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Ravi Sankar Jakka
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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1. Introduction
Foundation is a substructure built below the super structure. Purpose of the foundation is to
transfer the structural loads safely to the underlying soil. Safe and economical design of a
foundation under different loading conditions is the role of geotechnical engineer. Earthquake
loads are the most complicated and complex. Design of earthquake resistant foundation is
highly challenging. Proper design of a foundation against earthquake loading requires
through understanding over the behavior of soil, response of structure and interaction of soilstructure under earthquake loading. This material starts with few case studies on foundation
failures due earthquake loads to understand the mechanisms of foundation failures. Later,
general requirements in the design of an earthquake resistant foundation such as selection of
site, selection of appropriate type of foundation, are presented. Codal provisions given in the
IS1893 for the design of earthquake resistant foundation are also discussed.
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Figure 1 Overturning failure of apartment complex buildings during Niigata 1964 earthquake
(courtesy of USGS)
Figure 2 Foundation failure of a house due to ground slope failure during Loma Prieta quake.
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Figure 3 Collapse of a pile-supported building due to lateral movement of soil during the
Kobe earthquake (Bhattacharya, 2006)
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7. Design/Construction of a Foundation
Figure 6 Various stages in the design/construction of foundations (Gulhati and Datta, 2005)
Shallow foundation
- - - - >Strip/Individual/Combined/Raft
- - - - > Length, Width, Depth
Deep foundation
- - - - -> Pile/pier/well
- - - - > Length, Diameter, No. of piles
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Isolated footings are not recommended when excessive settlements and/or large
lateral soil movements (lateral spreading) are expected under design earthquake.
Mat foundation are preferred
W.T is shallow
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10.1.
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Sites to be Avoided
(i)
h Ah
Z I Sa
* *
2 R g
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(ii)
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v Av * h
11.2.
IS code permit increase in allowable bearing pressures in soils under earthquake forces, to
account the uncertainties in the earthquake loading.
When earthquake forces are included, the allowable bearing pressure in soils shall be
increased as per Table 1, depending upon type of foundation of the structure and type of
soil(IS 1893).
11.3.
(i)
In soil deposits consisting of submerged loose sands and soils falling under
classification SP with standard penetration N-values less than 15 in seismic Zones III,
IV, V and less than 10 in seismic Zone II, the vibration caused by earthquake may
cause liquefaction or excessive total and differential settlements. Such sites should
preferably be avoided while locating new settlements or important projects (IS
1893).
Desirable N-Values (corrected Values)
(ii)
If N-values (corrected values) at the project site are lower than the desired N-values
and if there is no option to avoid the site, appropriate site improvement techniques
(such as improving compaction or stabilization) should be adopted to achieve suitable
N-values.
(iii)
Alternatively, deep pile foundation may be provided and taken to depths well into the
layer which is not likely to liquefy (IS 1893).
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(iv)
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Marine clays and other sensitive clays are also known to liquefy due to collapse of
soil structure and will need special treatment according to site condition(IS 1893).
Note: As we have seen the failures of pile foundations due lateral spreading and lack of
confinement of liquefiable soils, it is very important to design pile foundations to account
these liquefaction effects. Otherwise, suitable ground improvement techniques are to be
adopted to liquefiable soils even after designing pile foundations.
11.4.
Other Guidelines for the Design of Earthquake Resistant Foundations (IS 1893)
(i)
(ii)
If any increase in bearing pressure has already been permitted for forces other than
seismic forces, the total increase in allowable bearing pressure when seismic force is
also included shall not exceed the limits specified above.
(iii)
The piles should be designed for lateral loads neglecting lateral resistance of soil
layers liable to liquefy.
(iv)
Isolated R, C.C. footing without tie beams, or unreinforced strip foundation shall not
be permitted in soft soils with N<1O.
Based on the case studies discussed, the following point is required attention.
Note: In addition to neglecting lateral resistance of soil in the design of pile foundation, the
loading coming from the lateral spreading of liquefied soil is to be considered. Buckling
failure of the pile foundation due to liquefaction of soils, is also required to be examined.
12. References
Bhattacharya, S. (2006). Safety assessment of existing piled foundations in liquefiable soils
against buckling instability, ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, Technical Note,
Vol. 43, No. 4, December 2006, pp. 133-147.
Bhattacharya, S. (2007). A review of methods for pile design in seismically liquefiable
soils, Design of Foundations in Seismic Areas: Principles and Applications, Edt.
Bhattacharya, NICEE Publication, IIT Kanpur, India, pp.255-295.
Gulhati, S. K., and Datta, M. (2005). Geotechnical Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
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IS 1893 (Part 1) (2002). "Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS 6403 (1981). "Determination of bearing capacity of shallow foundaitons, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Madabhushi, S.P.G., Schofield, A. N., and Lesley, S. (1998). A new stored angular
momentum based earthquake actuator, Proceedings of Centrifuge, Tokyo, pp. 111-116.
Tokimatsu, K., Oh-oka Hiroshi, Satake, K., Shamoto Y., and Asaka Y. (1998). Effect of
lateral ground movements on failure pattern of piles in the 1995 HyogokenNamu earthquake, Proceedings of a speciality conference, Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering and SoilDynamics III, ASCE Geotechnical Special publications No 75, pp
1175-1186.
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