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Serena Alexander
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Prepared for:
Ohio Manufacturing Institute
ADDITIVE
MANUFACTURING: A
SUMMARY OF THE
LITERATURE
Prepared by:
Merissa C. Piazza
Serena E. Alexander
April 2015
CENTER FOR
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................... 0
ABOUT THIS REPORT ..................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 2
DEFINITION .................................................................................................................................................. 2
INDUSTRY TRENDS ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2009 NATIONAL ROADMAP............................................................................................................................ 3
AM OPPORTUNITIES ..................................................................................................................................... 4
PROTOTYPING & REDUCING TIME TO MARKET................................................................................................... 4
INNOVATION ................................................................................................................................................ 4
BUSINESS CASE FOR WIDESPREAD APPLICATION ................................................................................................. 5
AM CHALLENGES ........................................................................................................................................... 6
MATERIALS .................................................................................................................................................. 8
STANDARDS.................................................................................................................................................. 9
AM IN THE NATIONAL CONTEXT ................................................................................................................. 10
AGENCY CONVERSATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 10
ACADEMIA ................................................................................................................................................. 13
INTERNATIONAL CONVERSATIONS AND TRENDS ....................................................................................... 14
EUROPE ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
ASIA & AUSTRALIA ...................................................................................................................................... 16
STATE ROADMAPS AND AM CONVERSATION............................................................................................. 16
STATES BEST PRACTICE LESSONS FOR FOSTERING ADVANCED MANUFACTURING ................................................ 17
INDUSTRY CONVERSATION ......................................................................................................................... 21
AEROSPACE & AVIATION .............................................................................................................................. 21
MEDICAL & DENTAL .................................................................................................................................... 22
MANUFACTURING ....................................................................................................................................... 24
TAKEAWAYS & POLICY IMPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................ 25
TABLE OF TABLES
Table 1. State Initiatives .............................................................................................................................. 19
Additive Manufacturing
This report was prepared with financial support from the State of Ohio. All contents of this report reflect the views of the
Grantee and do not reflect the views of ODSA or that of the State of Ohio.
Additive Manufacturing
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Additive manufacturing is known as the third industrial revolution because of its potential to change
the manufacturing market.2 Additive manufacturing (AM) is a manufacturing process where material is
added layer-by-layer to create a product.3 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
International Committee F42 on AM technologies defines AM as the process of joining materials to
make objects from three-dimensional (3D) model data, usually layer by layer, as opposed to subtractive
manufacturing methodologies.4 Traditional manufacturing, a.k.a. subtractive manufacturing, is a
process where parts are made, stamped, or molded from larger pieces of materials.
AM is known in the mainstream media as 3D printing, but in actuality, this designation is a subset of
the AM concept. 5 In all, there are seven types of AM established by ASTM under the Standard
Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies. The seven types of AM and their aliases are: 6
1) Binder jetting (3D printing) AM process where a liquid bonding agent is deposited to join
powdered materials together.
2) Direct energy deposition (direct manufacturing) AM process where thermal energy fuses or
melts materials together as they are added.
3) Material extrusion (fused deposition modeling) AM process that allows for depositing material
via a nozzle.
4) Material jetting - AM process where droplets of material are deposited.
5) Powder bed fusion (laser sintering) AM process where thermal energy fuses or melts material
from a powder bed.
6) Sheet welding (e-beam welding, laminated object manufacturing) - AM process where sheets of
materials are bonded together.
7) Vat photo-polymerization (digital light processing) - AM process where liquid photopolymer in
vat is cured by light.
Huang, Y. & Leu., M.C. (2014, March). Frontiers of Additive Manufacturing Research and Education:
Report of NSF Additive Manufacturing Workshop. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Center for Manufacturing Innovation.
3 Ford, S. (2014, September). Additive Manufacturing Technology: Potential Implications for U.S. Manufacturing
Competitiveness. Journal of International Commerce and Economics.
4 Huang, Y., Leu, M.C.,, Mazmunder, J., & Donmez, A. (2015). Additive Manufacturing: Current Sate, Future Potential, Gaps,
Needs, and Recommendations. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 137, 014001-1-014001-10
5 Webber, C. L., Pena, V., Micali, M. K., Yglasias, E., Rood, S. A., Scott, J. A., & Lal, B. (2013). The Role of the National Science
Foundation in the Origin and Evolution of Additive Manufacturing in the United States. Washington, D.C.: IDA Science and
Technology. IDA Paper P-5091
6 Ibid.
Additive Manufacturing
INDUSTRY TRENDS
Much of the innovation taking place in the AM market is in the private sector, especially regarding
patents.7
Rapid prototyping is the most cited benefit and use of AM, but the applications far exceed this sole
use. A report in 2009 creating a roadmap for the future of AM showed 15 uses, industries, and
applications including: architecture, aeronautical, aerospace, art, automotive, consumer products,
education, electronics, energy, entertainment, medical, nanotechnologies, repair, tooling, and
visualization.8
AM can be useful in remote locations where parts need to be created and access to the site is
difficult to traverse.9
The companies with the largest AM machine sales (in descending order) through 2011 are:10
1. Stratasys (USA)
12. Makerbot (USA
2. Z Corporation (USA)
13. Objet (Israel)
3. Bits from Bytes (UK
14. Solidscape (USA)
4. 3D Systems (USA)
15. Envisiontec (Germany
5. Makerbot (USA
16. EOS (Germany)
6. Objet (Israel)
17. Beijing Yinhua (China)
7. Solidscape (USA)
18. Solido (Israel)
8. Stratasys (USA)
19. DWS (Italy)
9. Z Corporation (USA)
20. DTM (USA)
10. Bits from Bytes (UK
21. Helisys (USA)
11. 3D Systems (USA)
Webber, C. L., Pena, V., Micali, M. K., Yglasias, E., Rood, S. A., Scott, J. A., & Lal, B. (2013). The Role of the National Science
Foundation in the Origin and Evolution of Additive Manufacturing in the United States. Washington, D.C.: IDA Science and
Technology. IDA Paper P-5091
8 Bourell, D. L., Leu, M. C., Rosen, D. W. (2009). Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing Identifying the Future of Freeform
Processing. Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin
9 Solid Print: Making Things with a 3D Printer Changes the Rules of Manufacturing. (2012, April). The Economist.
www.economist.com/node/21552892
10 Ibid.
11 Bourell, D. L., Leu, M. C., Rosen, D. W. (2009). Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing Identifying the Future of Freeform
Processing. Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin
Additive Manufacturing
Much of what is reported in the 2009 report laid the groundwork for the broader conversation within
the engineering and AM community. The issues listed above are addressed in many different ways in
this literature review. The legacy and integrity of the 2009 roadmap shows the strength of the
document, as well as the persistent problems that are still prominent years later.
AM OPPORTUNITIES
Overall, studies cite three major benefits and opportunities that AM can provide:
1. Prototyping and reduced time to market
2. Innovation
3. Business case for widespread application
AM has been a game changer for rapid prototyping. AM allows companies to change design on the
fly in a just a few hours, as opposed to the traditional method of creating a prototype from wood or
metal from machine shops.12
AM can contribute to entrepreneurial success because entrepreneurs can have a low cost
mechanism to produce a prototype.13
Rapid prototyping is the vast majority of 3D printing users.14
INNOVATION
AM spurs innovation because it allows users to manufacture complex structures quickly and
efficiently.15
There is conjecture that 4D printers are being built to incorporate shape memory fibers into inks
to create different forms.16
Price Waterhouse Cooper (PWC) has conducted a survey of manufacturers that shows small firms
are keeping pace with large firms in the adoption of 3D printing.17
Conversation has begun about how universities and industry can collaborate on this technology
through technology transfer, but collaboration seems to be limited to federally funded programs
(i.e. SBIR/STTR, NSF).18
There is significant amount of funding in AM. Grants can be provided under:
o SBIR/STTR
o Federal Agencies: NSF, DoD, DOE
o Center for Aerospace Manufacturing Technologies (CAMT)
o National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute (NAMII)
12
Bradshaw, B. (2011, May 1). 3-D Printing Provides New Options for Prototyping, Moldmaking. Moldmaking Technology.
Retrieved March 30, 2015 from http://www.moldmakingtechnology.com/articles/3-d-printing-provides-new-options-forprototyping-moldmaking
13 A Spin on Additive Manufacturing. (2013, September 17) Modern Machine Shop. Retrieved March 10, 2015 from
http://www.mmsonline.com/articles/a-spin-on-additive-manufacturing
14 Price Waterhouse Cooper (2014). 3D Printing and the New Shape of Industrial Manufacturing.
15 Huang, Y., Leu, M.C.,, Mazmunder, J., & Donmez, A. (2015). Additive Manufacturing: Current Sate, Future Potential, Gaps,
Needs, and Recommendations. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 137, 014001-1-014001-10
16 Price Waterhouse Cooper (2014). 3D Printing and the New Shape of Industrial Manufacturing.
17 Ibid.
18 Huang, Y. & Leu., M.C. (2014, March). Frontiers of Additive Manufacturing Research and Education. Gainesville, FL: University
of Florida Center for Manufacturing Innovation
Additive Manufacturing
There is a significant amount of academic literature of the cost savings attributed to AM. An
excellent review of this literature can be found in Thomas and Gilbert (2014).19
o It is more cost effective to use AM built aerospace parts.20
o AM of metal parts, combined with part redesign, can show significant cost savings.21
o The field is starting to consider the implication of electricity consumption in AM production
as a component of the cost savings. 22,23
A 2013 article by Huang, Liu, Mokasdar, and Hou examined the societal impact of AM. The positive
impacts of AM included: customizable healthcare products, reduced environmental impact (reduced
energy use and reduced material use), simplified supply-chain. The authors call for more research
on the cost savings due to energy reduction since this is a major cost for manufactures.24
As manufactures can create products on demand with AM, the amount of inventory they need to
keep on hand decreases. Inventory decreases come from the ability to manufacture needed parts
on demand. Inventory costs are a significant portion of manufacturers costs. Moreover, in
traditional manufacturing if a manufacturer does not have a part in inventory, they have to order
the part and this can delay production. AM can reduce these issues and costs.25, 26
Business cost savings can be achieved using AM because it can reduce the amount of transportation
of parts with traditional manufacturing.27
As the technology improves, the quality of AM machines will increase, while the cost will go down.28
AM equipment has followed the digital technology progress model in which more capable and
cheaper machines are introduced each year, following Moores Law.29,30
19
Thomas, D. S., Gilbert, S. W. (2014, December). Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Additive Manufacturing: A Literature Review
and Discussion. NIST Special Publication 1176. Retrieved on March 31, 2015 from http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1176
20 Allen, J. (2006). An Investigation into the Comparative Costs of Additive Manufacture vs. Machine from Solid for Aero Engine
Parts. In Cost Effective Manufacture via Net-Shape Processing, 17-1 17-10. Meeting Proceedings RTO-MP-AVT-139. Paper 17.
DTIC Document.
21 Atzeni, E. & Salmi, A. (2012). Economics of Additive Manufacturing for End-Usable Metal Parts. The International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology 62 (9-12): 114755.
22 Baumers, M., C. Tuck, R. Hague, I. Ashcroft, and R. Wildman. 2010. A Comparative Study of Metallic Additive Manufacturing
Power Consumption. In 21st Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication SymposiumAn Additive Manufacturing
Conference, Austin/TX/USA, 9th11th August. Austin, TX.
23 Baumers, M., C. Tuck, R. Wildman, I. Ashcroft, and R. Hague. 2011. Energy Inputs to Additive Manufacturing: Does Capacity
Utilization Matter? In 22nd Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication SymposiumAn Additive Manufacturing
Conference, Austin/TX/USA, 8th10th August.
24 Huang, S., Liu, P., Mokasdar, A., & Hou, L. (2013). Additive Manufacturing and its Societal Impact: a Literature Review. The
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 67 (5-8), 1191-1203.
25 Walter, M., Holmstrom, J., Yrjola, H., (2004). Rapid manufacturing and its Impact on Supply Chain Management. Logistics
Research Network Annual Conference, September 9-10, 2004, Dublin, Ireland
26 Piazza, M.C., Hill, E. & Schnoke, M. (2014). Machining Industry: Survey & Focus Groups. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland State
University.
27 Thomas, D. S., Gilbert, S. W. (2014, December). Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Additive Manufacturing: A Literature Review
and Discussion. NIST Special Publication 1176. Retrieved on March 31, 2015 from http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1176
28 Dollar, A. M. (n.d.) Additive Manufacturing: State of the Art and Practical Design Notes. New Haven, CT: Yale University
29 Khajavi, S. H., Partanen, J., & Holmstrom, J. (2013). Additive Manufacturing in the Spare Parts Supply Chain. Computers in
Industry. In Press. Retrieved March 10, 2015 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2013.07.008
30 Mack, C. (2015, March 30). The Multiple Lives of Moores Law. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved March 30, 2015 from
http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/processors/the-multiple-lives-of-moores-law
Additive Manufacturing
New Markets
There is significant discussion about technology advancements and innovation that takes place with
AM, but little discussion on potential businesses and profits that can be made from this technology.
It is estimated that there are seven areas of revenue streams from this technology:31
1. System creating standard and customized AM systems
2. Services maintaining AM systems, parts, and consumables
3. Licenses Licensing technology to other parties
4. Training and Seminars training and seminars on AM technology, design, and use
5. Powder sales of metal powder (some AM processes require material in powder form)
6. Application Design support in developing applications, and consulting on readiness
7. Software add-on and process software
Currently, metal powders, used in AM, are up to 30 times more expensive than their bulk
counterparts; as the volume demand for metal powder increases, the price will decrease.32 It is
estimated that over the next few years the rate and speed of building products will increase while
powder rates will decrease.33
Some researchers have suggested that examining how AM can fit into the lifecycle costs of
components and create cost advantages is the best way to sell the technology.34
AM is also starting to be used in the consumer market. Products such as home electronics,
entertainment components, computer and mobile device parts, shoes and fashion accessories, and
customizable consumer products can use AM to create intricate designs or make it customizable.35
AM CHALLENGES
AM is considered an exciting technology within manufacturing and receives attention in the popular
press, but many wonder if the technology can cross the chasm and become adopted in all industries.36
The AM value chain can be described in five areas: 1) materials, 2) systems, 3) software, 4) application of
design, and 5) production.37 Although all of these areas help in the creation and functioning of AM
technologies, the market is fragmented with only a few key players in each area.38 Moreover, overall
market penetration of AM is not very large (only about 1%) and the companys size limit investment in
R&D indicates that one player cannot be active in all areas (Services, Licenses, Training and Seminars,
Powder, Application Design, and Software).39
31 Berger,
R. (2013, November). Additive Manufacturing: A Game Changer for the Manufacturing Industry? Presentation in
Munich, Germany.
32 Price Waterhouse Cooper. (2013). 3D Printing: A Potential Game Changer for Aerospace and Defense. Gaining Altitude, 7.
Retrieved on March 12, 2015 from www.pwc.com/us/gainingaltitude
33 Berger, R. (2013, November). Additive Manufacturing: A Game Changer for the Manufacturing Industry? Presentation in
Munich, Germany.
34 Lindemann, C., Jahnke, U., Moi, M., & Koch, R. (2012). Analyzing Product Lifecycle Costs for a Better Understanding of Cost
Drivers in Additive Manufacturing. Paderborn, Germany: Direct Manufacturing Research Center (DMRC), University of
Paderborn.
35 Kendrick, A. (n.d.) 3D Printing: The Next Industrial Revolution? Tolland, CT: Nerac Inc.
36 Price Waterhouse Cooper. (2013). 3D Printing: A Potential Game Changer for Aerospace and Defense. Gaining Altitude. Issue
7. Retrieved on March 12, 2015 from www.pwc.com/us/gainingaltitude
37 Berger, R. (2013, November). Additive Manufacturing: A Game Changer for the Manufacturing Industry? Presentation in
Munich, Germany.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
Additive Manufacturing
40
Energetics Inc. (2013). Measurement Science Roadmap for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing: Workshop Summary Report.
National Institute of Standards and Technology.
41 Openshaw, E. & Cotteleer, M. (2014, June 24). 3D Printing: A Powerful Technology, but No Panacea. Financial Times.
42 Huang, Y., Leu, M.C.,, Mazmunder, J., & Donmez, A. (2015). Additive Manufacturing: Current Sate, Future Potential, Gaps,
Needs, and Recommendations. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 137, 014001-1-014001-10
43 Price Waterhouse Cooper (2014). 3D Printing and the New Shape of Industrial Manufacturing.
44 Gartner: 3D printing to result in $100 billion IP losses per year. (2013, October 14). Retrieved March 26, 2015 from
http://www.3ders.org/articles/20131014-gartner-3d-printing-to-result-in-100-billion-ip-losses-per-year.html
45 Price Waterhouse Cooper. (2013). 3D Printing: A Potential Game Changer for Aerospace and Defense. Gaining Altitude, 7.
Retrieved on March 12, 2015 from www.pwc.com/us/gainingaltitude
Additive Manufacturing
MATERIALS
One of the biggest challenges to widespread adoption of AM is the small amount of materials
(e.g., polymers, metals, and ceramics) that can be used to fabricate items.46
Every year new materials are advanced in AM, resulting in better microstructures, and enhanced
material tolerability.47
The types of materials used in AM (for more technical information (see Guo & Leu (2013):
o Polymers are the most widely used material in AM. Most notably, nylon is the most widely
used polymer because it melts and bonds better than other polymers.48
o Metal products can be formed in a direct way by melting metal particles together or an
indirect way by bonding the metal with post-processing. There are many ways and AM
methods to form metals through the indirect or direct way.49
o Ceramics are used in AM processing because of their chemical structures and resistance to
high temperatures. Unfortunately, these materials can be brittle making them difficult to
manufacture especially if complex geometries are involved. Examples of ceramics include,
alumina, silica and zirconia. Ceramics can be produced through indirect or direct process.50
o Composites are, as their name suggests, materials that are combinations of two or more
materials, either naturally (in nature) or engineered. Composites can be mixed uniformly or
non-uniformly to make different compounds.51
o Functionally graded materials can be created through AM processing. Guo & Leu (2013)
show that, One example is a pulley that contains more carbide near the hub and rim to
make it harder and more wear resistant, and less carbide in other areas to increase
compliance. (p. 224)52
To better understand and use advanced materials in AM processes, it is suggested that research
in the following areas be conducted:53
o Understand the basic physics and chemistry of AM processes
o Develop processes based on scalable material methods
o Develop machine modules that can be reconfigured
o Investigate why some materials can be used in AM and others cannot
o Develop better tools for micro- and nano- AM to build items atom by atom
o Develop sustainable materials
Other challenges in AM include understanding the fundamentals of materials, processes, and
applications. For example, some scientists are grappling with the physics behind AM, while
others question why certain materials can be used in AM and not others.54
46
Guo, N. & Leu, M.C. (2013). Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs. Frontiers in Mechanical
Engineering. 8(3), 215-243.
47 Aliakbari, M. (2012). Additive Manufacturing: State-of-the-Art, Capabilities, and Sample Applications with Cost Analysis.
Masters Thesis: KTH, Sweden
48 Guo, N. & Leu, M.C. (2013). Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs. Frontiers in Mechanical
Engineering. 8(3), 215-243.
49 Ibid
50 Guo, N. & Leu, M.C. (2013). Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs. Frontiers in Mechanical
Engineering. 8(3), 215-243.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Bourell, D.L., Beaman, J.J., Leu, M.C., & Rosen, D.W. (2009). A Brief History of Additive Manufacturing and the 2009 Roadmap
for Additive Manufacturing: Looking Back and Looking Ahead. US-Turkey Workshop On Rapid Technologies, September 24 24,
2009
Additive Manufacturing
o
o
STANDARDS
With this emerging technology, there is significant demand in the literature for standards to be set for
AM. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is involved in the conversation about
developing standards in AM. In late 2012, the NIST held a Roadmap Workshop on Measurement Science
for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing. At this workshop, attendees identified four technology and
measurement challenges for AM:57
1. Materials
Limited understanding of post-processing
Lack of monitoring for measurement of materials performance
Lack of materials standards
Future/Desired Capabilities:
o AM Process Technology
o Production Speed and Scale
o Product Quality
o Standards and Protocols
o Process Measurement, Monitoring, and Control
o Process Models
o Knowledge and Data
2. Process and Equipment
Industry monitor advances in material density and consistency58
Improve the accuracy and repeatability
Data for feedback systems
Future/Desired Capabilities:
o Qualification and Certification Methods
o Standards and Protocols
o Reliability and Repeatability
o Data
3. Qualification and Certification
Create a database for public access to common alloy specifications for AM processes
4. Modeling and Simulation
Future/Desired Capabilities:
o Process and Materials Models
o Model Inputs
o Standards and Metrics to Support Modeling
o Model Accessibility/Usability
55
Huang, Y., Leu, M.C.,, Mazmunder, J., & Donmez, A. (2015). Additive Manufacturing: Current Sate, Future Potential, Gaps,
Needs, and Recommendations. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 137, 014001-1-014001-10
56 Energetics Inc. (2013, May). Measurement Science Roadmap for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing. Prepared for the
National Institute of Standards and Technology.
57 Ibid.
58 Price Waterhouse Cooper. (2013). 3D Printing: A Potential Game Changer for Aerospace and Defense. Gaining Altitude, 7.
Retrieved on March 12, 2015 from www.pwc.com/us/gainingaltitude
Additive Manufacturing
Moreover, improved standards must be established in AM and CAD/CAM industries. There are few
tools available to track and evaluate AM equipment. This presents an opportunity for OEMs or
third-parties to develop equipment monitoring systems.59
59
Additive Manufacturing in Aerospace: Strategic Implications. (2014, August). Charlottesville, VA: Smarttech Markets
Publishing.
60 Huang, Y., Leu, M.C.,, Mazmunder, J., & Donmez, A. (2015). Additive Manufacturing: Current Sate, Future Potential, Gaps,
Needs, and Recommendations. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 137, 014001-1-014001-10
61 Guo, N. & Leu, M.C. (2013). Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs. Frontiers in Mechanical
Engineering. 8(3), 215-243.
62 Advanced Manufacturing National Program Office. (2015). NNMI: Snapshot. Retrieved on March 30, 2015 from
http://manufacturing.gov/nnmi.html
63 The White House. (2013, July 30). Fact Sheet: A Better Bargain for the Middle Class: Jobs. Retrieved on March 30, 2015 from
https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/30/fact-sheet-better-bargain-middle-class-jobs
10
Additive Manufacturing
America Makes
America Makes, formerly known as National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute (NAMII)
was founded in 2012 and is a public-private partnership with the goal of growing U.S. strength in
AM. America Makes is based in Youngstown, Ohio.64
America Makes seeks to accelerate the adoption of AM and 3D printing, and has described five
reasons for the use of AM and 3D printing: shorter lead times, customization of products, energy
reduction, product parts on demand, and enabled complexity of products.65
America Makes was launched with $90 million in funding, $30 million from the federal government
and the remainder from industry sources.66
Department of Defense
Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Lockheed Martin are using AM to reduce the cost and scrap in
the production of aerospace components. They have been using electron beam melting to produce
complex aerospace parts, such as the Bleed Air Leak Detect (BALD) bracket used in the hot side of
the engine on Lockheed Martins Joint Strike Fighter.67
The Navy conducted a workshop in 2010 on the direct manufacturing of metallic components. The
workshop participants designed a roadmap for short-term and long-term goals toward achieving AM
success.68
PWC evaluated the adoption of 3D printing in the aerospace and defense industry. They estimated
the current and future capacity of the technology:69
o Currently: prototypes, test units, and space craft parts are manufactured by the dozens in
days
o In 3 to 5 years: military aircraft parts, aircraft engine parts, commercial aircraft parts, and
complex weapons systems will be manufactured a hundred each hour.
o In 5 to 10+ years: munitions components and high-volume weapons parts will be
manufactured a thousand each minute.
There are a variety of projects that AM can be used for in the aerospace and defense industry:
o Tooling U.S. Navy and Marine readiness carriers use AM for tooling to make one-off
repairs for damaged vehicles.70
o Jigs, fixtures, and surrogates71
o Production of parts of commercial and military equipment72
64
About America Makes. (n.d.). America Makes. Retrieved on March 31, 2015 from https://americamakes.us/about/overview
Anderson, G. (2014, January 14) Interview with Rob Gorham, America Makes Deputy Director of Technology Development.
3dprintingstocks.com Retrieved on March 10, 2015 from https://3dprintingstocks.com/interview-rob-gorham-america-makesdeputy-director-technology-development/
66 Ford, S. (2014, March). Additive Manufacturing Technology: Potential Implications for U.S. Manufacturing Competitiveness.
Journal of International Commerce and Economics.
67 Dehoff, C., Duty, C., Peter, W., Yamamoto, Y., Chen, W., Blue, C., & Tallman, C. (2013, March). Case Study: Additive
Manufacturing of Aerospace Brackets. Advanced Materials & Process.
68 Frazier, W. E. (2010). Direct Digital Manufacturing of Metallic Components: Vision and Roadmap. Retrieved on March 17,
2015 from sffsymposium.engr.utexas.edu/Manuscripts/2010/2010-60-Frazier.pdf
69 Price Waterhouse Cooper. (2013). 3D Printing: A Potential Game Changer for Aerospace and Defense. Gaining Altitude, 7.
Retrieved on March 12, 2015 from www.pwc.com/us/gainingaltitude
70 Schultz, M. M. (2012). Constant Improvement: Jeff DeGrange on the State of Additive Manufacturing for Aerospace. Eden
Prairie, MN: Stratasys Inc.
71 Hiemenz, J. (2014). Additive Manufacturing Trends in Aerospace. Eden Prairie, MN: Stratasys
72 Ibid.
65
11
Additive Manufacturing
Components suitable for AM: airfoils, rakes, guide vanes, impellers, and turbine
blades73
Unmanned aerial systems these are complex systems where design integration is
key; this allows for production and integration at a later date.74
Department of Energy
The U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office produced a
report in 2012 that looked to the future of AM. In all they found five advantages of AM:75
1. Lower energy intensity saves energy because it removes production steps, enables reuse, and
produces lighter products
2. Less waste reduces material waste
3. Reduced time to market
4. Innovation eliminates traditional manufacturing design restrictions
5. Agility rapid response
The DoEs Advanced Manufacturing Office works with industry, small businesses, and stakeholders
to identify and invest in additive manufacturing technologies.76
The DoE has initiatives to increase energy efficiency in manufacturing. AM is a key component to
these goals. DoEs Oak Ridge National Laboratory (TN) is collaborating with Cincinnati Inc., a buildto-order machine tool manufacturer, to develop large-scale polymer AM machines.77
DoE also created the Advanced Manufacturing Workforce Development Program with the intent of
supplying more workers trained in AM.78
NASA
Most initiatives started by NASA have been jointly studied with the DoD. In addition, these studies
are discussed in the Aerospace & Aviation section of this literature review.
NASA and the U.S. Air Force contracted the National Academy of Sciences to investigate AM and its
applications in space. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, located in Dayton, Ohio, was a contributing
member to the book 3D Printing in Space.79 Overall, this study gleaned several ideas that can be
transferred to all of AM.
o AM is very interesting for NASA since it has to transport all materials to-and-from space. Ideally,
this agency would like to use AM to build a part using AM and recycle it into another part when
it broke or needed fixing.80
o Using AM in a gravity-free environment may yield noteworthy results wherein a printer can
work at one end of a part, while another printer constructs the other end.81
73
Smartech. (2014, August). Additive Manufacturing in Aerospace: Strategic Implications. Charlottesville, VA: Smartech Markets
Publishing.
74 Schultz, M. M. (2012). Constant Improvement: Jeff DeGrange on the State of Additive Manufacturing for Aerospace. Eden
Prairie, MN: Stratasys Inc.
75 U.S. Department of Energy. (2012, August). Additive Manufacturing: Pursuing the Promise. www.manufacturing.energy.gov
76 Ford, S. (2014, March). Additive Manufacturing Technology: Potential Implications for U.S. Manufacturing Competitiveness.
Journal of International Commerce and Economics.
77 Oak Ridge National Laboratory. (2014). ORNL, Cincinnati Partner to Develop Commercial Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing
System. http://www.ornl.gov/ornl/news/news-releases/2014/ornl-cincinnati-partner-to-develop-commercial-large-scaleadditive-manufacturing-system-78 U.S. Department of Energy. (2014). Advanced Manufacturing Workforce Development (AMWD) Program.
http://www.orau.org/amwd/
79 National Academy of Sciences. (2014). 3D Printing in Space. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid.
12
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NASA is planning to use 3D printing to manufacture rocket engine parts. Moreover, NASA reports
that many of their contractors are starting to implement 3D manufacturing in their plants. This
helps in overcoming the AM adoption hurdle.82
ACADEMIA
82
Greenemeir, L. (2012, November 9). NASA Plans for 3-D Printing Rocket Engine Parts Could Boost Larger Manufacturing Trend
[Video]. Scientific American. Retrieved on March 30, 2015 from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasa-3-d-printingsls-rocket-engine/
83 Webber, C. L., Pena, V., Micali, M. K., Yglasias, E., Rood, S. A., Scott, J. A., & Lal, B. (2013). The Role of the National Science
Foundation in the Origin and Evolution of Additive Manufacturing in the United States. Washington, D.C.: IDA Science and
Technology. IDA Paper P-5091
84 National Science Foundation. (n.d.). Rapid Prototyping. Retrieved March 31, 2015 from
https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/manufacturing/rapid.htm
85 Bourell, D. (n.d.) Roadmaps for Additive Manufacturing Past, Present, Future.
86 Poitras, C., & Reyes, A. (2013, April 5) Pratt & Whitney Additive Manufacturing Innovation Center Opens at UConn. UConn
Today. Retrieved March 31, 2015 from http://today.uconn.edu/blog/2013/04/pratt-whitney-additive-manufacturinginnovation-center-opens-at-uconn/
87 Carnegie Mellon Receives First Round of Funding To Improve Tools for Additive Manufacturing. (2013). Media: Featured
Stories. Retrieved March 31, 2015 from http://engineering.cmu.edu/media/feature/2013/04_15_namii.html
88 Aderholt, M. (2014, February 3). Youngstown State University Opens Center for Innovation in Additive Manufacturing. 3D
Printing & 3D Printing News. Retrieved March 31, 2015 from http://3dprint.com/606/youngstown-state-university-openscenter-for-innovation-in-additive-manufacturing/
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o University of Louisville89
o Case Western Reserve University90
There are industry and academia collaborations concerning:91
o AM Parts
Non-flight critical/flight critical parts
AM enabled designs
Alternative materials
Meta-materials
Complex engine components
o Rapid Qualification/Certification
AM material & process standards
Process models, controls,& sensors,
Process-microstructure-property data generation / management
o Digital Thread
3D/MBE/PLM and AM requirements
Configuration management
Security
o Business and Acquisition
Strategies to help suppliers purchase AM technology
Data rights and IP
Cost modeling
89
Additive Manufacture & Rapid Prototyping (n.d.) University of Louisville. Retrieved March 31, 2015 from
http://louisville.edu/speed/rpc/equipment-and-facilities/additive-manufacture-rapid-prototyping.html
90 CWRU part of $70 million public and private initiative to grow, improve manufacturing. (n.d.) Case Western Reserve
University, Case School of Engineering. Retrieved March 31, 2015 from http://engineering.case.edu/additive-manufacturing
91McMichael, E. (2014, July 24). Additive Manufacturing Roadmap and Key Initiatives. Naval Air Systems Command, Presented
at NAVAIR AM Industry Day
92 World Economic Forum. (2012). The Future of Manufacturing: Opportunities to Drive Economic Growth.
14
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leader, while others suggest the opposite; allegiance seems to be dependent upon the studys
country of origin.93
Demand - The demand for 3D printers will be driven by prototyping and direct manufacturing.
o It is reported that worldwide demand for 3D printers is expected to rise 21% annually
through 2017.94
o It is estimated that the 3D printer market will hit $6 billion in 2017, up from $2.2 billion in
2012.95
o A survey of 100 manufacturers by Price Waterhouse Cooper revealed that 2/3 of
manufacturers are currently implementing 3D printing in some way, while 1/4 reported they
plan to adopt the technology in the future.96
EUROPE
There are disparate reports as to Europes innovation in the AM market.
U.S. reports show that AM is dominated by U.S. firms accounting for 70% of sales of professionalgrade machines. Reports also indicate that European funding has been limited to encouraging
applications rather than fostering innovation.97
The Direct Manufacturing Research Center at the University of Paderborn in Germany described an
AM environment in Europe that is extensive and innovative, similar to the way U.S. literature
characterizes the AM environment in the United States.
European countries, especially Germany where a significant amount of manufacturing takes place,
have looked to establish their own roadmaps as to what AM will look like for the future of Europe.98
The Royal Academy of Engineering in London suggested five ways to foster AM in the future:99
1. Increase media attention Constant media exposure drives interest in the topic, especially
among investors and inventors. They estimate that over 16,000 articles were published on 3D
printing in 2012, up from 1,600 in 2011.
2. Foster UK innovation
3. Stimulate R&D through competitions more competitions can create innovation
4. Create AM clusters creating AM industrial clusters will foster the sharing of ideas
5. Find Entrepreneurs attracting or highlighting bold mavericks to the industry
93
Berger, R. (2013, November). Additive Manufacturing: A Game Changer for the Manufacturing Industry? Presentation in
Munich, Germany.
94 Freedonia Group. (2013, December). World 3D Printing. Cleveland, OH: Freedonia Group. Retrieved on March 10, 2015 from
http://www.freedoniagroup.com/inthenews/641440/world-3d-printing-additive-manufacturing.htm
95 Price Waterhouse Cooper (2014). 3D Printing and the New Shape of Industrial Manufacturing.
96 Ibid.
97 Webber, C. L., Pena, V., Micali, M. K., Yglasias, E., Rood, S. A., Scott, J. A., & Lal, B. (2013). The Role of the National Science
Foundation in the Origin and Evolution of Additive Manufacturing in the United States. Washington, D.C.: IDA Science and
Technology. IDA Paper P-5091
98 Direct Manufacturing Research Center (2011). Thinking ahead the Future of Additive Manufacturing - Analysis of Promising
Industries. Paderborn, Germany: University of Paderborn.
99 Royal Academy of Engineering. (2013 May). Additive manufacturing: Opportunities and Constraints. London: Royal Academy
of Engineering.
15
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China has been investing in AM since the early 1990s, and the Chinese government pledged 1.5
billion yuan ($245 million) to a 7-year project to advance the technology.100
Chinese businesses are eager to explore and adopt the technology.101
The Asian Manufacturing Association, a Chinese-funded trade group, is creating 10 innovation
institutes with an initial investment of $3.3 million.102
In Singapore, the government has dedicated funding to programs to help explore AM.103
Australia is an interesting position regarding AM since the country is the worlds largest producer of
mineral sands and titanium. This country is looking to see how their role in the AM supply-chain will
increase their competitive advantage.104
Establishing New Programs: Connecticut has recently launched an innovation voucher program
that helps connect small and medium-sized companies to other partners and universities and
encourages them to undertake R&D and innovation activities.106
100
Ford, S. (2014, March). Additive Manufacturing Technology: Potential Implications for U.S. Manufacturing Competitiveness.
Journal of International Commerce and Economics.
101 Ibid.
102 Ibid.
103 Ibid.
104 Wohlers Associates (2011). Additive Manufacturing: Technology Roadmap for Australia.
105 Making our future: What states are doing to encourage growth in manufacturing through innovation, entrepreneurship, and
investment. (2013, January 1). Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://www.coecon.com/assets/ngamanufacturing.pdf
106 Ibid.
16
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CAMAs Program of Work. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://coloradomanufacturing.org/
Recommendations to encourage growth in Pennsylvanias manufacturing sector. (2012, January 1). Retrieved March 30,
2015, from http://teampa.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/GMAC_FinalReportRecommendations1.pdf
109 Making our future: What states are doing to encourage growth in manufacturing through innovation, entrepreneurship, and
investment. (2013, January 1). Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://www.coecon.com/assets/ngamanufacturing.pdf
110 Manufacturing Caucus Created in Connecticut Legislature. (2012, May 1). Retrieved March 30, 2015, from
http://gov.cbia.com/issues_policies/article/manufacturing-caucus-created-in-legislature
111 Advanced Manufacturing Futures Program. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://www.massdevelopment.com/realestate-development/rfps-rfqs/more-info/advanced-manufacturing-futures-program/
112 http://www.mass.gov/hed/docs/eohed/building-bridges-to-growth.pdf
113 Making our future: What states are doing to encourage growth in manufacturing through innovation, entrepreneurship, and
investment. (2013, January 1). Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://www.coecon.com/assets/ngamanufacturing.pdf
108
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Recognizing that due to important developments already in process, the most immediate benefits
can be gained by assembling, refining, organizing, linking or replicating, and scaling up those
resources to manufacturers;
Identifying and closing the gaps in the services, and supporting infrastructure and manufacturers
needs. The voids in supporting infrastructure can typically be due to lack of necessary services or
supporting mechanisms or a mismatch between the scale and/or quality of the supporting
infrastructure and needs of advanced manufacturers;
Designating an intermediary, valued by all relevant stakeholders (particularly industry), is essential
not only for the design of an effective policy framework but also for ensuring lasting support for
additive manufacturing and other advanced manufacturing as a high priority in the states policy
agenda;
Understanding the traits and mechanisms between state policy and regional action;
Taking action to assemble immediate investments and mobilizing support for the future;
Recognizing the first-mover advantage in securing some early achievements and building the
momentum to benefit advanced manufacturers; and
Realizing that traditional metrics should be updated for advanced manufacturing. More
specifically, the states need to develop new metrics to capture manufacturing as a driver of
innovation, productivity, and competitiveness rather than a mere job-generating source.114
Table 1 compares and contrasts state initiatives and their strategy development approach.
114
Making our future: What states are doing to encourage growth in manufacturing through innovation, entrepreneurship, and
investment. (2013, January 1). Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://www.coecon.com/assets/ngamanufacturing.pdf
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California
Colorado
Connecticut
Approach to
Strategy/Roadmap
Development
Strategies/Areas of Focus
Build Institutions
and networks to
Promote
Technology
Transfer and Joint
Problem Solving
Regional, bottom-up
process, involving a series
of meetings of local public
and private stakeholders
Regional, bottom-up
process, involving a series
of meetings of local public
and private stakeholders
Address Gaps in
Access to Capital
and Create a
Suitable
Environment for
Innovation,
Commercialization,
and Business
Expansion
Assistance
to Expand
into New
Markets
Workforce
Development
Talent
Attraction,
and Education
Identify
and
Support
SMEs
19
Additive Manufacturing
Illinois
Massachusetts
New York
Pennsylvania
Approach to
Strategy/Roadmap
Development
Statewide public-private
network coordinating
resources and investments
Strategies/Areas of Focus
Build Institutions
and networks to
Promote
Technology
Transfer and Joint
Problem Solving
Address Gaps in
Access to Capital
and Create a
Suitable
Environment for
Innovation,
Commercialization,
and Business
Expansion
Assistance
to Expand
into New
Markets
Workforce
Development
Talent
Attraction,
and Education
Identify
and
Support
SMEs
20
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INDUSTRY CONVERSATION
Many industries are taking the lead in additive manufacturing, such as the automotive, aerospace,
biomedical, energy industries, and those involved in manufacturing consumer goods; this list is expected
to grow as the technology progresses.115 It is estimated that adoption of 3D printing in industry will be
focused in the short-term on aerospace and medical devices for their low-volume designs and small
batch production.116 In the long-term, 3D printing can move into automotive manufacturing to aid in
producing higher-end/low-volume parts, as well as after-market goods that can also benefit from aftermarket goods, such as white-goods, and appliances.117
Huang, Y., Leu, M.C.,, Mazmunder, J., & Donmez, A. (2015). Additive Manufacturing: Current Sate, Future Potential, Gaps,
Needs, and Recommendations. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 137, 014001-1-014001-10
116 Price Waterhouse Cooper (2014). 3D Printing and the New Shape of Industrial Manufacturing.
117 Ibid.
118 Kendrick, A. (n.d.) 3D Printing: The Next Industrial Revolution? Tolland, CT: Nerac Inc.
119 Note: Based upon the Centers research in AM, Wohler Associates reports are the most quoted reference by far. Wohlers
participates in many of the road mapping projects and produces the only industry projections (for a large fee) in AM.
120 Kendrick, A. (n.d.) 3D Printing: The Next Industrial Revolution? Tolland, CT: Nerac Inc.
121 Price Waterhouse Cooper (2014). 3D Printing and the New Shape of Industrial Manufacturing.
122 Solid Print: Making Things with a 3D Printer Changes the Rules of Manufacturing. (2012 April 21). The Economist
www.economist.com/node/21552892
123 Berger, R. (2013, November). Additive Manufacturing: A Game Changer for the Manufacturing Industry? Presentation in
Munich, Germany.
124 Bourell, D. L., Leu, M. C., Rosen, D. W. (2009). Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing Identifying the Future of Freeform
Processing. Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin
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helicopters cost $2,000 using a CNC machine with a 45 day lead-time but using AM, this is cut down
to $412 with a 2 day lead-time.125
Spare-parts industry Researchers from the department of engineering at the Aalto University in
Finland investigated the use of AM for the spare parts industry, using the aeronautics supply-chain
of the F-18 Super Hornet fighter jet. The researchers investigated four scenarios of the supply-chain
based upon AM machining technology and the supply-chain configuration. The authors find that AM
machine price and personnel costs are the biggest obstacle to a diffused deployment of AM in the
spare parts supply-chain. However, with the projected decrease in costs for the materials and
machine acquisition associated with the technology overall costs will decrease as well. .126
Some companies are exploring the use of AM in aerospace127: (* represents companies located in Ohio)
Boeing* - fabricating plastic interior parts out of Ultem and nylon for prototypes and test evaluation
units; fabricating tools for making composite parts.128
Airbus 90 separate cases where AM could be applied
Lockheed Martin*
Honeywell*
Pratt & Whitney investing $8 million in an AM lab with the University of Connecticut.129
General Electric*- expecting to manufacture up to 100,000 parts with AM by 2020; also announced
a $50 million investment in a 3D printing facility in Auburn, Alabama, to make aircraft parts.130
125 Stratasys. (2013). Winging It: Additive Manufacturing Reduces Tooling Cost and Lead Time to Produce Composite Aerospace
Parts.
126 Khajavi, S. H., Partanen, J., & Holmstrom, J. (2013). Additive manufacturing in the spare parts supply chain. Computers in
Industry. In Press. Retrieved March 10, 2015 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2013.07.008
127 Ibid.
128 Price Waterhouse Cooper. (2013). 3D Printing: A Potential Game Changer for Aerospace and Defense. Gaining Altitude, 7.
Retrieved on March 12, 2015 from www.pwc.com/us/gainingaltitude
129 Staff. (2013, April 4) Pratt to Provide $8M for UConn Manufacturing Center. Hartford Business Journal. Retrieved on March
30, 2015 from http://www.hartfordbusiness.com/article/20130404/NEWS01/130409900/pratt-to-provide-8m-for-uconnmanufacturing-center
130 Kent-Azok, D. (2014, July 15) GE Aviation plans $50 million 3-D printing facility in Auburn to make jet engine parts. Al.com
retrieved on March 30, 2015 from http://www.al.com/business/index.ssf/2014/07/ge_aviation_plans_50_million_a.html
131 Aliakbari, M. (2012). Additive Manufacturing: State-of-the-Art, Capabilities, and Sample Applications with Cost Analysis.
Masters Thesis: KTH, Sweden
132 Centre for Process Innovation. (2014, January 30). Additive Manufacturing for Medical Applications. http://www.ukcpi.com/case-studies/additive-manufacturing-for-medical-applications/
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Using AM by electron beam melting (EBM) has the potential to produce complicated metal implants
from software models and CT scan data. The researchers include dental implants, face implants,
and orthopedic implants.133
Additional success creating knee and hip implants using AM EBM.134
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the agency in charge of medical device approval, held a
workshop in October 2014 on AM of medical devices.136 This workshop was geared to address
questions surrounding the technical considerations of AM of medical devices.
Researchers understand the importance of working with the FDA on these products since the FDA
plays a large regulatory role in this area. One article advised that it is important to peruse
development of tissue constructs or matrices in a way that is acceptable to the FDA to translate it to
clinical outcomes since this technology will most likely be classified as a combination product.137
Many of these technologies are not widely available outside of academia or research hospitals. For
example, Organovo created the first bioprinter, the NovoGen MMX.138 Organovos first biological
product will be liver tissue for drug testing since liver problems are the most common reason for a
drug to be pulled from the market.139
Researchers at Wake Forest Universitys Medical Center are currently adapting commercially
available ink jet printers to bioprint organs and tissues.140
Each day bioprinting becomes more sophisticated. Researchers are learning how to work replicate
tissues and organs. Instead of piping cells into Petri dishes by hand, research at Wake Forest led to
the creation of artificial scaffolds that provide a temporary matrix for cells to hold onto until they
133
Murr, L.E., Gaytan, S.M., Medina, F., Lopez, H., Martinez, E., Machado, B.I., Hernandez, D. H., Martinez, L., Lopez, M.I.,
Wicker, R.B., & Bracke, J. (2010). Next-generation biomedical implants using additive manufacturing of complex, cellular and
functional mesh arrays. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 368 (1917), 1999-2032.
134 Ibid.
135 Bourell, D. L., Leu, M. C., Rosen, D. W. (2009). Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing Identifying the Future of Freeform
Processing. Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin
136 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2014, December 2). Public Workshop - Additive Manufacturing of Medical Devices: An
Interactive Discussion on the Technical Considerations of 3D Printing, October 8-9, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2015, from FDA:
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/NewsEvents/WorkshopsConferences/ucm397324.htm#materials
137 Ibid.
138 Organovo. (2015). Organovo: NovoGen MMX Bioprinter. Retrieved March 19, 2015 from Invetech:
http://www.invetech.com.au/portfolio/life-sciences/3d-bioprinter-world-first-print-human-tissue/
139 Leckhard, S. (2013, August 6). How 3-D Printing Body Parts Will Revolutionize Medicine. Popular Science. Retrieved March
19, 2015, from Popular Science: http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-07/how-3-d-printing-body-parts-willrevolutionize-medicine
140 Wake Forest School of Medicine. (2015, February 8). Using Ink-Jet Technology to Print Organs and Tissue. Retrieved March
19, 2015 from Wake Forest: http://www.wakehealth.edu/Research/WFIRM/Our-Story/Inside-the-Lab/Bioprinting.htm
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can stand on their own. From there, researchers found that using AM can create scaffolds more
precisely, which is helpful for more complex tissue structures. 141, 142
Visualization Aids
Medical modeling and visualization is used in hospitals around the world to create prototypes for
surgical planning, prosthetics, and related applications. At times, surgeons and patients need a 3D
object to grasp the problem at hand. 143
This technique is so popular that recently a U.S. televisions show Greys Anatomy a hospital
drama featured the hospital staff using a 3D printer to print a tumor to visualize the problem.144
MANUFACTURING
There are many uses for AM in traditional manufacturing. AM has started to penetrate the tooling
market, especially when it is a complicated part or casting. There are two ways that AM can be used
in tooling: indirect using AM in pattern making, or direct producing the insert or dyes
themselves.145
Companies have used AM to manufacture parts and components for racing vehicles that use ultralightweight materials and have complex structures like aerospace.146
141
Leckhard, S. (2013, August 6). How 3-D Printing Body Parts Will Revolutionize Medicine. Popular Science. Retrieved March
19, 2015, from Popular Science: http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-07/how-3-d-printing-body-parts-willrevolutionize-medicine
142 Melchels, F.P.W., Domingo, M. A. N., Klein, T.J., Mald, J., Bartolo, P.J., & Hutmacher, D.W., Additive manufacturing of tissues
and organs. Progress in Polymer Science. 37 (8), 1079-1104.
143 Rengier, F., Mehndiratta, A.,von Tengg-Kobligk, H., Zechmann, C.M., Unterhinninghofen, R., Kauczor, H.U., & Giesel, F.L.
(2010). 3D Printing based on Imaging Data: Review of Medical Applications. International Journal of Computer Assisted
Radiology and Surgery. 5 (4), 335-341.
144 Edwards, T.E., (2015, February 15). Greys Anatomy Prominently Features Medical 3D Printing Technology. 3D Printer & 3D
Printing News. http://3dprint.com/43211/greys-anatomy-3d-print-heart/
145 Aliakbari, M. (2012). Additive Manufacturing: State-of-the-Art, Capabilities, and Sample Applications with Cost Analysis.
Masters Thesis: KTH, Sweden
146 Huang, Y., Leu, M.C.,, Mazmunder, J., & Donmez, A. (2015). Additive Manufacturing: Current Sate, Future Potential, Gaps,
Needs, and Recommendations. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 137, 014001-1-014001-10
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Additive Manufacturing
147
Science Technology Policy Institute (2012). Additive Manufacturing: Status and Opportunities. Washington, DC
Lindemann, C., Jahnke, U., Moi, M., &Koch, R. (2012) Analyzing product lifecycle costs for a better understanding of cost
drivers in additive manufacturing. Paper presented at the 23rd Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium
An Addictive Manufacturing Conference, Austin, TX, 6th8th August, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2015 from
http://sffsymposium.engr.utexas.edu/2012TOC
148
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There is a need to understand the global AM market. Throughout this literature review, there have
been confounding reports as to who is the market leader: the United States or Europe. It is
important to understand the market and its global players for several reasons:
1. There is significant amount of concern in the AM community regarding intellectual property
(IP) rights. If the U.S. is a major player in AM, it would be beneficial since the U.S. is a
sovereign power that will establish IP laws. Therefore, if a majority of the companies are
within the United States, there will be only one set of laws to deal with. However, if the
United States is not the dominant player, then U.S. companies must deal with international
organizations or different countries laws in order to protect each IP. Understanding the
global landscape can protect U.S. profits.
2. Aerospace and aviation is one of the largest segments of the AM market. The U.S. military
plays a significant role in this industry and is concerned about 3D printing companies being
housed in other countries.149 Moreover, there could be concerns about dual-use technology
issues. Understanding the global landscape can protect U.S. security.
149
Appleton, R.W. (2014). Additive Manufacturing Overview For The United States Marine Corps. RWAppleton & Company
26