ET Topic2 2015

Energy Technology
Topic 2:
Coal-fired thermal power plants
Combustion and Steam cycle
Plant description
Energy Technology
2 Coal-fired thermal power plants
Learning objectives
To describe the main characteristics of coal and the combustion
process
Solve practical exercises on combustion
To describe some of the main technologies and equipments
related to the use of coal (and biomass and urban waste): boilers,
thermal power plant with steam turbine,
To apply the acquired knowledge to the study of practical cases:
Rankine cycle, cycle efficiency, overall efficiency, consumption of
fuel, calculation of power rates, costs...
Energy Technology
Contents
Introduction
Coal
Combustion
The steam cycle
First numerical example (T2-I)
The boiler of a thermal power plant
Second numerical example (T2-II)
Exercise proposal (T2-III)
New trends
Energy Technology
Introduction
The classical thermal power plant
Energy Technology
Introduction
3
Rankine Cycle
(Steam)
Generator
Boiler
Turbine
Fuel
4
Pump
Qc
Condenser
Qf
s
6
Energy Technology
Introduction
Energy transformation in the classical thermal
power plant
Thermal
Energy
Boiler
Generator
Turbine
Fuel
Mechanical
4 Energy
Chemical
Energy
Electric
Energy
Pump
Energy Technology
Condenser
7
Introduction
Thermodynamics
Remember:
1st principle of Thermodynamics:
Energy can not be created nor destroyed, but
transferred from one form to another.
2on principle of Thermodynamics:
In this conditions, energy suffers degradation...
Heat
8
Energy Technology
Introduction
Remember:
Energy Degradation: irreversibility and losses
All real processes have some degree of

irreversibility that results in unusable energy
Some actions that cause degradation are:
Transportation
Storage
Conversion
Energy
transfer:
electricity...
heat,
Energy Technology
chemical
energy,
9
Introduction
Remember:
Some of the irreversible physical phenomena are:

Mechanical friction
Electrical heating (Joule effect)
Loss of pressure ( Joule-Thomson effect)
Temperature homogenization
Concentration homogenization
.
10
Energy Technology
Introduction
Example: classical thermal power plant
Thermal
Energy
Boiler
Fuel
Generator
Turbine
Electric
Energy
Mechanical
4 Energy
T > 1000C
Chemical
Energy
T < 600C
Pump
Energy Technology
Condenser
11
Introduction
Energy conversion and efficiency
Output
Input
energy
Power plant
Energy
Eo
Ei
Residual
energy
Er
Energy efficiency:
= Eo / Ei
12
12
Energy Technology
Coal
EU primary energy
consumption (2011)
Bioenergy
Hydro 7.8%
Total: 1 659 Mtoe

Other renewable
1.7%
1.6%
Coal
17.3%
Nuclear
14.2%
Gas
24.3%
Oil
33.1%
Source: IEA WEO 2013

Energy Technology
13
Coal
EU electricity energy
production by source
(2011)
Bioenergy
4.7%
Total: 3 257 TWh

Wind
5.5%
Other renewable
1.6%
Coal
27.2%
Hydro
9.6%
Oil
2.3%
Source:
IEA WEO 2013
Nuclear
27.8%
Gas
21.4%
14
Energy Technology
Coal
World electricity
energy production by
source (2011)
Hydro
15.8%
Total: 22 133 TWh
Bioenergy
1.9%
Wind
2.0%
Other renewable
0.6%
Coal
41.3%
Nuclear
11.7%
Source: IEA WEO 2013
Gas
21.9%
Energy Technology
Oil
4.8%
15
Coal
Historical perspective
Evolution of world consumption of primary energy

Wilkinson: use of mineral-coal
coke in metallurgy
Newcomen
1712
Watt Trevithick
1775 1801
Energy Technology
16
Coal
Mineral coal is a sedimentary rock of vegetal origin
Accumulation of plants in basins
Biochemical carbonisation: release of CO2 and CH4
(anaerobic reactions in still water with bacteria),
C enrichment
Geochemical carbonisation: chemical and metamorphic
process (loss of H2O and volatile components).
Energy Technology
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Coal
Immediate analysis:
Fixed
Volatile Mineral H2O
carbon matter matter
Coals(1)
Fixed C.* Volatile*
Anthracite
>90%
<10%
H2O
2%
Bituminous
Lignite
~70%
~55%
~30%
~45%
8% C(80)H(5)O(10)
40% C(60)H(5)O(25)
Peat
~50%
~50%
75% C(60)H(5)O(30)
(1)
(%)*
Dry and mineral-matter free

(dry ash-free)
Chemical composition: C, H, O, S, N
Classification varies from one country to another

Energy Technology
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Combustion
Introduction
Reactions
Products
Energy
Combustion Temperature
Energy Technology
19
Combustion
Introduction
Need to study the combustion:

To know the temperature of the flame and of the
combustion gases (maximum obtainable work,
boilers design, materials,)
To determine the gases composition
Pollution levels (legislation)
Corrosion

Energy Technology
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Combustion
Reactions
Real combustion takes place with air
O2 (21 % volume)
Air approxim. composition:
N2 (79 % volume)
1 kmol O 2 x
0.79 m 3 N 2 1 kmol N 2
1 m 3air
22.4m 3 O 2
x
x
x
3.76 kmol N 2
3
22.4m 3 O 2
1 m 3 air
1 kmol O 2 0.21 m O 2
For each mol of O2 we have 3.76 mol of N2

For each m3 of O2 we have 3.76 m3 of N2
Energy Technology
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10
Combustion
Reactions
Main exo-energetic reactions of the complete combustion

C + O2 + 3.76 N2 CO2 + 3.76 N2
H2 + O2 + 1.88 N2 H2O + 1.88 N2
S + O2 + 3.76 N2 SO2 + 3.76 N2
(8100 kcal/kg)
(28700 kcal/kg)
(2500 kcal/kg)
CmHn + (m+n/4)O2 + 3.76(m+n/4)N2

m CO2 + n/2 H2O + 3.76(m+n/4)N2
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Energy Technology
Combustion
Reactions
Main exo-energetic reactions of the incomplete combustion

C + O2 + 1.88 N2 CO + 1.88 N2
2 CO + O2 + 3.76 N2 2 CO2 + 3.76 N2
(2440 kcal/kg)
(5660 kcal/kg C)
Excess of air needed for a complete combustion
Energy Technology
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11
Combustion
Reactions
Reactions
Air excess coefficient:

n = real air / minimum air

Coal (solid)
Petroleum (liquid)
GN (gaseous)
between 1.5 and 2

between 1.1 and 1.2
between 1 and 1.1
Air excess:
e = real air minimum air 100 (%)
minimum air
Energy Technology
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Combustion
Products
CO2, greenhouse effect, production directly linked to
the carbon content of the fuel
SO2, acid rain
NOx, acid rain, formed at the high combustion
temperatures
HC, mainly in automobiles, unburned
CO, toxic, formed in incomplete combustions
Flying ashes, appear when burning coal, can be
filtered with relative easiness
Energy Technology
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12
Combustion
Energy
Higher Heating (or Gross Calorific) Value, HHV
The amount of heat released during the combustion of a fuel
En catal: poder calorfic superior (PCS)
Energy Technology
26
Combustion
Energy
Lower Heating (or net calorific) Value, LHV
It is obtained by subtracting from the HHV the latent heat of

vaporization of the water vapor formed during the combustion of
the fuel
En catal: poder calorfic inferior (PCI)
Energy Technology
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13
Combustion
Net calorific value (LHV): H2O remains vapour

Values are only indicative (specially for coal)
Fuel
Oil Products
Coal Anthracite
Bituminous
Lignite
Natural gas
Net calorific Value

10,000 kcal/kg 41,900 kJ/kg
7,000 kcal/kg 29,300 kJ/kg
6,000 kcal/kg 25,000 kJ/kg
4,500 kcal/kg 18,800 kJ/kg
9,000 kcal/m3 36,000 kJ/m3
Energy Technology
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Combustion
Theoretical combustion temperature
LHV ni C p ,i (T )dT
T2
T1
LHV : Heat released during the combustion of 1 kg (solids,

liquids) or m3 (gases) of fuel
ni : Number of mols of the i combustion product present in the

gases, per kg or m3 of fuel
Cp,i (T): Specific heat capacity of the i product (per mol)
T2: Flame Temperature [K]
T1: air Temp. at the entrance of the combustion chamber [K]
Energy Technology
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14
Combustion
CO2?
Example
4000 t/year
Coal fired thermal

power plant
Lignite:
moisture+ash 50 %
carbon 60 % (dry, ash-free)
30
Energy Technology
Combustion
Example
subtracting
4000 t/year
Lignite
water+ ashes
2000 t/year
Quantity of
carbon
Dry ash-free lignite
1200 t/year
Carbon
C + O2 + 3.76 N2 CO2 + 3.76 N2

Lignite
water+ash: 50 %
Carbon: 60 %
12 kg/kmol C
12+16+16= 44
kg/kmol CO2
1200 *44/12 = 4400 t/year CO2
Energy Technology
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15
Combustion
Example
LHV = 2500 kcal/kg
4000 t/year
Coal fired thermal

power plant
Final
Energy ?
Lignite:
moisture+ash 50 %
carbon 60 % (dry, ash-free)
32
Energy Technology
Combustion
Example
Primary Energy:
4000 103 kg/year * 2500 kcal /kg =
10 109 kcal/year * 1kWh/860 kcal =

1,16 107 kWh /year
4000 t/year
E final = E primary * facility

Coal fired thermal
power plant
Lignite:
LHV = 2500 kcal/kg
Final energy:
10 109 kcal/year* 0,35 =
3,5 109 kcal/year =
4,07 106 kWh /year
Energy Technology
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16
The steam cycle
Ideal Rankine cycle

The turbine
Real Rankine cycle
Enhancing efficiency
Cycle variants
34
Energy Technology
The steam cycle

Ideal Rankine cycle
Qc
Wideal
2
1
Qf
Energy Technology
35
17
The steam cycle

Ideal Rankine cycle
Wideal
Qf
TT =
Theoretical Thermal Cycle
2
1
Qc
(h3-h4)-(h2-h1)
(h3-h2)
The work of the pump can be

neglected !!
36
Energy Technology
The steam cycle

The turbine
i =
(h3-h4)
(h3-h4s)
3
real
ideal
4s
S
Energy Technology
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18
The steam cycle

Real Rankine cycle
Qc
Wreal = i Wideal
Wreal
Real Thermal Cycle
2
1
Qf
40 4
T =
S
(h3-h4) i (h3-h40)
=
(h3-h2)
(h3-h2)
38
Energy Technology
The steam cycle

Elevation of the Turbine admission Temp.

Increase of !!!
Material limits.
Turbines steel
T < 540 C
S
Energy Technology
39
19
The steam cycle

Enhancing
efficiency
Lowering of condensation
Pressure
Tcond
Difficulties:
large volume
of condenser (cost)
large turbine outlet
pipes
liquid fraction
S
40
Energy Technology
The steam cycle

Increase of working
Pressure
Enhancing
efficiency
S
Energy Technology
41
20
The steam cycle

Increase of working Pressure
Theoretically
Actually:
liquid fraction
turbine internal
efficiency is lower
But it allows re-heat!!
S
42
Energy Technology
The steam cycle

Cycle variants
Re-heat superheating
Qr
S
Energy Technology
Efficiency
increases
43
21
The steam cycle

Cycle variants
Regenerative feed-water heating
Efficiency
increases
Energy Technology
44
First numerical example on a steam cycle

T2-I
A facility with a steam turbine produces 20 MW electricity. It works with
steam at 40 bar and 450C, and the condensation temperature is 29C.
The following efficiencies are known
Internal Turbine (isentropic) i = 0.79
Mechanical turbine m = 0.97
Electric generator e = 0.98
Steam generator (boiler) B = 0.88
The facility uses fuel-oil with a lower heating value of 41.3 MJ/kg.
1. Draw the steam cycle
2. The efficiencies of the cycle and the total efficiency of the facility
3. The thermal power and the hourly fuel consumption
4. The thermal power dissipated in the condenser
5. The thermal power expulsed in the chimney
Energy Technology
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22
Numerical example on a steam cycle
Qc
Wideal
2
1
Qf
Energy Technology
46
Point 3:
P3 = 40 bar
T3 = 450 C
Thermodynamic tables
www.katmarsoftware.com/wasp.htm
Energy Technology
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23
Energy Technology
48
EnergyTechnology
Technology
Energy
49
49
24
Point 3:
h3= 3330.8 kJ/kg
s3 = 6.938 kJ/kg K
Energy Technology
50
P3 = 40 bar
T3 = 450 C
Energy Technology
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25

Point 3:
h3= 3330.8 kJ/kg
P3 = 40 bar
T3 = 450 C
s3 = 6.938 kJ/kg K
Point 4:
s4s = s3 = 6.938 kJ/kg K
T4 = 29 C
P4 = 0.04 bar
s4s = sL (1-x) + sv x = 6.938 kJ/kg K

sL = 0,4225 kJ/kg K
sv = 8,4736 kJ/kg K
X = 0.805
h4s = hL (1-x) + hv x = 2079.2 kJ/kg
hL = 121.4 kJ/kg
hv = 2553.5 kJ/kg
Energy Technology
52
Point 1:
T1 = 29 C
P1 = 0.04 bar
Saturated liquid
h1= hL = 121.4 kJ/kg
Point 2:
Pump work:
P2
WPump v dP 10 3 m 3 / kg (40 0,04) 105 ( N / m 2 )

P1
4000 Nm / kg 4kJ / kg
h2= h1 + WPump =125.4 kJ/kg

Energy Technology
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26

Isentropic efficiency of the turbine
i =
3
(h3-h4)
= 0.79
(h3-h4s)
h4real = 2342.0 kJ/kg
ideal 40 4
real
Energy Technology
54

Thermal cycle efficiency
T =
(h3-h4r)
= 0.3085
(h3-h2)
Plant overall efficiency
g =B T m e = 0.258
Energy Technology
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27

Plant global efficiency
g =T b m e = 0.258
77.5 MW
global =0.258
20 MW
56
Energy Technology
Mechanical losses + electric

losses 1.0 MW
P mech.
77.5 MW
20 MWe
68.2 MW
Condenser losses
Boiler losses
47.2 MW
9.3 MW
Energy Technology
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28
General overview
The combustion chamber
The steam drum
The convection pass
Steam temperature control
The air heater
Boiler efficiency
58
Energy Technology

General overview
Gas-Steam
Heat exchangers
Air
Combustion
gases
Pre-heater of air
Energy Technology
59
29
General overview
Air
Boiler
Tubular
Air
preheater furnace exchangers preheater
1300oC
T gas
300oC
130oC
20oC
60
Energy Technology

General overview
Superheater
Re-heat superheater
Turbine
Economizer
Steam
generator
Energy Technology
Feed water
61
30
The 455 MW boiler of a thermal power plant
Energy Technology
62
Heating: mainly
radiation over the walls
Energy Technology
63
Fuel: pulverized coal
31

Complete Combustion (time of
combustion) x (gas velocity) <
(chamber length)
Water walls (usually)
Heat evacuation, avoid CHF
(pipes perforation)
Natural or forced water
circulation
It is where the steam is generated
Energy Technology
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Energy Technology
65
32
The steam drum

Function
Water reservoir
Mixture Chamber
Steam separation
Contains
Separating equipment (separators and dryers)
Feed-water inlet
Additives distribution
Continuous purge
Energy Technology
66
The steam drum. Steam-water separation
Steam drum
Vertical cyclone separator

Energy Technology
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33
The steam drum
Energy Technology
68
Convection pass
Superheater (primary
and secondary)
Reheat superheater
Economizer
Banks of tubes of the
steam generator (SG)
(in low pressure
boilers)
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34
Convection pass
The fraction of heat transferred to the watersteam circuit depends on the pressure at
which steam is generated
At low pressures, water vaporization takes a
larger fraction of the energy.
Heat fraction transferred by the flue gas
Low P
SG + econom
SH + RH
High P
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Steam temperature control
Energy Technology
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35
Air preheater
Its function is to recover the residual heat that

flue gas still contains after the economizer
while preheating the air before it enters the
combustion chamber
There are to types of air heaters:
- Tubular type
- Regenerative type
Large power plants have regenerative type air
preheaters
Energy Technology
73

Air preheater
Regenerative air preheaters: Rotating-plate type
Ljungstrm Air preheater

Energy Technology
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36

Air preheater
Regenerative air preheaters: Stationary-plate type
Rothemhle Air preheater

Energy Technology
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Boiler Efficiency
c =
Q abs cycle
Q combustion
It depends on the losses:

Boiler (convection and radiation to the environment)
Chimney ( water steam, sensible heat)
Fuel (water, scoria, fouling...)
Combustion (unburned)
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37
Boiler Efficiency
Example of fouling in an array of tubes
Energy Technology
77
Coal Burners
Function
Location
Types
Other technologies
Energy Technology
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38
Reminder: coal composition
Coal burners
Immediate analysis:
Fixed
Volatile Mineral H2O
carbon matter matter
Coals(1)
Fixed C.* Volatile*
Anthracite
>90%
<10%
H2O
2%
Bituminous
Lignite
~70%
~55%
~30%
~45%
8% C(80)H(5)O(10)
40% C(60)H(5)O(25)
Peat
~50%
~50%
75% C(60)H(5)O(30)
(1)
(%)*
Dry and mineral-matter free

(dry ash-free)
Chemical composition: C, H, O, S, N
Classification varies from one country to another

Energy Technology
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Coal burners
Function
The objective of the burner is to obtain and to
maintain the fuel combustion, assuring its
intimate mixture with air
A burner has to provide regulation capability
in some degree
Energy Technology
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39
Coal burners
Location
The place where burners are placed are
selected in order to achieve:
Complete combustion in the chamber
Avoid flame impact on the walls
Temperature of the flying ashes low enough
(recirculation of the combustion gases)
NOx reduction (injection of air above the
burners)
Energy Technology
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Coal burners
Types
Of pulverized coal:
Long flame: low volatile content coals (anthracite)
Turbulent
Cyclone
Energy Technology
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40
Coal burners
Types. Long Flame
Energy Technology
83
Coal burners
Types. Turbulent
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO70D4vP1wk
Energy Technology
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41
Coal burners
Types. Cyclone
For coal with low melting

point ashes
Energy Technology
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Coal burners
Other technologies
Grate burners
Fluidized bed combustion
Gasification
Energy Technology
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42
The complete power plant

Other equipments:
Turbine
Condenser
Cooling tower
Flue gas cleaning installations
Coal pulverizers
....
The power plant efficiency
Energy Technology
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General overview
Energy Technology
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43
The turbine
Energy Technology
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The condenser
Energy Technology
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44
Cooling tower
Energy Technology
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Electrostatic precipitator for flying ash filtering

Energy Technology
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45
Scrubber for sulfur retention

Energy Technology
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Pulverizers
Energy Technology
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46
The coal park
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The power plant efficiency

Boiler: B
Real cycle: T ( includes the turbine i ,...)
Mechanical efficiency of the turbine: m
Generator: g
Losses 0/1 (when not included in boiler): L
Self-consumption 0/1: C
= B T (1-L) m g (1-C)
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47
2nd numerical example

on a steam cycle
(T2-II)
Exercise example on a steam cycle

T2-II
Humos
Vapor, 45 bar 530 C
Vapor, 180 bar 530 C
Turbinas
Media y
Baja
Presin
Caldera
Turbina
Alta
Presin
Gas natural
Generador
Aire
W
Condensador
48

T2-II
Se conocen los siguientes datos de una central termoelctrica con ciclo de
vapor:
Potencia elctrica = 200MW

Combustible: gas natural
En relacin con el ciclo termodinmico:
El vapor entra a la turbina de alta presin a 180 bar y 530 C
La presin a la que se efecta el recalentamiento es de 45 bar
El vapor es admitido en la turbina de media presin a 530 C
La condensacin a la salida de la turbina de BP se efecta a 0,058 bar
Los rendimientos internos (isoentrpicos) de las turbinas de alta presin y la de
presin media-baja son, respectivamente: AP = 85 % , BP = 87 %.
El producto del rendimiento mecnico de turbina y alternador es MG = 96%.
La eficiencia de la caldera es del 88%

T2-II
Se pide:
1. Dibujar el ciclo y determinar les entalpas de los puntos reales (1,2,3,4)
2. Determinar el rendimiento trmico del ciclo de vapor ideal y real
3. Determinar el rendimiento total de la planta.
4. Cul es la produccin de vapor (kg/s) de la caldera?
5. Determinar el consumo de gas natural
49

1
Diagrama del ciclo y entalpas
PUNTO
20
Entalpa
(kJ/kg)
Entropa
(kJ/kg K))
180
530
3359
45
310
2974
6.3366
45
530
3508
7.1183
0.058
35.5
2188
7.1183
180
36.8
170
--------
W (6)
Temperatura
(C)
20 (ideal)
40 (ideal)
Presin
(bar)
6.3366
40 4
S
Tablas termodinmicas
www.katmarsoftware.com/wasp.htm
50

2
T
1 3
20 2
6
5
Ciclo trmico terico
40 4
3359
TT =
2974
3508
2188
(h1-h20) + (h3-h40) -(h6-h5)

(h1- h6) +(h3-h20)
3359
170
3508
2974
51

2
Ciclo trmico terico
3359
TT =
2974
3508
2188
(h1-h20) + (h3-h40) -(h6-h5)

(h1- h6) +(h3-h20)
3359
170
3508
= 0.458
2974

2
Ciclo trmico real
T =
(h1-h2) + (h3-h4) -(h6-h5)

(h1- h6) +(h3-h2)
52

2
Ciclo trmico real
T =
iAP =
(h1-h2) + (h3-h4) -(h6-h5)

(h1- h6) +(h3-h2)
(h1-h2)
= 0,85 iBP =
(h1-h20)
(h3-h4)
(h3-h40)
= 0,87

2
Ciclo trmico real
385
(h1-h20) iAP + (h3-h40) iBP

T =
(h1- h6) +(h3-h2)
iAP =
1320
3359
(h1-h2)
(h1-h20)
170
= 0,85
3508
3031
iBP =
(h3-h4)
(h3-h40)
= 0,87
53

2
Ciclo trmico real
T =
(h1-h20) iAP + (h3-h40) iBP

= 0,403
(h1- h6) +(h3-h2)

3
Rendimiento global de la planta
global = caldera T MG =
= 0,88 0,403 0,98 = 0,347
54

4
Produccin de vapor
Las dos expansiones de vapor en la turbina permiten transformar la

energa trmica del vapor en mecnica y posteriormente en elctrica en
el generador. La potencia elctrica producida en la planta (200 MWe)
resulta de:
vapor [(h1-h2) + (h3-h4)] MG = 200 103

m
kW
vapor 138,3 kg / s
m

5
Consumo de gas natural

El calor a aportar en la caldera en forma de gas natural ha de permitir
calentar el agua desde las condiciones de 6 hasta 1 y tambin el
recalentamiento intermedio (de 2 a 3). Es necesario considerar las
prdidas en la caldera (eficiencia 88%)
vapor [(h1-h6) + (h2-h3)]

m
caldera
QGN
= PGN = 576,1 MW
PGN
576100 kW
m3
m3
16,04
57770
PCIGN 35900 kJ
s
h
Nm3
55
Exercise proposal
T2-III
A coal-fired power plant, with a net electrical output

of 100 MW, has a steam cycle that follows the scheme
below (represented in the T-S diagram).
1
Low
pressure
turbine
1 3
2s 2
Boiler
HP
Pump
6
5
4s 4
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Exercise proposal
Steam cycle data:
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56
Exercise proposal
The parameters of the plant are as follows:
Boiler's efficiency B = 91 %
High pressure turbine's internal efficiency: HP = 86 %
Medium and low pressure turbines efficiency: LP = 88 %
Pumps internal efficiency: P = 80 %
Turbine's mechanical efficiency: m = 97 %
Electric generator's efficiency: G = 99 %
Energy Technology
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Exercise proposal
The coal used has the following properties:

Composition
Moisture and ash: 22 %
Carbon (dry, ash-free): 82%
Sulphur(dry, ash-free): 3 %
Lower heating value 5900 kcal/kg

Cost 100 /t
Energy Technology
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57
Exercise proposal
Neglect the pumps work in what concerns the
cycle efficiency.
Solve the following questions justifying the
hypotheses you believe to be opportune:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Thermal cycle efficiency (T)

Steam mass flow in the turbine
Hourly coal consumption
Fuel cost per kWhe produced
CO2 hourly production
Energy Technology
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58

ET Topic2 2015

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Energy Technology

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

The classical thermal power plant

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Energy Degradation: irreversibility and losses

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

All real processes have some degree of

Energy Degradation: irreversibility and losses

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Some of the irreversible physical phenomena are:

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Example: classical thermal power plant

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Total: 1 659 Mtoe

Source: IEA WEO 2013

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Total: 3 257 TWh

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Total: 22 133 TWh

Source: IEA WEO 2013

Evolution of world consumption of primary energy

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Dry and mineral-matter free

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Classification varies from one country to another

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Need to study the combustion:

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

For each mol of O2 we have 3.76 mol of N2

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Main exo-energetic reactions of the complete combustion

CmHn + (m+n/4)O2 + 3.76(m+n/4)N2

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Main exo-energetic reactions of the incomplete combustion

Excess of air needed for a complete combustion

Air excess coefficient:

n = real air / minimum air

between 1.5 and 2

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Higher Heating (or Gross Calorific) Value, HHV

The amount of heat released during the combustion of a fuel

En catal: poder calorfic superior (PCS)

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Lower Heating (or net calorific) Value, LHV

It is obtained by subtracting from the HHV the latent heat of

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Net calorific value (LHV): H2O remains vapour

Net calorific Value

LHV : Heat released during the combustion of 1 kg (solids,

ni : Number of mols of the i combustion product present in the

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Coal fired thermal

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants

Dry ash-free lignite

C + O2 + 3.76 N2 CO2 + 3.76 N2

1200 *44/12 = 4400 t/year CO2

2 Coal-fired thermal power plants