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Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

PE Summer Course 2015

Reservoir Engineering I

James A. Craig

2015

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Table of Contents
Geothermal gradient
Fluid pressure gradient
Reservoir Rock properAes
Porosity
Permeability
SaturaAon
WeGability

James A. Craig

2015

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT
Varies from 0,5 5oF/100 M (~1 9oC/100m)
Averages 2oF/100 M (~3,6oC/100m)
Vienna Basin: 2,5 3,5oC/100m*
Romania: 2,8 5oC/100m**
Average for sedimentary basins: 1,4oF/100 M (~2,55oC/
100m)
Example Calculate the temperature of an oil reservoir in
Oklahoma at 10.000 M. Average surface temperature is
55oF.
o
o
o

55 F+ (1.4 F/100ft 10.000ft ) = 195 F

Repeat for SI Units.

James A. Craig

2015

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Plot the geothermal gradient curve from the surface to a

depth of 12.000 M.
From the plot, what is the temperature at 8.250 M?
D, ft

T, degF
Depth, M

0
500
1000
1500
11500
12000

Temperature, degF
James A. Craig

2015

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

FLUID PRESSURE GRADIENT

Fluid gradient =

1
Slope

P 1

h g
James A. Craig

Depth, M

Repeat formaAon tester (RFT) is used to measure

formaAon pressure quickly. The following can be
determined:
Reservoir uid gradient
Fluid density
Fluid contact

2015

Contact
Slope
Contact

Pressure, psi

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

RESERVOIR ROCK PROPERTIES

Porosity
Permeability
Fluid SaturaAon
WeGability

James A. Craig

2015

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Porosity
Porosity is a measure
of the openings in a
rock.
These openings are
called pores.
Ability of a reservoir
rock to store uids

James A. Craig

2015

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Types of Porosity
Primary porosity
Developed in the deposiAon of the material.

Secondary porosity
Developed by some geologic process (e.g. fractures) aMer
deposiAon of the rock.

Absolute porosity
Percentage raAo of total void spaces (interconnected &
unconnected) in a rock to the bulk volume of the rock.

EecAve porosity
Percentage raAo of the interconnected spaces only in a rock
to the bulk volume of the rock.

James A. Craig

2015

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Porosity is the percentage raAo of void space in a rock

to the bulk volume of that rock.

Vb = Vg + V p

Vp
Vb

100%

(V

Vg )

Vb

100%

Vp = pore volume
Vg = grain volume
Vb = bulk volume
James A. Craig

2015

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Averaging of Porosity
ArithmeAc average

Thickness-weighted average
n

i=1i
n

Area-weighted average
n

Ai

i =1 i
n
i =1

James A. Craig

i =1 i i
n

Ai
2015

i =1 i

Volumetric-weighted
average
n
i Ai hi

= i =n1
i =1 Ai hi
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07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Permeability
A measure of the
ability of the porous
medium to transmit
uids.
Pores of the rock must
be connected together
so that hydrocarbons
can move from one
pore to another.

James A. Craig

2015

11

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Q=

k=

Q
A P

dP
dL

James A. Craig

2015

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07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Linear ow

Q = 1,1271

Radial ow

kA ( P1 P2 )
L

James A. Craig

Q = 7, 082
2015

2 x x 1,1271

kh ( Pe Pw )
ln re r
w
13

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Q = ow rate (barrels/day)
A = cross-secAonal area (M2)
P1 = upstream pressure (psi)
P2 = downstream pressure (psi)
= uid viscosity (cp)
L = length (M)
h = thickness (M)
Pe = pressure at external boundary (psi)
Pw = pressure at wellbore (psi)
re = radius at external boundary (M)
rw = radius of wellbore (M)
k =permeability (Darcy)
James A. Craig

2015

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07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Averaging of Permeability
Parallel Flow
Qi =

ki hi wP
L

Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
n

k =

kh

i =1 i i
n

i =1 i

James A. Craig

2015

15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Averaging of Permeability
Series Flow
L

k =

Qi =

ki hwP
Li

k =

Li
i =1
ki
n

Qt = Q1 = Q2 = Q3

log ( re rw )
n log ( ri ri 1 )
i =1 k
i

James A. Craig

2015

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07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Types of Permeability
Absolute permeability
Ability of a rock to transmit a uid that saturates it
completely.

EecAve permeability
Ability of a porous medium to transmit a parAcular uid in the
presence of other uids.

RelaAve permeability
The raAo of eecAve permeability to absolute permeability.

krg =

kg
k

James A. Craig

kro =

ko
k

krw =

kw
k

2015

17

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Fluid SaturaFon
It measures the amount of uids present in the pore
spaces of a rock.

Rock matrix
James A. Craig

2015

Water

Oil and/or gas

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07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

S h = So + S g

S w + S h = 100%

So =

Vo
100%
Vp

Sg =

Vg
Vp

Sw =

100%

Sh = hydrocarbon saturaAon
So = oil saturaAon
Sg = gas saturaAon
Sw = water saturaAon
Sl = gas, oil or water

Vw
100%
Vp

Averaging SaturaAon
n

Sl

S h
=
h

i =1 l ,i i i
n
i =1 i i

James A. Craig

2015

19

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

keff = kabs kr
kabs = constant
kr = variable: f ( saturation )

James A. Craig

2015

20

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Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

WeHability
Ability of one uid to adhere to a solid surface in the
presence of other immiscible uids.
It controls the locaAon, ow and spaAal distribuAon of
uids within a rock, thereby aecAng relaAve
permeability.
It is dened by the contact angle of the uid with the
solid phase.
Fluid 2
is
wejng

Fluid 1
is
wejng
James A. Craig

2015

21

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

so = ow cos + sw
Adhesion tension:
AT = so sw = ow cos
< 75o: water wet
75o < < 105o: intermediate
> 105o: oil wet

AT: dense phase (water) wets

+AT: less dense phase (oil) wets

= angle between the oil/water/solid interface measured

through the water.
Wejng uids preferenAally occupy the small pore throats.
Non-wejng uids occupy the large pore throats.
James A. Craig

2015

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07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

WeHability, SaturaFon & RelaFve Permeability

The wejng uid will travel through the smaller, less
permeable pores.
The non-wejng will travel more easily through the
larger pores, thus have a higher relaAve permeability.

Water
wet

Oil
wet

James A. Craig

2015

23

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Water wet water saturaAon is high

Oil wet water saturaAon is low because exists in
discrete droplets in the centers of the pores.

Water
wet

James A. Craig

Oil
wet

2015

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07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Drainage
SaturaAon of the non-wejng phase increases.
SaturaAon of the wejng phase decreases.
Mobility of the non-wejng phase increases.

ImbibiAon
SaturaAon of the wejng phase increases.
SaturaAon of the non-wejng phase decreases.
Mobility of the wejng phase increases.
James A. Craig

2015

25

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Assuming a sandstone grain density of 2,65 g/cc, calculate the

porosity in percentage, of a 4-in. long sandstone core sample
of 1,5 in. diameter, if the grains weigh 250 g.

Calculate the arithmeAc

average and thickness-
weighted average porosity
for the following formaAons:

James A. Craig

2015

Depth
Intervals (ft)
3.700 - 3.705

Porosity
(%)
40,1

3.705 - 3.710

35,1

3.710 - 3.760

39,3

3.760 - 3.790

36,5

3.790 - 3.830

29,1

26

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07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Calculate the equivalent linear

permeability of four parallel beds
having equal widths and lengths
under the following condiAons:

Calculate the equivalent

permeability of four beds, having
equal thicknesses under the
following condiAons:
1. For a linear system.
2. For a radial system if the
wellbore radius is 6 in. and
drainage radius is 2.000 M.
James A. Craig

2015

Pay
Horizontal
Beds Thickness Permeability
(ft)
(mD)
1

20

100

15

200

10

300

400

Beds

Horizontal
Length of
Permeability
Beds (ft)
(mD)

250

25

250

50

500

100

1000

200
27

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Calculate and plot the adhesion tension for these values

of contact angle (0o 180o, interval 15o).
Interfacial tension is 24 dynes.

Generate a drainage relaAve permeability curve for a

wateroil system using Pirsons correlaAon. CriAcal
saturaAon values: Soc = 0,2 and Swc = 0,25.

James A. Craig

2015

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07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Wejng phase
ImbibiAon & Drainage

kr ,wetting = S w3 S w*

CriAcal Water
SaturaAon

S w* =
Non-Wejng phase

ImbibiAon

Drainage

kr ,non-wetting

kr ,non-wetting
James A. Craig

S w S wc
= 1

1 S wc S nw

S w S wc
1 S wc

0,25
= (1 S ) 1 ( S w* ) S w

*
w

2015

0,5

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