650201某燃煤電廠煙氣不透光率成因研究 PDF

A Case Study of a Coal-Fired Power Plant about the Causes of
Flue Gas Opacity

Flue Gas Opacity
StudentJen-woei Yet
AdvisorChuen-Jinn Tsai

A Thesis
Submitted to Degree Program of Sustainable Technology on
Environmental Protection
College of Engineering
National Chiao Tung University
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
Master of Science
In
Sustainable Technology on Environmental Protection
May 2010
Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
1m
23.3~31.6% 1m 41.0~49.5% 25.5~27.9%
SCR FGD 1m 77.7~86.2%
1m 8.0~13.1% 5.8~9.2%
SCR FGD ESP
0.1~1 77.7~86.2%
FGD
SCR
FGD
ESP, FGD, SCR

Flue Gas Opacity
AdvisorChuen-Jinn Tsai
StudentJen-woei Yet
Institute of Sustainable Technology on Environmental Protection

National Chiao Tung University
ABSTRACT
The thesis used the plume opacity model for the coal-fired power plant developed
by the U.S. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to investigate the causes of the
opacity and its influencing parameters in a power plant in Taiwan. The study was
based on the existing sampling and analysis data before and after the air pollution
control devices were installed.
When only the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was installed, the contribution of
the opacity by fine particles with the diameter less than 1 m, coarse particles with the
diameter greater than 1 m and nitrogen dioxide was 23.3 ~ 31.6%, 41.0 ~ 49.5%, and
25.5 ~ 27.9%, respectively. By retrofitting the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and
the wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) after the ESP, the contribution of the opacity by
fine particles, coarse particles and nitrogen dioxide was changed to 77.7 ~ 86.2%, 8.0 ~
13.1%, and 5.8 ~ 9.2%, respectively.
This study found that by retrofitting the SCR and wet FGD, the particle
concentration at the stack discharge was higher than the case when only the ESP was
instualled. The majority of the particulate mass loading fell in 0.1~1 micrometer range,
accounting for the majority of the opacity, 77.7~86.2%. Coarse particles, such as fly
ash, could be removed by the wet FGD, but the by-products from the FGD could be
carried over to the stack and increased the opacity. The concention of NO2 could be
lowered by retrofitting the SCR, but the sulfite from the SCR catalyst and slipped NH3
could form condensible fine particles by nucleation and condensation effects of the wet
FGD, resulting in an increase in the opacity of the flue gas.
Key wordsAir pollution control, Opacity, Particulate pollutant, ESP, FGD, SCR.
ii
iii
...
ii
Flue Gas Opacity
..
iii
...
iv
...
vii
..
viii
..
..
1.1
...
1.2
...
..
2.1
...
2.2.
..
2.2.1
..
2.3
..
2.3.1
..
2.3.2
..
12
2.3.3
13
2.3.4
..
14
2.3.5
..
14
2.3.6
..
17
2.3.7
18
2.3.8
..
19
2.3.9
..
20
2.3.10
..
21
2.4
..
22
2.4.1
..
22
2.4.2
22
2.4.3
..
24
iv
2.4.4
..
25
2.4.5
..
25
2.4.6
..
26
2.4.7
..
27
2.4.8
..
28
..
29
3.1
..
29
3.1.1
..
29
3.1.2
..
29
3.1.3
..
30
3.2
EPRI .
30
3.2.1
..
30
3.2.2
..
31
3.2.3
..
32
3.2.4
..
35
3.2.5
...
36
3.2.6
..
37
3.2.7
..
38
3.3
..
39
3.4
...
40
3.4.1
...
40
3.4.2
..
41
3.5
SCR FGD ..
44
3.5.1
..
44
3.5.2
..
45
3.6
...
48
..
50
4.1
EPRI .
50
4.2
..
51
4.3
SCR FGD
54
4.4
...
57
...
58
5.1
..
58
5.2
...
59
..
60
EPRI ....
62
...
82
vi

2.1
..
2.2
..
22
2.3
..
25
2.4
25
2.5
26
2.6
27
2.7
27
2.8
28
3.1
EPRI
30
3.2
EPRI
31
3.3
EPRI
32
3.4
EPRI .
33
3.5
EPRI .
33
3.6
EPRI .
34
3.7
EPRI .
35
3.8
EPRI .
37
3.9
EPRI .
39
3.10
..
40
3.11
#3 ..
40
3.12
#3 ..
42
3.13
#3 ..
43
3.14
#3
43
3.15
..
44
3.16
#4 .
46
3.17
#5 .
47
3.18
#9 .
47
3.19
..
48
3.20
..
49
vii
2.1
..
2.2
..
2.3
0.15m ..
2.4
...
2.5
...
2.6
/.
10
2.7
..
11
2.8
..
11
2.9
..
12
2.10
SCR SO3 .
13
2.11
SO3 .
14
2.12
3% SO2 SO3 SCR
15
700 750 SCR SO3 .........................

2.13
..
16
2.14
..
16
2.15
..
17
2.16
18
2.17
..
19
2.18
..
20
2.19
NO-NO2
20
2.20
..
21
2.21
..
21
2.22
..
23
3.1
30
3.2
EPRI .
31
3.3
EPRI .
32
viii
3.4
EPRI 1
34
3.5
EPRI 1 .
34
3.6
K ..
35
3.7
...
36
3.8
K .
38
3.9
K .
38
3.10
..
41
3.11
..
42
3.12
...
45
3.13
...
46
4.1
EPRI .....
50
4.2
EPRI ..
51
4.3
ESP .
51
4.4
ESP ..
52
4.5
ESP .
53
4.6
ESP .
53
4.7
ESP .
54
4.8
..
55
4.9
..
55
4.10
..
56
4.11
56
ix
Ap
AH
air preheater
Cm
CPM
condensible particulate matter
dp
dL
dI
Ea
Ee
Eo
Es
EPRI
FGD
flue gas desulfurization
fp
GSD
I0
LNB
electric power research institute
geometric standard deviation
low NOx burnner
OD
(optical density)
PSD
particle size distribution
Qa
absorption efficiency
Qe
Qs
extinction efficiency
SCR
scattering efficiency
selective catalytic reduction
(transmission)
absorption coefficient
extinction coefficient
scattering coefficient
x
1.1
, 2003
32mg/Nm3
20 6
20 4
#1~4
#1~4
86 3 87 1
FGD 90 2 92 5
SCR 100
32mg/Nm3 20
1
9 4
1.2

2.1
(opacity)
(scattering)
(absorption)
1heterogeneous condensation
2homogeneous nucleation
0.1~1m
2.1 0.1m
0.4~0.7m
0.1~0.15m

2.2
2.1Damle et al.,1987
2.2Damle et al.,1987
1~2
Damle et al.,1987
4
2.3
Srivastava et al.,2004
2.3 0.15m Srivastava et al.,2004
2.2
(extinction)
(extinction efficiency)(Qe)
Qe =
Ee
E0
(2.1)
Ee E0
(scattering efficiency)
Qs (absorption efficiency) Qa
Qe = Qs + Qa
(2.2)
5
Qs =
Es
E0
(2.3)
Qa =
Ea
E0
(2.4)
Es Ea
(dp > 4 m)
2
1 5 (Hinds, 1999)
I (dI)
(dL)
dI = e IdL
(2.5)
e (extinction coefficient)(2.5) Bouguer

(Bouguers law) Lambert-Beer (Lambert-Beer law)
I
= e e L
I0
(2.6)
I0 L
(scattering coefficient) (absorption
oefficient)
e = s +a
(2.7)
s a
e = NAp Qe =
Nd p 2Qe
(2.8)
N ()Ap
dp
(2.8)
e = ni (d p , i )Qe, i Ap , i
(2.9)
ni (d p , i ) Qe, i Ap , i d p , i
e =
d p 2 f p (d p )Qe Ap
(2.10)
f p (d p )
(Cm)
Cm =
N p d p 3
(2.11)
p (2.8)(2.11)(2.6)Bouguer
3C Q L
I
= exp( e L) = exp( m e )
I0
2 p d p
(2.12)
2.2.1
Transmission (T) Optical Density (OD)
(absorbance)(2.13) 2.1
OD = -log10 T T = l0-OD
(2.13)
2.1US EPA, 1984
Ringelman #
N.A.
100
20
0.7
80
40
0.4
60
60
0.22
40
80
0.10
20
100
DeFries (1994)
2.14 2.4
Opacity(%)=100*(1-10-OD)
2.14
2.4DeFries,1994
2.3
2.3.1
2.5 SO2
SO3 SO3
SO3
SO3
2.5
http://www.coalpowermag.com/plant_design/31.html.
3
1500
600
2.6
2.6/Chris and Kent
M N2CO2H2OO2..
SCR
AH SO3 Chris and Emelito,
2004(2.15~2.17)
SO2+1/2O2 SO3
2.15
SO2 +O+M SO3+M
2.16
SO3+O SO2+O2
2.17
Blythe and Dombrowsike2004 2.7
12
3
100ppmv
100ppmv
0.01 1m
5*1013/acmWilder and Pilat, 1983 10 10
10
2.7Blythe and Dombrowsike,2004
SCR 30ppm
0.1~1.0m
0.4~0.7m
2.8
Blythe and
Dombrowsike, 2004
2.8
Blythe and Dombrowsike, 2004
11
2.9 3
0.7m
0.3m Blythe and Dombrowsike, 2004
Farthing et al., 2004
2.9Blythe and Dombrowsike,2004
2.3.2
EPRI, 2008
SCR HCL NH3
5~10ppm
12
Meng et al.,(2000) ESPSCRFGD

SCR
SO3
25ppm
250ppm-ft
2.3.3
2.10Spencer et al.,2007 2.11
2.10 SCR SO3 Spencer et al.,2007
13
2.11 SO3 Srivastava et al.,2004
2.3.4
/
1.2~1.3 1.4
Kikuchi R.,2001
SO3/SO2
Blythe and Dombrowsike,2004
2.3.5
(selective catalytic reduction, SCR) NOx
NH3 NOx
N2 H2O SCR (vanadium)
14
NOx SO2
SO3 NOx SCR NOx
V2O5Vanadium pentoxideTiO2
MolybdenumTungsten oxideWO3
SCR SO2 SO3 1%

SCR 0.2~0.8 3
0.6~2.4
SCR SO2
SO3 SO2 SO2 SO3
2.12 SO2 SCR
SO2 SCR NOx
SCR
SO3 NOx (Hinton, 1996)
2.12 3% SO2 SO3 SCR

700 750 SCR SO3 (Hinton, 1996)
2.13
SCR 50 2 2.14
50MW 3
15
500 SCR 2 2000

2.15 3
Fanoe,2005
2.13Fanoe,2005
2.14Fanoe,2005
16
2.15Fanoe,2005
2.3.6
20~30
Moretti et al.,2006Farthing et al.2004
50
2.16
Walsh et al.,2006
17
2.16
Walsh et al.,2006
2.3.7
Devito and Oda(1998)
502.5 23~27
20~30w/w
40 90
Moretti et al.,2006
18
2.3.8
(Devito and Oda,1998)
50Srivastava et
al.,2004
100
Keeth et al.(1991) 530MW 2~3.5
2.17
1m
2.17Keeth et al.,1991
2.18
1m
1m
Keeth et al.,1991
19
2.18
Keeth et al.,1991
2.3.9
NO2 Meng et
al.,2000 NO NO2
NO NO2 2.19 5
2.19NO-NO2 Richards,2000
NO2
2.20 NO2 ppmv
m 60ppmv-mKeeth et al.,1991
20
2.20 Keeth et al.,1991
2.21
2.3.10
45~55
21
545
68.85086.255
108.3
2003
2.2
2.22003
10
15
20
25
30
35
45
41.4
23.8
12.9
6.7
5.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
50
59.0
36.2
21.4
12.4
10.0
4.0
1.5
0.0
55
83.8
53.3
32.9
20.5
17.0
8.0
3.0
1.5
2.4 Keeth et al.,1991
2.4.1
1
2
2.4.2
120 130
22

100
--NO
NO2
2.22
NO2
NO2
U.S. EPA Method 5
23
2.4.3
U.S. EPA Method 9
U.S. EPA Method 17

U.S. EPA Method 5 250
carry over
5ppmv 20
0.3 0.5m
2.3
24
// 1. 1.
1.
2.
-EPA M17
SEM
3.
2.
2.
3.
4. /-
5.
2.4.4
//
100mFarthing et al.,2004
LOI
Fixed carbonChris and Emelito,2004
1.ESP
1. ESP
2.
2. EPA M17
2.4.5
25
NO2 NO2
ppmv m 60ppmv-m
2.5
/-
1. NOX-U.S.EPA M7D
NO2 2.-NOX
3. NO2
1.
NO 2. NO/NO2
NO2
3.
2.4.6
(carry over)
2.6
SO3
EPRI
1.5
MgONH3
26
1.
1.
/-
2.
3. /
2. 1.
/-
SO3/NH3/
2. -/- -
/
3. 1.
2. / -
NH3/MgO
2.4.7
2.7
1.
-/-
2. -/
3.
27
2.4.8
NO2
NO NO2
NO2
NOx NO25 20ppmv
2.8 NOx
1.
-/-
-/-
3.
4.
5.
6.SCR
7.
/-
2.
28

3.1
3.1.1
DeFries,1994
PLUME
NO2
3.1.2
3
(carry over)
NO 10~100ppb
NO NO2
3 1
NO221m 31m 3.7

4 1HOT2WARM3COOL4COLD
29
3.1.3
3.1 EPRI
3.1DeFries,1994
3.2 EPRI
3.2.1
3.1 3.2
3.1EPRI DeFries,1994
200 MW
Cyclone
2.3
3.6m
337
7.3 wet
8.3 ppmv wet
91 ppmv wet
12.14 mg/Am3
1600 ppmv wet

30
3.2EPRI
3.2.2
5% Lambert-Beers Law
NO NO2
(3.1) 3.2
ODNO2=5.7410-2* m* ppmv/+460
(3.1)
3.6 m
337
91 ppmv wet
ODNO2=5.7410-2*3.6*91/337+460
ODNO2=0.0236OD
31
3.2.3
3.3
3.3
3.3 EPRI DeFries,1994

12.4 mg/Am3
Band Width =
log10D =
M/log10D
Log10Dhigh/Dlow
M
24.8
100*
9.2 1
82.7
17.3
0.43
40
5.6 2
64.8
17.9
0.22
81
3.9 3
48.3
16.5
0.16
103
2.6 4
33.4
14.9
0.18
83
1.66 5
23.4
10.0
0.19
53
0.76 6
17.7
5.7
0.34
17
0.40 7
12.6
5.1
0.28
18
0.29 8
7.5
5.1
0.14
36
0**
7.5
0.29
27
0.15
100%= 1 / 2
3
2
0%= 8 / 7
0.9 *10E-6m ,19%
cumulative mass less than indicated

diameter
100
10
1
0.1
1
particle diameter
10
32

3.4
3.5 3.4 3.5
501
GSD 84.1% 15.8% 3.6
=%/100%
=0.19
=1-
=1-0.19=0.81
=*
=12.14mg/Am3*0.19
=2.31mg/Am3
=*
=12.14mg/Am3*0.81
=9.831mg/Am3
M/0.19
9.2
82.7
63.7
79
5.6
64.8
45.8
57
3.9
48.3
29.3
36
2.6
33.4
14.4
18
1.66
23.4
4.4
5.4
0.76
17.7
17.7
93
0.40
12.6
12.6
66
0.29
7.5
7.5
39
33
M-19/0.81
+1GSD(15.8%)=0.55, MMD(50%)=0.33 ,
-1GSD(84.1%)=0.19
cumulative mass less than indicates

diameter(%)
100
10
1
particle diameter(10e-6m)
0.1
3.4EPRI 1 DeFries,1994
+1GSD (15.8%)=10.0, MMD(50%)=5.0 ,

-1GSD(84.1%)=2.4
cumulative mass less than

indicated diameter(%)
100
10
1
1
particle diameter(10e-6m)
10
3.5EPRI 1 DeFries,1994
=+1 /
-1 0.5
=0.55/0.190.5 =1.7
=0.33 m
=+1 /
-1 0.5
=10.0/2.40.5 =2.0
=5.0 m
34
3.2.4
3.7
3.6 K (3.2)
K
K
OD =(1/2303* mg/Am3* m)/( K* g/cm3)

(3.2)
3. 7 EPRI DeFries,1994
3.6 m
9.83 mg/Am3
5.0 m
2.0
=/0.5
=5.0/2.50.5=3.2 m
(OD) =(9.83mg/m3*3.6m)/(2303*0.65cm3/m2*2.5g/cm3)
=0.0095 OD
3.6 K DeFries,1994
35
3.2.5
HOT
WARNCOOLCOLD 4 3.7
HOT
WARN
COOL
COLD
3.7DeFries,1994
36
0.5m
0.5
3.2.6
HOT
2.5g/cm3 1.50+0i COOL COLD

1.8g/cm3 1.41+0i
2.5g/cm3 1.50+0i
HOTCOOLCOLD
3.8 3.7
3.8 3.9 K (3.3)
OD =(1/2303* mg/Am3* m)/( K* g/cm3)

(3.3)
g/cm3
HOT
2.5
1.50+0i
WARM
COLD
1.8
1.41+0i
COOL
1.8
1.41+0i
=/0.5
=0.33/2.50.5=0.21 m
=(2.31mg/m3*3.6m)/(2303*0.29cm3/m2*2.5g/cm3)
=0.0050 OD
37
3.8 K DeFries,1994
3.9 K DeFries,1994
38
3.2.7
NO2
(2.14)
3.9
0.0236
62
0.0050
13
0.0095
25
0.0381
=100-1-10-
=100-1-10-0.0381
100
=8.4%
3.3
10550 MW
200/
1800000Nm3/
78 #1~4
#5~10
#1~4 86 3
87 1
90% 100 ppm#1~4
90 2 92 5
NO NO2 N2 50~80% 100
ppm FGD
100 250 3.10
39
3.10
#1~4
()
#5~8
#9~10
550 MW
Nm /hr
1800000
ESP
LNB*+SCR(NH3)
FGDCaCO3
NOX ppm
100
100
50
SOX ppm
100
100
50
**
PM mg/Nm
%
**
23.6
23.6
32
20
20
20
***
3.4
3.4.1
#3
, 83
SCR FGD
3 3.11
3.12~3.14 3.10
3.11#3 , 83
6.7 m
146,138,155
,,
9.4,8.4,10.5
,,
6.5,7.06,5.33 mg/Am3
,,
188,219,147 ppmv
22.2,21.7,11.2 ppmv
,,
,,
1.8,1.5,3.3
40
ppmv
,,
3.10
3.4.2
#3 138~155
8.4~10.5
3.11 HOT
2.5g/cm3 1.50+0i
HOT
11.2~22.2ppmv
EPRI 83 4 15 0.6%
83 4 29 0.1%
3.12~14 EPRI
41
3.11DeFries,1994
3.12#3 , 83
#3
,
, 0.6%
7.8 , 5.2 mg/Am3 (12.0,8.0 mg/Nm3)

#3
83.04.15
Band Width =
log10D =
Log10Dhigh/Dlow
M/log10D
26.6
100
10.4
96.2
3.8
0.41
9.3
6.5
87.2
4.4
76.5
10.7
0.17
63.1
3.0
64.9
11.6
0.17
69.7
1.9
45.9
19
0.20
95.8
1.0
18
27.9
0.28
100.1
0.6
10
0.22
36.1
0.4
3.5
6.5
0.18
36.9
0.18
3.5
0.35
10.1
42
44.5
3.13#3 , 83
#3
3
7.3, 7.3, 6.6 mg/Am (11.0,11.0,10.0mg/Nm )

#3
,
, 0.6%
83.04.15
Band Width =
log10D =
Log10Dhigh/Dlow
M/log10D
28.6
100
11.3
96.8
3.2
0.40
7.9
7.1
89.2
7.6
0.20
37.7
4.8
79.8
9.4
0.17
55.3
3.3
69.9
9.9
0.16
60.8
2.0
41
28.9
0.22
132.9
1.1
23.1
17.9
0.26
68.9
0.6
12.6
10.5
0.26
39.9
0.4
7.6
0.18
43.2
0.18
0.35
14.4
3.14#3 , 83
#3
3
6.4, 5.1, 4.5 mg/Am (10.0,8.0,7.0 mg/Nm )

#3
,
, 0.1%
84.04.29
Band Width =
log10D =
Log10Dhigh/Dlow
M/log10D
27.3
100
10.6
81.8
18.2
0.41
44.3
6.6
62.8
19.0
0.21
92.3
4.5
39.3
23.5
0.17
141.3
3.0
30.3
0.18
51.1
1.9
22.3
0.20
40.3
1.0
15.7
6.6
0.28
23.7
0.6
10.1
5.6
0.22
25.2
0.4
4.8
5.3
0.18
30.1
0.18
4.8
0.35
13.8
43
3.5 SCR FGD
3.5.1
SCR FGD 97 #4
#5#9 3 SCR FGD
JIS K0302 8
3.16~3.18
NIEA-A101.72C
3.15 3.12
3.154, 5, 9 , 97
6.7 m
203,210,194
#4,#5,#9
9.22,9.57,8.91
#4,#5,#9
EPRI
2.5 ppmv
0.5
EPRI
5
10 ppmv
16.5,11.1,13.5 mg/Am3
#4,#5,#9
3
(15.0,10.0,14.0 mg/Nm )
500 ppmv
30ppmv
200 ppmv
80 ppmv
SCR 60%
FGD 94%
44
3.12
3.5.2
93~99 8.91~9.57 3.13

COOL
500ppmv 0.005 SCR

200ppmv 5 3.16~18
45
3.13DeFries,1994
3.16#4 4 , 97
#4
3
16.5 mg/Am (15.0 mg/Nm )

#4
0.93%
97.01.22
Band Width =
log10D =
Log10Dhigh/Dlow
M/log10D
34.6
100
13.8
92.06
7.94
0.40
20
8.71
86.45
5.61
0.20
28
5.89
78.58
7.87
0.17
46
3.98
72.86
5.72
0.17
34
2.49
64.09
8.77
0.20
43
1.27
56.98
7.11
0.29
24
0.79
36.85
20.13
0.21
98
0.53
19.8
17.05
0.17
98
0.24
19.8
0.35
57
46
3.17#5 5 , 97
#5
3
11.1 mg/Am (10.0 mg/Nm )

#5
0.77%
97.08.06
Band Width =
log10D =
Log10Dhigh/Dlow
M/log10D
33.9
100
13.7
92.53
7.47
0.39
19
8.71
83.60
8.93
0.20
45
5.90
74.18
9.42
0.17
56
4.00
66.47
7.71
0.17
46
2.51
57.44
9.03
0.20
45
1.29
46.75
10.69
0.29
37
0.82
25.96
20.79
0.20
106
0.56
11.76
14.20
0.17
86
0.26
11.76
0.33
36
3.18#9 9 , 97
#9
3
13.5 mg/Am (14.0 mg/Nm )

#9
0.7%
97.01.23
Band Width =
log10D =
Log10Dhigh/low
M/log10D
35.9
100
14.2
96.25
3.75
0.40
8.93
89.88
6.37
0.20
32
5.95
83.09
6.79
0.18
39
4.02
76.02
7.07
0.17
42
2.55
67.59
8.43
0.20
43
1.31
57.1
10.49
0.29
36
0.82
40.05
17.05
0.20
84
0.55
29.32
10.73
0.17
62
0.25
29.32
0.35
85
47
3.6
ESP SCR FGD

3.19
3.19
3.1 3.20
3.20
3.19
#4
#5
#9
#3
#3
#3

3
mg/m
K
NO2
g
m
m cm3/m2
ppm
OD
62
10.23
0.7
2.0
0.52
0.19
0.0870
86.2
38
6.27
6.8
2.1
4.30
0.9
0.0081
8.0
10
0.0058
5.8
55
6.1
0.8
1.5
0.60
0.17
0.0580
81.5
45
5.0
6.0
2.0
3.80
0.78
0.0075
10.5
10
0.0057
8.0
62
8.4
0.6
3.0
0.45
0.27
0.0503
77.7
38
5.1
5.1
2.0
3.20
0.7
0.0085
13.1
10
0.0059
9.2
18
1.17
0.55
1.47
0.35
0.14
0.0097
23.3
82
5.33
2.6
2.12
1.64
0.3
0.0206
49.5
22.2
0.0113
27.2
23
1.63
0.55
1.54
0.35
0.15
0.0126
31.1
77
5.43
2.8
1.87
1.80
0.38
0.0166
41.0
21.7
0.0113
27.9
20
1.07
0.59
1.73
0.59
0.17
0.0073
31.6
80
4.26
3.3
1.84
2.1
0.50
0.0099
42.9
11.2
0.0059
25.5
48
3.20
mg/Am3
#4
0.1009
20.7
16.5
ESP+SCR+FGD,0.93%S
#5
0.0712
15.1
11.1
ESP+SCR+FGD, 0.77%S
#9
0.0647
13.8
13.5
#3
0.0416
9.1
Avg=6.5
ESP+SCR+FGD, 0.7%S
ESP,0.6%S
#3
0.0405
8.9
Avg=7.06
ESP,0.6%S
#3
0.0231
5.2
Avg=5.33
ESP,0.1%S
49
4.1 EPRI
EPRI 200MW 3.2
Cyclone 2.3%
4.1 62
25 13
NO2 91ppmv
3.6m 328ppm-v 60ppmv-m 2.3.9 NO2
13%
25%
NO2
62%
4.1EPRI
EPRI 4.2
1~10m 1m
1m
50
120
delta mass/delta logD
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.1
10
100
particle diameter 10*E-6m
4.2EPRI
4.2
550MW
3.4 #3 83 4 15
2 PSD EPRI
4.3
ESP 0.6% 1
m 45.3% 27.6% 1m
27.2%
83.04.16
27.2%
27.6%
45.3%
4.3 ESP
51
#3 83 4 29
4.4 ESP 0.1%
1m 42.9%
25.5% 1m 31.6%
83.04.29
25.5%
31.6%
42.9%
4.4 ESP
#3
21.7~22.2ppm 11.2ppm
4.5 25.5~27.9%
6.7m
75~149ppm-v EPRI 65ppm-m
4.5 1m
41.0%~49.5% 23.3%~31.6%
ESP 138~155
1.5~3.3%8.4~10.5% 2.7
121.1~126.7
52
100
,%
80
60
49.5
40
23.3
27.2
31.1
42.9
41
31.6
27.9
25.5
20
0
83.04.15
83.04.15
83.04.29
4.5 ESP
#3 4.6
FGD 1m
CPM 1~10m
160
delta mass/delta log D
140
120
#3 aus.,M/
log10 D
100
#3 aus.,M/
log10 D
80
60
#3 ind.,M/
log10 D
40
20
0
0.1
1
10
particle diameter,10e-6m
100
4.6 ESP
53
4.7 #3 ESP 5.33
mg/Am3 5.2%
6.5 7.06mg/Am3 9.1 8.9%
4.6
25
40
30
25
15
10
20
9.1
8.9
15
5.2
7.06
6.5
10
mg/Am3
35
20
5.33 5
0
#3
#3
#3
4.7 ESP
4.3 SCR FGD

SCR FGD 3.5 #4,#5,#9
97 0.7~0.93% 3
4.8 81.8
10.5 7.7
54
NO2
7.7%
10.5%
81.8%
4.8
#4,5,9 4.93
SCR
100
86.2
81.5
77.7
80
60
NO2
40
20
8.0
5.8
10.5
8.0
13.1
9.2
0
#4
#5
#9
4.9
4.10#4
#9
#5 4.9 #9
55
40
25
20.7
mg/Am3
35
20
30
15.1
15
25
13.8
20
16.5
10
13.5
11.1
15
10
5
0
0
#4
#5
#9
4.10
4.10 3 11.1~16.5mg/Am3 4.7
5.33~7.06mg/Am3
121
4.11
1m
1m
2.17 2.18
delta mass/delta log10 D
120
100
#4M/
log10 D
80
#5M/
log10 D
60
#9M/
log10 D
40
20
0
0.1
10
100
particle diameter 10*E-6m
4.11
56
4.4
1 1
2(carry over)3
SCR SCR
SCR
SCR
ESP FGD
57

5.1
1.
1m
77.7~86.2% 1m 8.0~13.1%
5.8~9.2% SCR FGD
23.3~31.6%
41.0~49.5% 25.5~27.9%
SCR FGD
2.
SCR FGD
1
ESP
3.
FGD
4.
FGDESP
CPM
SCR
SCR
NH3 SLIP
58
5.2
1. 2.4.6 EPRI
SCR
FGD
2. EPRI
FPMCPM
ESP SO3/H2SO4
/
NH4+
59
Blythe, G., Dombrowsike, K. (2004). SO3 Mitigation Guide Update, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA:
2004.1004168.
Chris, R. S., Emelito, R. (2004). Controlling Opacity, SO3, and Slagging in Oil Fired Utility
Boilers:Technology Experience, presented at the Electric Power 2004 Conference,
Baltimore, MD.
Chris, R. S., Kent, R. S., Controlling SO3 in Coal and Oil Fired Utility Boilers: Technology
Experience, Fuel Tech, inc., 512 Kingsland Dr., Batavia, IL 60510.
Devito, M. S., Oda, R. L. (1998). Flue Gas SO3 Stratification at ESP inlets, Presented at the
DOE-FETC Conference on Formatio, Distribution, Impact, and Fate of Sulfur Trioxide in
Utility Flue Gas Streams, Pittsburgh, PA.
Damle, A. S., Ensor, D. S., Sparks, L. E. (1987). Opctions for Controlling Condensation
Aerosol to Meet Opacity Standards, JAPCA, 37, 925-933.
DeFries, T. H. (1994). Power Plant In-Stack and Near-Stack Plume Opacity: A Estimating
Workbook, EPRI Research Project 2250-03.
EPRI. (2008). Ammonoum Chloride as a Component of Condensable Particulate Matter.,
Product ID:1018105.
Farthing, W. E., Walsh, P. M., Gooch, J. P., McCain, J. D., Hinton, W. S., Heaphy, R. F.
(2004). Identification of And Responses toPotential Effects of SCR and WET Scrubbers
on Submicron Particulate Emissions and Plume Characteristics, South Research Institute,
EPA-600/R-04/107.
Fanoe, O. (2005). SCR on Large Marine two Stroke Diesel Engines Design and Operational
Experience, ADB POWER APS, 3437 Rev(0)05.03.01, Denmark.
Hinds, W. C. (1999). Aerosol Technology, John Wiely & Sons, New York.
Hinton, W. S. (1996). Demonstration of Selective Catalytic Reduction Technology for the
Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from High-Sulfur, Coal-Fired Boilers,
DOE/PC/89652-T19 Vol. 1, U.S. Department of Energy: Morgantown, WV, Also in DOE
Innovative Clean Coal Technologies Program, Report SCS C-91-000026, Southern Company
Services: Birmingham, AL.
Kikuchi, R. (2001). Environmental Management of Sulfur Trioxide Emission: Impact of SO3
on Human Health, Environmental Management, 27, 837844.
Keeth, R. J., Balfour, D. A., Meserole, F. M., Defires, T. (1991). Utility Stack Opacity
Troubleshooting Guide: Final Report, EPRI GS-7180 Research Project 2250-3.
60
Meng, R. Z., Karamchandani, P., Seigneur, C. (2000). Simulation of Stack Plume Opacity,
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 50, 869874.
Moretti, A. L., Triscori, R. J., Ritzenthaler, D. P. (2006). A System Aapproach to SO3
Mitigration, EPRI-DOE-EPA-AWWA Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega
Symposium, BabcocWilcox Company Technical Paper, Baltimore, Maryland.
Richards, J. R.2000.Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions: Student Manual, U.S.EPA ATPI
Course 418.
Spencer,H., Romero, C., Levy, E., Yao, Z., Bilirgen H., Caram, H. (2007). Modeling of SO3
Formation Process in Coal-Fired Boiler: EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007.1012689.
Srivastava, R. K., Miller, C. A., Erickson, C., Jambhekar, R. (2004). Emissions of Sulfur
Trioxide from Coal-fired Power Plants, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association,
54, 750762.
U.S. EPA METHOD 5, Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions From Stationary
Sources. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate/m-05.pdf
U.S. EPA METHOD 17, Determination of Particlate Matter Emissions From Stationary
Sources. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate/m-17.pdf
U.S. EPA Method-9.(1984). Determination of the Opacity of Emissions from Stationary
Sources, EPA-600/4-77-027b.
Walsh, P. M., McCain, J. D., Cushing, K. M. (2006). Evaluation and Mitigation of Visible
Acidic Aerosol Plume from Coal Fired Power Boilers: Final Report, South Research Institute
Project No 11402, EPA-600/R-06/156.
Wilder, J. M., Pilat, M. J. (1983). Calculated Droplet Size Distributions and Opacities of
Condensed Sulfuric Acid Aerosols, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 33,
858863.
4 5 9 97
2003
2003
2.4 http://www.coalpowermag.com/plant_design/31.html
http://ivy5.epa.gov.tw/epalaw/2003
/ 83
61
EPRI
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
K :
75
76
77
78
K :
79
K :
80
81
82
ESP+SCR+FGD
83
ESP+SCR+FGD
84
ESP+SCR+FGD
85
ESP+SCR+FGD
86
ESP+SCR+FGD
87
ESP+SCR+FGD
88
ESP
89
ESP
90
ESP
91
ESP
92

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A Case Study of a Coal-Fired Power Plant about the Causes of

Flue Gas Opacity

ESP, FGD, SCR

A Case Study of a Coal-Fired Power Plant about the Causes of

Institute of Sustainable Technology on Environmental Protection

A Case Study of a Coal-Fired Power Plant about the Causes of

Flue Gas Opacity

3% SO2 SO3 SCR

700 750 SCR SO3 .........................

condensible particulate matter

flue gas desulfurization

electric power research institute

geometric standard deviation

low NOx burnner

particle size distribution

2.3 0.15m Srivastava et al.,2004

e (extinction coefficient)(2.5) Bouguer

2.1US EPA, 1984

2.6/Chris and Kent

SO2 +O+M SO3+M

Blythe and Dombrowsike2004 2.7

5*1013/acmWilder and Pilat, 1983 10 10

2.7Blythe and Dombrowsike,2004

Farthing et al., 2004

2.9Blythe and Dombrowsike,2004

SCR HCL NH3

Meng et al.,(2000) ESPSCRFGD

2.10Spencer et al.,2007 2.11

2.10 SCR SO3 Spencer et al.,2007

2.11 SO3 Srivastava et al.,2004

Blythe and Dombrowsike,2004

SCR SO2 SO3 1%

2.12 3% SO2 SO3 SCR

500 SCR 2 2000

(Devito and Oda,1998)

2.20 Keeth et al.,1991

2.4 Keeth et al.,1991

U.S. EPA Method 5

U.S. EPA Method 9

U.S. EPA Method 17

NO221m 31m 3.7

8.3 ppmv wet

1600 ppmv wet

3.3 EPRI DeFries,1994

0.9 *10E-6m ,19%

cumulative mass less than indicated

GSD 84.1% 15.8% 3.6

3.4 EPRI DeFries,1994

3.5 EPRI DeFries,1994

cumulative mass less than indicates

+1GSD (15.8%)=10.0, MMD(50%)=5.0 ,

cumulative mass less than

3.6 EPRI DeFries,1994

OD =(1/2303* mg/Am3* m)/( K* g/cm3)

2.5g/cm3 1.50+0i COOL COLD

OD =(1/2303* mg/Am3* m)/( K* g/cm3)

3.9 EPRI DeFries,1994

7.8 , 5.2 mg/Am3 (12.0,8.0 mg/Nm3)

7.3, 7.3, 6.6 mg/Am (11.0,11.0,10.0mg/Nm )

6.4, 5.1, 4.5 mg/Am (10.0,8.0,7.0 mg/Nm )

3.5 SCR FGD

#5#9 3 SCR FGD

93~99 8.91~9.57 3.13