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Dong Hoon Shin, Seung Il Jung, Ki Nam Yun, Guohai Chen, Yoon-Ho Song, Yahachi Saito, William I. Milne, and
Cheol Jin Lee
Citation: Applied Physics Letters 105, 033110 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4891328
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4891328
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/105/3?ver=pdfcov
Published by the AIP Publishing
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Field emission properties from flexible field emitters using carbon nanotube
film
Dong Hoon Shin,1,a) Seung Il Jung,1,a),b) Ki Nam Yun,1 Guohai Chen,2 Yoon-Ho Song,3
Yahachi Saito,4 William I. Milne,5 and Cheol Jin Lee1,c)
1
(Received 17 April 2014; accepted 6 July 2014; published online 24 July 2014)
Flexible carbon nanotube (CNT) field emitters are fabricated using CNT films on polyethylene
terephthalate films. The flexible CNT emitters, which are made using double-walled CNTs, show
high emission performance and also indicate stable field emission properties under several bending
conditions. The flexible CNT emitters have a low turn-on field of about 0.82 V/lm and a high emission current density of about 2.0 mA/cm2 at an electric field of 1.6 V/lm. During stability tests, the
flexible CNT emitters initially degrade over the first 4 h but exhibit no further significant
degradation over the next 16 h testing while being continually bent. A flexible lamp made using the
C 2014
flexible CNT emitter displays uniform and bright emission patterns in a convex mode. V
AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4891328]
a)
0003-6951/2014/105(3)/033110/5/$30.00
FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of the fabrication procedure for the flexible CNT
emitter.
105, 033110-1
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Shin et al.
FIG. 2. (a) SEM and (b) TEM images of DWCNTs. The inset shows two
graphitic layers clearly. (c) SEM image of the surface of CNT emitter. A lot
of CNTs exist and some CNTs are quasi aligned on the cathode electrode.
(d) A photograph of the flexible CNT emitter. Raman spectrum of DWCNTs
in (e) the RBM region (100300 cm1) and (f) the D- and G-band region
(10001800 cm1).
(1)
(2)
where hf, hs, and r denote the thickness of the CNT film, the
thickness of the substrate including the adhesion layer, and
curvature radius of the substrate, respectively.32 Because the
thickness of the CNT film (5 lm) is much smaller than that
of the substrate (280 lm), hf hs, the strain can be given by
hs/2r. The CNT film used for the flexible CNT emitters has
the Youngs modulus of 460 MPa as shown in supplementary
Fig. S2.29 Consequently, mechanical stress on the flexible
CNT emitters under bending conditions can be estimated
using r e Y where r and Y are the tensile stress and
Youngs modulus, respectively.
Figure 3 shows the resistance change rate (DR/Ro),
where DR is the difference between the current resistance
(R) and initial resistance (Ro), under various bending conditions. Electrical resistance of the flexible CNT emitters was
measured using the two-probe method with a digital multimeter (Agilent 34411A). The resistance increases up to 0.9%
under convex bending, whereas the resistance changes less
than 0.1% under concave bending. The resistance is recovered to the initial value after relaxing the strain when the
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Shin et al.
FIG. 3. The resistance change rate of the flexible CNT emitters as a function
of curvature radius under (a) convex and (b) concave bending, respectively.
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Shin et al.
emitters using DWCNT films under several bending conditions is attributed to robust network properties due to strong
van der Waals force between DWCNTs.
However, the flexible CNT emitters suffer from frequent
arcing when the curvature radius was less than 2.5 mm under
concave bending, thus we could not obtain stable field emission properties. The relatively unstable field emission property
under concave bending is attributed to the morphological
change of the flexible CNT emitters due to the compressive
force on the CNT emitters. When the flexible CNT emitters
are under the severe concave bending conditions, several
wrinkles are generated by the compressive force, which
change electric field distributions and sometimes make electrical contacts between the anode and the emitter.
Field emission properties of flexible CNT emitters using
multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) were also investigated under
the identical bending conditions as shown in supplementary
Fig. S3.29 They showed slightly increasing deviation in their
emission properties compared to the flexible DWCNT emitters, which is caused by larger diameters of MWCNTs.
The insets of Figs. 4(a) and 4(b) show the corresponding
Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) plots for the flexible CNT emitters.
The field enhancement factor can be calculated by using the
F-N equation
i
h
3
(3)
J A c2 F2 =/ exp B/2 =cF ;
where J is the emission current density, A 1.54 106
AV2 eV, B 6.83 109 eV3/2 Vm1, c is the field
enhancement factor, / is the work function, and F is the
applied electric field. Assuming the work function of CNTs
to be 5.0 eV,33 the field enhancement factor can be calculated
to be about 4091 by fitting the slope of the F-N plot (ln(J/F2)
vs. 1/F). The high value of the field enhancement factor of
the CNT emitter is attributed to the small diameter and high
aspect ratio of the DWCNTs.
We evaluated the emission current stability of the flexible CNT emitters under the bending condition using a convex mode with a curvature radius of 10 mm (corresponding
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