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Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Basic calcula)ons from the

eld of Drilling
Issued by the Chair of Drilling & Comple8on
Engineering

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Drilling Objec)ves
Two main objec3ves to be achieved: safety & costs
Safety
Avoid personal/personnel injuries
Keep the environment safe
Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) concept

Costs
Complete a well at minimum cost.

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Rig Types
Rigs are where the drilling opera3ons are carried out.
Rigs are designed and classied according to the
opera3onal environment.
Drilling rigs

Land

Conven3onal

Jacknife

Marine

Mobile

Portable mast

BoVom
supported

Floa3ng

Semi-
submersible

Drillship

PlaWorm

Self-
contained

Jackup

Barge

Tendered

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Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Land rig
Mast

Portable
mast

Substructure

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Barge

Jackup

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Drillship

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Semi-submersible

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Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Prime Movers
Machines to generate power and energy required on
rigs for drilling opera3ons and other ac3vi3es
They are usually internal combus3on engines (ICE)
The hois3ng and the circula3ng systems are the largest
consumers of power supplies.
Performance is characterized by the output
horsepower, torque, and fuel consump3on for various
engine speeds
Total power requirements for most rigs are 1.000
3.000 hp.
A rig may have, depending on its size and capacity, up
to 4 prime movers.
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Rig Opera)ons
Hois3ng System
Rota3ng System
Circula3ng System

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Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Hois)ng System
A means of lowering or raising
equipment into and out of the
hole. The 2 main opera3ons
are:
Making a Connec3on periodic
process of adding a new joint of
drillpipe as the hole deepens.
Making a Trip removal
drillstrings from hole to change a
por3on of downhole assembly
and then go back into the hole.

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Rota)ng System
To achieve rota3on of the drillstring and the bit.

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Top drive
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Circula)ng System
Cyclical process of moving
the drilling uid from the
storage tank down into the
hole and back.
Rock cucngs are removed
from the hole to the
surface.

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HOW A WELL IS DRILLED (ONSHORE)

Digging a cellar

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Running the conductor

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Connect BOP

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Blowout Preventers (BOPs)

Inux of forma3on uids while drilling is called a Kick.
Failure to contain a kick leads to an uncontrolled ow of
forma3on uids called a Blowout.

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BOPs are the equipment to prevent a blowout.

Types include:
Annular preventer
Ram preventers Pipe rams, Blind rams, Shear rams

A combina3on of these is a called a BOP Stack.

Packing
unit
Piston

Annular preventer

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Pipe ram
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Blind ram

Shear ram

BOP Stack
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Set surface casing

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Connect surface casing

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CuNng conductor & surface casing

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Casing head & base plate installa)on

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Install BOP

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Install wear bushing

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Set intermediate casing

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Install casing hanger & spool

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Install BOP

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Install wear bushing

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Set produc)on casing

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Install casing hanger & tubing spool

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Run produc)on tubing

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Install downhole packer

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Install tubing hanger

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Install Christmass Tree

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The Mud Window

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Casing Selec)on

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Casing Loads

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Task #1 Mud Windows & Casing Selec)on

Open the provided Excel File
Set up a mud window
Determine casing secng depths
Check suitability via worst case burst, collapse & tension
scenarios (SF 1.2, 1.1 & 1.8 respec3vely) for a 5.5in
produc3on casing
Calculate the string weight assuming buoyed casing
weight
Pick most feasible rig using the provided catalogue
whilst considering a SF=1.2 (try to seVle for lowest
specs possible)
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Drill Bits
A steel-toothed piece of equipment aVached to the
lower-end of the drillstring to break forma3on.
Drilling ac3ons include: crushing, scraping, and grinding.
Types of bit
Drag bit
Roller cone bit

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Drag bits
Fixed cuVer blades that are integral with the body of
the bit.
Blades rotate as a unit with the drillstring.
The cucng element consists of :
Steel cuVers
Natural diamond
Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC)
Thermally stable polycrystalline (TSP).

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Steel cuVers

Natural diamond
The serrated steel blades The face or crown of the bit
are set at dierent angles consists of many diamonds set
in a tungsten carbide matrix

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Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC)

A layer of synthe3c PDC is bonded to a cemented
tungsten carbide, it contains many diamond crystals
bonded together.
The sintered PDC
compact is bonded
either to a tungsten
carbide bit-body
matrix or to a
tungsten carbide stud
that is mounted in a
steel bit.
Long PDC
Short PDC
Medium PDC
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Comparisons
between natural
diamond bits
and PDC bits.

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Thermally stable polycrystalline (TSP)

They are manufactured in a similar
fashion to PDC bits.
Tolerant of much higher
temperatures than PDC bits.

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Roller cone bits

Two or more cones.
The 3-cone rolling cuVer bit is the most common.
Cucng elements rotate about the axis of the cone as
the bit is rotated at the boVom of the hole.
Cucng elements are either:
Inserted dierent materials
from the cones and inserted
into the cones.
Milled tooth same materials
as the cones and milled
together with the cones.
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Tungsten carbide
inserted

Milled tooth

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Cost-Per-Foot Analysis

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Cost-Per-Foot Analysis
Which one would you choose?

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Task #2 Drilling Op)miza)on

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Task #2 Drilling Op)miza)on

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Task #2 Drilling Op)miza)on

Conduct a breakeven analysis based on the previously calculated cost/l value.

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Task #2 Drilling Op)miza)on

Time vs Rate
300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0

10

15

20

25

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40

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Drillstrings
Drillstrings consist of tubulars of dierent sec3ons and
combina3ons of the following:
Drill pipes
Heavy weight drill pipes (HWDP)
Drill collars
BoVom hole assemblies (BHA)
Subs

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BoXom hole assembly (BHA)

Set of equipment which is made up just above the bit.
These may include:
Drill collars
Stabilizers (for drillstring centraliza3on)
Reamers (for maintaining gauge hole)
Shock sub (vibra3on dampener)
Drilling jars (for freeing stuck pipes)

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Drill pipes
Drillpipes occupy the
upper sec3on of a
drillstring
A drillpipe is specied by
its outer diameter, weight
per foot, steel grade and
range length.
Range 1 (18 22 l), Range
2 (27 30 l), Range 3 (38
45 l). Range 2 is
commonly used.
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Heavy weight drillpipe (HWDP)

Also called heavy wall drillpipe.
Has a greater wall thickness
than ordinary drillpipe.
Olen used at the base of the
drillpipe where stress
concentra3on is greatest.
HWDP is used to absorb the
stresses being transferred from
the s3 drill collars to the
rela3vely exible drillpipe.
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Drill collars

Thick-walled heavy steel tubulars. Func3ons include:

To provide enough weight on bit (WOB)
To keep the drillstring in tension, thereby reducing bending
stresses and failures due to fa3gue
To provide s3ness in the BHA for direc3onal control

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Task #3 Drill Pipes

Calculate the hookload of new (Class 1) 5in X95
19.5lbs Drill Pipe in a 7000l well considering
buoyancy. (mud weight = 12 ppg)
Buoyancy force = Pressure x Area
API recommends:
65.5 steel density in ppg

Hookload = Air Weight x Buoyancy Factor

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Task #3 Drill Pipes

Calculate the Maximum Overpull Force. What does it
quan3fy and what happens when it is exceeded?

Maximum Overpull = Yield Strength Hookload

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Task #3 Drill Pipes

For a horizontal well proposal, the maximum tensile loads have been
calculated using a Torque and Drag program assuming that 5-inch drill
pipe will be used. In the 8.5-inch hole sec3on, the an3cipated loads at
the end of the build and at TD of the horizontal sec3on are:

You are being asked to evaluate the most feasible solu3on out of X95 &
S135 (Class 1) and E & G105 Premium Quality drill pipes.
API RP7G suggests to base your calcula3on on 90% of the yield strength.
Furthermore account for an overpull force of 100 000lbs.

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Drilling Fluid Pumps

Reciproca3ng posi3ve-displacement pumps
Discharged volume and discharged pressure depend on:
Size of liners and pistons (smaller liner: higher pressure, lower
ow rate).
Speed of liners and pistons

Two common types are:

Duplex 2 cylinders
Triplex 3 cylinders

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Duplex Pump
Double ac3ng pump on
both forward and backward
piston strokes

Pump factor

Fp = ( 2 )

Ls ( 2dl2 d r2 ) EV

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Triplex Pump
Single ac3ng pump only on
forward piston strokes.
Commonly used. Lighter, compact
and cheaper to operate.
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Pump factor

Fp = ( 3)

Ls dl2 EV
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Ls = length of stroke (in.)

dl = diameter of liner (in.)
dr = diameter of piston rod (in.)
EV = volumetric eciency
Fp = pump factor (in3/stroke)

pump factor
Fp =
[gals/stroke]
231
Fp =

pump factor
9.702

[bbls/stroke]

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5 in. by 14 in. Triplex pump

5 in. by 14 in. Duplex. Rod
diameter is 2 in.

Ev = 0.95

For each pump: in^2/1029.4=bbl/l

1. Calculate the #strokes to pump
downhole.
2. Calculate the #strokes to pump up the
annulus.
3. Flow rates. Crankshal rota3on is 600
rpm.
4. Time required to pump downhole.
5. Time required to pump up the
annulus
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Drillpipes
3,64 x 4,5
11.400 l

Hole size
12

Drillcollars
3-3/4 x 9
600 l

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Use of Goal seek

For each pump:

What liner diameter will give a ow rate of 300 bbls/
min?
All other parameters remain the same.

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