Improvedmarketweightandbodycondition
IncreasedconsumptionofASPinthehouseholdsthroughincreased
income
Meatqualitycriteriadefinedwithtradersandconsumers
Higherqualitycarcassesandskinsproduced
Higherpricesandincomesforsheepproducers
Increasedmarginsforsmallholdersinthevaluechain
Salesofsheepwithappropriateweightandsizeaccordingtomarket
demands
Organizedmarketingofsheepatgoodprices
Sheepownerswellinformedaboutmarketingopportunities
Abattoirsoperateneartheirfullcapacity
Summaryofindicatorsalongtheimpactpathwaythatwebelievecanachievetheseimpacts.
Table4.9:StakeholdersinEthiopiaandtheirpossiblerole
Stakeholder
Type
Role
Remark
ELFORAAgroindustriesP.L.C.
Private
Couldcreatemarketoutletforthe
communitysheepandexportof
mutton,liveanimalandskins
Consulted
Luna
PrivateAbattoirin
Modjo
Exportssmallruminantmeattothe
Middleeast;ILRIhasbeenworking
withLunainIPMSandhave
developedtastronglinkage
Tobeconsulted
Cooperateonthewholesheepvalue
chaindevelopment
Consulted
ImprovingProductivityandMarket ILRIproject
SuccessofEthiopianfarmers
(IPMS)
EthiopianInstituteofAgricultural
Research(EIAR)
Government
Implementthefieldresearch
activitiesinAfar
Consulted
AmharaRegionalAgricultural
ResearchInstitute
RegionalAgricultural
ResearchCenter,
activitiesinMenz
Consulted
145
Government
OromiaAgriculturalResearch
Institute
RegionalAgricultural
ResearchCenter,
Government
activitiesinHorro
Consulted
USAIDEthiopianSanitaryand
PhytosanitaryStandardsand
LivestockandMeatMarketing
Program(SPSLMM)
NGO
Cooperateonmarketingofmutton,
sheep,skin
Tobeconsulted
USAIDEthiopianSheepandGoat
ProductivityImprovementProject
(ESGPIP)
NGO
Cooperateonbreedingatfieldlevel
Tobeconsulted
PastoralCommunityDevelopment
Program
Governmentproject
ResearchandtailoredtraininginAfar
Tobeconsulted
MinistryofAgricultureandRural
Development(MoARD)
Government
Supportthefieldactivitiesinallthe
projectsites
Consulted
NetherlandsDevelopment
Organization(SNVEthiopia)
NGO
Experiencesharingonvaluechain
development
Synergiestobe
discussedand
agreedupon
146
SHEEPANDGOATMEATVALUECHAINSINMALI
Agriculture,livestockandfisheryrepresent33%ofMalisGDPandagriculturalactivitiesemployalmost70%
ofthenationslabourforce.Morethan77%ofthecountry'sruralpeoplelivebelowthepovertylineand
about4.6millionofpoorpeoplearelivestockkeepers.PercapitaGDPofUS$470positionsMaliasoneof
theworlds10poorestnations.
Thesmallruminantpopulationhasbeenestimatedat11.3millionand15.8millionheadforsheepandgoats,
respectively.Extensivepurepastoralsystemswithlargeflocksizesarefoundinmarginalaridareaswhere
lowrainfalldoesnotallowsuccessfulcropping.Extensivesheepandgoatproductionssystemsarealso
practicedinsemiaridareas(400600mmofrainfall)bysedentaryrainfedmixedcroplivestockfarmers.A
thirdsheepandgoatproductionsystemisfoundintheinteriorDeltaofNigerRiver.Inthissubsystem,small
ruminantsaremovedouttotheuplandSahelianpastureslandsduringtherainyseasonandreturnto
floodedbourgoupasturesareasduringthedryseason.
Allthesepastorallowinputsystemsrelyonfamilylabourandonlivestockmobilitytoadapttoseasonalfeed
andwatershortages.Ontheotherhand,sedentarymixedcroplivestocksystemsareeitherbasedonmillet
orirrigatedriceproductionwheresheepandgoatsaregrazedonnaturalpastureswithlimitedmobility.
InsubhumidzonesofMali,sedentaryDjallonkesheepandgoatsproductionisassociatedwithbothfood
(sorghum,millet,maize,rainfedrice,roots)andcashcrops(cotton,groundnut)productions.Sheepand
goatsarekeptasaninsuranceoremergencycashresource(McDermottetal2010).Theyproducemanure
forfertilisingcropsaswellasmeat(andsometimesmilk)forhomeconsumption,andcanbesoldforcash
income.ThehighdemandoframsfortheTabaskifestivalforbothdomesticconsumptionandforexportto
neighbouringcountrieshasstimulatedthedevelopmentofmorecommerciallyorientedintensifiedsheep
productionsystemsinsemiaridorurbanandperiurbanareasinMali.Financiallyprofitableinvestmentin
sheepfatteningoperationsisinvolvinganincreasingnumberoffarmers,includingwomen,todiversifytheir
incomeusinghomegrowncropresiduesandpurchasedconcentrates.In2008,129,000fattenedramswere
producedthroughMinisteredelElevageetdelEnvironnementloanschemes(DNPIA2009).
Prominentconstraintstosmallholderfarmerskeepingsheepandgoatsincludeinsecureaccesstofeeds
(encroachmentofcroppingintograzinglands,landdegradation)andwaterandexposuretorisks(drought,
animaldiseases,pricevolatility)whichtranslateintopoorproductivity(PicaCiamarra2005)and
disincentivesforfurtherinvestmentinlivestockproduction.Highpreweaningmortalityisasignificant
problemforherdgrowthandPestedePetitsRuminants(PPR)isathreatinmanyareas(McDermottetal
2010).Wilson(1983)reportsthatonaverage32%ofkidsdiebeforetheageof5months.Uptakeoftechnical
andorganisationalinnovationswhichhavebeendesignedtoaddresstheseconstraintshasbeenlowbecause
oftheinadequatepushfromthemarketintermsoftheinputsandservicesrequiredtosupporttheir
adoption.Difficultaccesstoanimalhealthservicesisapersistentproblemofsmallruminantproducers.In
addition,limitedsmallruminantproducersbargainingpower,hightransactionscosts,andimperfectionsin
financialandanimalinput/outputsmarketspreventbenefitsalonglivestockvaluechaintotrickledownto
poorlivestockkeeperswhichinturnhasanadverseeffectonadoptionofinnovations.
Whythisvaluechain?
ThevastmajorityofpoorfarmersinMalikeepsmallruminantsasamainsourceoflivelihoods.Hence,sheep
andgoatsassetsarekeyopportunitiesforsmallholdersmallruminantproducerstonotonlyengagein
incomegeneratingactivitiesenablingthemtoescapethepovertytrapbutalsotoconsumeanimalsource
foodtheycouldnotaffordtobuy.Atthenationallevel,sheepandgoatscontributeto22%ofmeatsupplyin
Mali.Between2001and2008,domesticgoatmeatsupplyhasincreasedmorethanthreefoldfrom580to
1961MTwithaconcomitantincreasesingoatmeatpricesthatreflectavibrantlivestocksubsectorinMali
withhighpropoorpotentialifgainsalongthevaluechainsarebenefittingthemajorityofsmallholder
farmerssmallruminantproducersandothersmallruminantvaluechainsactors.In2009,about500,300
sheepand15,000goatsworthUS$36.6millionwereexportedtoneighbouringcountries.Themajorityof
sheepareexportedtoSenegal(80%)andtoIvoryCost(10%)(DNPIA2009)tomeettheincreasingdemandof
147
Tabaskiramsinthesecountries.OthercountriessuchasAlgeria,BeninandGuineaaresuppliedwithsheep
byMali.Libyahadinthepastexpressedhisinteresttoimportabout150,000sheepannuallybutthishasnot
yetmaterialized.
AnumberofcompetitiveadvantagesjustifytheselectionofMaliforpilottestingofthedevelopmentof
smallruminantvaluechainsasameansthroughwhichpoorsmallholderfarmerscancomeoutofpoverty.
First,Malipresentsadiversityofagroecologicalzones(arid,semiaridandsubhumidzones)thus
presentingdifferentproductionsystems,inwhichsmallruminantsarenotonlyimportant,butwherethe
breed/populationdifferences,resourceendowments,husbandrypracticescanbedifferentiallyand
profitablyexploited.Besides,theexistingdifferentbiophysicalconstraints,andmarketorientationand
constraintsaresimilartowhatisexperiencedinmanyaridandhumidenvironmentselsewhereintheAfrica
andAsia.Consequently,thelessonslearntfromtheplannedsmallruminantprojectsinMaliwouldbeeasily
outscalableelsewhereinsubSaharancountrieswithsimilarbiophysicalandeconomicconditions.Second,
intheWestAfricancontext,Malismallruminantvaluechainsplayaprominentrolereflectedinthenumber
oflivesheepandgoatsexportedfromMalitoitsneighbouringcountries(Table4.10).Thisisevidencethat
anypositiveornegativetransformationintheMalismallruminantvaluechainswillhavesignificantimpact
inthesupplyofmuttonintoitsneighbouringcountries.
Table4.10:CriteriaandrationaleforchoosingMali
Criteria
Growthand
market
opportunity
RationaleforMali
HighdemandforsheepandgoatmeatduetoincreasedincomeandpopulationgrowthbothinMali
andcountriesimportinglivesheepandgoatsfromMali.Theannualgrowthrateofpercapitameat
consumptioninMalihasbeenestimatedat0.8%between1992and2002(DNPIA,2005).
Supplyandpriceofsheepandgoatmeathaveincreasedtremendouslyoverthelastdecade(Table3)in
Mali.NominalpricesofsmallruminantmeathaveincreasedfromUS$1208to4457pertonnefrom
2001to2008whichindicatesanaverageannualincreaseof33.6%ofgoatmeatpricesinMali.
MaliisthemainsupplierofTabaskiramstoSenegalandIvoryCostandbothdomesticandexport
demandsoftheseanimalsareincreasing.Steadygrowthindemandofsheepandgoatmeatin
neighbouringcountrieswillbebeneficialtoMalianspoorfarmerskeepingsheepandgoat.
OtherneighbouringcountriessuchasLibyaandAlgeriahavealsoexpressedinterestingettingsupplies
ofsheepfromMali.
Trendsinthesupplyandpricesofgoatmeatfrom2001to2008inMali
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
GoatLiveWeight
(MT)
579.8 717.4 817.3 900.3 902.1 947.5 1650.7 1961.2
Goatmeatprice
($/MT)
1207.9 1494.5 1702.7 1875.7 1879.4 2871.3 3761.1 4457.2
Propoor
potential
Maliishomeof15.8milliongoatsand11.3millionssheepbelongingto4.6millionpoorlivestock
farmers.Increasedsheepandgoatproductionandproductivitywilltranslateintobothenhancedcash
incomeandconsumptionofanimalsourcefoodintheformormeatandmilk.Sheepandgoatsarethe
mostimportanthouseholdassetswithsavingandinsurancefunctions.Theyplaycrucialriskmitigation
roleinthefaceofdrought,cropfailures,andillnessandto(re)investincropproductionfollowing
droughtorotherhazards.Ithasbeenreportedthat27%totalofftakeinsheepand34%oftotalofftake
ingoatswereintheformofslaughterfordomesticconsumptioninagropastoralsystemsinMali
(Wilson1986).Itisthereforeapparentthatkeepingsmallruminantisauniqueopportunityforpoor
farmerstoconsumemeat,acommoditythatwouldhavebeenunaffordableiftheyhadtobuyit.
Researchable Design/adaptproductivityenhancinginterventionsthroughthereductionofhighpreweaning
mortalitiesandabortionratesinewesandbettercontrolofotherkillerdiseasessuchasPPR.
supply
constraints
Designandimplementationofsustainablebestbetsheepandgoatsbreedingprograms;Design
148
strategiestoeaseaccessbysheepproducerstostockofhighergeneticmeritandthatmatchspecific
environments.
Reducefeedinsecurity.Promoteuptakeoftechnologiesforincreasedavailabilityoffeedresourcesof
betterqualityandforbetteruseofexistingfeeds(productionofhighyieldingfodderspecies,feed
storageandconservation);Improvefarmersaccesstopurchasedfeedresources;Institutionalizing
multidimensionalapproachestoimprovingfoodfeedcropsandimprovingtheirinputmarkets;
Developcommunitybasedstrategiestoimprovethemanagementofnaturalresources(water,land
andvegetation)forintensifyingcropandsmallruminantproduction;
Improvingtheknowledgebasethroughinstitutionalcapacitybuilding
Designsustainablepropoorinputandsupportservicesdeliverysystems(veterinaryinputsand
services,feed,seeds,knowledge,information,credit).
AnalysesheepandgoatsmarketingsystemsinMali(Describemarketsintermsofsize,functions,
structures,infrastructures,andfinancialandsocialcapitalendowments;analysecapacity,strengths
andweaknessesofmarketagents,theirfunctions,describemarketinformationsystems;andidentify
theinstitutionalconstraintsthathindersheepandgoatmarketefficiency).
Conductaquantitativevaluechainanalysisandtracethedistributionofmarketingmarginsalongthe
sheepandgoatvaluechainsandproposewaystoimprovetheoverallperformanceofthesystemof
commercialization.
Adaptbusinessdevelopmentservicesmodelstosmallruminantvalueschains
Enabling
MaliisoneofthefewcountriesinWestAfricawhichhasdevelopedasoundpolicyandlegal
environment frameworksintheformoftheMaliChartePastorale:LivestockCharterthatrecognizestherightof
transhumantpastoralistsandprotectslivestockmobilitywhichiskeylivestockmanagementfeaturein
Mali.
TheGovernmentofMali,withthesupportofdonorssuchasAfDB,USAID,BelgiumGovernment,is
allocatingsignificantresourcesinmanyaspectsofthelivestocksectordevelopmentdealingwith
marketinformationsystems,riskmanagementandnaturalresourcemanagement.
ECOWASandCILSSareencouragingconducivepoliciestopromoteregionallivestocktradeinWest
AfricawithaprominentroleplayedbyMaliasacentralsupplierofliveanimalsintootherWestAfrican
countries.WiththesupportofEU,CILSSisplanningtoimplementaregionalprojectthatseeks
promotinglivestocktradeinWestAfrica.
TheUSAIDfundedAgribusinessandTradePromotionprogramisalsoplayingalsoakeyrolein
strengtheningtheinstitutionalandfinancialcapacitiesofactorsoflivestockvaluechains.
Anumberofprojects(CILSS,PROGEBE)arealsoinvestinginupgradingcrossbordermarket
infrastructuresandlivestocktransportsystems.
TheLivestockMarketInformationSystem(LMIS)beingsetupandoperationalizedwithUSAIDfundsis
likelytohavesignificantimpactinmarketinformationexchangeandtransparency.
TheBillandMelindaGatesFoundationiscontemplatingheavyinvestmentstosupportthe
developmentofsheepandgoatsvaluechainsinMaliinthenearfuture.
Existing
ILRIhasdevelopedinthepastlongstandingpartnershipwithmanyresearchanddevelopment
momentum organisationsinMali.FundamentalworkcarriedoutbyILRI(thenILCA)inthemid1980sand1990son
livestockproductionsystemshavegeneratedasignificantbodyofknowledgeontheproductivityof
smallruminantbreeds,feedingsystemsandhealthconstraintsinMali.
149
KeypotentialpartnersforthedesignandimplementationoftheSmallruminantvaluechainsprojectin
Maliinclude:
Researchorganisations:IER,CIRAD
NGOs:VSFBelgium,SNV
GovernmentofMali:MinistryofLivestockandFishery,DNPIA
Specialprojects:PADESO,PROGEBE,USAIDfundedprojects:MLPI,ATP
FAO
InformationgainedduringvariousconsultationswithanumberofstakeholdersinMalihasbeenusedto
shapemodelsoftargetsmallruminantvaluechainsinMaliwhichwillbepilottestedwithintheframework
ofCRP3.7.First,therehasbeenaconsensusthattheCRP3.7shouldfocusonbothsheepandgoatvalue
chainsinsemiaridareasandinwettersubhumidzonesofMali.WeareproposingtoselectOfficeduNiger
areaandNaradistrictsinsemiaridareasandtheBougouni(Sikasso)districtsinsubhumidzonesaspilot
sitesforthedevelopmentofsmallruminantvaluechainsinMali.
ResearchanddevelopmenteffortstosupportsmallruminantvaluechainsinMaliwillbedesignedtaking
intoconsiderationdifferencesinchallengesandopportunitiesinthetwoagroecologicalzones.Strategies
forthedevelopmentofsheepandgoatvalueschainsintheOfficeduNigerandNaraareaswillbearticulated
onthefollowingelements:(1)sourcingofmales(youngormaturemales)fromextensivesheepproductions
systemsneighbouringtheOfficeduNigerirrigationsystem;(2)supporttogroupoffarmers(mostlywomen
associations)toengageinsheepfatteningoperationsbasedontheexploitationoflocalfeedresources
(cerealbrans,cropresidues)andpurchasedfeeds),(3)establishmentofbusinesshubstofacilitateaccessby
livestockproducerstofeedresources,improvedbreeds,veterinaryinputs,credits,informationandtocreate
opportunitiesforthedevelopmentofinnovativecontractualarrangementsbetweenvariousactorsofthe
smallruminantvaluechainsandcollectiveactionsforaccesstoinputandoutputmarkets(4)targetingof
Muslimcelebrations(TabaskiandEndofRamadan)andotherfamilyceremoniesformarketing.Inboththe
NaraandOfficeduNigerareas,manyhouseholdskeepingbreedingsheepflocksarealreadyengagedin
fatteningoperationsusingramsdrawnfromtheirownflocks.Thewholeproductioncycleincluding
breeding,growingoutofyoungandfinishingphasecouldbeplannedwithinthesamehouseholdinsub
humidzonesofBougouni.Herealso,theestablishmentofhubsofserviceswillbecriticaltofacilitateaccess
toveterinaryinputsandservices,creditsandinformation.Criticalinterventionsinallpilotsiteswilladdress
highmortalitiesrates,betteraccesstoimprovedbreeds,thepromotionofbetterfeedingstrategiesbased
onfoodfeedcrops(cowpea,groundnut)andtheimprovementinsheepandgoatmarketingsystems.
Table4.11summariseskeydevelopmentchallengesandproposedresearchandsupportinterventionson
whichthesmallruminantvaluechaininMaliwillfocus.Basedonvaluechainapproach,thisProgramwill
makeeffortstoimproveaccesstoinputsandservices,andoutputmarketsbyfarmerswiththeviewto
promoteuptakeofsheepandgoatsproductivityenhancingtechnologicalinnovations.Attheproduction
level,thesmallruminantvaluechainsinMaliwilllookatalternativesolutionstobridgethegapsinsmall
ruminantproductivityinMalibyexistingandgeneratingnewknowledgeusefulforthedesignoffeeding,
breedingandhealthcareinnovationswhichwouldaddressbiophysicalconstraintsrelatedtohighmortality
rates,seasonalfeedshortagesandavailabilityofimprovedsheepandgoatgeneticmaterial
Significantproductivitygapsinsheepandgoatsduetodifferencesinmanagementhavebeenreportedin
agropastoralsystemsinMali(Wilson1986).Usingmortalityrates,parturitionintervalsanddampost
partumweight,Wilson(1986)estimatedthatfemalegoatsrearedundergoodfeedingsystemsintherice
irrigatedsystemsproducedeachyear17.1kgofliveweightofweanedkidsascomparedto12.1kginmillet
systemcharacterizedbypoorfeedingsystemsandhealthconditions.Similarly,ewesproduced24.7and
32.1kgofliveweightofkidsperyearinmilletandricesystems,respectively.Theproductivityratioofthe
productivityinbestoverthatofworstflockswas1.73inthericesystemsand1.55inthemilletsystem.Itis
thereforeapparentthatsignificantproductivitygainsofmorethan50%couldbeachievedunderthis
150
Programifimprovedmanagement(betternutritionandhealthcare)arepromotedandadoptedbysmall
ruminantproducers.
Asdetailedinpreviouschapters,strategiestoimprovesheepandgoatfeedingsystemsinMaliwillrelyon
(1)producingmorefeedofbetterquality,(2)makingbestuseofexistingfeedresourcesand(3)the
promotionoftransferoffeedresourcesfromareasoffeedsurplustoplacesexperiencingfeeddeficit.Food
feedcropssuchascowpeaandgroundnutalreadyplayacriticalroleinthesupplyofhighqualityfeedto
smallruminants.ThisProgramwillendeavourtoidentifysuperiorcultivarsoffoodfeedcrops(cowpea,
groundnut)andpromotetheirwidespreaddisseminationthoughappropriateseedproductionand
distributionmechanisms.Researchandsupportiveinterventionsaimedatimprovingsheepandgoatfeeding
systemswillalsofocustheoptimizationoftheuseofavailablefeedresourcesthroughsmartassociationof
cerealandlegumecropresiduesandtheprocessingofricestraw.Thereisahighpotentialtoaddvalueto
hugequantitiesofricestrawavailableintheOfficeduNigerprocessingtoproducemultinutrientsblocks
madeoutofricestraw,molassesandmineralstosupportintensifiedsheepproductionsystems.
AlargesheepandgoatbreeddiversityexistinMalitoday.Theseanimalgeneticresourcesarewelladapted
totheagroecologicalconditions(heat,vectorbornediseases,seasonalityinfeedandwatersupplies)and
productionsystems(mobility,demandofTabaskirams)inwhichtheyarekeptandarethebasisofthesheep
industrysupplyingliveanimalsforbothconsumptionandbreedingtomanycountriesinthesubregion.They
provideagoodfittotheneedsofdiverseproductionsystemsandmarketdemandsinMaliandinthesub
region.ThechallengeinCRP3.7istoanalysepastformalinstitutionalsheepbreedingprogramstobetter
understandcausesoffailuresandsuccess,tocharacterisesheepproductionsystemsincludingfarmers
breedingsystemswiththeviewtodesigningandtestinginaparticipatorymannerbestbetsheepgenetic
improvementstrategiesandinterventionsincludingbothstraightbreedingandcrossbreedingschemes.An
inclusiveprocessofparticipatorydevelopmentofbreedingandsustainablemanagementstrategiesbuilding
onexistingsystemsandfarmersexperiencesandforsheepinMaliwillbedevelopedduringthecourseof
thisProgramtakingintoaccountthepotentialforapplicationofnovelwholegenomicbreedingmethods.
Womenarekeyactorsinsheepandgoatproduction.Mostofsmallruminantassetsareownedand
managedbywomen:themainstreamingofgenderisseenasacrucialstrategytoensuresustainableand
significantimpactofthisproject.Theanalysisofspecificconstraintsandneedsofwomenandchildren,the
mainsourceofworkforceallocatedtosheepandgoatproduction,willbekeytothedesignofstrategiesthat
wouldempowerwomenandensuretheywillhaveeasieraccesstofinancialandsupportservicesrequired
fortheuptakeofproductivityenhancingtechnologiesandaequitableshareofgainsgeneratedalongthe
smallruminantvaluechains.Theactiveparticipationofwomenininnovationplatforms/businesshubswhich
willbeestablishedinprojectpilotsites,andthestrengtheningoftheirtechnical,organisational(women
marketingassociations)andinstitutionalcapacitiesaresomeofthestrategiesenablingthemainstreamingof
genderinthesmallruminantvaluechains.
151
Table4.11:OpportunitiesandconstraintsinsheepandgoatvaluechaininMaliandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
Valuechain
components
Inputs
&
Services
ResearchableIssuesandSupporting
Actions
Keydevelopmentalchallenges
ResearchableIssues
Howtodesignandestablishamodel
Analysestrengthsandweaknessesof
ofsustainabledeliveryofinputand
publicandprivateveterinaryinput
servicesprovisionforsheepandgoats
andservicesdeliverysystemsforboth
keeperswithspecialemphasisto
diseasecontrolandprevention.
womensmallruminantproducersin
Analyseexistingsystemsoffeed
projectpilotsites.
supplydisseminationofimproved
breedingstocks,fodderseed
productionanddistributionsystems.
Analyseexistingformalandinformal
creditsystemsforactors(producers,
traders,serviceproviders)inthe
Smallruminantvaluechains
SupportingActions
Workwithpartnerstoestablishand
operatebusinessdevelopment
servicesattheprojectpilotsitesfor
sheepandgoats
Promotetheestablishmentof,and
strengthentechnical,institutionaland
financialcapacitiesoflocalpublicand
privateveterinaryserviceprovidersin
theprojectpilotsitestoensure
deliveryofbetterqualityservices
Facilitateaccesstocreditbysmall
ruminantsproducers,providersof
inputandsupportservicesand
strengthentheirorganisationaland
institutionalcapacities
Promotebusinessesorientedfeed
processingandtradeenterprises
152
Indicativepartners
Outcomes
Research
ThedepartmentofEconomiedes
Thenumberofsheepandgoat
Filieres,EcofiloftheInstitut
dEconomieRurale,theMalian
nationalagriculturalresearch
organisationwillbealeadingonall
studiesoninputandservicedelivery
systems.
farmersthathaveaccesstoveterinary
services(vaccine,drugs)hasincreased
andthereforemoresheepandgoat
arevaccinatedandtreatedeachyear
Asignificantnumberoffarmershave
ILRIwillalsomakeeffortstoengage
betteraccesstoandareusingfodder
seeds.
withUSuniversities(Syracruse
University)supportingtheUSAID
project:MaliLivestockandPastoralist
Initiative(MLPI)
SupportingActions
OngoingLivestockdevelopment
projectssuchas:
PADESO,USAIDMLPI,
CILSSintraregionallivestock
tradeproject,
VeterinairesSansFrontieresBelgium
Inputandserviceprovidersthatare
relevanttosheepandgoatproducers
haveimprovedtheirknowledge,skills,
andfinancialcapacitiesandhave
upgradedtheirbusinesses
Smallentrepreneursprocessingand
sellinglivestockfeedhavebeensetup
Production
Howtoincreaseproduction,
productivityandvalueofsheepand
goatsproducedbypoorfarmersfor
bothhomeconsumptionandsales
throughthesmartcombinationof
productivityenhancingtechnologies:
1.betterhealthcaretoreduce
mortalityrates,2.improvedfeeding
strategiesand3.betteraccessto
breedingstockofsuperiorgenetic
merit.
ResearchableIssues
Reviewcausesofdeathandconduct
complementaryepidemiological
studiesinordertodesignstrategies
toreducemortalityratesinyoung
animalsandhighabortionratesin
ewes
DevelopmoreeffectivePPRvaccines
(ThermostablePPRvaccine).
Assessmentofforageresourcesand
feedmarketsformatchingfeed
resourceswithsheepandgoat
requirementstoidentifydeficitand
optionstomeettheshortfallin
intensifyingcroplivestocksystems
Screening,breedingand
disseminationofhighyieldingfood
feedcrops(dualpurposecowpea,
groundnut)
Testinnovativetechnologiestomake
betteruseofcropresiduesinThe
OfficeduNiger(Productionofrice
strawbasedcompactfeedblocks
withtheincorporationofother
nutrients,sugarcane,makebetter
useofbourgou,optimizeassociative
effectsofcerealandlegumes
residues)
Analysepastformalinstitutional
sheepbreedingprogrammes,
characterisesheepproduction
systemsincludingfarmersbreeding
systemswiththeviewtodesigning
andtestingbestbetsheepgenetic
improvementstrategiesand
interventionsincludingbothstraight
breedingandcrossbreeding
153
Research
TheLivestockResearchDepartment
ofIER
LabouratoireCentralVeterinaries
(LCV)ofMaliwillgetinvolved
CIRAD
ICRISAT
Sheepandgoatflocksizeshave
increasedasaresultofreduced
deathratesandthishastranslated
intoincreasedofftakeratesand
incomeforfarmers
Improvedbreedingmalesand
femalesaremorereadilyavailable
topoorfarmers
Thenumberoframsfattenedeach
yearhasincreasedsignificantly.
Sheepandgoatproductivityrates
haveincreasedasaresultof
improvedweightgainsinsheepand
goatsduetoadoptionoffodder
cropinnovations.
Transport
&
Processing
Howtoreducetransportand
handlingcostsinnationalandcross
bordersmallruminanttrade

schemes.
SupportingActions
SupportingActions
Developcommunitybasedstrategies
MinistryofLivestockServicesand
toimprovemanagementofnatural
DirectionNationaledesProductions
resource(water,land,vegetation).
etIndustriesAnimales(DNPIA)
Developaninformationsystemon
Bamakofeedfactories
feedandwateravailabilityacrossthe
USAIDfundedMLPIintheprocessof
yearbasedonassessment
developingmethodsandextension
Supportthedevelopmentoflocal
activitiesfornutritionalanalysesof
institutionalandorganisational
supplementalfeedsandestablishing
earlywarningcapabilitiesfor
capacitiesthroughproducersand
womenassociationsandcollective
monitoringsurfacewaterandfeed
resources.
actionforsheepandgoatmarketing
andacquisitionofinputsandservices.
Facilitatetheestablishmentof
VSFBelgiumforsupporttolocal
businessdevelopmentservicesfor
womenorganisation
improvedaccesstoknowledge
services,physicalinputsandcredit.
USAIDfundedAgribusinessTrade
PromotionProgrammetosupport
collectiveactionandstakeholder
capacities
Research
ResearchableIssues
EcofilofIER
Analysesheepandgoatmarketing
channelsfortheformulationof
recommendationstoreduce
transportandhandlingcosts.
SupportingActions
SupportingActions
Developandmaintainroad
CILSSintraregionallivestock
infrastructures
programme
Supportavailabilityofmultifunctional
USAIDfundedATP
trucksandinfluencechangesintruck
LivestockTradersAssociationsatthe
andsparepartimporttaxes
nationalandregionallevels
SupporttheapplicationofECOWAS
policiesonregionaltradewhich
eliminatesillicittaxes
154
Incomeoffarmersandtradershas
improvedasaresultofreductionin
sheepandgoattransportcost.
Marketing
Crosscutting
issues
ResearchableIssues
Howtoreducemarketingtransaction
Analysesheepandgoatsmarketing
costsandimperfectionsinorderto
systems(describemarketssize,
improvetheefficiencyofsheepand
functions,structures,infrastructures;
goatmarketingsystems.
analysecapacity,strengthsand
weaknessesofmarketagents,their
Howtoensurethatgainsalongthe
functions,describemarket
sheepandgoatvaluechainsare
informationsystems;andidentifythe
equitablydistributedtoallactors.
institutionalconstraintsthathinder

sheepandgoatmarketefficiency)
Howtopromotetheparticipationof
womeninthemarketingofsheepand Capturelessonslearnedfrom
collectivemarketingexperiencesand
goats
facilitatetheestablishmentof
HowtopromoteexportsofMalian
sustainablesheepandgoatmarketing
sheepandgoatsintonorthern
associations
neighbouringandArabiccountries
SupportingActions
Alivestockmarketinginformation
systemisputinplaceandis
operational
Promotemechanismtoimprove
accesstocreditbysheepandgoat
traders
Upgradenationalandregionalmarket
infrastructures.
Organiseregionalsmallruminants
fairstopromotecommerciallinkages
betweensellersandbuyersfrom
differentcountries
ResearchableIssues
Howtocreateincentivesfor
Whatarethenecessaryreformsin
increasedinvestmentsheepandgoat
institutionalframeworkstopromote
production,marketingandprocessing
strong,efficientandsustainablesmall
systemsthroughreformsinnational
ruminantfarmers/traders
andregionalpolicyandinstitutional
associations
frameworks.
Updateanalysesontariffandnon
Howtodisseminatelessonsleantand
tariffbarrierstosmallruminantintra
155
Research
EcofilofIER
SupportingActions
USAIDfundedMLPIthathas
establishedasoundLivestockMarket
InformationSystemusingICT.
Ongoingproject:PADESO
Locallivestockkeepersassociations
VSFBelgium
Research
IER
CIRAD
Informationonlivestockmarkets
(prices,opportunities,constraints)
easilyavailabletoallactorsofthe
valuechains
Increaseinthevolumeandvalueof
sheepandgoatstradedatthe
nationalandregionallevels
Increaseintheprofitmarginsmade
bysheepandgoatfarmersengaged
inbreeding,growingoutand
fatteningoperations
IncomeofactorsalongtheSRVC
haveincreased
knowledgeandinformationamong
variouspartners
regionaltrade
Studyexistingknowledge
managementsystems
SupportingActions
Supportestablishmentand/or
strengthencapacitiesofexistingsmall
ruminantsproducersandtraders
associations
Establishinformationandknowledge
exchangenetworks
156
SupportingActions
VSFBelgium
SNV
Geographicfocus
ThisprojecthasselectedpilotsitesinbothsemiaridandsubhumidzonesofMalisothatlessons
leantcouldbeapplicabletomanycountriesinsubSaharanAfrica.ThesearetheOfficeduNiger
(Segouregion)andNara/Niorodistrictsinsemiaridareas,andBougounidistrictinsubhumidzones.
TheOfficeduNigerischaracterizedbytheestablishment,during1930s,ofalargeirrigationscheme
thathasendowedtheareawithtremendousresources(water,cropresidues:ricestraw,sugarcane
tops,ricebran)whichcouldformthebasisformoreintensifiedcroplivestockproductionsystems.
Thehighhumandensityfoundinthisareaisalsoconducivetoenhancedaccesstovariousservices
byvaluechainagents.Theannualproductionofricestrawisestimatedat300,000tonsofwhicha
largepercentageisburnttoclearricefieldbeforeplanting.Thereisahighpotentialtoaddvalueto
theserawmaterialthroughprocessingtoproducemultinutrientsblocksmadeoutofricestraw,
molassesandmineralswhichcouldbeusedinlargescaleintensifiedsheepproductionsystems.
Therearegoodprospectsforsuchatechnicalinnovationasevidencedbytheexistinghighdemand
forricestrawinfeeddeficitareasinNorthernMaliandfromBamakourbanperiurbanlivestock
productionsystems.Inaddition,thereisanongoingfavourablepoliticalenvironmentasthe
GovernmentofMalihasincludedinitsagendathesupportofyouthtoengageincommercial
productionofricebalesforexport.ILRIexperienceincompactingsorghumstoverwiththe
incorporationofmineralscouldbereplicatedinMaliusingricestraw.Compactblockshavethe
additionaladvantagesofsignificantlyreducingtransportcosts.
ThesoundnessofthechoiceofBougouniinSouthernMaliisgroundedonthefactthatexistingand
expecteddevelopmentprojectsinthisareawilllikelycreateconduciveenvironmentforleveraging
researchfundsoftheSmallruminantvaluechainswithdevelopmenteffortstoensurelargescale
impactofCRP3.7inMali.Indeed,theProjectonsustainablemanagementofEndemicruminant
livestockfundedbyAfDBandGEFisoperatingintheBougouniareas.Thisprojectseekstodevelop
economicincentivesandpromotemarketopportunitiesforDjallonkesheepandgoatsfortheir
sustainablemanagement.ThesamebreedsandproductionsystemsaretargetedbyCRP3.7inMali.
Inaddition,theAllianceforGreenRevolutioninAfrica(AGRA)hasselectedSouthernMaliasoneof
theirbreadbasketzonewhereinvestmentwillbemadetopromoteproductionofstaplefood.
Thesetwodevelopmentorientedprojectsconstituteuniqueopportunitiesforconcertedresearch
fordevelopmentinterventionstargetingsmallruminantvaluechainsinSouthernMali.
Potentialforimpact
Itisassumedthatif5%ofthepopulationofsheepandgoatsarekeptunderimprovedmanagement
systemsmakinguseofproductivityenhancingpackages,meatfromtheseanimalsinMaliwill
increaseby5,000tonneseachyear,equivalenttotheannualquantityofsmallruminantmeat
exportedyearlyfromMali.Themorethan150,000householdskeepingthesesmallruminant
resourceswillnotonlybenefitfrombothincreasedincomebuttheywillalsoimprovetheirdietand
thereforetheirhealththroughincreasedconsumptionofsheepandgoatmeat.Newopportunities
foremploymentforactorsalongthevaluechains(supplyoffeedsandveterinaryinputs,transport,
processing)willbebroughtaboutbythissignificantadditionalmeatproductionfromsmall
ruminants.ThedevelopmentofsmallruminantvaluechainsinMaliwillrequireconsiderablepublic
andprivateinvestmentstosupportaccesstoinputsandoutputmarketsandtoensurethatthe
programmeactivitiesandoutputsaretranslatedintooutcomesandimpactsforthebenefitofthe
poor.Oneofthepillarsoftheprogramsapproachtoimpactpathwayisthedevelopmentoffirm
partnershipswithpublicandprivatedevelopmentorganizationswithclearidentificationoftheroles
andresponsibilitiesofeachpartner.Thecodevelopmentofnewtechnologies,newinstitutional
arrangementsandpolicymeasurestosupportthevaluechainsintheprojectsitesseemtobean
effectiveavenuetoensuretheprogrammeoutputsareusedbeyondtheprogrammesiteboundaries
toreachalargernumberofpoorsmallholdersheepandgoatproducers.InMali,ILRIisinthe
processofidentifyingstrategicdevelopmentpartnerswithvestedinterestinthevaluechainswho
157
arepreparedtoengageincomplementaryinvestments.Inthisregard,ILRIiscarryingout
consultationswithresearch(theInstitutdEconomieRurale)anddevelopmentorganizations
(VeterinairesSansFrontiereBelgium,donorfundedprojectssuchasPADESO,PROGEBE,CILSS,
AUSAIDfundedprojectsMPLI)withtrackrecordsinlivestockdevelopment,tobuildtherequired
partnershipfortheimplementationofthissmallruminantprogrammeinMali.
158
Intermediate
Outcomes
Inputs
&
Services
Inputsandservices
Production
Transport
&
Processing
Marketing
easilyaccessibleto
moreproducers
Overallflock
productivityincreased
by50%
UltimateOutcome
150,000producers
participateinthe
program
5000tonnesof
additionalsheep/goat
meatproduced
Impacts
Increasedincomeand
employmentforpoor
producersandothervalue
chainactors
Increasedpercapita
meatconsumptionin
ruralandurbanareas
Components
Valuechainoutcomes
Inputs&Services
Thenumberofsheepandgoatproducersthathaveaccesstoveterinary
servicesandinputs(vaccine,drugs)hasincreased
Thepopulationofsheepandgoatbeingvaccinatedandtreatedhasincreased
significantly
Asignificantnumberofsmallruminantproducershavebetteraccesstoand
usingfodderseedshasincreased.
NumberofInputandserviceprovidersrelevanttosheepandgoatproducers
haveimprovedtheirknowledge,skills,andfinancialcapacitiesandhave
upgradedtheirbusinesses
Numberandsizeofsmallentrepreneursprocessingandsellingfeedhave
increased
Production
Numberofanimalsweanedperyearhasincreasedasaresultofreduced
deathratesandthishastranslatedintoincreasedofftakeratesandincomefor
farmers
Improvedbreedingmalesandfemalesaremorereadilyavailabletopoor
farmers
Thenumberoframsfattenedeachyearhasincreasedsignificantly.
Numberoffarmersusingimprovedfoodfeedcropsorhavingadopted
technologiesoptimizingfeedresourceshasincreased
Transport&Processing
Incomeofsheepandgoatproducersandtradershasimprovedasaresultof
reductionintransportandtransactioncosts.
Marketing
Numberofsmallruminantproducers,tradersandprocessors,havingtimely
accesstoinformationonlivestockmarkets(prices,opportunities,
constraints)hasincreasedactorsofthevaluechains
Increaseinthevolumeandvalueofsheepandgoatstradedatthenational
andregionallevels
Increaseintheprofitmarginsmadebysheepandgoatproducersengaged
inbreeding,growingoutandfatteningoperations
Incomeofactorsalongthevaluechainhaveincreased
159
DAIRYVALUECHAINININDIA
Indiaishometoonethirdoftheworldsundernourishedchildren.Thispersistentundernutritionhas
devastatingeffectonhumandevelopmentandeconomicgrowthinthecountry,resultingin
economiclossesofanestimatedUS$2.5billionannually.Withover50%ofthepopulationbeing
vegetarian,milkisakeysourceofdietaryproteinandotheressentialnutrientsandplaysakeyrole
inthemitigationofundernutrition.Unfortunatelyasignificantgapexistsbetweendemandforand
supplyofmilkdespitemilkproductioncontributingabout18%toagriculturalGDPandbeingby
valuethesinglemostimportantagriculturalcommodity.About70%ofthemilkisproducedby
small,marginalandlandlessfarmerskeepingupto3adultdairyanimals.Evenhouseholdssupplying
privatedairieshaveanaverageherdsizeofonlyabout10animals.For70millionruralhouseholds,
40%ofwhomarelandless,milkproductionisanimportantpartoftheirlivelihoods.About70%of
labourindairyingisprovidedbywomenandengagementindairyinghasbeenshowntoprovide
pathwaysoutofpoverty.ImprovingthedairysectorinIndiawillthereforebenefitproducersby
providinglivelihoodsandconsumersbyprovidingmilkataffordableprices.
Table4.12:CriteriaandrationaleforchoosingdairyvaluechaininIndia
Criteria
Growthand
market
opportunity
Propoor
potential
Researchable
supply
constraints
RationaleforIndia
InthepasttwodecadespercapitamilkconsumptioninIndiaincreasedfrom150to250
gramperday,withapredictedconsumptionof370gramdailyin2020.Currentgrowth
rateinmilkproductionisonly3.8%comparedto4.5%inthe90sandaprojectedgrowthin
demandinthecomingdecadeof4to5%.Ademandsupplygaphasexistedforatleastthe
pastthreeyearsresultinginpriceincreasesof21%onayeartoyearbasis.Thisisseverely
affectingtheabilityofruralandurbanpoortobuymilk.InIndia,whereover50%ofthe
populationisvegetarian,milkisakeysourceofdietaryproteinandotheressential
nutrients.Thusthisdemandsupplygaphassevereconsequencesformillionsofpoorina
countrywithanalreadychroniclevelofmalnutrition.GovernmentofIndia(GoI)
respondedbyallowingtaxfreeimportsofinMarch2010of30000tonnesofmilkpowder
and15000tonnesofbutteroil,commoditieswhichuntilthenattracted60and30%
importdutyrespectively.
Recent(20042005)estimates(TendulkarCommittee)aboutpovertysuggestthat42%of
theruralpopulationlivebelowthepovertylineof447IndianRupeespercapitapermonth
(about10US$)and26%oftheurbanpopulation(urbanBPLis579IndianRupeesper
capitapermonthorapproximately12.6US$)resultingin407millionpoor.Witha
vegetarianpopulationofover50%,milkandmilkproductsareacrucialsourceofprotein
andothernutrientsinIndia.Despitewidespreadmalnutritionamongstyoungchildrenin
India,ithasnotbeenshownthatincreasingsalesofmilkfurtherweakenstheirnutritional
situation.Rather,theincreasedregularincomeinrelativelysmallamountsoffers
householdstheopportunityofimprovingtheiraccesstonutritiousfood.Female
householdmembersaregenerallyresponsibleforfeedingandmanagementoflivestock
withinthehomestead.Increasedmilkproductionalongwithimprovedtrainingonbasic
nutrition,especiallynutritionofwomenandchildren,andfoodsafetycouldhavea
significantimpactonfoodandnutritionsecurity.
Ofthe180millionbovines,onlyabout12%arecrossbredwithaveragemilkyields
(correctedto365daylactations)of6.44kgperday.Fortyonepercentarelocalcattlewith
averagemilkyieldsofonly1.97kg.Fortysevenofmilchanimalarebuffaloesyieldingon
average4.40kgofmilkdaily.Theaveragemilkyieldacrossallbovineanimalsis3.6kgper
day.Intheyears20022007growthinthedairysectorwasduemoretoanincreasein
herdsize,(about7%p.a.)ratherthanmilkproductionperanimalActualyieldincreases
werenegligible(under1%p.a.)forbothbuffaloesandcows.
Feedisthemajorfinancialinputintodairyaccountingforanestimated70%ofthe
productioncostandisamajorconstrainttoincreasingproduction.InIndia,reduced
accesstograzingandrisingopportunitycostsforproducingfoddercropshasledto
considerableincreasesinfeedprices.Thus,inmanypartsofthecountry,thepriceof
160
cerealresidues,i.e.strawsandstovers,currentlythemajorfeedresource,accountingfor
almosthalfofalllivestockfeed,isnowhalfthepriceofgrainbyweight.Concentrate
availabilityislimitedbecauseofthepriorityinmostofthecountryofallocatinglandto
foodcropsandbyproductconcentratessuchasbransandoilcakesareexportedin
significantquantities.Improvingfeedsupplythroughgreenfodderandforageproduction
haslargelyfailedbecauseofsevereconstraintsintheavailabilityofarablelandand
irrigationwater.Eveninareaswherelandandwaterareavailableattemptstoincrease
foddersupplyhavegenerallyfailedbecauseaccesstoqualityforageseedsisamajor
impediment.Ontheotherhand,variousfeedresourcesremainunderutilisedandfew
opportunitiesforimprovingfeedrationsthroughsupplementationorprocessingare
implemented.Knowledgeandextensiononfeedingremainsinadequate.
Poorgeneticsofbreedinganimalsisanotherconstrainttoimprovingdairyproductivity.
(Asstatedabove,only12%ofdairycattlearecrossbred).Evenwhereartificial
insemination(AI)isbeingused,lessthan15%ofthebreedingbullshavebeentested.
Furthermore,conceptionratesafterAIareonlyabout40%whentheserviceissuppliedby
governmentagenciesalthoughconceptionratesarehigherwhensuppliedbyNon
GovernmentOrganisation(NGO)s.PrivateAIservicesareintheirinfancyandoften
impairedbygovernmentpolicies.Theintroductionofexoticsemenforcrossbreedingis
hardlyregulated,leadingtolowfertilityandsurvivalratesofhighergradedairyanimals.
Breedingprogramsforbuffaloeshavenotbeenveryeffective.
AnimalhealthservicesareveryvariableregionallywithinIndiawithalargenumberof
producershavinglittleornoaccesstoveterinaryservices.Evenwhereveterinaryservices
existtheyoftenhaveinadequatefacilitiesandalackofoperationalfunds.Onlyinlimited
areashaveprivatesuppliersbeenabletosuccessfullyestablishthedeliveryofanimal
healthservices.Similarlylivestockextensionservicesareusuallynonexistentorvery
limited.Animaldiseasessuchasfootandmouthdisease,brucellosisandhaemorrhagic
septicaemiacauselargeeconomiclosses.
Ingeneralthekeyservicesnecessarytoimprovedairyanimalproductivityand
managementarefoundtobefragmented,uncoordinatedandnonintegrated.Servicesare
rarelytailoredtotheneedofsmallholders.Theirhightransactioncostisafurtherelement
discouragingparticipationofpoorproducersindairyvaluechains.Economicallyand
institutionallyviablemodelsforintegratedservicedeliveryinthedairysectorarevirtually
absentoroperatingataninsufficientscale.
Enabling
environment
Existing
momentum
Withtheexceptionofthelargeurbancentres,almost80%ofthemilkmarketedistraded
throughtheinformalsector.Governmentpolicieshardlyconsidertheimportanceofthe
informaltrade.Mostmilkisconsumedasliquidmilkonlyabout20%ofthemilk
producedisprocessed.Coolingfacilitiesarelimitedandrestrictedtotheorganisedsector,
leadingtoconsiderablefoodsafetyissues.
Thehighnumberofsmallholdersandlandlesspeopleengagedindairytogetherwiththe
significantlyincreasingdemandformilkandotherdairyproductsandtheexistingsupply
gapshasputdairyhighonthedevelopmentagendainIndia.Anambitious15year
NationalDairyDevelopmentplanhasbeenpreparedbytheNationalDairyDevelopment
Board,supportedbyarequesttotheWorldBankfromGovernmentofIndiafora1Billion
US$loan,andwhichrecognisesthepotentialroleoftheprivatesector(feed,AI,
processingetc)andmarketingstructuresotherthandairycooperatives.TheGovernment
ofIndia(GoI)hasaskedforCGinvolvementinthisnewprogram.Thereforetheprobability
ofthisPrograminfluencingamajordevelopmentprogramandleveragingsignificant
developmentfundsisveryhigh.Inaddition,bothprivatesectorandcooperativedairies
areshowingrenewedinterestininvestinginimprovedcollection,processingand
distributionsystemsaftermanyyearsofstagnation.
ThechoiceofthedairyvaluechaininIndiawasbasedontheabovedescribedimportance
ofmilkinfoodsecurity,theimportancetopoorconsumersandpoorruralproducersand
ILRIscomparativeadvantageinresearchinfrastructure,staffingandwideranging
establishedpartnershipsinIndia.ILRIhasalreadycarriedoutresearchonaspectsofthe
161
dairyvaluechaininthestateofAssam,supportedbytheWorldBank,whichhadledto
changesinpolicyontheinformalmarketsectorandhasdevelopedseverallargeprojects
thataddresstechnicalconstraintstodairydevelopmentinthefeed,healthandbreeding
sectors.TheseprojectsarebeingimplementedinclosecollaborationwithotherCG
Centers(ICRISAT,CIMMYT,IRRI),thenationalagriculturalresearchsystem(IndianCouncil
ofAgriculturalResearch)andseveralStateAgriculturalUniversities),privateenterprises
(feedmanufacturers,foddertraders,seedindustry)andNGOs(SirRatanTataTrust,BAIF,
BASIX,RDT).
ILRIsinstitutionalandtechnicalresearchexperienceandprojectswithitswiderangeofpublicand
privatepartnersinIndiaandbeyondwillbeharnessedandfocusontothedairyvaluechains.This
compriseswelldevelopedresearchonkeyconstraintsininputandservicesthroughinnovation
platformsandhubstructures,welltestedapproachestomitigatingkeytechnicalconstraintsin
animalfeeding,healthandgeneticsandknowledgemanagementstrategiesthatbringthoseaspects
togetherandthatcandelivertotargetbeneficiariesandotherpertinentactors.
Genderdimensions
MilkandmilkproductsisakeycomponentofthedietinmostIndianhouseholds.Itisconsumedin
teaandalsotakenasadrinkbychildren,oldpeopleandtheinfirm.However,thesupplydemand
gapandresultantpriceincreasesareresultinginreducedabilityofpoorhouseholdstoaccessit.
Withinhouseholdswomenmakedecisionsaboutthepurchaseandconsumptionofmilk.
Womenhaveamajorroleindairying,accountingformostoftheemploymentindairyproduction
(WorldBank,1991).Theiractivitiesrangefromcareofanimals,grazing,foddercollection,cleaning
ofanimalshedstoprocessingmilkandlivestockproducts.Indoorjobs,suchasmilking,feeding,and
cleaning,aredonebywomenin90%offamilieswhilemanagementofmaleanimalsandfodder
productionaredonebymen.
Althoughwomenplayasignificantroleindairymanagementandproduction,thevastmajorityof
thedairycooperativemembershipismadeupofmen,leavingonly14%towomen.Neverthelessin
recentyearsanumberofNGOshavefacilitatedtheformationofwomensselfhelpgroupsfocussed
ondairy.Gendertargetedstrategieswillbeusedtoreachwomen,whohaveakeyroleinsomany
aspectsofthedairyvaluechain,
162
Table4.13:OpportunitiesandconstraintsindairyvaluechaininIndiaandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
Valuechain
components
Inputs
&
Services
ResearchableIssues
Indicativepartners
Outcomes
Ensuresmallholderparticipationand
competitivenessindairyvaluechains
Developequitablebusinessmodelsthat
betterlinkallactorsinthevaluechain
Effectsofnationaltradepoliciesondairy
markets
Developnewsustainablebusiness
modelsforlivestockservicedeliveryto
reducetransactioncosts
ICAR
NDDB
MoAandMinistryofTrade
Sustainableproducerbusinessmodels
reduceconstraintsoflabourandfeed
accessonsmallholderdairyfarmsand
increasetheirparticipationalongthe
valuechain.
Sustainablebusinessmodelsimprove
servicedeliveryandreducetransaction
costsforinputprovisionsanddeliveryof
services.
Lackofappropriateinputprovisionandinput
markets
Businessmodelstodecentraliseand
localiseinputsupplythrough
partnershipswithprivateruralretailers
andlivestockinputsuppliers
NGOs
Ruralcoopandretailers
extensionservicesKVKs
stategovernments
privateveterinarians
financeinstitutions
Establishmentofservicedelivery
platformatstateleveltostrengthen
stakeholdercooperationinservice
deliveryindairy
Unreliableandunsatisfactoryartificial
inseminationservices
Inadequateavailabilityandlackofquality
controlofcommercialconcentratefeeds
Developmentofsustainablemodelsof
deliveryofAItosmallholders
Improveavailabilityandutilisationof
locallysourcedfeedsupplements
Developmentoflowcostcommercial
feed
Commercialfeedqualitycontrolsystem
topreventadulterations
163
NGOs,,
Government,breedingcentres
inseminators
Foddertradersandfeedprocessors
AnimalnutritionInstitutesofICAR
Production
ResearchableIssues
Increaseavailablefeedquantitythrough
improvedfoodfeedcropsfrom
multidimensionalcropimprovement,
nicheforageandspecializedforage
productionanduseofbyproductsfrom
bioenergyproduction
Makebetteruseofonfarmfeed
resourcesthroughfeedandfodder
preservationtechniques,
supplementationstrategiesandstrategic
feedresourceallocation
SupportingActions
EngagewithcropimprovementCentres
toincludefeedandfoddertraitsinto
cropimprovementanddevelophubsfor
phenotypingforsuchtraits
Engagewithgovernmentprogram,
privateenterpriseinitiativestoensure
distributionofimprovedvarieties
Developmentofinnovativeinstitutional
arrangementsforthedeliveryof
improvedgeneticsatfarmandvillage
level
Research
Nationalandinternationalcrop
improvementCropimprovement
Centres
Developmentagenciesandnatural
resourcemanagement
Seedindustries,foddertradersand
feedmanufacturers
SupportingActions
Mobilizeandfocusongoing
partnershipsonnewdairyvaluechains
Developintegratedservicepackagesforthe
deliveryofanimalhealthinterventions
togetherwithfeedandbreedinterventionsto
increaseanimalproductivity.
Quantificationofeconomiclossesdueto
diseaseatnationalstateandhousehold
levels
Developcosteffectiveandsustainable
diseasepreventionandtreatment
strategies
ICAR
ResearchableIssues
Research
Reliableandcostefficientmilkcollection
Quantificationandtimelineofdirectand
indirecteffectsofimproved
infrastructurecomparingimpacton
privateandcooperativedairy
marketinginstitution
Mitigatefeedscarcityinaneconomicallyand
environmentallysustainableway
Pooranimalbreedingandlackofwidespread
availabilityofimprovedgenetics
Moremilkwithlessanimals,through
betterfeedingandhigheranimal
productivity
Smallholdersusebreed,feedandhealth
managementoptionsthatcanon
averagedoublemilkproductionper
animal
ICAR
NGOs
AIsuppliers,biotechinstitutes,breed
organisation
Stategovernments
Privatevets
Transport
&
Processing
164
varioushouseholdtypesandintra
householdeffects
Analysisofexitingbusinessmodelsasa
basisformoreefficientandlocalisedmilk
collection
Processingofcropresiduesorbiofuel
industrybyproducts(blocks,pellets,bales)
Currentconstraintsandpotentialof
underusedfeedmaterials,economicsof
feedblocksandmachinerydesign
Lackofvalueaddingofliquidmilkatlocal
levelfordairyproductslocalprovision
Economicviabilityandmicroenterprise
developmentofcottageindustriesfor
women
Marketing
Governmentselfemploymentand
povertyreductionschemes
NGOs
Dairyindustries
Research
ResearchableIssues
Improvingtheeffectivenessandefficiencyof Describingandanalysetheinformalvalue Privateretailorganisations

theinformalmilkmarket
chainstoidentifykeybottlenecksand
Dairyprocessors
opportunities.
Creationoflinkagesbetweentheinformaland
Stategovernmentdairydepartments
formalmilkmarketsectors
Pilottestingofpriorityinterventions.
Centralgovernment
improvingthemilkqualityandsafetyinthe
Pilotchangestomarketmodelsto
Meatprocessors
informalmilkmarket
improvetheirefficiency
Qualitycontrolinstitutions
Ensureappropriatesupplyofmilkadmilk
Developmentofriskbasedapproaches
Dairycooperatives,privatedairy
productstodifferentmarkettypes
tofoodsafety
producers
improvingthecontributionofmeattothe
Marketresearchtounderstandmarket
NARS
segmentation,bygeography,
incomeofsmallholderdairyproducers
Publichealthinstitutions
demography,incomegroupetctoinform
Creationonpoliciesconducivetomodern
165
Feedblockmanufacturers,machinery
manufacturersanddealers
Concentrateproducers
Foddertraders
Facilitatefoddermarketsanddevelop
decentralizedfeedprocessing
enterprises
Developmentoffranchisingschemes
withthedairyindustryfordecentralised
andlocalisedproductionandmarketing
outletsthroughvillagelevel
entrepreneurs.
Employmentcreationinmoreefficient
andinclusivedairyvaluechains
Moreefficient,inclusiveandsafemilk
marketsdrivessustainabledairy
growthinthecountry
retailandlogistics
Impactofpricepoliciesinproductiongrowth
Crosscutting
issues
Listkeydevelopmentalchallenges
Developnewapproachestodelivertechnical
interventions,suchasinnovationplatforms,
hubssystems
Ensuremultistakeholdersknowledgesharing
andcrosslearningondairyVCandlinkup
withpolicymakingnationalplatform
UseofICTindairyvaluechaintofacilitate:
o inputprovision,innovationdissemination
producerlinkageswithVCactorsand
stakeholdersdecisionmakingforfamers
Genderissuesindairyvaluechains
EnvironmentalissuesindairyVC
policyandinvestmentdecisions.
Establishmarketmodelsformeat
animals(buffalo).
Welfareeconomicstounderstand
benefitdistributiontoinform
developmentofpropoorfoodsecurity
policies.
ResearchableIssues
WaysofovercomingInstitutionalbarriers
andcoordinationproblemsinthe
disseminationofinformationto
stakeholdersanddairyfarmersand
formsofcooperationindairyVC
Howtoovercomecommunicationbarrier
anddevelopmentofcommunitiesof
knowledgeforhighlyeffectivepolicy
developmentandimplementation
Testingwhichtechnologiesaremost
appropriate,whichimpactintermsof
timeandcostsavingsandimproved
decisionmakingforfarmersandservice
providers
RoleandbenefitofwomeninDairyVC
Emissionreductionthroughbetter
feedingandmanuremanagement
Smallholderscapacitytopayfor
environmentalcosts
166
Research
Privatesector,publicsector
institutionsinvolvedindairy
productionandmarketing
NGOs,NARSandextensionservices
involvedindevelopingand
disseminatingtechnicalinformationon
dairymanagement
NDDB,MoAsatnationalandstate
level
APAARI,NDDB,ICAR,ICTforDev.
platformsinIndia
Governmentpolicies,extensionservices,
andinputsuppliesareawareofthe
specificneedsofsmallholderproducers
Knowledgemanagementindairyvalue
chainsanduseofICTdelivertechnical
interventionsmoreeffectivelyand
sustainably
Geographicfocus
Indiaisahugeanddiversecountry.Manyoftheindividualstatesarelargerinareaandhaveahigher
populationthanmanycountriesinAfrica.Itvariesimmenselyinclimate,coveringhigh,coldHimalayan
mountains,temperateregions,humidandsemihumidtropicalareastoariddeserts.Thereisalsoahuge
diversityinethnicityandsocialstructures,language,wealthdistributionandpoliticalstructures.Totake
accountofatleastsomeofthisvariationweproposetoworkinonepilotsiteeachinthreegeographically
contrastingdairyvaluechains.TheexactlocationswillbedecidedinconsultationwiththeGovernmentof
IndiaandtheNationalDairyDevelopmentBoardtoensuremaximumsynergywiththeNationalDairy
DevelopmentPlanandtomaximisetheleverageofdevelopmentresourcesfromcentralandstate
governments,donors(e.g.WorldBankLoanfordairydevelopment)andtheprivatesector.Sinceagriculture
isadevolvedtothestates,theinterestandcommitmentfromtherelevantstategovernmentsandanimal
husbandrydepartmentswillbecrucialPotentialtargetstatesare:
AndhraPradeshinadrylandarea.Thereisageneralpolicythrusttodevelopagricultureand
livestockindrylandareasinIndia.Thereisinvestmentbyprivatedairycompanies,severalofwhich
haveexpressedinterestinworkingwiththeCGCentres.
EasternGangeticPlain.LackofinvestmentinthesemihumidEasternGangeticPlainhashampered
dairydevelopmentbutthereisnowrenewedinterestfrombothgovernmentandtheprivatesector
indiarydevelopment.CRP1.2willalsobeworkinghere.
Assam.ThisisamilkdeficitstateinahumidregioninwhichILRIhasbeenworkingforseveralyears
andhasbuiltgoodworkingrelationshipswithgovernmentandtheNGOsector.
Potentialforimpact
ThepotentialimpactofincreasingtheefficiencyofthedairyvaluechaininIndiahastobeseeninviewof
the70millionruralhouseholdsrelyingondairyanimals.However,thedifficultiesinreplicatingthe
considerablesuccessofcooperativedairysystemsinindividualstatesonanationalscalehighlightthe
challengesinreachingthesehouseholds.Theselectionofthespecificvaluechainsandgeographiclocations
forthisprojectisaimedatinvestigatingandovercomingthevariousconstraintscurrentlylimitingdairy
development.Theinitialnumberofdirectbeneficiarieswilldependonthefinalselectionofthespecific
valuechainstobetargeted,butweenvisageaminimumof5,000dairyproducerstobeinvolvedwitheach
valuechainduringthelifespanoftheproject.Inaddition,asimilarnumberofpoorconsumersand
householdsinvolvedwiththepreproductionandpostproductionstagesofthevaluechainwillbedirectly
affectedbytheprojectactivities.
Theobjectiveofdoublingperanimalmilkproductivitywillbeachievedbyinterventionsatallstagesofthe
valuechain.Theimprovedqualityandcostefficiencyofinputsandserviceswillleadtoanincreaseintheir
use.Theintegrationofproducersintoproducercommunitieswillenableabetterutilisationofavailable
resourcesandanincreasedinvestmentintodairyproduction.Thegainsinefficiencyandqualityofmilk
collection,processingandmarketing,aswellastheimprovementsinthepolicyframeworkwillencourage
variousstakeholdersinthevaluechaintoprofitablyincreasetheirinvolvementinthedairysector.In
particular,attractiveandreliablemarketingopportunitieswillbethebasisforsmallscaledairyproducersto
intensifytheirdairyproductionandtoincreasetheirmarketintegration.
Doublingdairyanimalproductivitywillleadtoconsiderableincomeincreasesforthepooresthouseholds,
especiallyiftheefficiencyofinputdeliveryandofmilkmarketingisimprovedsimultaneously.Improved
awarenessofnutritionalrequirementsofchildrentogetherwithincreasedhouseholdmilksupplywill
contributetoareductioninchildundernutrition.Improvedmilksupplytomarketsandmoreefficient
marketingsystemswillallowpoorconsumerstoincreasetheshareofmilkandmilkproductsintheirdiets
withoutexposingthemselvestoincreasedhealthrisks.Thegrowthofthevaluechainwillcreateadditional
employmentopportunities,bothintheformalandtheinformalsectors.Updatedpolicieswillallowthe
informalsectortogrowthroughsupportingimprovementsinfoodsafetyandenvironmentalimpactswhile
retainingitsefficiencyadvantage.
167
Inpreviousandongoingprojects,whichwillcontributesubstantiallytotheproposeddairyvaluechainwork
andfromwhichtheproposedworkisderived,ILRIusedOutcomeMappingexercisestoidentifyentrypoints
intothevaluechain,intermediateoutputtargets,importantactors,partnersandboundarypartners.
Components
ValueChainOutcomes
Existingpoliciesunderstoodandusedforsupportingsmallholderparticipationin
dairyvaluechains
Actormatrixlinkagesusedtoidentifymissinglinksandentrypointsforestablishing
Inputandservicesuppliesdiscuss,designandtrynewbusinessmodelswith
emphasisondecentralizedinputs&supplies
InnovationPlatformsandhubsestablishedforlinkinginputandservicesuppliers,
producersandcustomers
BestfitfeedinterventionforpilotVCidentifiedandaddressedbyseedsupplier,
fodder/foragegrowersandfoddertraders
Decentralizedfeedprocessingoptionsimplementedbyentrepreneurs,villageself
helpgroupsanddairycooperatives
Extensionandotherdevelopmentsagentsagreedonservicepackagescomprising
complementingfeeding,healthandAI/breedinterventions
Inputs
&
Services
Production
Prevailingtransportandprocessingconditionsanalyzedforopportunitiesconstraints
Feedmanufacturers/foddertradersusefeedresourcescenarios,
transport/infrastructure,feedprocessingcostinformationandeconomicreturn
fromdairyingestimatesforfeedinterventions
Businessplansdevelopedandusedfordesignofmilkprocessingoptions
Transport
&
Processing
Informalmilkmarketvaluechainsaredescribedandanalyzedandusedforpilot
schemestestingimprovedmarketingoptions
Incentivesystemsforimprovedmilkqualitydevelopedandtestedinpilotsites
SuitableICTmodelsselectedandtestedinpilotsite
Marketing
168
DAIRYVALUECHAININTANZANIA
Thevastmajority(about80%)ofTanzanias43millionpeopledependonagriculture,mainlymixedfarming.
Livestockcontributesabout30%ofagriculturalGDP,mostlyderivedfromover18millionheadsofmostly
indigenousEastAfricanzebucattle,thethirdlargestinAfricaafterEthiopiaandSudan.Improveddairycattle
comprisearelativelysmallnumber,560,000.Cattlesupplyvirtuallyallthemilkthoughthereisasmallbut
steadilygrowingpopulationofdairygoatsmainlyinArushaKilimanjaroandMorogororegions.
Milksupplyhasincreased130%overthelastdecadetoabout1.6billionlitres(NBS,2009),implyingapercapita
milkconsumption/availabilityofapproximately39litresperannum.Averageproducerpriceshavealsofallen
dramaticallyovertheperiodfromaboutUS$0.4in2000insomeareastoaboutUS$0.12currently,implyinga
morestabilizedmarketandbetterdistribution.ArushaandKilimanjaroregionssupplyabouttwothirdsofthe
milk.OthersignificantproducingregionsareTanga,Mwanza,Kagera,andDaresSalaam.
DemandhasbeenrisingsharplyasprojectedadecadeagobyMOAC/SUA/ILRI(1998),drivenmainlybyhuman
populationthatisgrowingfastat3.3%perannumandhigheconomicgrowthrateofabout7%perannumover
thelastdecade.Thegapbetweendemandandlocalsupplyispredictedtocontinuetowideninthemedium
termto2020(seeprojectionsbelow).Themarketcontinuestobedominatedbyrawliquidmilk,whichcomprise
over95%ofthemarketedmilkcurrently.Lessthan1%ofhouseholdsconsumeprocessedmilkaccordingtoa
recenthouseholdbudgetsurvey(HBS)report(NBS2007).Urbanlivestockfarmingiscommoninmajorcities,
likelybecauseoflongdistancefrommainproductioncentres.Thelargestconsumptioncentre,DaresSalaam,is
consideredtohavethelargestnumberofdairycattlekeptwithinurbanboundariesinEastAfrica,giventhelarge
gappreviouslyobservedinsupplyfromoutsidethecityandpercapitamilkconsumptionamongcityresidents
(MOAC/SUA/ILRI1998).TheunmetdemandinTanzaniapresentsimportantopportunityforimprovingthe
welfareofproducersandtheirmarketagents,throughincomeandemploymentgeneratedindairyproduction,
processingandmarketing.
Whythisvaluechain?
GrowthinthedairyindustryhasbeenrankedbyASARECAandIFPRIasthemostimportantagriculturalsub
sectorintheECAregionintermsofpotentialGDPgains(Omamoetal2006).Andthereislargemilk
productivitygapsineachproductionsystemandgenotypegoingbyminimumandmaximumproduction
levelsreportedintheliterature(Mwacharoetal2009).Thepotentialforgrowthinthedairysectorin
TanzaniamaytakesimilartrendswithneighbouringKenyawhere,withsimilarconditions,growthhasbeen
muchfasterandtotalproductionisnowthansixtimesTanzaniasproduction.Themajordifferenceliesina
longerhistoryofpublicinvestmentinimprovedgenotypesandprivatesectorledgrowththathas
characteriseddairyinginKenya.TherapidriseindemandandaliberalisedeconomynowprovideTanzania
withsimilarimpetusforgrowth.
ThedominanceofsmallscaleproductionandmarketingsysteminTanzaniaisnotonlytypicalofdairy
systemsinEastAfricabutmanypartsofthedevelopingworldaswell.However,dominantproducttypes
varyfrommainlyliquidmilkinEastAfrica,tobutterinEthiopia,softcheeseinWestAfricaandmilksweetsin
India.Themainconstraintsoflimitedfeedavailabilityandpoorqualitycutacrossdairysystemsinallthese
regions.LessonsfromdairyresearchanddevelopmentinTanzaniacanthereforebewidelyapplicable.
169
Table4.14:CriteriaandrationaleforchoosingTanzania
Criteria
RationaleforTanzania
Growthand
market
opportunity
DemandfordairyproductsinTanzaniaisdrivenbythelargehumanpopulationcurrentlyestimatedat
43millionthatisgrowingat3.3%annually,urbanisationat5%annuallyandincreasingincomefrom
higheconomicgrowthrateannualrealGDPgrowthiscurrentlyabout4%(NBS2008).Milksupplyhas
hardlykeptpacewithgrowthindemand.Themomentumforgrowthwasadverselyaffectedinearly
1990swhenpublicsupportforbothmilkmarketingandlivestockservicesdeclined,leavingawidegap.
Privatesectorgrowthhasbeenunabletofillthisgap,eveninthemostproductiveregions,despitea
flurryofactivitiesbyvariousactors,includingsmalltraders,privateentrepreneurs,farmergroupsand
NGOs,eachinnovatingmechanismsforcollectingandretailingmilkandforprovidinginputsand
animalreproductionandhealthservices.
WhilethelatestFAOSTATindicatespercapitamilkconsumptioninTanzaniahasremainedunchanged
atabout24litresoverthepastdecade,nationalsourcesinTanzaniaestimatethatmilkavailability/
consumptionhasincreasedsignificantlytoabout39litrespercapitaannually(NBS2007),upfrom24
and28litrespercapitaestimatedin1998byFAOSTATandMOAC/SUA/ILRI,respectively.Thesourceof
thedifferenceisinestimatesofannualproduction 15.
Regardlessofthedifferentestimates,Tanzaniastillhasverylowaveragepercapitamilkconsumption
levelscomparedtosomeneighbouringcountries 16,andwellbelowlevelsseenamongsomesegmentsof
Tanzaniansociety,especiallyinurbanareas.Therapidincreaseinthenumbersofthemoreproductive
improveddairycattlepopulation,whichisnowestimatedatabout560,000heads(upfromonlyabout
240,000headsadecadeago),indicatesthatproductionisalreadyrespondingtomeettherisingdemand.
Onlyaninsignificantamountofsome25millionlitres,lessthan5%ofproduction,isprocessedannuallyby
privateunits,meaningthelocalmilksupplyisdominatedbyunprocessedmilk.Themostcommon
processedmilkproductisfermented,locallyknownasmtindiandUHT,bothcomprising77%ofmarketed
processedmilkproducts(NIRAS2010).Consumptionofpackedmilkisveryloweveninurbanareas.The
2007HBSestimatesthatlessthan1%ofhouseholdsconsumeprocessedmilk,withDaresSalaamhaving
thehighestrateat1.5%.
Risingdemandinurbanareashasprovidedanincentiveforimportstofillpartofthesmallmarketfor
processedandpackagedmilk,mainlyUHT,butfiguresonimportsvarywithvarioussources.Importsof
dairyproductsinliquidmilkequivalentbetween2004and2009averagedat26,000millionlitresper
annum,growing9.41%,andaccountingforabout48%oftheprocessedmilkmarket(NIRAS2010).Most
importscompriseofUHTmilkandcream,concentratedorsweetened.Majorsourcesofimported
dairyproductsareKenya,SouthAfricaandUnitedArabEmirates.Importsfromwithintheregionare
likelytoincreasegiventheEACCustomsUnionthatnowallowsfreetradewithouttariffs.
Figure1showsprojectionsforlocalmilksupplyanddemandinTanzaniatotheyear2020,basedon
modestincreasesinrealGDPgrowth.Thedemandprojectionsarebasedoncurrentconsumptionlevels,
projectedforurbanisationat5%annually,populationgrowthratedecliningto2.6%by2020,anoverall
incomeelasticityofdemandfordairyproductsgenerallyof0.8,andtheindicatedratesofrealgrowthin
GDP.Undertheassumptionofamodest2%annualrealGDPgrowth,milkconsumptioncanbeexpectedto
risebyover60%over13yearsto2020,toreachnearly2.5billionlitresannually.Thatrisewouldreflectan
averagepercapitaconsumptionlevelofstillonlyabout56litresannuallyinurbanareas,and37litresin
ruralareas.Consideringthatincomegrowthisalittlefasterthanassumed,demandcouldeasilyrisemore
rapidlythanthesemodestprojections.Forcomparison,Figure1alsoshowstheprojectedriseindemand
under3%annualrealGDPgrowth.
15
Forexample,in2007,FAOStatsandNBSestimatedmilkproductioninTanzaniaat953millionand1.43billionlitres,
respectively.
16
PercapitaavailabilityofmilkinKenyaiscurrentlyestimatedatover100kgannually.
170
3,000
2,500
2,000
Million Lts
Milk/ Yr
1,500
1,000
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
3% GDP Growth
2013
2014 2015
Year
2% GDP Growth
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Milk Production
Figure1.Projectionsindairysupplyanddemandto2020forTanzania
MilkproductiontrendswerealsoprojectedandareillustratedinFigure1.Productionprojectionsassume
nochangeinperanimalproductivityorherdstructure,andarebasedonextrapolatingcurrentherd
changes.Thetraditionalzebuherdisprojectedtoincreaseatarateof1.4%annuallyanddairyherd,
estimatedtobegrowingat5%.Thelattergrowthrateisassumedtodeclinemodestlyto4.6by2020.
Theseprojectionssuggestanincreaseofsome41%inmilkproduction,withthedairyherdsharerising
from34%to43%.Underthissupplyprojectionandthedemandscenarioof2%GDPgrowth,therecouldbe
shortfallofsome673millionlitresofmilkannually,orabout26%ofdemand.UnderthesameGDP
scenario,anoverallherdproductivityincreaseof4.5%annuallywouldbenecessarytoenablesupplyto
keeppacewithdemand.
Theseprojectionssuggestthat,undercurrenttrends,productionisverylikelytofallshortofdemand.
Nationaleconomicperformancecontinuestorespondpositivelytorecentstructuralreforms,implyingthe
shortfallislikelytobesubstantialThesetrendspresentanimportantopportunityforimprovingthewelfare
ofcurrentandpotentialsmallholderdairyproducersinTanzaniaandtheirmarketagents,throughincome
andemploymentgeneratedindairyproduction,processingandmarketing.
Propoor
potential
Thoughsuccessfuleconomicliberalizationandinstitutionalreforminrecentyearshaveledtoa
recoveryoftheTanzanianeconomysince2000withahighGDPgrowth,thishasnotimpactedrural
areassignificantlyandabout37%ofruralTanzaniansarestillclassifiedpoorandundernourished(NBS,
2010).The2008WorldBankDevelopmentReportcitesevidencethatinvestmentinagricultureis
criticaltotheprocessofensuringadeclineinpoverty,andthatthepoorsinvolvementinmarkets
offerspathwaysoutofpovertyatthehouseholdlevel.Dairyingiswidelyconsideredtobeoneofthe
mostpromisingagriculturalpathwaysoutofpoverty,notonlyforproducersbutforconsumersandthe
informalactorswhodominatethemarketingchainaswell;hencetherankingofgrowthinthesectoras
themostimportantagriculturalsubsectorintheregionintermsofpotentialGDPgainsinthemedium
term(Omamoetal2006).
Smallscaledairyproductionandmarketingbenefitsthepoorinmanyways,especiallywhere
increasingdemandenhancesthoseopportunitiesasinTanzania.Theseincludeopportunitiesfor
intensificationandenhancedproductivityleadingtolivelihoodsimprovement,includingthrough
employment,besidesnutritionbenefitsforthepoor.Ithasbeenestimatedthatdairy
farminggeneratesabout50fulltimewagelabouropportunitiesper1,000litresofmilk
producedonadailybasis,andupto20fulltimejobs(17direct,3indirect)per1,000litresofmilk
handledonadailybasisbyinformaltraders(Omoreetal2004;SDP,2005).
Milkbornepublichealthconcernsthatareusuallythebasisfordiscouragingthedominantinformal
milkmarketsthatservethepoor.Butthesecanbeaddressedwithoutendangeringthehealthof
171
consumers(Omoreetal,2009).EvidencefromneighbouringKenyaindicatesthatinterventionsto
improvesuchmarketsaccruewidespreadandsubstantialbenefits.RecentImpactanalysisofan
interventiontoproactivelyengagesmallscalemilktradersthroughatrainingandcertificationquality
assuranceschemedemonstratedbenefitstotheKenyaneconomyamountingtoUS$33million
annually(Kaitibieetal2010).Thebenefitsaccruedmainlytoproducersthroughreductioninmargins,
butwithmilktradersandconsumersbenefittingaswell.
Researchable ThepossibilityofutilisinglargeareasofTanzaniaslandmassthatissuitableforlivestockproductionis
supply
limitedbytsetseinfestation.MostmarketeddairyproductiontakesplaceinArushaandKilimanjaro,
constraints
TangaandDaresSalaamMwanzaregionswherethereisrelativelylowdiseasechallenge.Themain
constraintinproductionintheseareasisthesevereconstraintposedbyfeedresources,includingthe
highdegreeofseasonality(MOAC/SUA/ILRI,1998;Nkyaetal2007).Limitedquantityandqualityof
feedisconsideredtobethemainreasonforthelowproductionofonly510and0.5litres/dayfor
lactatingimproveddairyandzebucow,respectively.Thereisalsoashortageofreplacementstartup
stock,especiallyintheArushaKilimanjaroregionwheredairyisdominant.Linkedtothismaybethe
poorperformanceofAIandheiferbreedingservices.HeiferintrustschemespromotedbyHeifer
Internationalandotheragenciesareplayingalimitedroleinfillingthisgapamongpoorhouseholds.
MostofTanzaniaislowlandandhumidimplyingmostexoticbreedsfromtemperateclimatesarenot
appropriate.Buteffortsatgeneticimprovementsforadaptationtothetropicalenvironmentlikethe
Mpwapwawerenotadopted(KyomoandKifaro2005).Whereasforsomesystemssuchasinthe
ArushaKilimanjarohighlands,itmaybeprudenttomovefromindigenoustocrossbreedsandfinallyto
exoticbreedsandimprovedhusbandry,inothermoreextensiveareas,costsandbenefitsanalysismay
dictatethatproducersshouldupgradetheirindigenousstockstocrossbredanimalsratherthanto
purebredexoticcattle.
Itmightbeworthcastingthenetwidertolookatmoreproductivetropicalbreedsfoundelsewherelike
theGir,azebubreed,originallyfromIndiabutnowfoundinmanyplaceslikeBrazilwherefurther
improvementshaveoccurredwithmilkyieldaveraging3500kgperlactation,abouttentimesthe
lactationyieldoftheEastAfricanZebu.TheSahiwalisanotherdairy(andmeat)breedthatcouldbe
exploredformultiplicationanddistributionbecauseitisalsowelladaptedtohumidtropicalconditions.
Sahiwalcowsaverage2,270kgofmilkperlactation,whilesucklingacalf.Whileexploringoptionsfor
improvedcattle,nichesfordairygoatsshouldalsonotbeoverlooked.Dairygoatshaveforalongtime
beenseenbystakeholdersinTanzaniaasofferingincreaseddairyproductivityinareasofintensiveland
useandforresourcepoorhouseholds,butlittleisknownabouttheirperformanceandviabilityin
Tanzanianproductionsystems.PresentlyvariousbreedsincludingSaanen,Toggenburg,AngloNubian,
Alpineandtheircrossesarebeingactivelypromotedbyvariousdairydevelopmentprojectssuchas
HPI,FarmAfricaandvariouschurchgroups.Anecdotalinformationisthatthereishighdemandand
manyhouseholdsseekingdairygoatsdosobecausetheywanttoreplacethecowmilktheyconsume
athomeandtoselltheiroffspring.Othersseedairygoatsasasuitablelowcostandlowrisk
alternativetocattledairyproductionforresourcepoorhouseholdsinareasofintensivelanduse,
particularlywhereaccesstofeedresourcesislimited.
Whileothermoreproductivegenotypesadaptedtothetropicalenvironmentisbeingexplored,the
potentialforproductivitygainsfromexistingbreedsshouldnotbeignored.Thispotentialisconsidered
tobesubstantialinallproductionsystems,especiallyforimproveddairycattle.Figure2andTable1
presentspercentagedifferencesbasedonvariousliteraturesourcesinEastAfrica(includingTanzania)of
maximumandminimumproductionlevelswithinandbetweenbothgenotypesandanimalhusbandry
172
Milk yield per Lactation (Kg)
6000
5000
x 3
4000
x 3
3000
x 3
2000
y2
1000
0
y1
x 3
x 2
x 2
x 1
x 1
Indigenous Crossbred
Exotic Indigenous
Crossbreds
Mixed rain fed

humid/sub-humid
Mixed rain fed

temperate/highlan
Synthetics
Exotics
Large-scale
commercial ranches
Figure2Differencesinmilkproductionbydifferentgenotypesindairycattleproductionsystemsfound
indifferentregionsofEastAfrica.Source:Mwacharoetal2009
Key for both Figure 2 and Table 1 below):

Light coloured bars
= Minimum production; Dark coloured bars = Maximum production
xi
= Yield gaps due to animal husbandry practices
yi
= Gap in productivity due to genotype
z
= Gap in productivity due to differences in the production system
Table1.Percent(%)differencesinmaximumandminimummilkproductionlevelswithinand
betweengenotypesrepresentingtheyieldgapsduetoanimalhusbandryandgenotypeinEastAfrica
Differences(%)inproductivityduetoanimal
husbandry
Differences(%)inproductivityduetogenotype
Indigenous
breeds
Crossbreeds
Exotics
Indigenousvs
Crossbreeds
Indigenous Crossbreedsvs
vsExotic
Exotic
32.7(X1)
75.8(X2)
38.9(X3)
17.9(Y1)
73.9(Y2)
68.2(Y3)
Source:Mwacharoetal2009
Theunderexploitedgeneticpotentialismainlyattributedtolimitingfeedresources,whichif
addressedcouldtriplemilkyieldsincrossbredgenotypes(Figure2).Forexample,Brachiariagrasses
improvedbyCIAThaveshownbothhighbiomassproduction,goodnutritionalquality,andincreased
droughtresistance.Dualpurposelegumeslikecowpeaarenotwidelyused,andthecurrentapplication
offeedconservationtechnologiesisverylimited.Furthermore,thelargepotentialforexistingzebu
cattlepopulationwithpotentialforincreasedmilkofftakehasnotbeenadequatelyexplored.
Informationisneededonbiophysicalandmarketfactors,dairytechnologyadoptionpatterns,herd
structuresanddynamics,socioculturalfactorsandrelativeeconomicadvantages/competitivenessof
variouslevelsofdairyintensification.Theepidemiologicalpictureisunclearthoughimportantdisease
challengeisreportedinmanyareas,contributingtomilkdeficitsinsomeareaswherehumanpopulations
arehigh.ExperiencewithvaccinationagainstEastCoastfeverinnorthernTanzaniaindicatesthat
technologicalsolutionscanresultindramaticreductionsindiseaseincidence.Thevaccinehitherto
consideredundeliverableinpastoralcommunitiesduetopoorinfrastructurehasbeensuccessfully
deliveredandhasreducedmortalityfrom3050%toonly2%inover100,000vaccinatedcalvesinthe
area.However,theextenttowhichprivatesectorsolutionscanaddresstheseconstraintsisunclear.
173
Asshownabove,demandandsupplyprojectionssuggestexcellentopportunitiesexistforsignificant
growthinsmallholderdairying.Butthestructureofmilkmarketingandthedominantrawmilkmarket
underpinsthenatureofconstraintsfacedinthemarketingchain.Beyondqualityandmarketaccess
improvements,itisunclearwhatspecificinterventionsareneededtogrowtheformalsectorgiventhat
capacityutilisationofcurrentprocessingcapacityofabout350,100litresperdaybelow25%(RLDC
2009;NIRAS2010).Thecontinueddominanceoftheinformalmilkmarketinspiteofseveraldecadesof
policiesandinvestmentseffortstopromotepasteurisedmilkmarketingandconsumptionislinked
fundamentallytothestrongpreferencebyconsumersforfreshmilk.Giventhatmilkprocessorscannot
generallycompeteonacostbasiswiththerawmilkmarket,ifnewdairydevelopmenteffortsaretobe
viableinthelongrun,theymustexplorethepossibilitiesofworkingthroughmarketmechanisms
whichprovideconsumerswiththeirpreferredproductatthelowestcost.Thechallengeistoaddress
qualityandsafetychallengesintheprocess.Expandingexamplesofcommercialisedsupplyoftraining
andcertificationthroughaccreditedbusinessdevelopmentserviceprovidersthathasbeensuccessfully
testedasamechanismforaddressingfoodqualityandsafetyconcernsanddifferentiatingthemilksold
isoneoptionforpromotingmarketaccessisoneoptionforpromotingthelongtermsinterestsof
smallholderfarmers,marketagentsandconsumers.Additionalinformationisrequiredtobetter
understandviabilityofalternativemarketchannels,especiallyinrelationtomarketmarginsandcost
structure,barrierstoentry,includingcredit,competitionfromimports,androleoftransactioncostsin
determiningfarmerparticipationinmarkets.
TheroleofdairyfarmergroupsisseeninTanzaniatobeverysmall,yetexperienceelsewherehas
shownthattheymaybecriticaltoassistingthesustainedparticipationofsmallholderproducers,by
providingbothmilkmarketoutletsandaccesstoservices.Expansionoftheirroleislikelytobe
necessaryforcontinueddairydevelopment.Thereisuncertaintyastothegapsindeliveryofservices
(inputsupply,creditandextensionservices)thatcanbefilledbytheprivatesector,andtheimpactthis
ishavingongrowthofdairyingbysmallholders.Slowchangesinlandtenurepolicyreformisalsoseen
toasaconstrainttoaccesstocreditandlongterminvestment,butisnotspecificallyadairyor
livestockissue.
Themainchallengeforbothresearchanddevelopmentwillbehowtoidentifyandalleviatethese
technologicalconstraintstoupgradingandexpandingthedairyvaluechains.
Enabling
Thepolicydirectionistoincreaseconsumptionofmilksuppliedfromlocalsources.Recentinvestment
environment ininstitutionaldevelopment,suchastheDairyPolicyandActandsubsequentformationofthe
TanzaniaDairyBoard,isbeginningtoprovideaconduciveenvironmentforbroaderdairyrector
regulationanddevelopment.TheBoard,formedin2006,providesaplatformforstakeholder
engagementandactiveparticipationindairysectordevelopment.Keystakeholderassociationsthat
participateintheBoardare:TanzaniaMilkProcessorsAssociation(TAMPA)andTanzaniaMilk
ProducersAssociation(TAMPRODA).Afteritsformation,TDBtookovercoordinationofconsumer
educationtopromotemilkconsumptionanddairyingthatincludepublicitycampaignsheldannually
aroundthecountryduringtheJuneMilkWeek,amongotheractivities.
SeveralbilateralandmultilateraldonorsandNGOsarecurrentlyengagedindairydevelopmentin
Tanzania.TherecentlylaunchedEasternAfricaAgriculturalProductivityProject(EAAPP),aregional
projectfundedbytheIDAtonurturecentresofexcellencethathasdairyasoneofthecommodities
targetedforimprovementwithincollaborativearrangementsandpartnershipsspanningfourcountries
intheregion,namelyTanzania,Ethiopia,KenyaandUgandaandinvolvingASARECAincommunication
andsomecoordination.TanzaniaandNorwayarecommittedtoparticipateinthedevelopmentand
implementationoftheREDD(ReducedEmissionsfromDeforestationsandForestDegradation)
initiativesinTanzaniatocombatdeforestationandthechallengesofclimatechange.Livestockoffers
themainopportunityforimprovinglivelihoodsinextensiveareaswhereproductivitylossesassociated
withclimatechangerisksarehigh.
Existing
momentum
ILRIhasbeeninvolvedinseveralpastdairyresearchprojectsinTanzania.Overthelastoneandahalf
decades,ILRIhasworkedwithdairyresearchanddevelopmentinstitutionstoappraisethedairysector
(MOAC/SUA/ILRI,1998).Thiswasshortlythereafterfollowedbyresearchintomarketmechanisms,
efficiency,processingandpublichealthrisksinperiurbandairyproductmarkets(Omoreetal,2009).
ILRIwasalsoinvitedseverallyovertheperiodtostakeholderpolicyconsultationsthatledtothe
formulationofthecurrentDairyIndustryActin2004.Currently,theTanzaniaDairyBoard(TDB;)
assistedbyalocalNGO,theAustroprojectAssociation,ispilotingacommercialisedsupplyoftraining
174
andcertificationmilkqualityassuranceschemewithsupportfromASARECAandILRI.CIAThasalso
beenengagedrecentlyinitiatedstepstobuildupexpertiseontropicalforageresearchintheregion,
andTanzaniaisamongthetargetcountries.
OngoingdonorinvestmentstargetedatdairydevelopmentincludethoseimplementedbyHeifer
ProjectInternational(HPI)andFarmAfricathathavebeeninvolvedinpromotingaccessbypoor
householdstoimproveddairycattleandgoats,respectively,foroveradecade.Othersinclude:SNV
(capacitybuilding);SDC(milkmarketpromotionandsupporttoRuralLivelihoodDevelopment
Company);and,BRAC(AIservices,http://www.brac.net/content/aboutbractanzania).TheUnited
Nations,throughUNDPandFAO,arealsoreportedtobeengagedinpromotionofvaluechains
approachtothedevelopmentofvariousagriculturalcommoditysystems.LocationsofTanzaniahave
alsobeenrecentlyidentifiedbyAGRAasbreadbasketsamongotherlocationsinvariouscountriesin
Africa.
PlannedengagementsincludeTheRoyalNorwegianEmbassy(RNE)andSUAwhoareplanningtohave
dairyvaluechainandpolicyresearchincludedinthenextphaseofitsnewfouryearperiod
programmethatwillputemphasisonscalingupanddisseminationofbestpractisesfromprevious
programmesinavaluechainperspectiveandactivelycollaboratewithpublicandprivatesectorsas
wellasnongovernmentalorganisationsintheprocesshiswillbethesuccessorprojecttothejust
endedProgrammeforAgriculturalandNaturalResourcesTransformationforImprovedLivelihood
(PANTIL).TheongoingEastAfricaDairyDevelopmentProject(EADD)inKenya,UgandaandRwanda
byconsortiaincludingHPIandILRI,isconsideringincludingTanzaniainitsnextphaseanticipatedin
2012.
Recognizingthatfurtherdiscussionwillbeneededtorefinethese,indicativeactionsaredescribedinTable
4.15,below.
Table4.15:IndicativeresearchareasandsupportingactionsinTanzaniavaluechain
Researcharea
Supportingaction
1. Increasingproductivityofexistingdairysystems
Identifyadoptablestrategiestoalleviateunder
nutritionofdairyanimalsandreducetheseasonal
variationinfeedavailability
Investigatingexistingconstraintsandoptionsfor
breedingstrategies(newgenotype,AI,bullservices,
etc)
Evaluateconstraints&potentialtodairygoat
disseminationincludingevaluationofdeterminantsof
adoptionandeconomicviability,includingareashaving
bothdairygoatsandcattle;analysisofalternative
multiplication/breedingschemes,basedonextensive
projectexperienceindairygoatdissemination;and,
evaluationofresourceuseefficiencyincomparisonto
cattleandlocalgoats.
Updateexistinginformationonviabilityofalternative
milkmarketingmechanismsandoptimalmixbetween
informalandformalmarketingsystems.Thisincludes
identifyingreasonsforlowcapacityutilisationof
existingchilling/processingplants
175
Promotedairyfarmergroupdevelopmentwith
emphasisonmilkcollection,andprovisionof
feedsandreproductiveandhealthservices.
Farmergroupsmayhaveanadvantageoverboth
informalmilktradersandprivateprocessorsinthat,
whileofferingfarmersreliablemilkoutlets,theyare
wellplacedtosimultaneouslyprovideinputsand
servicessuchasAI.
Federationofindividualfarmergroupstoprovide
economiesofscaleindistributionandserviceand
inputprovision.If/whenagenuinefederationof
groupsisattained,processingofmilkbythat
federationcouldbeconsidered.
Promotemilkdistributionoutletsinurbanareas
throughsimplebulkchannels,includingkiosks,
dairybars,etc.Thiscouldbelinkedtoeitherprivate
entrepreneursorfederationsoffarmergroupsbut
informedbyresearchintowhichmarketchannels
willbeviableinthelongerrun.
Establishaplatformforthecoordinationofdairy
development.Manyinstitutesperformtheirroles
inisolation,whetherinresearch,indairy
development,orindairymarketing.TheTanzania
DairyBoardmaybeoneavenueandaconvener
Proactiveengagementtoempowersmallscale
traderstoacquireskillsinmilkqualitycontroland
entrepreneurship
Enhanceongoingeffortstowardsconsumer
educationregardingmilkquality,hygieneand
consumption,particularlyinurbanareas.Through
theirdemandsandpreferencesexpressedas
choiceofpurchases,consumersarebestplacedto
inducebetterqualitycontrolininformalmarkets
andthedevelopmentoftheformalmarket.
2.
Increasingmarketedofftake&dairyherdexpansion
inextensivesystems
Identificationofrelativelyextensiveproductionregions
withpotentialforincreasedmilkofftake,and
identificationoftheconditionsnecessaryforexploiting
thatpotentialThisincludes:a)anexanteanalysisof
dairypotentialintermsofagroecological,spatial,and
marketfactors,diseasechallenge,distance,
infrastructure,andcollectionsystemdevelopmenton
dairypotential,b)anexpostanalysisofdairy
technologypotentialincludinganalysisofadoption
patternsofcomponentsofdairytechnologypackages
Updateexistinginformationonmilkdemandpatterns
andseasonalityincludingproductdifferentiation,and
secondaryurbanmarkets.
Impactassessmentofthecontributionofdairysystem
developmenttohouseholdsparticularlythepoor.This
includes:a)intrahouseholdimpactassessment,dealing
particularlywithchildnutrition,andthegender
implicationsofmarketorienteddairying,andb)direct
andindirecteconomicimpactassessmentincluding
linkagesofthedairysectortotherestofagricultural
andnonagriculturalsectors.
Giventherelativelysmallexoticdairyherd
population,priorityformilkmarketdevelopment
shouldbegiventoincreasingtheofftakefrom
existingtraditionalherds,orimportingand
promotingmoreproductivetropicalbreedsthat
canwithstandtropicalconditions(e.g.theGiror
Sahiwal).Asfarmersbecomebetterequippedto
dealwiththediseasechallenge,crossbreedingof
existingcattleshouldbeencouraged.
Expandheiferanddairygoatloansschemesto
smallholders,perhapsthroughestablishmentof
multiplicationschemes.
PromotetheprovisionofAIservicesbyprivate
livestockserviceprovidersandsmallholderfarmer
organisationsthatcurrentlydonotprovidethe
service.Appropriatetrainingisrequiredto
improvefarmeracceptanceoftechniciansandAI.
Genderdimensions
SuccessivesurveysofgenderparticipationindairyproductionandmarketingineasternAfricahas
repeatedlyshownthatwomencontrolsignificantproportionoftheincomederivedfromdairyproduction,
eventhoughmenmayowntheproductionassets.Butdirectparticipationbywomeninmarketingdeclines
relativetothatofmenasmarketedoutputincreasesandthemilkissoldtolargebulkingpoints,suchas
dairycooperatives.Womenaremorelikelytoreceivemoneyfrommilksoldtoindividualcustomersand
privatetradersthanfromdairycooperatives.Therefore,womenproducerswouldbeexpectedtobenefit
frompromotionofsmallscalemilkmarketing.
176
Table4.16:OpportunitiesandconstraintsindairyvaluechaininTanzaniaandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
Valuechain
components
Inputs
&
Services
Actions
Indicativepartners
Outcomes
ResearchableIssues
Research
Suboptimalinputsandservices
neededtoexploitgeneticpotentialof
existingdairyherds
Constraintstofeedproductionand
marketing
Optimalstrategiesfordeliveryof
animalhealthservices
Identifyviablecollectiveactionand/or
privatesectorsolutionstoprovisionof
inputsandservices
SUA,GoT,ILRI,CIAT
Enhanceduseofinputsandservices
Increasedproductivity(reduced
morbidityandmortality)
Undernutritionofdairyanimals
seasonalvariationinfeedavailability
Lowmarketeddairyproductionand
offtakeinextensivesystems
Production
SupportingActions
Promotedairyfarmergroup
development
ResearchableIssues
Identifyadoptablestrategiesto
alleviateundernutrition
Introduceothertropicaldairybreeds
(e.g.GirandSahiwal)
SupportingActions
GOT,Variousnationaland
internationalNGOs
Research
SUA,GoT,CIATILRI

SupportingActions
GOT,Variousnationaland
internationalNGOs
SupportingActions
Increasedproductivityinintensive
systemsandincreasedmilkofftakein
extensivesystems
development
Transport
&
Processing
Poorinfrastructure,thedevelopment
ofwhichcangreatlyeasemilk
collectionandmarketing
Underutilisedcapacityforexisting
chilling/processingplants
Underdevelopedbusinessservice
provision
ResearchableIssues
Research
SUA,GoT,ILRI,CIAT
SupportingActions
SupportingActions
Infrastructuredevelopmenttoease
milkcollectionandmarketing
development
Maximizeutilisationofexisting
chilling/processingcapacity
177
GOT,TDB,Processors,Variousnational
andinternationalNGOs
Increasedmarketedmilkofftakefromall
systems
Marketing
ResearchableIssues
Research
Nearabsencedairyfarmergroupswith
emphasisonmilkcollection,and
provisionoffeedsandreproductive
andhealthservices.
Transformationofinformalmilk
marketstowardsformality
Determineviabilityofalternativemilk
marketingmechanismsandoptimal
mixbetweeninformalandformal
marketingsystems.
SUA,GoT,ILRI,CIAT
Increasedproportionofformally
marketedmilk
SupportingActions
SupportingActions
GOT,TDB,Processors,Various
nationalandinternationalNGOs
Proactiveengagementtoempower
smallscaletraderstoacquireskillsin
milkqualitycontroland
entrepreneurship
Crosscutting
issues
ResearchableIssues
Research
Lowdirectparticipationbywomenin
marketingrelativetothatofmenas
marketedoutputincreases
Understandingreasonsbehindgapsin
achievinggenderequity
SUA,GoT,ILRI,CIAT
SupportingActions
SupportingActions
Gendermainstreaming
GOT,variousnationaland
internationalNGOs
178
Improvedgenderequity
Geographicfocus
Forincreasingproductivityinexistingdairysystems
Priorityareatofocusactivitiesdirectedatincreasingproductivityinexistingdairysystemsareasfollows,in
orderofprioritygiventhecurrentdensityofimproveddairycattle:Northernhighlands(Arusha,Kilimajaro),
Southernhighlands(Mbeya,Iringa),Coast(Tanga),andLakeZone(Kagera).Alhoughwithincreasing
numbersofdairycattle,dairyinginDaresSalaamisconsideredlowprioritybecauseitisunlikelytobea
primarysourceoflivelihoodforthoseinvolved.
Forincreasingmarketedofftakeandherdexpansion
ExtensiveareaswiththehighestdensitycattleareLakeZone(Mwanza,Mara),CentralTanzania(Dodoma,
Singida)andperurbanDaresSalaam.Previousandongoingeffortstoincreasemarketedofftakefrom
theseareasby,interalia,AustroprojectandRLDC,respectively,needtobereviewedbeforenewinitiatives
aretaken.

No Data
0 - 5
5 - 25
25 -50
50 -100
100 -150
Natio
nalPar
k
Wa
ter
No. Per Sq. Km.
MapofCattleDensityinTanzania(allbreeds)
Potentialforimpact
The main strategy for translating the dairy value chain development activities and outputs towards
outcomes and impacts for the poor is to by, first, channelling the research directly into improving value
chainswithdevelopmentpartners,andsecond,onworkingwiththeprivatesector,atalllevels(e.g.service
providers for feed, AI, health and processors). Serving as knowledge partner for development partners
implementing largescale interventions comprising new integrated services, provides direct access to
immediate promotion/scaling out and uptake of bestbet strategies and technology packages. Playing an
active role in M&E also provides an avenue for learning and feedback. Impacts are envisaged through
increasedpercapitamilkconsumptionbyover60%in2020ifthetargetofoverallherdproductivityincrease
of4.5%annuallyisattained.ImpactsonlivelihoodscanbeextrapolatedfromtheongoingEastAfricaDairy
Development Project (EADD) where a doubling of income for 179,000 households is envisaged and is on
tracktobeingachievedovera10yearperiod.Potentialimpactsmayalsobeextrapolatedfromthestudyby
Kaitibieetal(2010)whereonepolicyinterventiongeneratedbenefitstotheKenyaneconomyamountingto
US$33millionannually.
179
Intermediate
Outcome
Inputs
&
Services
Production
Transport
&
Processing
Marketing
10identifiedVC
constraintsresolvedor
lessened.
%increaseinidentified
valuechain
effectivenessmetrics.
UltimateOutcome
Atleasta50%increaseindairy
annualproductionfor
targetmarketsby2020.
100%increaseinhouseholds
participatinginvalue
chain.
Impacts
Averagepercapitadairy
consumptionintarget
regionsincreases
towardsrecommended
levelsby60%
90,000households
double their dairy
incomeby2020
Components
Inputs&Services
Valuechainoutcomes
Production
Transport&
Processing
Marketing
Increasedprivatesectorparticipationininputsandservicesprovision
Increasednumberoffarmergroupsengagedinprovisionofinputsanservices
Increasedaccesstodesiredinputsandservicesforbreeding,feed,andanimal
health
Improvedfeedqualityandincreasedquantityoffeed(forageand
concentrates)
Increasedaccesstoaffordableanimalhealthcare
Reducedseasonalityinmilksupply
Increasedmilkofftakefromexistingherdsinextensiveareas
Increasedfeedoptionsavailable
Newmoreadaptablebreedsintroducedandaccessible
Reducedyieldgapforcowswithunderexploitedgeneticpotential
Reduceddiseaseriskandmortality,especiallyECF
Increasedvolumeandproportionofprocessedmilk
Increasednumberofsmallscalemilktraderssellingmoremilk
Reducedtransportandtransactioncosts
Increasednumberoffarmergroupsengagedinmilkmarketing
Reducedtransactionscosts
Participatingmilkbusinessenjoyingpricepremiumsfromimprovedmilk
quality
Highermilkvolumessoldtomoreandprofitableoutlets
Morewomenparticipatinginlargermilkbusinessesandfarmerorganisations
180
DAIRYVALUECHAININHONDURASANDNICARAGUA
InCentralAmerica,dairyproductsareanimportantdietarycomponentforconsumersfromallsocialstrata.
Thepotentialtoincreasetheconsumptionofdairyproductsishigh,withdomesticconsumptiongrowth
ratesinHondurasandNicaraguaof6.7and11.7%,respectively.AveragepercapitaconsumptioninLatin
Americaiscurrently100kgLitresofMilkEquivalent(LME)peryearversus265kgLMEforUSA(FEPALE,
2006).InlowerincomestratainCentralAmericarepresentingthemajorityofthepopulationtheper
capitaconsumptionisfarbelowtheLatinAmericanaverage.
Populationgrowthandongoingurbanizationcreatefavourableconditionsforexpandingmarkets.In2030,
theCentralAmericanpopulationwillbe56million,comparedto35millionin2005.Moreover,65%ofthe
populationwillliveincitiesofmorethan50,000inhabitants,comparedtothecurrent40%.Mosturban
consumershaveaccesstoelectricityandhencerefrigerationfacilities.Populationexpansionwillbe
accompaniedbyagrowingdiversityofconsumerpreferencesforagreatvarietyofdairyproducts.
Strengtheningsmallindustriestoentermarketnichesforproductswithhigheraddedvaluewouldchange
thebusinesspanoramaofthevaluechainforsmallproducers.
Whythisvaluechain?
ThemajorityofthepoorinLatinAmericaliveintropicallowlandsorhillsides.About50%ofthispopulation,
mostlyruraldwellers,isstillconsideredpoor(UNDP2003).Withintheruralsector,dualpurposelivestock
systems(meatandmilk)constituteaprincipaleconomicactivityofsmallproducers.About400,000small
scaleproducersinCentralAmericaownlivestock,withmorethan75%ofincomebeinggeneratedbymilk
sales.NicaraguaandHonduras,withmorethan200,000poorsmallholderlivestockproducers,arekey
playersfordevelopingthedairysectorintheregion.
Afterthepoultrysector,milkproductionandmarketing,andthedairyproductsindustryconstitutethe
fastestgrowinglivestocksubsectorintheregionandcontinueofferingvaluableopportunitiesforsmall
producers.Interventionstoincreasesmallfarmproductivityshouldthereforebebasedonmilkproduction,
thecreationofvalueaddedproductsinthedairyindustryandtheimprovementoflinkagesalongthis
increasinglydynamicvaluechain.
However,severalfactorslimittheparticipationofsmallscalefarmersindairyvaluechains.Thequalityof
milkproducedbysmallfarmersisusuallypoor,duetoalackofadequateonfarminfrastructure,
inappropriatemilkingpractices,andcollectiveinvestmentincoolingsystemsonthefarmandfor
transportation.Inaddition,linksofindividualfarmerstoassociationsandfromthesetobuyersremainweak.
Thelackofstronglinksalongthevaluechaininhibitsnotonlytheflowofinformationonwhatconstitutes
productqualityandhowtoachieveitbutalsotheestablishmentofqualitybasedincentivesystemsthat
benefitbothproducersandbuyers.Thissuggestsaneedfortoolstoimprovesmallscaleproducerefficiency,
linksbetweenactorsinthevaluechainandincreasingthelevelofaddedvaluegeneratedbythedairysector
overall.
Productionconstraints
Constraintsincludelowandunstableproductivity,poormilkinghygieneandbulkmilkcollection.Theyare
relatedtolowproductivityandpoorqualitymilk,andoftentohighproductioncosts.Someproducers
receivelowpricesbecauseofalackofstoragecapacity,especiallyintimesofhighproduction(rainyseason).
Inaddition,milkqualityisoftenlowduetolongperiodsbetweenmilkingandcooling,whichtakesplacein
largemilkcollectioncentresinnearbytowns.Usuallycoolingstartsafter23hours,butduringtherainy
seasonwhenroadsdeterioratethiscantakeupto5hours,furtherincreasingbacterialcountandacidity.
181
Supplyconstraints
Inspiteofanannualaveragegrowthrateof4.2%,secondonlytopoultryasasourceofanimalprotein
(FAOStat2009),milkproductionisnotsufficienttomeetgrowingdomesticdemand.Thissituationisfurther
exacerbatedbyhighseasonalfluctuationsinmilkavailabilitywithmarkedlyreducedproductionlevelsduring
thedryperiod(Fujisakaetal2005).
Initiativesareneededtoimproveproductivity,hygieneandgeneralqualityinmilkproducingfarms,
particularlyamongthesmallerproducers.Improvedforagebasedsystemsarekey(Petersetal,2003),
providingyearroundsufficientquantitiesofhighqualityfeedbasedonacombinationofhighqualitygrasses
andlegumesinadiversifiedresilientlandscapeoftenincludingshrubsandtrees,andcombinedwith
conservationtechnologies(hay,silage).Geneticimprovementofanimalsandimprovedherdandfarm
managementarealsoessential
Market/institutionalconstraints
Constraintstothemarketingofrawmilklargelyexplainthewidepresenceofmicroprocessors,someonthe
farmsthemselves,toproducefreshcheeseandcreamsoldinlocalmarkets.Thiscontrastswiththe
increasinglystringentfoodsafetystandardswhichdemanddifferentialresponsesofmilkproducers
especiallytoreachmoreprofitableformalmarketsinurbancentres.Ananalysisofthevaluechain(e.g.the
caseofinformalcheeseexportsfromNicaraguatoElSalvador)isneededtodeterminewhichproportionsof
therevenuesaregoingtothedifferentactors(farmers,intermediaries,retailers),tobeabletofocus
interventionsonimprovingtheeconomicsituationandthusconditionsatproducerslevel,improvingoverall
quality,hygieneandprofitability.
Inmilkcollection,solutionsareneededtoimprovemilkcollectionprocessesandfoodsafetymeasurements
incollaborationwithindustrypartnersandtoimprovequalitycontrolandfoodsafetystandardsfrom
productiontolocalandregionalmarkets.
182
Table4.17:CriteriaandrationaleforchoosingNicaraguaandHonduras
Criteria
Growthand
market
opportunity
Rationale
Importsubstitution
Nicaragua:import:US$17.7million
Honduras:importUS$58million
Effectsonincome
InCentralAmericathedairysectorgeneratesmorethan540,000directjobs,usuallywithhigher
wagesthaninotherlivestockactivities(FECALAC2006).Thesectoralsogeneratesabout1,600,000
indirectjobsintheareaofsupplies,equipment,andservicesthatformpartofthedairycluster.
Pomareda(2005)estimatestotaljobscreatedbydairyproduction,industryanddistributioninCentral
America(fivecountries)atabout11million,withmorethanhalfofthemareinruralareas.
Distribution
Thedistributionofdairyproductsfollowsdifferentchannelsdependingonthescale,typeandquality
ofproducts.Themostextendedmarketrepresents60%oftotalmilkproduction(mainlyby
smallholderfarmers)andconsistsmainlyofrawmilkandfreshwhitecheesewithashortshelflifedue
tolow(hygienic)quality.About20%ofthesefreshcheesesproducedinNicaraguaisexportedtoEl
Salvador.Pasteurizedmilk(includingUHT),whiteandmaturedcheesesofseveralvarietiesandcream,
allrequiringrefrigeration,aremarketedinthelargercitiesandrepresentabout40%oftotalregional
production.Supermarketsandlocalstoresarethemainchannelfordelivery.Theyallhaveaccessto
distributionservicesfromindustriesorcollectorsofindustrialproducts.InHonduras,anetworkof
smalldairyprocessingunits(CRELs)guaranteesstoragecapacityandgoodhygienicconditionsandat
thesametimeprovidesservicestodairyfarmers(e.g.veterinaryproducts,feedsupplements).
Trade
Themaindairyproducttradediswhitefreshorsemidrycheese,followedbypasteurizedmilk,
includingsomelonglifepresentations.Theyaccountfor65%oftotaldairyexports,primarilywithin
theregion.MostdairyexportsfromNicaraguaaredestinedtoGuatemalaandElSalvador.
Valueofexportsofdairyproducts(thousandsUS$)
Country
2005
2006
2007
2008
Mainproducts
CostaRica
29,465
36,327
47,580
57,650
Fluidmilkandcheese
ElSalvador
4,381
5,084
6,764
7,894
Freshanddrycheese
Guatemala
3,215
3,509
3,643
2,984
Freshanddrycheese
Honduras
10,504
10,878
11,462
18,410
Freshanddrycheese
Nicaragua
32,008
57,663
89,847
116,239
Freshanddrycheese
Consumption
Thepoorest50percentofthepopulation(CEPAL2004)consumesmallamountsofdairyproducts(in
fluidmilkequivalents),primarilyfreshrawmilkandwhitesoflocalorigin.Thehighervaluedairy
productsareconsumedprimarilybytheurbanmiddleandhigherandruralmiddleclass.Thereare
thereforetwochallenges:tosupplylowcost,highqualitydairyproductsforthepoor,whileatthe
sametimecapturingthemarketforhighvalueaddeddairyproductsconsumedbyasmallersegment
ofthepopulationwithhigherincome(Pomareda2005).
Marketdevelopment
LocalMarkets.Largestincreasesindemandwillcomefromurbanconsumers,however,therural
populationitselfcomprisesarelevantmarket,withthebasicdairyproducts(rawmilk,freshcheese,
andcream)beinganimportantpartofthediet.SocialprogramssuchastheVasodeLeche(aglass
ofmilkforeverystudentattendingpublicschools)inHondurasisanexampleofthisandhelpsto
boostlocaldemand.
Regionalmarkets.TheregionalmarketconsistsspecificallyoftheurbanpopulationoftheCaribbean
Basincountriesobtainingproductsfromsmallretailersandsupermarkets,andtofoodindustriesthat
183
Propoor
potential
Researchable
supply
constraints
Enabling
environment
usemilk,cheese,cream,andotherdairyproducts,andisestimatedtorepresentapopulationof150
millionconsumers.Tradeagreementsalsocreateopportunitiesforhighvaluedairyproductsentering
highincomenichemarkets,wheredifferentiatedproductscanbesoldsuccessfully,forinstance,
CentralAmericandairyexportstotheUSmarketsareessentiallyfreshandsemimaturecheeses
targetedattheCentralAmericanimmigrantmarketinmajorUScities.Toobtainsustainedaccessto
thesemarkets,however,significantchangesinbothpoliciesandpublicandprivateinstitutionswillbe
needed.
Nutritionalcontributiontodiet
Dairy(milk,cheese)isthemostimportantsourceofanimalproteininbothHondurasenNicaragua
includingthepoorestcategory.Thechallengeisprovidingthemwithnutritiouslessexpensivedairy
products,especiallyforchildren,whileensuringadequatefoodsafetyandproductquality.
NicaraguaandHondurashavecurrently120,000and100,000poorlivestockkeepers,respectively.
MostdairyfarmsinCentralAmericaaresmallandscattered,althoughtherearesomedairyclustersin
aselectednumberofzones.Thetypicaldairyorientedfarmcarries,onaverage,5to10milkingcows
thatproducebetween15and50kgofmilkperday.Milkproductionis35kgpercowperday.Income
comesfrommilkproduction(75%)andsaleofweanedmalecalvesandculledcows(25%),compared
to95%ofincomecomingfrommilkinspecializeddairysystems.Thisdualpurposesystemismorerisk
averseandallowsfarmersmoreflexibilitywheneitherthemilkorbeefpricefluctuatesbyfeeding
calvesmoremilkwhenpriceislow,suchasoftenduringtherainyseason.
Milkproductioncontributesbetween5.9%and9.2%oftheagriculturalgrossdomesticproduct
(AGDP)andbetween0.9%and1.9%ofthegrossdomesticproduct(GDP).Whencontributionsfrom
thedairyproductsindustryandotheractivitiesoftheclusterareincluded,thesefigurestriple.
Furthermore,inthedairybasinsofeachcountry,theimportanceofdairyactivitiesismuchmore
significantthanwhattheaggregatefiguresforeachcountrysuggest.
Productionconstraints.Asmentionedbefore,constraintsarelowandunstableproductivity,seasonal
feedconstraintspoormilkinghygiene,andbulkmilkcollection.
Supplyconstraints.Inspiteofanannualaveragegrowthrateof4.2%,asasourceofanimalprotein
onlysecondtopoultry(FAOStat2009),milkproductionisnotsufficienttomeetgrowingdomestic
demand.Initiativesareneededtoimproveproductivity,quality,hygieneandgeneralqualityinmilk
producingfarms,particularlyamongthesmallerproducers.
Market/Institutionalconstraints.Ananalysisofthevaluechain(e.g.thecaseofinformalcheese
exportsfromNicaraguatoElSalvador)isneededtodeterminewhichproportionsoftherevenuesare
goingtothedifferentactors(farmers,intermediaries,retailers),tobeabletofocusinterventionson
improvingtheeconomicsituationandthusconditionsatproducerslevel,improvingoverallquality,
hygieneandprofitability.
Technologicalpoliciesforcattleproductionareprovidedinfourmajorareas:pastureimprovement
includinguseofmultipurposeforagesandsylvopastoralsystems,genetics,reproductivetechnology
andfarmmanagement.Integratedpasturesystemswithsylvopastoralcomponentswillalso
contributetomitigationtoclimatechange(e.g.carbonsequestration),conservationofbiodiversity
(includingreducingpressureonnaturalforests)andimprovewateruse.
Animalhealthandfoodsafetypolicies.Theeffortsofthenationalveterinaryserviceshavecentered
onthedevelopmentoftechnicalcapacityandhumancapitalInrecentyearstherehasbeenmore
interactionwiththeprivatesectorandattentiontomarketaccess.Thereisaneedforintegrated
animalhealthmanagementbetteruseofveterinarymedicinetocomplywithsafetystandards.
CommercialPolicies.Countriesingeneralhaveagreedtolowertariffsinbilateraltradeagreements,
particularlywiththeUS.YetinthecaseofCentralAmerica,oneofthegreatestproblemsisthenot
harmonizedexternaltariffsfordairyproducts.Bilateraltradebetweenthesecountriesisimportant,
yetitislimitedbydifferenttariffsandotherregulationsregardingextraregionalimports.
EnvironmentalPoliciesandEcosystemservices.Livestockproductionhaslongbeenanimportant
causeofnaturalhabitatandbiodiversitylossinLatinAmerica(Pagiolaetal2006).InCentralAmerica
deforestationasaresultoftheestablishmentofpasturesisexpectedtocontinueasaresultof
growingdemandsforlivestockproductsandlowproductivity.Therefore,immediatedisseminationof
efficientandenvironmentallyfriendly,i.e.ecoefficient(CIAT2009)farmtechnologies,suchasthe
establishmentofimprovedpastures,legumesandintegrationofsylvopastoralpracticesreducing
emissionsandincreasingcarbonfixation,isrequiredtoimprovecompetitivenessinlocalandregional
184
Existing
momentum
economies,whileleavingaminimalecological footprint.
Dualpurposecattlesystemsconstituteaprincipaleconomicactivityforaround400,000small
producersinCentralAmerica,withmorethan75%ofincomegeneratedbymilksales.Significant
progresstowardpovertyalleviationandimproveddietsforconsumerscanbemadethrough
intensificationofthesesystems.Thespecificargumentscanbesummarizedasfollows:
Cashflowforsmallproducers.Dairyisoftenthemostimportantproviderofcashforsmallproducers,
utilizingproductivesystemsstronglybasedondomesticresources(landandlabour)andoffersaroute
forcapitalisationandescapepoverty.
Potentialforhighvaluedairyproducts.Currentlysmallproducerscannotcompeteincommodity
orientedsystemsduetotheirinabilitytotakeadvantageofeconomiesofscaleassociatedwithlarge
intensiveoperations.Theymustthereforeengageinverticalintegrationaimedatproducingand
marketingvalueaddedproductswithlocalidentitybasedonhighqualityrawmilk(Pomareda2007).
Takingadvantageofexpandingmarkets.Populationgrowthandongoingurbanizationaccompanied
byagrowingdiversityofconsumerpreferencesforagreatvarietyofdairyproductscreatefavourable
conditions.
Gradualtradeliberalization.InthetradeagreementswiththeUStheparticipatingcountrieshave
negotiatedbetween10and15yearsofdecreasingprotectionforthedairysector.Theremainingtime
shouldbeutilizedtodevelopdifferentiatedhighvalueproductsandtogainmarketaccessbothlocally
andwithpartnercountries.
Needsandopportunitiesforprivateinvestment.Inordertoincreasecompetitivenessandto
improveproductivityandaddedvalue,smallproducersandindustryenterpriseswillneedaninjection
ofcapitalandknowledge.
Multipliereffectsandscalingup.Oneimportantaspectofpromotingmilkproductionandsmallscale
highqualitydairyindustriesisthemultipliereffectforlocaleconomies,throughemployment
generationandthedevelopmentofsmallbusinessesforinputsupplyandservices.
Increasedintegrationwithformalmarketchainsforfreshmilk
Thereexistsahighseasonalvariabilityinproductionoffreshmilkaffectingbothutilizationof
productioncapacitiesandavailabilitytoconsumers.Thelinkageofimprovedproductiontechnologies
suchasdroughtadaptedforagesandforagemanagementconnectedwithmilkqualitystandardsand
organizedcollectionandsupportservicesprovideauniqueopportunitytoimproveincomegeneration
acrossthevaluechain,whileenhancingproductqualitytoconsumers.
Smallandmediumscaleindustrialization:searchforvalueaddedproducts
Thousandsofsmallprocessingunitsgenerateproductsbasedonrawmaterialoflimitedquality.In
contrast,mostoftheavailablequalitymilkiscollectedinbulkbyafewplants,whichcanthen
generateproductsofguaranteedsafety.Theopportunityliesinidentifying,motivating,and
supportingasegmentofthesesmallscaleindustriestogrowandbecomeinvolvedintheprinciplesof
quality.
Researchandsupportingaction
ThethreemainprinciplestoimprovesmallscaledairyproductionacrossCentralAmericaare:(1)avalue
chainapproachfromproducertolocal,nationalandinternationalmarketsaddressingconstraintsand
capitalizingonopportunities;(2)afocusonspecificregionswheredairyhasanimportantpotentialto
mobilizethelocaleconomy;and(3)afocusemphasizinglearningacrossdifferentbiophysicalandsocio
economicenvironmentsanddefiningspecificoptionsforlocal,nationalandregionalpoliciesandprograms.
Potentialinterventionsinclude:
Improvedforage,pastureandsylvopastoralsystemsthatareresilienttoclimatechangetoincrease
productivity(includinggrowthofanimals)andassurestablemilkproductionthroughouttheyear,
andincludingimprovingeconomicefficiencybyreducingproductioncosts
Improvemilkqualityandhygienethroughbetterprocessingtechniques
Strengthenfarmersorganizations,attheproduction,processingandmarketinglevel(including
promotionofnicheproductsandProtectedDesignationofOrigin).
Gender
185
Rolesofwomenandmenvaryaccordingtothedifferentcomponentsofthedairyvaluechain.Whereasin
generalthecroplivestocksectorhasamostlymasculinecharacter(1020%offarmsareowned/managedby
women),womenplayaimportantroleespeciallyinprocessingandmanagementofresources.Insmallfarms
(withsomedairycattle)theyaresometimesalsoinvolvedinfeedingandmilking,butingeneraltheyengage
mainlyinprocessingofmilk(e.g.freshcheese,cuajada)forhouseholdconsumptionandlocal/regional
markets.Inlargerdairyfarmswithmoreproductsthemenareusuallyengagedinproductionandmarketing,
whereasthewomencontrolinputs,dothefinancialadministrationandparticipateindecisionprocesseson
productionandmarketing.
Geographicfocus
NicaraguaandHondurasareamongthepoorestcountriesintheregion;about50%ofthepopulationlive
belowpovertyline.Livestockproductionandinparticulardairyisoneofthemostimportantagricultural
activities,withthemajorityinsmallholdersystems.ThemainemphasisofthevaluechainwillbeNicaragua,
butwithpotentialscalingintoHonduras.ThesystemsstudiedareofrelevancetotheCentralAmerican
regionandbeyond:ifsuccessfultheresearchanddevelopmenteffortswillhaveanimpactonnationaldairy
valuechains.ThemajoractionsiteswiththehighestpotentialforimpactinNicaraguaincludetheSouth
PacificRegionofNicaragua(Rivas),Matiguas,MuyMuy,RAAN(Siuna),LasSegoviasandChinandega.For
Honduras,OlanchoandYorohavebeenidentifiedforscaling.
Potentialforimpact
Withtheincreasingpopulation,changingdemographicsandexternaltradeopportunities,thereisan
increasinginternalandexternalmarketfordairyproducts.Whiledirectimpactsareexpectedfromimproved
productionandincomegenerationforthe220,000poorlivestockproducersinNicaraguaandHonduras,
beneficiarieswillbemuchgreaterincludingthelargenumberpeoplelinkedtothedairychainandruraland
urbanconsumersfacingashortageofdairyproducts.InCentralAmericathedairysectorgeneratesmore
than540,000directjobs,usuallywithhigherwagesthaninotherlivestockactivities(FECALAC2006).The
sectoralsogeneratesabout1,600,000indirectjobsintheareaofsupplies,equipmentandservicesthatform
partofthedairycluster.Pomareda(2005)estimatestotaljobscreatedbydairyproduction,industryand
distributioninCentralAmerica(fivecountries)atabout11million,withmorethanhalfofthemareinrural
areas.
186
Table4.18:Opportunitiesandconstraintsandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
Valuechain
components
Inputs
&
Services
Howtoorganizeefficientand
sustainableinputservicesfor
smallholdersincluding
Animalhealth
Milkhygiene
Howtoenhanceresilientproductivityat
farmlevelincluding
Production
toovercomeseasonalor
continuousgapsinfeed
quantityandquality
toimprovemilkhygiene
todevelopsustainable
productionsystemsresilientto
climatechange
Actions
ResearchableIssues
Conductgapanalysistoidentify
upgradingneedsintermsof
technologicalchangesneededtomeet
publicandbuyerstandards
Strengthenlocaldairyclustersby
Identifyingkeysupportservices
SupportingActions
Developabusinessdevelopmentplan
andbudgetforupgradingneeds
Facilitateintegrationbetweensmall
farmers,smalldairyenterpriseand
buyertoestablishagreementsfor
physicalandprocessupgrading
Developlocalplatformsforcollective
actionandlinkthesetorelevant
organizations.
ResearchableIssues
Developimprovedforageoptions
andfacilitatetheaccessofsmall
scaledairyproducerstoimproved
foragealternativestoincreaseand
sustainmilkproduction.
Developmethodologiesfor
balancedrationsatsmallholder
level
SupportingActions
Traintechniciansandproducersin
methodologiesforbalancing
rations.
Facilitatethedevelopmentof
farmerledseedsupplysystems.
Connectsmallproducerswith
serviceproviderstoassistinthe
formationofruralenterprises.
Preparemanualsonmilking
187
Indicativepartners
Outcomes
Research
CATIE
SIDE
INTA
DICTA
SupportingActions
Nitlapan
CANISLAC
SwissContact
GTZ/DED,UNAG,URACCAN
Research
CATIE
INTA
DICTA
SIDE
SupportingActions
Inputsandservicesareaccessibleto
smallholderfarmers
Farmersorganizedandlinkedto
serviceproviders,anddevelopment
andresearch
Conducivepolicyenvironments
Highqualityfeedyearround
Reducedseasonalityofmilk
productionaddressingseasonal
supplyconstraints
Improvedmilkqualityandquality
Betterlinkageofsmallholder
producerstoformalmarket
Higherstandardofproductsfrom
informalmarket
Enhancedsustainabilityof
smallholdercroplivestocksystem
andimprovedresiliencetoclimate
changeanenvironmentalshocks
Howtoprovideconsumersyearround
withhighqualitydairyproducts,and
maximizeproductivityofsmallholder
livestockproducers
Transport
&
Processing
Howtolinksmallholderproducerstothe
formalmarketfordairyproductsand
howtoprovidehigherqualityproductsin
theinformalmarket,enhancing
availabilityofhighqualitydairyproducts
toconsumersyearround
Marketing
techniques,milkhandlingand
conservation,andhygienicmilking.
ResearchableIssues
Developlowcosttraceability
systemsforcollectionpoints
capableofassessingthemilkquality
ofindividualproducersand
promotetheuseofpayment
systemsbasedonmilkquality.
SupportingActions
Linksmallscaleproducersto
Modernconservationand
transportsystemsforraw
milk.
Qualityenhancing
processingsystems
Moderndistributionand
salessystemsfordairy
products
Facilitatemechanismtocomply
withfoodsafetyregulations
Providepolicysupportforvalueof
officialrecognitionofcertifications
madebyprivateanimalhealth
services
ResearchableIssues
Implementprocessesofnewproduct
development
Testingofsimplebutrobust
monitoringandevaluationtoolsthat
allowtoassessthehealthofthechain
onanongoingbasis
SupportingActions
Developmentofasharedbusiness
visionbetweenactorsinthechain
Strengtheningofthesmalldairyfirm
asasocialintermediarythat
providesbothbusinessvaluetobuyers
188
Research
SIDE
CATIE
SupportingActions
INTA
DICTA
Higherproductivityofsmallholder
livestockproducers
Highqualitydairyproductsavailableto
consumersyearsround
Research
SIDE
CATIE
INTA
DICTA
SupportingActions
CANISLAC
CONAGAN
SwissContact
Higheravailabilityofhighqualitydairy
products
Higherproductivityofsmallholderdairy
enterprises
Functionalvaluechainlinkingformaland
informalmarkets
Crosscutting
issues
Howdoesthetransformationofthe
dairyvaluechainaffectgender
relations
butalsosocialvaluetoproducersand
localcommunities
Buildingclearandtransparent
governanceintothechainforrule
setting,enforcementandconflict
management
Assessmenteffectsoftransformationof
dairyvaluechainongenderequity
189
Genderequityindairyvaluechain
enhanced
Intermediate
Outcome
Inputs
&
Services
improvedproductivity
Production
Transport
&
Processing
Marketing
Better linkage of small

producers to formal
and improvement of
informalmarkers
UltimateOutcome
50%increaseindairy
annualproductionfor
targetvaluechains
by2021.
10%households
participating
VCComponent
Valuechainoutcomes
InputsandServices
Accessibleto
smallholder
farmers
Farmersorganized
andlinkedto
serviceproviders
Production
Highqualityfeed
yearroundand
Improvedmilk
qualityandquality
Reduced
seasonalityofmilk
production
Impact
Availability of dairy
products
to
consumers in the
region
20,000householdsimprove
theirstandardofliving
throughparticipation
inthevaluechain
Betterlinkageof
smallholder
producerstoformal
market
Enhanced
sustainabilityand
resilienceof
smallholdercrop
livestocksystems
Processing
Higherproductivity
ofsmallholder
livestockproducers
Highqualitydairy
productsavailable
toconsumersyears
round
Marketing
Higheravailability
Higherproductivity Functionalvalue
ofhighqualitydairy ofsmallholderdairy chainlinkingformal
products
enterprises
andinformal
markets
190
PIGMEATVALUECHAININVIETNAM
Thelivestocksectorcontributesover21%ofagriculturalGDP(6%ofnationalGDP),ofwhichpigproduction
accountsfor71%oflivestockoutput.Therecentincreaseinlivestockproductionhasbeendrivenbyrising
domesticdemand,particularlyinurbanareaswherepercapitaincomeshaverisenfastest.Ingeneral,meat
demandhasbeenrisingamongagrowingpopulationofconsumersthatisincreasinglyurbanized,having
moreincomeandtherebyabletoshifttheirdietsfromstarchbasedtoamorediversifieddietwithmore
meat,fish,anddairyproducts.Between2000and2005,consumptionoflivestockproductsincreasedby
7.8%perannum;alongside,shareofpigmeatintotalmeatproductionwasalsorising.
Consideringthefundamentalcharacteristicsofclimateandlabour,Vietnamhasacomparativeadvantagein
thepigsector(WorldBank2006).Thisisreflectedinthehistoricaldominanceofthepigsectorinlivestock
production(seeTable4.19);thistrendisexpectedtoremain,asgrowthtrendssuggest.
Table4.19:Compositionoflivestockoutput,in%oftotalvolumeofoutput
Year
Pig
Chicken
Cattle
Others
Total
1990
2000
2005
2009
65
68
72
62
11
14
12
13
14
9
8
11
10
9
8
14
100
100
100
100
Sourceofdata:FAOStat2009.
Pigproductionhasbeenrisinginabsoluteterms,bothinnumbersandinliveweight;overtheperiod2001
2009,pignumbershavebeenrisingfasterthanliveweightoutput.Yield(intermsofkgliveweightperhead)
isalsoincreasinginabsoluteterms;however,annualgrowthratesinyieldstartedtodeclinein2006and
continuetodosouptothepresent(seeFigurexx),althoughoverallthegrowthtrendisstillontheupward.
Yieldindexofpigproduction,20012009.
YieldIndexofPigproduction
Kg/head
120
14%
12%
100
10%
80
8%
60
6%
4%
40
2%
20
0%
2%
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Liveweightperheadratio
2006
2007
2008
2009
Growthrate
Sourceofdata:VietnamStatisticalYearbook2009,GSO.
PigproductioninVietnamismainlycharacterizedbysmallscale,widelyscatteredfarms(Laparetal2003).
Thesizedistributionofpigfarmsisdominatedbytheverysmallscalehouseholdbasedproducerswith15
sows(84%ofallhouseholdsraisingpigsin2006,downfrom92%in2001.Pigraisinghouseholdsaccountfor
65%ofallagriculturalhouseholds(basedon2006GSOsurveyofagriculture).
191
Still,smallholdersremainthedominantcontributorstosupply(about80%oftotalpigoutputannually).
Thereareindicationsthathouseholdbasedpigproductionisscalingupwhichisconsistentwitheconomic
growththatVietnamhasachievedduringthelastdecadeafterDoiMo iireforms(i.e.,78%annually).
Pigfarmswithmorethan100headsofpigsatanygiventimeareofficiallyregistered:only548suchpig
farmswererecordedin2003,mostlyintheSoutheastregion(76%)andsomeinthedeltas(13%intheRed
Riverdelta,5%intheMekongRiverdelta)(GSO2003;Giao2004)wherelargeurbancentresarelocated.
Thesepigfarmscollectivelyaccountforabout20%oftotalannualpigproduction(ILRI2007).
IssuesforR4D
ThemainresearchfordevelopmentissuesconfrontingVietnamspigsectorinthecurrentcontextinclude
productivityandassociatedNRMimplicationsofintensification,marketaccessforinputsandoutputs,food
safety,valuechainperformance,andtheappropriateinstitutionalandpolicyadjustmentsrequiredto
jumpstartthechangeprocessinorderachievedevelopmentgoals.
Whythisvaluechain?
Table4.19:CriteriaandrationaleforchoosingVietnam
Criteria
Growthand
market
opportunity
RationaleforVietnam
Domesticmarket:PorkisthedominantmeatconsumedbyVietnameseconsumers(about75%of
meatconsumption(ILRICAPconsumersurveyreport);percapitaporkconsumptionisestimatedat
22kg(basedonsurveyresults;expectedtogrowby21%overtheperiod20052020(IFPRIIMPACT
modelprojectionsupdatedin2009,unpublishedresults)
Importsubstitution:Vietnamisgenerallyselfsufficientinpork,exceptinparticularyears(e.g.
2008)whenanimaldiseaseoutbreaksresultedinshortagesinsupplyduetocullinganddeaths,in
whichcase,importedporkfromtheUSfillthegapinsupplyrequirements,makingVietnamanet
importerofporkintheglobalporktradeforthefirsttime;thissituationisprojectedtoremain
duringtheperiod20082017(FAPRI2008),althoughIFPRIIMPACTmodelprojectionsshow
Vietnamtobeanetporkexporterduringtheperiod20002020.
Incomeandurbanisation:withVietnamsrapideconomicgrowthinrecentyears(67%peryear),
increasedincomeandurbanizationwilldriveconsumptionofmoreprotein(meat,milkanddairy
products,eggs);thedemandforfreshporkasthedominantmeatintheVietnamesedietwill
remain,andthiscutsacrossallincomelevels.Thereisalsoagrowingdemandforqualityandsafety
attributesamonghigherincomeconsumers,particularlyinurbanareas;theseincludeattributes
suchasleanness,freefromharmfulresiduesandfromanimaldiseases,andguaranteeofhygienic
slaughteringandprocessing.
Regionalandglobalexports:Vietnamhasbeenexportingsucklingpigsregionally,particularlyto
China/HongKong;previously,porkwasexportedtoRussiaunderaspecialbilateralagreement.
AmongSoutheastAsiancountries,Vietnamsvolumeofporkexportsisthelargest;projection
estimatessuggestthatVietnamwillremainthelargestporkexporteramongcountriesinthe
region.Ontheotherhand,Vietnamscompetitivenessintheglobalporkmarketremainsweak;
Vietnamscostofproductionisrelativelyhighcomparedtootherporkexportingcountries,e.g.US,
Canada,Brazil,thatitwillbedifficultforVietnameseporkatthisstageofpigsectordevelopment
tobecompetitiveintheexportmarket.VietnamalsoneedstoensurecompliancewithOIE
requirementsfordiseasefreezones,e.g.FMD,inorderforthemtobeasignificantplayerin
internationaltradeofpigs/pork.Therecouldbeanicheforcontinuingtosupplyanichemarketfor
sucklingpigstoChinaandneighbouringcountries.
Nutritionalcontributiontodiet:Vietnameseconsumersderiveabout10%oftheircalorieintake
fromlivestock,oneofthehighestinSoutheastAsia,andthisisprojectedtoincreaseby32%during
theperiod20052020(IFPRIIMPACTmodelestimates,unpublishedresults).Withporkthe
dominantmeatintheVietnamesediet,thisimpliesthatporkcontributessignificantlytotheoverall
calorieintakefromlivestockofVietnameseconsumers.
192
Propoor
potential
Researchable
supply
constraints
Numbersofpoorlivestockkeepers:
Smallholderpigproducers(e.g.thosehavinglessthan10heads)accountforatleast80%ofpig
productioninVietnam.In2006householdsurvey,83%ofhouseholdshadlessthan5pigs(Tisdell
2009).Highdensityofpigsisalsoassociatedwithhighpoverty(FAOPPLPI,2006),thatis,regions
withhighpovertyincidencealsohavethehighestpigdensities.
Potentialroleofsmallholder:
Currently,smallholders(orhouseholdswithlessthan10headsofpigs)accountforatleast85%of
pigproductioninVietnam.Smallholderpigproductiongeneratesemployment(about4millionfull
timejobsalongtheporksupplychain,valuedat$3.3billionor5.5%ofVietnamsGDPin2007)
(estimatesfromILRIsurveyofhouseholdbasedpigproducers,2008).Householdlabourconstitutes
themainlabourinputsinhouseholdbasedpigproduction;Womenlabouraccountsfor1.5times
thelabouruseinhouseholdbasedpigproduction.RecentILRIestimatesalsoshowvalueaddedof
atleast12,500VND(orroughly$0.66)perkgliveweightofoutputfromhouseholdbasedpig
production.
Abilitytoparticipateandpotentialtointensify:
Pigraisingisandwillcontinuetobepartofasuiteofactivitiesinmixedcroplivestocksystemsin
Vietnam.Intensificationwillhappenandisalreadyhappeningatdifferentlevelsacrosstheregions
ofthecountry,likelydrivenbytheopportunitiesfromincreasingdemandandalsoimproved
infrastructurethatallowseasyaccesstobothinputandoutputmarkets.Productivityandefficiency
issuesremaincriticalconstraintstoasustainableintensificationprocess,particularlyinthecontext
oflimitedhouseholdlandholdingsandincreasingwagesinthemanufacturingsector.
Productionconstraints:
Feedcostaccountsforthelargestshareoftotalcostofpigproduction(e.g.atleast65%oftotal
feedcost);mostoffeedingredientsusedinprocessedfeedsareimported.
Animaldiseasesremainanimportantproductionthreat;recentexperiencewithPRRS(blueear
disease)hasseenthousandsofpigsculledresultinginshortagesofporksupply,notjustinareas
whereoutbreaksoccurred,butalsoinareas,particularlyurbancentres,thatdependtoalarge
extentonimportsofporkfromotherregionshavingsurplusproduction,becauseofthebanon
animalmovement.
Therehasalreadybeenwidespreaddisseminationandevenuptakeofimprovedpigbreedsin
Vietnamthatpotentialgainsingeneticimprovementmaynotbeassubstantialorevennecessary.
Whatisrequiredistoensurethatexistinglocalbreedsthatarebeingusedincrossbreedingwith
exoticstocktogeneratecrossesthatarewidelyusedinhouseholdbasedsystemsaremaintained
bythestatebreedingcentresforsustainablepropagation.Appropriateandeffectivebreeding
strategieswillalsoneedtobecodevelopedandjointlyimplementedwithkeystakeholders
includingtheirtargetbeneficiaries.
Market/Institutionalconstraints:
Inefficiencyindeliveryofextensionandvetservicesremainanimportantsupplyconstraintto
productivityandefficiencyinpigproductioninVietnam;thisisparticularlyimportantinhardto
reachregions,e.g.mountainousareaswhereaccessibilityandlackofappropriateincentivesdeter
extensionandvetofficersfromworkingthere;thesorrystateofthemajorityofmarketsand
slaughteringfacilitiesinthecountryalsopotentiallyposesfoodsafetyandpublichealthrisks;
Improvementindeliveryofanimalhealthservicesintermsofqualityandimprovedaccessibility
Improvingqualitywouldrequireretrainingofvetofficersinordertoupdateand/orupgradetheir
skillsandintroducenewapproaches;alsoequippingthemwithappropriatetoolsandequipment.
Improvingaccessibilitywouldrequireincreasingthereachofdeliveryofvetservices;thisimplies
needforincreasedinstitutionalsupportforvetserviceseithertohiremorevetsand/ortoprovide
appropriateincentivestoimprovetheefficiencyofexistingvetofficers;Alsoimprovingdeliveryof
effectiveextensiononappropriatepighusbandryingeneral;theprivatesectorhasbeendominant
inthefeedsector,bothinproduction,processing,anddistribution;whatmaybenecessaryare
stricterrulesandpenaltiesforcompliancewithfeedqualitystandardstoensurethatconsumers
aregettingtheirmoneysworthfrompurchasedfeed.Intermsofvetservices,thereareprivate
providers,buttheseareusuallyservingthelargerfarms;householdbasedpigproducersare
193
Enabling
environment
Existing
momentum
generallyreliantonthesupplyofpubliclyprovidedvetservices.Theremaybescopetoexploreto
whatextenttheseproducersmaybewillingtopayforservicesthattheydemandtoaddresstheir
animalhealthconcerns.
Thenationalresearchsystemswillalsoneedtoreviewandreprogramtheirresearchagendain
ordertoeffectivelyrespondtocurrentneedsandthismayrequiretacitandcontinuedsupport
fromthenationalgovernment.
Genderedconstraints:
Womencontributeasubstantialamountoflabourinpigraising,sothattechnologyinterventions
needtoconsiderthisaspectinthetechnologydevelopmentanddisseminationprocess.Inmany
cases,womenhavenotbeenactivelysoughttoparticipateinextensionprogramsbecauseoftheir
limitationstospendtimeawayfromhomeduetotheirhouseholdandchildcareresponsibilities,
eveniftheycouldhavebenefitedfromsuchexposure.
Alignmentwithnationalandregionalprioritiesandpolicies VietnamsLivestockDevelopment
Strategyto2020recognizestheimportanceoflivestockinthecountrysoverallagricultural
developmentstrategy,andpigsectordevelopmentfeaturesprominentlyinthisstrategy.Whilethe
longtermvisionofthestrategytargetsthedevelopmentofamodernpigsectorthatinvolves
transformingsmallscaleproductionunitsintolargescale,intensiveproductionsystems,italso
recognizestheneedforspecificmeasurestosupportthesmallscaleproducersinthistransition
process,includingputtinginplacesafetynetsandothersocialmeasurestocushionthenegative
impactsonthosethatwillbemarginalizedinthisprocess.
Otherrelevantfactorstransformationofthefoodretaildistributionsystemandgrowinginterest
fromprivatesectortoinvestinmeatprocessinginanticipationofgrowingmarketforfreshand
processedmeatproductsinVietnam,andthesehavespurredgrowingprivateinvestmentsinthe
feedsector,supplyofveterinarydrugs,andinmeatprocessingequipment.
Existingorplanneddevelopmentorresearchinvestments Vietnamiscurrentlyimplementinga
WBfundedLivestockCompetitivenessandFoodSafetyProject(LIFSAP)thatisaimeddeveloping
safelivestockproductionandtargetinghouseholdbasedpigandpoultrysystems.Theprojectwill
developlivestockproductionzonesandwillsupportupgradingofslaughteringfacilitiesand
markets.Thisprojectcouldpotentiallybeanimportantvehicleforprovidingtheappropriate
software(knowledgebase,empiricalevidence)thatwillallowtheeffectiveoperationofthe
hardwareorinfrastructurebeingputinplace.
CGIARtrackrecordandestablishedpartnershipsILRIspreviousandongoingpartnershipswith
nationalpartnersanddevelopmentpractitioners(e.g.CASRENVietnamcomponentoninstitutional
arrangementsfortechnologyuptakewithMARDandVietnamAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,
FAOPPLPIprojectoncontractfarmingwithHanoiAgriculturalUniversityandIFPRI,EUDURAS
projectonimprovingporkqualityandsmallholderlinkagewithporksupplychainwithRural
DevelopmentCenterIPSARDandCIRAD,ACIARpigcompetitivenessprojectwithCenterfor
AgriculturalPolicyIPSARD,Oxfam,IFPRIandUniversityofQueensland),NationalInstituteof
AnimalScience(currentlyinGEFAsiaproject).
Others?
194
Researchandsupportingaction
Recognizingthatfurtherdiscussionwillbeneededtorefinetheseinordertotailorfitthecontextofthe
targetprojectsites,indicativeactionsincludeastakeholderconsultationduringprograminceptiontobring
allstakeholdersandpartnerstogethertodiscussandagreeonthespecificresearchagenda.Someproposed
areasforresearchareoutlinedinTable4.20onopportunitiesandconstraints.
Genderdimensionswillbeactivelyintegratedinvariousaspectsoftheresearchanddevelopmentactivities.
Itisrecognizedthatagenderedlenscouldenhancetheeffectivenessofinterventionstoimprovechain
performance,byaddressingissuesthataffectwomenseffectiveparticipationinandcontributiontothe
porksupplychain.
195
Table4.20:Opportunitiesandconstraintsandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
Valuechain
components
Inputs
&
Services
Feed
Productivityofsmallholderswine
productionisconstrainedbylack
ofaccesstoandhighcostsof
purchasedfeeds
Smallholderswineproducersdo
notfullyutilizecropresiduesas
feedforintensifyingswine
production
productionisconstrainedby
seasonalshortagesoffeed
resourcesproducedonfarm
Smallholderswineproducerslack
accesstoagroindustrial
processingbyproductsaslowcost
feedresources
Breed
producersisconstrainedbylackof
accesstoorinadequatesupplyof
goodquality,appropriatebreeds
Thewidespreadintroductionof
exoticpigbreedsintheraceto
Actions
ResearchableIssues
Developawiderangeofoptions
forbalancedfeedrationsbased
primarilyonlocallyproducedfeed
resources,cropresidues,andagro
industrialprocessingbyproducts
Developeasilyadoptedoradapted
technologiesforconserving
(drying,ensilage,etc.)andstoring
feedresourcesproducedonfarm
Evaluatealternativemodelsfor
feedinputserviceprovisionto
smallholdersinanactionresearch
SupportingActions
Traindecentralized,smallscale
feedmillersandmixersin
productionofbalancedfeed
rations
Developbarter/consignment
modelswithdecentralizedfeed
producerstoincreaseaffordability
offeedstosmallholderswine
producers
Policyadvocacy
Researchableissues
Selectappropriatelocalpigbreeds
thathavedesirabletraitsfor
smallholderpigsystems,e.g.Mong
Cai,Ban,andevaluatetheir
performance(technicaland
196
Indicativepartners
Outcomes
Research
CIAT(utilizationofcassavaroots
andleaves,starchprocessingby
products)
CIP(useofdualpurposesweet
potatovarieties,ensilageoffeeds
andresidues)
ILRIandCIP(LifeSim:simulation
modelforfeedrationplanning)
NIAH(livestockproduction,
feedingstrategies,demonstration
feedingtrials)
HueUniversityofAgricultureand
Forestry(HUAF)ensilageand
feedingtrials(cassavarootsand
leaves)
SupportingActions
Privatesectorcompanies(working
withcassavastarchfactorieson
wastemanagementforlivestock
feeding)
Developmentprojects(suchas
IFAD,otherdonors)workingwith
implementingpartnersinlocal
governmentextensionservices(for
farmeradaptationandscaleout)
Increasedavailabilityoflowcost,
locallyproduced,nutritionally
balancedfeedresourcesenables
smallholderstoincreaseproductivity
(fastergrowth/offtakeand/or
increasedherdsize)ofswine
production.
Increasedavailabilityofappropriate
breedstosmallholderpigraisers,
therebyimprovingaccessto
affordablepigstock
increasecarcassyieldsand
producecarcasseswithlowfat
leanmeatratioputsatriskthe
continuedviabilityofgenetic
diversityforpigsanditsattendant
benefitstosmallholderpig
production
Veterinaryandextensionservices
Smallholderpigraisersgenerally
lackorhavelimitedaccessto
veterinaryandextensionservices
economic)undervariousbreeding
schemes
Evaluatemodelsforvillage
breedingprogramslinkedwith
marketinganddistribution
networksforpigstockinanaction
research
Supportingactions
Identifyandselectprivatesector
partnersforbreedersupply
network
Linkwithsuitableongoingresearch
(e.g.GEFAsiaprojectinVietnam,
HohenheimUniversityprojectsin
NorthernVietnam)and
developmentprojects
Researchableissues
Evaluatemodelsforcosteffective
deliveryofveterinaryand
extensionservicesinanaction
research
Evaluateexistinginstitutionalset
upforpubliclyprovidedveterinary
services,andidentifygaps/areas
forprivatesectorprovisionor
developmentofotheralternative
formsofveterinaryservicedelivery
Supportingactions
Linkwithongoingdevelopment
projectsthatinvolvetrainingof
veterinaryserviceprovidersor
communitybasedanimalhealth
workersandextensionofficers
Policyadvocacy
197
Research
NIAH(breedselection,onfarm
evaluationofbreedingstrategies)
ARIs(upstreamresearchon
methodsandanalytical
approachesforbreedselection)
SupportingActions
IDE(developmentofbreeder
supplynetwork)
Developmentprojects(IFAD,other
donors)workingwith
implementingpartnersinlocal
governmentextensionservices(for
farmeradaptationandscaleout)
Research
IDE,localgovernmentunit(DARD),
privatesectgor(actionresearchto
evaluatecosteffectivedeliveryof
veterinaryandextensionservices)
Dept.ofAnimalHealthandother
associatedlineagenciesunderthe
Development
Supportingactions
Developmentprojects(LIFSAP)
workingwithimplementing
partnersinlocalgovernment
veterinaryandextensionservices
Increasedaccessbysmallholderpig
raiserstoveterinaryandextension
serviceprovidersinthetargetsites
Increaseduptakeofeffectiveanimal
healthpracticesbysmallholderpig
raisersinthetargetsites
Production
Feed
Lowqualitylocalfeedsresultin
slowgrowth
Pregnantandlactatingsowsand
weaners(especiallyinremote
areas)fedlocallyproduced,high
fibrefeedslacksufficientdigestible
proteinforsurvivalandrapid
growth
Widespreaduseofindustrially
processedfeedscontributeto
increasednitrogenandphosphate
inpigwastethatare
environmentalpollutantsifnot
properlymanaged
Increasingpignumbersgenerate
increasingvolumeofanimalwaste
thatcouldpotentiallyresultto
environmentalwasteproblemsof
magnitudeproportionifnot
properlymanaged
ResearchableIssues
Developfeedrationsthat
incorporateeasilydigestible
legumeproteininbalancewith
lowcostsupplements
Developsimple,lowcost
processingtechnologiesthat
decreasefibreandincrease
availabilityoflegumeproteinfeed
resources
Developimproveddiet
compositionandfeedingpractices
thatwillreducewastevolumeand
nutrientconcentrationinthe
waste
Evaluateuptakeofidentified
feedingrationsbysmallholderpig
raisersinanactionresearch
SupportingActions
Linkagewithdevelopmentprojects
and/orpartnersthatcouldprovide
thefacilitiesand/orcostsharethe
investmentinrequiredfacilities
and/orinputswhereneeded
Policyadvocacy
198
Research
CIAT(styloandotherlegumefeeds
formonogastrics)
CIP(proteinextractionfrom
leaves)
NIAH(onfarmfeedtechnology
trials)
SupportingActions
Linkageswithdevelopment
projectsandNGOsforadaptive
research
Extensionoftechnologiesthrough
traininganddemonstrationtrials
withlocalextensionservices
Increased,survival,growth,and
diseaseresistanceofsowsand
pigletsleadstoincreasedincome
andfoodsecurityforsmallholder
livestockproducers..
Reducedvolumeandimproved
qualityofenvironmentalwastefrom
pigproduction
Breed
Thereisashortageofgoodquality
replacementgiltforF1breeding
sows
Unhygienicanduncontrolled
breedingpracticesresultinlow
qualitybreedingstock
Animalhealth
Animaldiseasespresentsignificant
risktosmallholderpigraisers,
compromisingtheviabilityoftheir
livelihoodsfrompigproduction
andmarketing
ResearchableIssues
Developandevaluatebreeding
strategiesthatareappropriatefor
smallholderpigraisers
Identifytraitsthatarepreferredby
smallholdersandevaluatethe
feasibilityofintegratingthesein
breedingstrategies
Developappropriatedecision
supporttoolsforbreeding
strategies
SupportingActions
Statebreedingcenterswillneedto
ensurethatpurelocalbreedstock
arekeptandbredundercontrolled
conditionsinordertomaintain
goodqualitybreedingstockfor
sustainedpropagation
Developandeffectiveperformance
monitoringsystemforvarious
breeds(includingtheappropriate
databasetobeusedwithdecision
supporttoolsinbreeding
strategies)
Capacitybuildingatnational
researchsystemintheuseofthese
toolsandthemonitoringsystem
Policyadvocacy
ResearchableIssues
Developandtesteffectiveand
efficientdiseasesurveillance
systemsthataresuitableto
smallholdercontext
Developandtestappropriate
diagnostictoolstoassist
199
Research
NIAH(testingandevaluationof
breedingstrategies)
ARIs(methodologiesfortrait
selectionandevaluation,decision
supporttools)
SupportingActions
FAO
Developmentandrelevantline
ministries
Research
NIVR(developmentandtestingof
diagnostictools,disease
surveillancesystems)
Dept.ofAnimalHealth(application
ofdiagnostictools,disease
surveillancesystems)
ARIs(advancedmethodologiesand
Increasedsupplyofreplacement
gilts/breedingstockwithappropriate
breeds(F1crossesfromexoticand
localbreeds,forexampleYorkshire
orLandracewithMongCai)
Enhancedcapacityatnational
researchsystemstoimplement
appropriateandsustainable
breedingstrategiesandplan
Increaseduptakebysmallholderpig
raisersofappropriateandeffective
animalhealthpractices
Improvedproductivityby
smallholderpigraisersfromreduced
smallholdersinquickandless
costlydiagnosisfordiseasecontrol
Developandtesteffectivenessof
appropriatevaccinesthatare
accessibleandaffordableto
smallholders
Analysedriversofdisease
outbreaksandimplicationsfor
effectivecontrolstrategy
SupportingActions
Trainingofveterinaryofficersin
theapplicationofdiagnostictools
anddiseasesurveillancesystems
Developadatabaseofdisease
outbreaksthatcanbegeo
referencedandusedforearly
warningpredictionsandscenario
analysis
Policyadvocacy
ResearchableIssues
Foodsafetyiscompromisedby
Riskassessmentatslaughterhouse
lackofhygienicfacilitiesand
andtransport
practicesatpointsofslaughterand
retailsale
SupportingActions
Trainingofchainactorsinvolvedin
transportingandprocessingof
porkinbestpracticesofmeat
processingandhandling
Riskcommunicationstrategy
Policyadvocacy
Transport
&
Processing
200
toolsforassessingdiseaserisk)
SupportingActions
Dept.ofAnimalHealth(database
ofdiseaseoutbreaks)
OIEsSEAFMD
Research
NIVR
NationalInstituteofPublicHealth
SupportingActions
Dept.ofAnimalHealth
VietnamFoodAdministration,
MOH
incidenceofpigdiseases
Reducedincidenceoffoodborne
andwaterbornediseasesassociated
withporkconsumption
Marketing
Crosscutting
issues
Smallholderparticipationinpork
supplychainsisconstrainedby
theirinabilitytomeetvolumeand
qualityrequirementsdemandedby
themarket.
Smallholderpigraisersfacehigh
transactioncostsinpigandpork
marketingduetoinefficient
marketsystems
Listkeydevelopmentalchallenges
Womencontributesignificant
labourinputstopigproduction
andmarketing,however,theyare
rarelysoughttoparticipatein
variousinitiativessuchastraining,
consultations,etc;assuchthey
missopportunitiestolearnand
alsotoprovideinformationthat
ResearchableIssues
Assessdemandforspecificpork
qualityattributesincludingfood
safetyattributes.
Evaluatesmallholder
competitivenessinsupplyingpork
thatmeetsquality(andfood
safety)requirementbyconsumers.
Identifyfeasibleoptionsfor
upgradingporksupplychainsthat
linksmallholderpigraiserswith
preferredmarketoutletsforpork
bydifferenttypesofconsumers.
Evaluatemarketinginformation
flowsandidentifyappropriate
optionstoimproveaccessby
smallholderstoappropriateand
timelymarketinformation,and
testpragmaticwaysto
operationalizetheseoptionsina
pilot
SupportingActions
Developapriceinformation
databaseandmakethisaccessible
inpragmaticwaystosmallholder
pigproducers
Policyadvocacy
ResearchableIssues
Identifygenderappropriate
technologiesandprocessesthat
couldenhanceuptakeofthese.
SupportingActions
Developadvocacyand
communicationstrategyfor
201
Research
HanoiAgriculturalUniversity,
NIAH,andNIVR(forbaseline
assessmentsurveys,demand
studies,competitivenessstudies)
Dept.ofAnimalHealth
Dept.ofTrade
SupportingActions
localgovernmentunits
pigproducerassociationsand/or
cooperativesintargetstudysites
IDE,Oxfam
Increasedincomefrompig/pork
marketing
Increasedavailabilityofsafeand
hygienicporkintraditionalmarket
outlets
Research
NARSfortechnologydevelopment
andtesting
ARIs,nationaluniversitiesfor
researchprotocolsand
implementation
SupportingActions
Increasedopportunitiesforwomen
participationinporksupplychains
Increaseduptakeofappropriate
productivityenhancingtechnologies
andpractices
couldbeusedintechnology
development,forexample.
researchresults dissemination
202
Oxfam,IDEforpolicyadvocacy,
stakeholderconsultations
Geographicfocus
PigsareubiquitousalloverVietnam,especiallyinruralareas;almostallhouseholdsraiseatleastonepigfor
householdconsumptionorasasourceofcash.Acrossthecountry,householdbasedpigproducersare
widelyspread,withrelativelyhigherproportioninthenorth,specificallyintheRedRiverDelta,theNorth
East,andtheNorthCentralCoast,relativetotheSouth.Inthelatter,someconcentrationofhouseholdscan
beobservedintheMekongRiverDelta.
Wheretheincidenceofpovertyisrelativelyhigh,itislikelythattherearerelativelymorehouseholdbased
pigproductionpresent,withafewexceptions,asinthecaseoftheNorthwestregionandtheCentral
Highlands,bothofwhicharecharacterizedbyrelativelydenseforestcoverandhigherslopingterrain.The
povertyandhouseholdbasedpigproductionnexusarelocatedintheNortheastRegion,theNorthCentral
Coast,andtosomeextentthetwodeltas,wheresome5millionhouseholdsareengagedinpigproduction
(orabout80%ofallpigraisinghouseholds)(GSO2006).
Thesefourregionsarealsohometoabout69millionpeople(about79%ofthecountrystotalpopulation),
ofwhichsome11millionarepoor(accordingtoVietnamsofficialdefinitionofpoverty,i.e.,monthlyper
capitaaverageexpenditureof280thousandVND,orequivalenttoUS$0.50perdayperperson,GSO2009)
(seeTable4.21,below).
Table4.21:Populationandpovertyincidenceinthefourtargetregions
Population('000
persons)
Numberofpoor
(000)
RRD
NE
NCC
MRD
Totalfor4
regions
Country
19654.8
11207.8
19820.2
17695
1592.0
2723.4
4479.3
2176.4
10971.3
86210.8
12500.6
Sourceofdata:GSO2009.
ItisproposedthattheprograminVietnaminitiallyfocusonthreesites:oneintheNortheast,oneinthe
NorthCentralCoast,andoneintheMekongRiverDelta.Thiswillfacilitateworkingonpigsystemsunder
differentlocalcontext,therebyensuringwiderapplicabilityoflessonslearnedandtheirimplicationsto
developmentandpolicyactions.Theselectionofthespecificsiteswillbemadethroughaparticipatory
processinvolvingkeystakeholdersandpartners,inordertoensurebuyinfromthesediversegroupsof
potentialusersofresearchoutputs.
Criteriaforsiteselection:highincidenceofpoverty,householdbasedpigproductionisanimportant
componentofdevelopmentstrategy,goodorpotentialtoimprovemarketaccessforinputsandoutputs,
andpotentialtolinkwithlargescaledevelopmentprojectsongoingorbeingplanned.
Potentialforimpact
Theproposedprogramisenvisionedtogeneratesomequantifiableimpactsincludingincreasedproductivity
leadingtoimprovedlivelihoodsfrompigproductionforhouseholdsengagedinpigraisingintheproposed
projectsites.
Undercurrentpractices,recentILRIestimatesshowthathouseholdbasedpigproductioncangeneratesome
4millionfulltimeequivalentjobsacrossarangeofactorsintheporksupplychain.Theproposedprogram
shouldaimtoatleastsustainthatlevelnationally,andwithhigherproductivitytargetsachievedthrough
uptakeofproductivityenhancingtechnologiesand/orimprovedaccesstocriticalinputsandservicesand
outputmarkets,a20%increaseinfulltimeequivalentlabourwilllikelybegeneratedatprojectsites.The
projectedproductivitygainsfromuptakeoftechnologiesandeffectiveadvocacyforpolicychangeswilllikely
generatehigherincomestohouseholdpigproducersintheprojectsites;atleast10%ofthesehouseholds
203
engagedinpigraisinginthefourtargetregions(approximately500,000households)willlikelytobedirect
beneficiaries.Itisalsoenvisionedthatwithhigherproductivitygainedfromprojectinterventions,thatper
capitaconsumptionofpork,eitherpurchasedfromthemarketorfromconsumptionofownproducedpigs,
willincreasebyatleast10%(oranadditional2kgpercapitaperyear,atleast).
Increasedproductivityofsmallholderpigsystemswillhavedirectbenefitstorurallivelihoodsthrough
increasedecoefficienciesofproductionsystems.Incontrasttolargescalefactoryfarmswheremanuremay
beaseriouspollutionproblem,increasedavailabilityofmanureisavaluableresourceformixed
(crop/livestock)farmingsystems,asithelpstoincreaseproductivityandsustainabilityofcropproduction.
Comparedtouseofchemicalfertilizers,useofmanurecanlowerproductioncosts,therebyincreasing
competitiveness.Increasedavailabilityofmanureforintensifiedpigproductionalsoprovidesopportunities
forcleanandrenewablehouseholdenergyresources,asbiogas.
Impactpathway
Theprogramisenvisagedtogenerateimpactatscale.Theimpactpathwaycanbedescribedasfollows:
researchoutputsaregeneratedfromtheproject,fromwhichoutcomesfromtheuseofthoseoutputsare
documented,andsubsequentlyleadtoimpactthatcouldbedefinedintermsofchangeinbehaviouror
resolutionoftheresearchissuebeingaddressed.InthecontextofthepigvaluechaininVietnam,the
programwillgenerateresearchoutputsandprocessesattheprojectsitesthatwillincludeforexamplenew
knowledge,newtechnologies,newinstitutionalarrangements,etc.Thesewillengenderbestpractices,new
andbetterwaysofdoingthingsthatwillsubsequentlyleadtotheachievementofthedesiredimpact.The
projectcanaccountforimpactsattheprojectsitethroughdirectengagementinR4Dactivitieswithpartners
andstakeholderswheretheprogramisphysicallyimplementingthese.
Thesecondlevelofimpactwillbegeneratedfromspillovereffectstoothernonprojectsiteswithinthe
country.Theseimpactsareenvisionedtobeachievedbyscalingoutthelearningfromtheprojectsites
throughaneffectivestrategy,wherethevariousdevelopmentpartnerswillactasconduitsofknowledge,
processes,andotherlearningfromtheprojectsites,andapplythelearningintheirownprogramsand
developmentinitiativesoutsidetheprojectsites.Thiswillnecessarilyinvolveaneffectivecommunication
andadvocacystrategyincombinationwiththepartnershipstrategy.Itwillinvolvetargetingandchoosing
boundarypartnersthatwillhavethehighestlikelihoodofgeneratingthescalingoutoflearningfromthe
projectsites.Anexamplewouldbethepotentialoftheprogramtoaddvaluetoalargescaledevelopment
project;e.g.theWorldBanksLivestockCompetitivenessandFoodSafetyProject(LIFSAP),orIFADsvarious
developmentprojectsdirectlyimplementedbyprovincialpartnersalloverthecountry.
Thethirdlevelofimpactwillrelyontheregionalandinternationalpublicgoodsthattheprojectwillbeable
togenerate.Throughaneffectivecommunicationandadvocacystrategycombinedwiththeappropriate
partnerships,theseregionalandinternationalpublicgoodscangenerateimpactatregional(e.g.insimilar
contextinLaos,Cambodia,andotherpartsoftheMekongregion)andglobalscale(e.g.inpigsystemsinthe
humidtropicsofAfricaandAsia).
Anoutcomemappingapproachwillbeusedtotrackandmonitortheidentifiedindicatorsofoutcomesthat
couldleadtoimpactthroughdocumentedbehaviouralchangesofboundarypartners.
204
Inputs
&
Services
Production
Transport
&
Processing
Marketing
Intermediate
Outcome
UltimateOutcome
Atleast30%Increasein
PriorityVCconstraints
marketablesurplusfrom
resolvedorrelaxed.
.
householdpigproduction
At least 30% increase in
Atleast10%ofpigraising
farmlevelproductivity
households are project
evidence and mechanism
.
participants
in three
forscalingoutareinplace
projectsites
Impacts
Increased availability
and consumption of pork
bypoorconsumers
increased income from &

employment in pork value
chainforsmallholders.
VCComponent
InputsandServices
Valuechainoutcomes
Production
Transport&Processing
Marketing
Increasedaccessbysmallholderstogoodqualityandcosteffectiveinputs
suchasappropriatefeedsandbreeds.
Improvedaccessbysmallholderstoefficientandcosteffectiveveterinary
andextensionservices
Increasedavailabilityofcosteffectivefeedingoptions.
Moreefficientmarketsforinputsandservicesinplace.
Improvedproductivityfromadoptionofgoodquality,costeffectivefeeding
options
Increasedsurvival,growth,anddiseaseresistanceofsowsandpiglets.
Enhancedproductioncostefficiencyfromadoptionofsuitablepigbreeds.
Reducedincidenceofpigdiseases(e.g.PRRS,classicalswinefever,
diarrhoea,cysticercosis,amongothers.
Improveduptakebysmallholdersofappropriatepighusbandryandanimal
healthpractices
Reducedincidenceoffoodborneandwaterbornediseasesassociated
withporkconsumption.
Increasedpublicandprivatesectorinvestmentinupgradingofslaughtering
andmarketfacilities.
Bettertrainedslaughterhouseoperators,carcasstransporters,andother
porksupplychainactors.
Increasedavailabilityofsafeandhygienicporksuppliedbysmallholdersor
householdproducers.
Moreefficientmarketingsystemandarrangementsinplaceandaccessible
tosmallholderpigproducers.
Increasedshareofporkretailpriceaccruingtosmallholderpigproducers.
Higherproportionofwomenparticipationinporksupplychain,and
improvedincomeopportunitiesforwomenfromtheseactivities.
205
SMALLHO
OLDERPIGPRODU
UCTIONAN
NDMARK
KETINGVA
ALUECHA
AININUGA
ANDA
TheUgandaanpigsector
Accordingto
orecentFAO
Ostatistics,porkissecond
donlytobee
efin
termsofmeeatproductio
oninUgandaa(Table4.22).Sinceimpo
ortsand
exportsofm
meatproducttsarenegligiible,thisrankingalsorefflectsthe
relativeimportancecurrrentlyofporkintermsoffmeatconsu
umption.
Porkhasonllybecomeim
mportantinU
Ugandaoverrthepasttw
wo
decades;piggnumbershaavegrownraapidlyfollow
wingtheIdiA
Amin
yearsaspigkeepinghasbecomeanincreasinglycommonstrrategy
useholdsand
dporkhasbeecomeapop
pularfoodinthe
forruralhou
porkjointsofKampalaandotherto
owns.Whereeasporkacco
ounted
%ofthe111
12kg/yrpercapitameattconsumptio
oninthe
foronly12%
Table 4.22
2: Meat production in
Uganda
mount
Am
Type
(1,000tonnes)
Beef
96.8
Pigmeat
77.4
Chickenmeat
44.1
Goatmeatt
24.6
Sheepmeaat
5.3
Source: FAAOSTAT | FAO Statistics
Division 2010
0 | 14 Septembe
er 2010
1960s,itnow
waccountsfforatleastathirdofthecurrent10kkg/yr
(FAOSTAT).TTherecentliivestocksam
mplebasedceensuscondu
ucted
in2008reco
orded3.2milllionpigs,arremarkabled
doublingoftthe
numbersfro
omrecentyeearsandmucchhigherthaanthose
reportedinFAOSTAT.
mationisavaiilableregardingthestrucctureand
Littleinform
composition
nofthepigsectorinUganda.Accordingtokey
informants,themajorityyofpigsarekeptbysmallholder
PignumbersinUgganda,196120
008(Source:
FAO
OSTAT | FAO Statistics Divisio
on 2010 | 14
householdsunderexten
nsivesystemss(anearlierestimatecite
es
September 2010; M
MAAIF/UBOS 20
009)
80%;LekuleandKyvsgaaard(2003))w
withsmallnu
umbersofpe
eri
urbansmallscale,semiintensivefarrmsandafew
wlargermodern,intensivefarmspro
oducingforccommercial
sale.The200
08LivestockkCensusrepo
orts1.1millionhousehollds,or17%o
ofallhouseholds,keeppigs(on
average2piigs).
Thetypicalssmallholderp
pigsystemissfreerangeortetheredwithlittleorrnohousing(Waiswa2005).Animalss
areapparentlythesurvivvorsfrominttroductionsduringthe1960sandofnodistinctb
breed.Village
eherdsare
dwithhouseholdscrapsaandbran.
possiblyinbrred.Inadditiontowhattthepigsscavvenge,theyaareprovided
Duringtheccropgrowinggseason,pigsareoftentetheredtoaavoidcropdaamage.Theyyarekeptforrsaleand
onlyrarelysslaughteredfforhouseholldconsumption(Ampaire
eandRothscchild2010).H
Householdslikethefact
thattheyreq
quirefew,ifany,inputsaandyetgeneerateasignifficantamoun
ntofincomeewhensold.Poorly
organizedm
marketsandd
diseaserisk,especiallyoffAfricanSwineFever(ASSF)(Costardeetal2009)aarecredited
withdiscourragingintenssificationofp
production.Pigsserveno
oothercultu
uralorlivelihoodrolesbe
esidesbeing
aproductiveeassetthatccanbesoldw
whenneeded
d.Giftingofpigletsisrep
portedlyapo
opularstrate
egyfor
politicians,tthegovernmentandNGO
Os.
Pigsfromvilllagesystemsareusuallyysolddirectlyytobutchersorthroughmiddlemenforslaughte
erinlocal
informalsysstems.Pigsareamongthemostimpo
ortantlivean
nimalcommo
oditiesthatffarmersprod
duceforsalee
(Nyapendietal2004).
Periurbanssmallscaleproducerskeeeplargerherrdsundermaanagedprod
ductioncycleesforcomme
ercialsale.
Basichousin
ngandlocallyyproducedffeedsaretyp
picallyused(Muwongeettal2010).M
Managementpractices
varydepend
dingonthed
degreeofspeecializationo
ofthefarmerr.Farmersm
markettheirp
pigstolocalbutchers,
porkjointsorotherresstaurants.
206
Concurrentwiththeincreaseinsmallholderpigkeepingandporkconsumption,porcinecysticercosis(Phiri
etal2003;Waiswa2005;Waiswaetal2009),andprevalenceofmycobacterialinfections(Muwongeetal
2010)havebeenincreasinglyreportedfromeasternAfrica.
Asmallnumberofmodernpiggerieshavebeenestablishedasdevelopmentorbusinessinvestments,usually
locatednearKampala.Thesefarmshaveoftenfaceddifficultycoveringtheircostsandcompeting
successfullywithcheapersourcesofpork,andfacetheriskofASFoutbreaksthatcandecimatetheirherds.
Sincethesefarmsareassociatedwithbetterqualitycontrol,theysupplytheformalsector,whichincludes
commercialbutcheries,largerrestaurantsandhotels,andthesmallprocessingsectorthathasbeen
developing.
InputsandservicessupportingpigproductionarelargelyinformalFewcommercialfeedproductsare
availablespecificallyforpigproduction,thereisnocommercialbreedingservice,andavailabilityof
veterinarycareandextensionadvicetosmallholdersystemsisverylimited.Thereis,however,unorganized
developmentofsmallenterprisesandservicesprovidinglocallymadefeedproductsandotherinputs.Credit
servicesforpigproductionaregenerallyunavailabletosmallholdersoutsideoflocalizedprojectschemes.
Marketsystemsarelargelyinformalwithlittledevotedinfrastructure.Overallproductivityintermsoffeed
conversion,reproductiveratesandofftakeremainslow.
AsindicatedinFigurex.2,pigkeepingispracticedacrossallofUganda,withconcentrationsaroundKampala
indistrictsalongLakeVictoriaandinthezonebetweenLakesVictoriaandAlbert,withanotherzoneoflower
concentrationtotheeastintheSorotiMbaliarea(circledinthesecondmap).Themaps,below,showthe
distributionoftheincidenceofpovertywithinUganda,andsuggeststhatpigkeepingintheSorotiMbali
areawouldhaveparticularbenefitsforpovertyreduction.
Percentageofhouseholdskeepingpigs(onleft)andnumbersofpigs,byDistrictin2008(onright)(Source:UgandaLivestock
Census2008)
207
Whythisvaluechain?
Porkisgenerallyaminorcomponentofdiets
inAfrica,andpigsdonotfigureprominently
infarmingsystemsacrossthecontinent
(Tacheretal2000).Thiscanbeattributedto
culturalreasonsbothduetoalackof
traditionofpigkeepingandtheinfluenceof
Islamaswellastoproductionconstraints,
especiallythecontinuedthreatofASF.
Despitetheseconstraints,pigkeepinghas
becomeestablishedinmanyareasandits
popularityasaquickturnaround,lucrative
cashcropamonglivestockactivitiesandas
alessexpensivemeatforurbandiets
continuestogrow,offeringsubstantial
opportunitiesforincomegeneration
(Nkonyaetal2002;Nyapendietal2004).
Giventheevidenceofitsgrowthpotential
andthecompetitivenessofsmallscale
IncidenceofpovertyinUgandain2002,bycounty(Source:Uganda
productionandmarketingsystemsinsub
BureauofStatistics,accessedat:http://www.ugandaclusters.ug/PVRTY
SaharanAfrica,itwasconsidered
INQLTY/map2.html
appropriatetoincludeapigvaluechainin
subSaharanAfricaasatargetforCRP3.7efforts.Itisalsoconsideredimportanttoprovideameansfor
comparisonandcrosslearningwiththepigvaluechainselectedforSouthEastAsiainVietnam;smallholder
productionandmarketingsystemstherearehighlysophisticatedandmayprovidevaluablemodels.
Table4.23showsthetopfivesubSaharanAfricancountriesaccordingtosizeofpigpopulation.Ofthese,
Ugandahashighproductionandconsumptionpercapita,andappearstobeexperiencingthemostrapid
growth.Forthisreason,andgivenotherfactorsrelatedtothehighpovertyrates,existingmomentumand
enablingenvironmentasdescribedinTable4.24,weselectedUgandaastheprioritypigvaluechainfor
Africa;itisjudgedtoofferthehighestprobabilityofdemonstratingthepropoorpotentialofsmallholderpig
productionandmarketingchainsinsubSaharanAfrica.Householdsmayparticularlybenefitfromlinkagesto
marketswithregardtoincreasinghouseholdincomes,andaccumulatingassets(Kaariaetal2008).
Table4.23:Pigsectorindicatorsin5subSaharanAfricancountrieswiththehighestpigpopulations,2007
Country
Numberofpigs
Pigmeatproduction
Pigmeatconsumption
(millionhead)
(1,000tonnes)
(kg/person/yr)
Nigeria
6.6
209
BurkinaFaso
2.8
40
Uganda
2.1
105
SouthAfrica
1.7
174
Cameroon
1.4
18
FAOSTAT|FAOStatisticsDivision2010|14September2010
208
1.4
2.7
3.4
3.5
1.0
Table4.24:CriteriaandrationaleforchoosingUganda
Criteria
Growthandmarket
opportunity
Propoorpotential
Researchablesupply
constraints
Enablingenvironment
Existingmomentum
RationaleforchoosingUganda
Rapidlyincreasingproductionandconsumptionofporkwithinthecountry,drivennot
onlybypopulationgrowth,butalsobyacombinationofrisingincomesandchanging
preferencesassociatedwithurbanisationandchangingproductionsystems
Growingdemandforprocessedproductsasstreetfoodandforsupermarkets,and
emergenceofformalsectorenterprises(e.g.FreshCuts,QualityCuts,MyChoice)
Growingbaseofsmallholderproducerswithpotentialforintensification
Growingpopularityofpigkeepingamongsmallholderhouseholds(17%ofall
householdscurrentlykeepingpigs),withpotentialforintensification
Smallholdersectorappearstoremainmorecompetitivethanmodernpiggeries
Pigkeepinginsmallholdersystemsislargelyconsideredawomansactivity
Manymarketagentsalongthevaluechain(input/livestocktraders,meatprocessors
andtransportersetc.)providepotentialforincreasedincomeandemploymentfrom
addingvalue
Porkincreasinginpopularityasalowcoststreetfoodandasameatproductsoldin
informalmarkets,andasashareofthenationaldiet
ControlstrategiesforASF,whichremainsthesinglelargestrisktoproduction
Otherswinehealthissues(highpigletmortality,ClassicalSwineFever(CSF),worm
infestations)
Publichealthconcernsregardingcysticercosis
Poorfeedingpracticesandlackofadequatesuppliesofappropriatefeeds,eitheron
farmorpurchased
Lackofknowledgeforbetteruseofbyproducts(e.g.brewersyeast)
Limitedgeneticresourcebaseandinbreeding
Poorbiosecurity,withbreedingpracticescontributingtodiseasetransmission
Lackofawarenessandincentivetoadoptimprovedmanagement,esp.housing
Lackofsustainableorganizationalstructuresforbreederandproducergroupsinorder
tofacilitatetheiraccesstoaffordablebreedinganimals,animalhealthcareandefficient
marketservices
Poorornonexistentwastemanagementsystems
Lackofbusinessandmanagementdecisionsupporttools,e.g.whenitisbetterto
specialiseinbreeding,weanerorfatteningoperations;optimalfeedingstrategiesfor
profits,businessplansforinfrastructureinvestment
Poormarketinfrastructureandinstitutionalarrangements(underdevelopedmarketing
system)resultinginhighpricedifferencebetweenruralandurbanmarkets,high
numberofmiddlemenandthussmallproducermargins
Weakinputsupplysystemandlimitedsupportservices(extensionandcreditsystems)
Ineffectiveknowledgemanagementsystems,inparticularknowledgesharingbetween
producersandscientists,toenhanceuptakeofproventechnologies
Thoughnotidentifiedasapriorityforcommercialdevelopmentinvestment(e.g.DSIP,
NLPIP),generallyappreciatedbypolicymakersasahighpotentialopportunityforbroad
basedfoodsecurityandincomediversificationinruralareas
Numerouspastandcurrentsmallerscaledevelopmenteffortstargetingsmallholderpig
development:Danida,HeiferProjectInternational(HPI),VolunteerEffortsfor
DevelopmentConcerns(VEDCO),NationalAgriculturalAdvisoryandDevelopment
Services(NAADS)
Favourablebusinessclimateandpoliciesformicro,smallandmediumenterprise
development
CRP3.7isalsoproposingtofocusitsworkontheaquaculturevaluechaininUganda
ILRIhaslongstandingcollaborationwithboththeMinistry(MAAIF)andMakerere
University,particularlyonpovertymappingandtrypanosomosis,EastCoastfever,and
209
otheranimalhealthresearch
CIAThasongoingcollaborationwithNAROonforageresearch
ILRIandICRAFareheavilyinvolvedinsupportingtheimplementationoftheEastAfrica
DairyDevelopmentprojectactivitiesinUganda,particularlywithrespecttoimproving
feedsandtheiruse
ILRIandICRAFarecollaboratingwiththeBMGFfundedprojectonsweetpotatoes
(SASHA),whichispromotingfoodfeedapplicationsthatwouldsuitsmallholderpig
systems
ILRIhasotherongoingresearchactivitiesinUganda:characterisationofAnkolecattle
withBOKU(Austria)andMakerereUniversity;characterisationofASFwithSLU
(Sweden)andMakerereUniversity
SeveralotherCGIARCentersareactiveandhavestaffbasedinUganda.
Veryfewotherglobalorganizationscombinedevelopmentwithinnovativeandadaptive
research.
Asseenintheearliermaps,theemergenceofpigkeepinginUgandaisarecentphenomenonand,asa
result,therehasbeenlittlesystematicresearchonpigproductionandmarketingsystems.Boththenational
agriculturalresearchsystem,NARO,andMakerereUniversitycurrentlymaintainmodestprogramsof
researchintheseareas(NAADS2010).Constraintstoimprovingtheproductivityandperformanceof
smallholderpigproductionandmarketingsystemsinUgandaare,therefore,notwellcharacterized,andno
attempthasbeenmadetoassesstheirrelativeimportance.Perceivedconstraintswere,hence,identifiedby
stakeholdersduringconsultationsinEntebbeandKampalainSeptember2010,andaresummarizedinTable
4.25.
210
Table4.25:OpportunitiesandconstraintsintheporkvaluechaininUgandaandtheresearchanddevelopmentactionstoovercomethem
Valuechain
components
Inputs
&
Services
Indicativepartners
Outcomes
Howtoorganizeefficient,
viable,andequitableinput
servicesforsmallholders?
o Managementtraining
o Feedprovision
o Healthcare
o Breeding
o Credit
o Marketinformation
Howtostrengthen
innovationcapacityofinput
andservicevaluechainactor
webs?
Whatstrategiescanbe
devisedtoensureequal
accesstoinputsandservices
bywomen,aswellasinputs
andservicestailoredto
womenfarmersneeds?
Aretherecollectiveaction
strategiesfororganizing
farmersandotheractorsin
thevaluechaintobenefit
fromeconomiesofscalein
purchasinginputsand
services?
ResearchableIssues
Howcaninputandservicedeliverysystemsbe
organizedtobetterperformtoincreaseproductivity
andefficiencyinagenderequitableandpropoor
manner?
Differencesinmensandwomensandpoorandrich
householdsaccesstoinputs,preferenceforinputs,
useofinputs,rolesininputsupply.
Whatmethodscanbeusedtostimulateinnovation
systemswithininputandservicevaluechains?
Research
NARO
NaLIRRI
MakerereUniversity
Increaseduseofinputsandservices,
whichareaccessibleanddeliveredin
timetomaleandfemalesmallholders
Increasedknowledgeofmaleand
femalesmallholdersaboutuseful
inputsandservices
Functionalinstitutionsandconducive
policyenvironment
SupportingActions
Assessthepolicyandbusinessenvironmentforinput
andservicevaluechains
Assessthestructure,actorincentives,and
performanceofeachmajorinputandservicevalue
chainandidentifyopportunitiesforupgrading,
improvingaccessbyandforwomen,andimproving
benefitstothepoorcurrentinstitutionsandpolicies
o Currentaccessandfrequencyofuse
o Constraintstoaccess
Designandpilotimprovedsystemsascandidatesfor
largescaledevelopmentintervention
o improvedcommercialfeedformulationsusing
localmaterials
o BDSapproachesforsmallscalemixingandfeed
marketingappropriatetosmallholders
o Improvedselectionandseedsystemsfordual
purposefoodfeedcrops
o Noveldisseminationstrategiesfortechnical
adviceandmarketinformation
211
Supportingactions,inparticular
organizinginputdelivery:
NGOs&CBOs:VEDCO,Oxfam
Privateorgovernmentalanimalhealth
services
Seedcompanies
Feedenterprises
Microcreditschemes
Production
Howdoweincreasepig
meatproductionandherd
productivitytomeetcurrent
andfuturemarketneeds?
Howtodesignappropriate
breedingstrategies,avoiding
inbreedingandnegative
selectionofboars?
Howtoovercomeseasonal
orcontinuousgapsinfeed
quantityandquality?
Whichhealthcarestrategies
areessentialtoincrease
productivity?
Howdoweenhancefarmer
andactoruptakeof
productivityenhancing
technologiesandstrategies?
ResearchableIssues
Whatbasichusbandrypracticesandhousingthat
significantlyimprovesproductivitycanbereasonably
affordedandtakenupbyfarmers?
Whatarethegeneticattributesofbreedscurrentlyin
use;canbreedingprogramsimprovetheirqualityor
isitappropriatetointroducenewbreedsorcross
breedingprogramsbettersuitedtoexistingand
emergingproductionsystemsandenvironment?
HowcanASFbebettermanagedtoreducetheriskof
catastrophiclosses?
Howcanfarmbiosecuritybestrengthened?
Whatistherelativeimportance(diseaseburden)of
therangeofhealthproblemsaffectingpigproduction
andhowcanprioritydiseasesbebettermanaged?
Howcanrobustandprofitablefeedformulationsand
processingtechnologiesbedesignedthatbesttake
advantageofonfarmresourcessupplementedby
purchasedfeeds?
Aretheredifferencesamongmensandwomens
motivationtoengageintheenterprise,inanticipated
benefits,rolesinproduction,skills/capacityneeds,
sourcesofknowledge/technology,influenceof
policiesandinstitutions?
Arerecommendedpracticesandtechnologies
suitableforwomenorsociallydiscouraged?
Howwillresourcerequirementsforimprovedpig
systemscompetewithotherusesforhousehold
livelihoods
Canpigwastebebetterutilisedormanaged?
SupportingActions
Designandimplementbreedingprograms,incl.
selectionstrategiestoenablesustainedgenetic
improvementinkeybreedingobjectivetraitswhile
minimizinginbreedinganditseffectsatherdandat
populationlevel.
Createeconomiesofscalebydevelopingand
facilitatingorganizationalarrangementsthrough
farmergroupapproachesandcollectiveaction
Optimizeanimalhealthanddiseasecontrol,through
212
Research
NARO;NaLIRRI
MakerereUniversity
BOKUVienna
SupportingActions
MAAIF
NGOs:VEDCO;HeiferProject
International;Oxfam
Danida
Accesstobreedingboarswithhigher
breedingvalue
Herdsmorehomogenousindesirable
traits
Improvedmarketweightandbody
condition
Reducedmortality
- Identifyingprioritydiseases
- ImprovedASFmanagementstrategies
- promotingsimplehousingandpreventive
Transport
&
Processing
Howtodeliverreliable
quantitiesofsaferproducts
(meatorliveanimals)from
smallholdersystemstomeet
preferencesforleaninurban
areasandfatinruralones?
Howtoincreaseefficiency
throughcollectiveactionto
achieveeconomiesofscale?
Howtoreducewaste?
Howtoincreasewomens
participationinthepost
harvestsupplychain?
Howtoenhanceequitable
distributionofvalueadded
amongactorswithinthe
valuechain?
measuressuchasaccesstoadequatefeedand
cleanwater
- Deviseinexpensiveanthelminticstrategies
Optimizefeedingsystemsandincreasefeed
resources,inparticular
- Testingforagesvarietiesincludingfoodfeed
varietiesandintegratethemintocropping
systems
- Optimizinguseofcurrentlyavailablefeed
resources,(strategicsupplementation,feed
preservation,purchaseofmostlimiting
nutrients).
- Promotingfeedprocessingoptions(simplehand
chopping;villagebasedmotordrivenchoppers;
commercialbutdecentralizedfeedprocessing
units)
ResearchableIssues
Isacarcassgradingsystemrequiredandwhatwould
beanappropriategradingandpricingsystem?
Doesthemarketprefer/segregatecarcasspartsor
cutsandifso,howcanthisbemainstreamedinthe
breedingstrategyandpricingsystem?
Howtoreduceboartaint?
Isthereanydifferenceinqualityofproductssupplied
bymenandwomen?
Aretheredifferencesinaccesstotransportand
processingservices?
Cantradeservicesbeimprovedthroughbasic
managementskills?
SupportingActions
Disseminateweighingbandcalibratedforlocalpigs
tohelpestablishappropriateprices
Establishgrading/qualitysystemsforcarcassesif
appropriate
Applyparticipatoryriskanalysisfordeveloping
appropriatelocalstandardsforporksafety
ApplyBDSapproachesforstimulatingsmallscale
213
Research
NARO
UgandaIndustrialResearchInstitute
MakerereUniversity
SupportingActions
MAAIF
NGOs:HeiferProjectInternational
Privateprocessingcompanies:Fresh
Cuts;QualityCuts;MyChoice
Butchers
Meatqualitycriteriadefinedwith
tradersandconsumers
Higherqualitycarcassesproduced
Higherpricesandincomesforpig
producers
Higheremploymentandincomesfor
tradersandprocessers
Marketing
Howtoorganizemarkets
(bothdemandandsupply)
forequitablebenefitsalong
thechain?
Howtoensureaccessfor
lowincomeUgandansto
safemeatatanaffordable
price?
businessesfortransportandprocessingservices
Raiseawarenessanddevelopdiagnosticaidsfor
detectingcysticercosisinfectedanimalsandmeat
Developcertificationschemesforsafehandlingof
meatproducts
Capacitybuildingontransport,handlingand
slaughterofpigswithallinvolvedstakeholders
Designoftraceabilitysystemforpigmeat(longer
term)
ResearchableIssues
Market/Consumerdemands:whatdomarketspay
for(breed,region,specificliveweightorsize,
quality)?
Marketstructures:relations/transactionsbetween
localandurban;potentialforregionaltrade
Marketaccess:isitpreferabletoorganizethe
farmersforaccessingmarketsortoimprove
marketingsystemsandinfrastructure(e.g.
infrastructureofmarkets)?
Markettransparency:whatmarketinformationis
available/needed,andhowcoulditbebetter
disseminated(informationsystems)?
Differencesinmensandwomensaccesstomarkets
andmarketinformation
Intrahouseholddecisionmakingonsales(where,
when,howmany)andcontrolofbenefits
Arethereanyaspectsoftradingthataredifficultor
sociallydiscouragedforwomenandpoor?
Howcanwomenowningpigsbetterparticipatein,
andbenefitfrommarkets?
SupportingActions
Analyzethemarketstructure,constraintsand
opportunitiesforpigsandpork,coveringallagents
andactorsinvolvedinpigmarketingincluding
traders,retailersandconsumers.
Evaluateandtestoptionsforcoordinatingand
transportingbulkgroupsalesofanimals
Assesstheperformanceofdifferentmarketing
servicesincludingprovisionofmarketinformation,
facilitationofmarketlinkages,provisionofmarketing
214
Research
NARO
MakerereUniversity
SupportingActions
MAAIF
NGOs:HeiferProjectInternational
Increasedmarginsforsmallholdersin
thevaluechain
Salesofpigswithappropriateweight
andsizeaccordingtomarketdemands
Organizedmarketingofpigsatfair
prices
Pigownerswellinformedabout
marketingopportunities
Abattoirsoperateclosertotheirfull
capacity
Crosscutting
issues
Howtoorganizeapropoor
valuechaintoconsiderably
increasetheoutputwhat
areessentialcomponents
andpartnerships?
facilities,transportofpigsandpigmeatandidentify
waysofimprovingthem
Identifyandrespondtodemanddrivenmarket
opportunitiesforvalueaddition,throughimproved
productquality
Facilitatelinkagestomarketinformationsystems
operatedbyotherpartners.
Genderdisaggregatedanalysisofmarketandservices
access
ResearchableIssues
Research
Impactofvaluechaindevelopmentonworkloadsand NARO
oncontrolovertheincomewithinthehousehold
MakerereUniversity
Whobenefitsfromnewtechnologiesinhouseholds
SupportingActions
andcommunities(equity)?
MAAIF
Whatareincentivesforvariouskeyactors(farmers,
inputproviders,tradersandanimalhealthproviders
etc.)toinvestinpigs?Andhowcantheseactors
cooperate?
Isitfeasibletodesign(a)commonmodel(s)forvalue
chaindevelopmentthroughanalysisofthelessons
learntfromthediversevaluechains,inparticular
comparingthepigvaluechainsinVietnam?
SupportingActions
Characterizationofcompletevaluechainsand
productionsystemsinthetargetlocations(own
surveysandotherstudies)atthestart
Developindicatorsofsuccess
Capacitybuildingatallstages
Comparetheapproachesappliedforthedifferent
valuechains
Developaneasymonitoringsystemforhome
consumptionofmeat
215
Contributionofpigproductionto
livelihoodsincreasedconsidering
tangibleandintangiblebenefits
Geographicfocus
Theprojectwillfocusinitiallyinthedistrictswithhighersmallholderpigconcentrationensuringa
gradientofmarketaccess.Higherdensityofpigkeepingsuggestsinherentcomparativeadvantage,
andfacilitatesinterventionsbasedoncreatingeconomiesofscale.Threeinitialzonesoffocusare
proposed:
ValuechainsoriginatinginthesmallscalesemiintensiveproductionunitsinKampalaand
neighbouringdistricts
ThoseoriginatinginsmallholdersystemsalongthecorridorbetweenKampalaandLake
Albert
ThoseoriginatinginsmallholdersystemsintheSorotiMbalearea
Focalzoneswillbeconfirmedaftermoreindepthconsultationwithstakeholdersandtheinitial
situationalanalysisiscompleted.
Potentialforimpact
TheLivestockCensus2008revealedthatover1.1millionhouseholdskeeppigs,representing17%of
allhouseholdsinUganda.Thevastmajoritykeeppigsinlowinputlowoutputfreerangesystems.
Fixingadevelopmenttargetofimprovingsignificantlyhouseholdproductionby50%inatleast5of
thesehouseholds(i.e.50,000households)shouldbeachievableifthenecessarydevelopment
investmentismobilised.Becausesmallholderpigsystemsareoftenmanagedbywomen(e.g.
Pickeringetal1996),atleasthalfofthebeneficiariesshouldbewomen.Associatedimprovementsin
productivityininputandservicedeliveryandalongthevaluechaincanreducewasteand
inefficiencyandimprovequalityofthefinalproduct,therebyaddingvaluethattranslatesin
increasedemploymentandincome;specifictargetswillbesetaftertheinitialassessmentofthe
valuechain.Increasedproductionandefficiencyshouldcontributetoincreasedavailabilityand
accesstoporkproductsbypoorconsumers;moreinformationwillbeneededaboutthestructureof
consumerdemandforporkfromsmallholdersystemsandhowitisdifferentiatedbyincomegroup
beforeappropriatetargetsforincreasedconsumptionbypoorconsumerscanbeset.
216
Co
omponents
Inputs&
&Services
Vaaluechainoutcomes
Production
Transpo
ort&Processsing
Marketing
Keeyinputsandsservicesforbreeding,feed,,andanimalh
healthaccessiibletoboth
maaleandfemalesmallholderrs
Inccreasedaccessstoinformationaboutbesstmanagemen
ntandproducction
practicesamonggmaleandfe
emalesmallho
olders
Co
onducivepoliccyandinstituttionalenvironmentestablisshed
Ap
ppropriatelevvelsofinvestm
mentinhousin
ngandbettermanagementtpractices
Beetterselection
nwithinexistingbreeds,low
werinbreedin
ngindexandin
ntroduction
ofimprovedgen
neticresource
es
Beetteronfarmfeedoptionsandbetterusseoflocalfeed
dstuffsinappropriately
formulated,locallyproduced
dfeedrations,,withseasonaalvariationminimized
ReeducedriskofASFandredu
ucedincidenceeofhelminthssandcysticerrcosis
Im
mprovedpiglettsurvivalandofftakerates
Im
mprovedporksafety
Reeducedtransp
portandtransactioncosts
Lo
owermarketin
ngmarginsand
dhighershareeofpricecaptturedbyprod
ducers,
reggardlessofgeender
Productandqualitybrandinggincreasesretturnstovalueechainactors
Marketinformaationmorewid
delyavailablee
Summarryofindicatorsalongtheimpactpatthwaythatw
webelieveccanachievettheseimpactts.
Table4.26:Stakeho
oldersinUgandaandthe
eirpossiblerrole
Stakehollder
Typ
pe
Ro
ole
R
Remark
MakerereeUniversity
blicuniversityy
Pub
Co
onductresearch
acctivities,training
Consulted
EastAfriccanDairy
Developm
mentProject((EADD)
HeiferProject
Internationalled
d
oject,ILRIasp
partner
pro
hareBDSstrattegiesfor
Sh
marketdevelop
pment
Consulted
NationalAgricultural
hOrganisation
n
Research
(NARO)
Pub
blicsectorNA
ARS
Im
mplementthefield
researchactivities
Consulted
NationalLivestockRessources
hInstitute(NaaLIRRI)
Research
Pub
blicsectorNA
ARS(part Im
mplementlabaandfield
ofN
NARO)
researchactivities
Consulted
LivestockkDevelopmen
nt
InvestmeentProject
Governmentpro
oject
ndedbyAfDB
fun
Inffrastructure
de
evelopment,eesp.
slaaughterslabs
Tobeconsulte
ed
Su
upportthefielld
acctivitiesinalltthe
Consulted
VeterrinarySciencees
AnimalProduction
AgriculturalEconomics
MinistryofAgriculturee,
Government
ndustryandFisheries
AnimalIn
217
(MAAIF)
projectsites
Danida
Donor
Funddevelopment
interventionand
complementary
researchactivitiesof
nationalpartners
Tobeconsulted
VolunteerEffortsfor
DevelopmentConcerns
(VEDCO)
NGO
Support
implementationof
development
interventionin
smallholderhouseholds
Tobeconsulted
HeiferProjectInternational
NGO
Support
implementationof
development
intervention,breeding
schemes
Tobeconsulted
SNV(NetherlandsNGO)
NGO
Experiencesharingon
valuechain
development
Tobeconsulted
218
ANNEX1:PROPOSALDEVELOPMENTPROCESS
Thisproposalhasbeendevelopedthroughanintensiveandinclusiveprocessspanningthe12month
periodApril2010toMarch2011.
Theprocesscombinedstakeholdermeetings,incountryvisitsandapubliceconsultation.The
processwassupportedbyawikihttp://livestockfish.wikispaces.comtoenabledocumentsand
otherresourcestobesharedinatransparent,efficientandcosteffectivemanner,ablog
http://livestockfish.wordpress.comwhereassumptionsandquestionswereposedandcomments
received,andseveralonlinesurveys(usingSurveyMonkey).Theprocessanddocumentationwas
fullyopen,withalldocumentssharedwithanyinterestedparties.Presentationsandvideo
interviewsabouttheprocesswerealsomadepubliclyavailable.Advantagewastakentoexploit
otheropportunities,suchasthesideeventorganizedatFARAsAfricaAgricultureScienceWeek,
heldinOuagadougouinJuly2010.
TheeconsultationbeganinJuly2010andconsistedofeightroundsofquestions,eachfocusedona
differentaspectoftheproposal.Fiveroundswereconductedduringthedevelopmentoftheinitial
proposalwitheachroundincludingasurveyconsistingofaseriesofstatementsforeachofwhich
participantswereinvitedtoindicatewhethertheyagreedordisagreed,andcombinedwiththe
opportunitytosubmitmoreopenendedcomments.Thefocusforeachoftheinitialfivephasesof
theeconsultationwas:
weekone:workingtotransformselectedvaluechains(151commentsandresponses)
weektwo:decidingthefocus(126commentsandresponses)
weekthree:howbesttoaddressgenderissues(19commentsandresponses)
weekfour:linkingtechnologygenerationtovaluechaindevelopment(53commentsand
responses)
weekfive:forgingandcatalyzingpartnerships(39commentsandresponses)
ThreemorephasesoftheeconsultationwereheldinFebruary2011astheoriginalproposalwas
beingrevisedinresponsetotheConsortiumBoardreview.Duringthesephases,ourdraftresponses
tothereviewweresharedandputtothetestinpublicintheeconsultationforum.Thefocusfor
thesephasesincluded:
issueone:canlivestockandfishproductionbythepoorcontributemeaningfullyto
nutritionforthepoor(20commentsandresponses)
issuetwo:partneringwiththeprivatesectorforpropoorvaluechaindevelopment(9
commentsandresponses)
issuethree:poultryasapriorityvaluechainfordevelopment(5commentsandresponses)
Inatwomonthperiod(midJulytomidSeptember2010),thevariouseconsultationtoolsand
resourceswereviewedmorethan14000times;and410commentsandfeedbacktoourquestions
andthesurveyswerereceived.Presentationsandvideointerviewsabouttheprocesswerealso
madepubliclyavailable.
Fulldetailsoftheconsultations,includingreportsonthemeetingsheldandalltheresponsereceived
duringtheeconsultation,canbefoundathttp://livestockfish.wikispaces.comand
http://livestockfish.wordpress.com.Theconsultationsweregenerallysupportiveoftheapproach
beingproposedinCRP3.7,butraisedanumberofconcernsandsuggestionsthatwereinstrumental
instrengtheningtheproposal,bothinitiallyandduringtherevisionprocess.
219
Thefollowingtablesummarizestheprocessforthedevelopmentoftheconceptnoteandfull
proposal,andforthevariousconsultationevents:
Date
Event
Notes
1April2010
CGIARConsortiumagreedthethematicareaon
sustainablerice,wheatandmaizesystemsfor
ensuringglobalfoodsecuritywillbeexpandedtobe
moreinclusiveofothercropsaswellasfishand
livestock
Followedonfromdiscussions
heldduringtheGCARD2010,
Montpellier,France
April/earlyMay
DraftingofconceptnotebystafffromILRI,WorldFish,
CIAT,andICARDA
10May
CRP3.7conceptnotesubmittedtoConsortiumBoard
17June
CRP3.7conceptnoteapprovedbyConsortiumBoard
andreviewersfeedbackprovided
68July
CGIARCentersmeeting,ILRI,Nairobi,Kenya
Reviewofconceptnoteand
feedbackfromreviewers,and
planningofconsultationprocess
andfullproposaldevelopment
20July
Sideevent,hostedbyILRI,WorldFish,CIAT,and
ICARDAandheldduringFARAAfricaAgriculture
ScienceWeek,Ouagadougou,BurkinaFaso
Nearly40peopleattendedthe
session,withparticipantsfrom
atleast4NARS,2international
NGOs,4ARIs,1CGorganization,
1donorand1farmer
organizationengagingactivelyin
thediscussion
13Julyto10
September
econsultation:see
http://livestockfish.wordpress.com/
26July
ConsultationsheldinBamako,Malitoexplore
opportunitiesforfocusingonsmallruminantvalue
chainsinMali
1720August
ConsultationsheldinUgandatoexploreopportunities
forfocusingonfishvaluechainsinUganda
24/25August
Stakeholdersconsultation,ILRI,AddisAbaba,
Ethiopia:seehttp://livestock
fish.wikispaces.com/addis_stakeholder_meeting
910September
ConsultationsheldinUgandatoexploreopportunities
forfocusingonpigvaluechainsinUganda
LateAugust/early CRP3.7fullproposaldrafted
September
310September
DraftoffullproposalcirculatedforcommentbyCG
partnersandexternalreviewers
17September
FullproposalsubmittedtoConsortiumBoard
220
Fiveroundsofquestions,each
focusingondifferentaspectsof
theproposal
22nonCGIARparticipantscame
fromAfrica,Asia,LatinAmerica,
andEurope,representing
governments,nationalresearch
organizations,regionalandsub
regionalbodies(FARA,IBAR,
ASARECA,CORAF),NGOs,the
privatesector,andinternational
organizations(FAO,World
Bank).17participantsattended
from4CGIARCentersCIAT,
ICARDA,ILRI,andWorldFish;
2February2011
ConsortiumBoardreviewcommentsreceived
9Februaryto5
March
econsultation:see
http://livestockfish.wordpress.com/
Threeroundsofquestions,each
focusingondifferentresponses
tothereview
13March
CGIARCentersmeeting,ILRI,Nairobi,Kenya
ResponsestotheConsortium
Boardreviewcomments
finalized
5March2011
RevisedproposalsubmittedtoConsortiumBoard
221
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IER
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AllianceforaGreenRevolutioninAfrica
ArtificialInsemination
AsiaPacificAssociationofAgriculturalResearchInstitutions
AgriculturalResearchInstitute
AssociationforStrengtheningAgriculturalResearchinEasternandCentralAfrica
AfricanSwineFever
AfricanUnionInterafricanBureauforAnimalResources
UniversityofNaturalResourcesandLifeSciences
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Directionnationaledesproductionsetindustriesanimales
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233
ILRI
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micro,smallandmediumenterprise
metrictonnes
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urbandevelopmentmodelsandmethodologies,Nicaragua
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NationalInstituteofVeterinaryResearch
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NorwegianAgencyforDevelopmentCooperation
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ProgrammeforAgriculturalandNaturalResourcesTransformationforImprovedLivelihood
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ProgramGovernanceCommittee
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processmonitoringandevaluation
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pestedespetitsruminants
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PRRS
PorcineReproductiveandRespiratorySyndrome
QTL
QuantitativeTraitLoci
R4D
researchfordevelopment
REDD
ReducedEmissionsfromDeforestationandForestDegradation
RLDC
RuralLivelihoodDevelopmentCompany
RNE
RoyalNorwegianEmbassy
RRD
RedRiverDelta
SDP
SmallholderDairyProject
SIDE
ServiciosInternacionalesparaelDesarrolloEmpresarial
SNP
singlenucleotidepolymorphism
SNV
NetherlandsDevelopmentOrganization
SPF
ScienceandPartnershipForum
SPSLMM
Sanitary&PhytosanitaryStandardsandLivestock&MeatMarketingProgram
SRVC
Smallruminantvaluechain
SUA
SokoineUniversityofAgriculture
TAMPA
TanzaniaMilkProcessorsAssociation
TAMPRODA
TanzaniaMilkProducersAssociation
TDB
TanzaniaDairyBoard
TSP
technicalserviceprovider
234
UHT
UNAG
UNDP
UNICEF
URACCAN
USAID
USDA
VC
VEDCO
VND
VSF
WARDA
WB
Ultraheattreated
UninNacionaldeAgricultoresyGanaderos
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram
UnitedNationsChildrensFund
UniversidaddelasRegionesAutonomasdelaCostaCaribeNicaragense
UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment
UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture
Valuechain
VolunteerEffortsforDevelopmentConcerns
VietnameseDong
VtrinairessansFrontires
AfricaRiceCentre
WorldBank
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More Meat, Milk & Fish by & For Poor

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Submitted to the CGIAR Consortium Board by ILRI on behalf

of CIAT,ICARDA & WorldFish Center

PART 2: RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT IN LIVESTOCK AND FISH

To ensure that national and regional laboratories can undertake necessary

2.3 Value chain

More meat, milk and fish by and for the poor

CRP 3.7 Management structure

Total Program Cost

Total Program Cost

Program coordination and management

Total Program Cost

Markets for fish are

Potential for aquaculture

OneofthelargestgapsbetweenfishsupplyanddemandinAfrica. Per capita fishsupplydeclinedby

National and regional

Identify priority areas for hatchery development and MinistryofAgriculturetohelpprioritiseactionsandincorporateintogovernment

The figure below

Despitethis impressiveggrowthand currentvalu

Markets for fish are

Food and nutrition

National and regional

Data obtained from the Gene

Improvingtheeffectivenessandefficiencyof Describingandanalysetheinformalvalue Privateretailorganisations

Milk yield per Lactation (Kg)

Mixed rain fed

Mixed rain fed

Key for both Figure 2 and Table 1 below):

No. Per Sq. Km.

Better linkage of small

increased income from &

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