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INTRODUCTION
Engineering graduates require an ever-increasing range of skills to maintain relevance with
the global environment of the new millennium. Communication skills are a vital component
of this, recognised by academia and industry alike. English language skills are also
important given its widespread status across the globe as a lingua franca. Indeed,
multilingual skills are considered a salient element in the make-up of the new global
engineer. English for specific purposes focuses the learners attention on the particular
terminology and communication skills required in the international professional field.
Engineers can relate the same theories of mathematics, of mechanics and technology, but
the modern engineer must also be able to communicate effectively in a shared tongue. This
is especially important given that engineering projects are now planned and implemented
across national and cultural borders.
Mushrooming of engineering colleges has phenomenally increased scope for good
engineers. Every engineering graduate is required a sizable amount of proficiency in English
language to make him employable. Globalization has resulted in liberal policies, which is
paving way to lot of new institutions. Fresh institutions are fundamentally weak in their basic
amenities that leads to poor outcome of the students. If we take language efficiency of the
tertiary level students in these institutions, the language efficiency is very pathetic.
IT/IT enabled industries have created large pool of employment opportunities and their crux
issue is English language proficiency. All the students are in the state of compulsion of
learning English language whereas most of the students are not at all taking any steps to
improve their language. The English teachers are simply playing blame game on their
school teachers and vice versa. Though the students have studied English for twelve years in
their school, they miserably fail even in the basics. Who should take responsibility for this?
Whether it is teachers, students, parents or society? NASSCOM report says that only one
third of the present pass out students are employable, remaining students are unemployable
due to lack of English knowledge.
No matter what your country's official language is, most business communications these
days happen in English. Globalization has helped businesses of many economies and also
elevated English to a new level. It is important that you know business and technical English
to communicate with clients comfortably.
Most organizations have realized the importance of investing in teaching English to key
personnel and executives. English proficiency program aims at improving your knowledge
of business terminology and technical communication.
Technical and Business English is the language for communication over emails. A good
English Proficiency program will introduce you to different kinds of standard business letters.
Once you understand the use of each kind of business letter, it will become easier for you to
choose the best style of communication for the right occasion. Technical and Business
English is not about being formal but being able to understand the use of formal and
informal expressions in the correct manner. Grammar is also an important element of
technical communications.
English is also not limited to written communication. It also involves social conversation and
telephone etiquette. Accent is not as important as the use of correct and fluent speech.
Improving the fluency of spoken English will also help you in written communications. Use
of proper expressions and idioms and phrases will boost your technical English.
Another key element of technical English is to understand what others are saying. If you are
having troubles in understanding speech and often need to ask others to repeat what they
have said, it indicates that your English needs improvement. Programs aimed at improving
English Proficiency also focus on improving listening comprehension. When in business, it is
critical that you understand what your customer/client says.
Choosing a program, that will improve your technical English needs to be done carefully.
Technical English can be improved only by practice. There is absolutely no use of just
learning new terminology if you do not know how to use them. A really good program will
help you practice the newly learned words and terminologies by simulating business
environments.
Technical English will help you perform better in your day-to-day office chores. As you
learn the nuances of technical English, you will find how easy it is to read and write
contracts or send bad news in the most polite manner. Even if your organization does not
take efforts in increasing knowledge of technical English at an institutional level, it is
worthwhile for you as an individual to invest some time in improving your English.
SIA Group intends to provide the engineering graduates with training in English Language
Proficiency & Soft Skills through its new SIA ELPSS Series Publication English
Language Proficiency and Soft Skills Training & Scholarship Program to enhance
employability of the candidates. Furthermore we shall be conducting SIA Scholarship
Test after receiving all the Scholarship Application forms to be forwarded from each college
altogether.
First Prize
Second prize
All participants
This test is purely for 1st year graduates of Engineering and it is an initiative of SIA Group to
make the Engineering students industry ready, more capable, confident and successful.
Indefinite Article
a (before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound)
Consonants (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z)
an (before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound)
Vowels (a, e, i, o, u)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The parcel I received yesterday was sent from the United Kingdom.
8.
9.
The people who live in the France are called the French.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
EXERCISE
Fill the Blanks with Appropriate Articles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Answers :
1. an
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. the
6. the
7. a
8. an
9. the
10. an
Parts of Speech
Words in English language are classified into 8 different Parts of Speech based on the
function they perform in a sentence.
They are:
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction and
Interjection
Look! A brown fox jumped over the lazy dog and quickly ran away.
Interjection
Adjective
Noun
verb
Preposition
Adjective
Noun Conjunction
1.
Noun
The name of a person, place or thing is called a noun.
E.g. : Ahmed, Raja, Delhi, Bike, Book, Sun etc.
2.
Pronoun
The pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
E.g. : He, She, It, They, We
Adverb
Verb
Adverb.
3.
Verb
A word that indicates an action is called a verb.
E.g. : come, go, eat, running, waiting, jump, show, smiling
4.
Adjective
Any word speaking about the noun or showing quality of the noun is called adjective.
E.g : bright day, good boy, some people, great leader.
5.
Adverb
Any word speaking about a verb, adjective or another adverb is called an adverb.
E.g. : slowly, quickly, here, there
6.
Preposition
It shows the position of one object against another and links a noun or pronoun to
another word.
E.g. : across the road, on the table, over the mountain, in the country
7.
Conjunction
It is used to combine words and show their relation to each other.
E.g. : and, but, because, for
8.
Interjection
It shows sudden or strong emotion denoted by an exclamation mark followed after
the word.
E.g. : Alas! Oh! Stop!
Noun
Usage
Example words
Pen, dog, Hyderabad, India,
teacher, doctor, physics,
Ramesh, Zakir
Example sentences
Amir is an Engineering
student. He is very
intelligent. All are very
proud of him.
Verb
Adverb
I am going to college.
Today I am playing cricket
there.
adjective or adverb
very, loudly
across
against another.
Used to combine words to
Conjunction
other.
an exclamation mark.
oops!
beautiful.
List of Prepositions
10
aboard
behind
except
on
to
about
below
excepting
onto
toward
above
beneath
excluding
opposite
towards
across
beside
following
outside
under
after
besides
for
over
underneath
against
between
from
past
unlike
along
beyond
in
per
until
amid
but
inside
plus
up
among
by
into
regarding
upon
anti
concerning
like
round
versus
around
considering
minus
save
via
as
despite
near
since
with
at
down
of
than
within
before
during
off
through
without
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Answers :
11
1. noun
2. preposition
3. interjection
4. verb
5. adverb
6. conjunction
7. pronoun
8. adjective
Tenses
Based on the timeline of an action, verbs are divided into three tenses.
They are:
Present tense
Past tense and
Future tense.
Present Tense :
Present tense stands for what action is happening currently or at the moment.
E.g. :
It is raining.
I am going to school.
Past Tense :
Past tense stands for what action completed in the past or sometime back.
E.g. :
It rained yesterday.
I went to school.
Future Tense :
Future tense stands for what action is going to happen in the future.
E.g. :
It may rain tonight.
I shall go to school tomorrow.
The above three tenses can be subdivided into Simple, Perfect, Continuous and Perfect
Continuous and each of these has a present, past and future form.
12
PRESENT TENSES
Simple Present Tense
In Simple Present tense, the action is mentioned as it is without mentioning its
completeness.
I eat.
I work.
I go.
I have eaten.
I have worked.
I have gone.
13
PAST TENSES
Simple Past Tense
In Simple Past tense, the action is just mentioned and is completed in the past.
I ate.
I worked.
I went.
In Past Continuous tense, the action was going on for a certain period in the past.
I was eating.
I was working.
I was going.
I had eaten.
I had worked.
I had gone.
14
FUTURE TENSES
Simple Future Tense
Simple Future tense is used when we plan or make a decision to do something. Nothing is
said about the time in the future.
I will eat.
I will work.
I will go.
I will have been eating these tablets for two months as directed by the doctor.
I will have been working for eight hours by 10 PM.
I will have been going a long distance till we see sunset.
15
Past
Future
Simple
I play
I played
I will play
Continuous
I am playing
I was playing
I will be playing
Perfect
I have played
I had played
Perfect Continuous
Present Tense
Past Tense
Past Participle
Present Participle
add
added
added
adding
appear
appeared
Appeared
Appearing
bless
blessed
blessed
blessing
boil
boiled
boiled
boiling
borrow
borrowed
borrowed
borrowing
call
called
called
calling
cheat
cheated
cheated
cheating
copy
copied
copied
copying
chew
chewed
chewed
chewing
complete
completed
completed
completing
connect
connected
connected
connecting
design
designed
designed
designing
develop
developed
developed
developing
dislike
disliked
disliked
disliking
drop
dropped
dropped
dropping
earn
earned
earned
earning
end
ended
ended
ending
float
floated
floated
floating
found
founded
founded
founding
gather
gathered
gathered
gathering
guess
guessed
guessed
guessing
guide
guided
guided
guiding
hang
hanged
hanged
hanging
16
hop
hopped
hopped
hopping
heat
heated
heated
heating
hope
hoped
hoped
hoping
hunt
hunted
hunted
hunting
hurry
hurried
hurried
hurrying
ignore
ignored
ignored
ignoring
inform
informed
informed
informing
jog
jogged
jogged
jogging
join
joined
joined
joining
jump
jumped
jumped
jumping
kick
kicked
kicked
kicking
kill
killed
killed
killing
kiss
kissed
kissed
kissing
knock
knocked
knocked
knocking
last
lasted
lasted
lasting
laugh
laughed
laughed
laughing
lie
lied
lied
lying
live
lived
lived
living
load
loaded
loaded
loading
look
looked
looked
looking
love
loved
loved
loving
marry
married
married
marrying
measure
measured
measured
measuring
melt
melted
melted
melting
move
moved
moved
moving
nod
nodded
nodded
nodding
obey
obeyed
obeyed
obeying
observe
observed
observed
observing
obtain
obtained
obtained
obtaining
occur
occurred
occurred
occurring
offer
offered
offered
offering
17
order
ordered
ordered
ordering
pack
packed
packed
packing
place
placed
placed
placing
pour
poured
poured
pouring
practice
practiced
practiced
practicing
push
pushed
pushed
pushing
question
questioned
questioned
questioning
ready
readied
readied
readying
refuse
refused
refused
refusing
regret
regretted
regretted
regretting
reject
rejected
rejected
rejecting
remove
removed
removed
removing
repair
repaired
repaired
repairing
retire
retired
retired
retiring
return
returned
returned
returning
search
searched
searched
searching
skip
skipped
skipped
skipping
slip
slipped
slipped
slipping
smile
smiled
smiled
smiling
smoke
smoked
smoked
smoking
spoil
spoiled
spoiled
spoiling
suffer
suffered
suffered
suffering
talk
talked
talked
talking
taste
tasted
tasted
tasting
thank
thanked
thanked
thanking
tick
ticked
ticked
ticking
tie
tied
tied
tying
touch
touched
touched
touching
type
typed
typed
typing
use
used
used
using
vanish
vanished
vanished
vanishing
18
visit
visited
visited
visiting
wash
washed
washed
washing
watch
watched
watched
watching
wave
waved
waved
waving
yell
yelled
yelled
yelling
Present Tense
Past Tense
Past Participle
Present Participle
be
was
been
being
beat
beat
beat
beating
bring
brought
brought
bringing
catch
caught
caught
catching
come
came
came
coming
cut
cut
cut
cutting
deal
dealt
dealt
dealing
eat
ate
ate
eating
fall
fell
fell
falling
feel
felt
felt
feeling
find
found
found
finding
fly
flew
flew
flying
give
gave
given
giving
go
went
gone
going
mean
meant
meant
meaning
put
put
put
putting
read
read
read
reading
rise
rose
rose
rising
run
ran
ran
running
shine
shone
shone
shining
swear
swore
swore
swearing
take
took
taken
taking
tear
tore
tore
tearing
19
PUNCTUATION
. Full Stop
Quotation Marks
? Question Mark
: Colon
! Exclamation Mark
; Semicolon
, Comma
- Hyphen
Apostrophe
2.
20
Comma [,]
1.
2.
Use a comma with quotation marks to show what someone has said directly.
He said, Do not disturb me till an hour.
3.
4.
Use commas around relative clauses that add extra information to a sentence.
Amartya Sen, who was a great economist, was conferred the Nobel Prize.
Apostrophe [']
1.
2.
Use an apostrophe to show letters that have been left out of a word.
Dont shout. I wouldnt allow any nuisance here.
Colon[:]
1.
2.
Semicolon [;]
1.
2.
Hyphen [-]
1.
Use a hyphen to join two words that form one idea together.
Water-proof
Sports-car
2.
3.
21
22
VOCABULARY
Here is a list of the most common English words. This basic vocabulary provides a good
starting point for communicating in English.
able
automatic
boat
button
cold
about
awake
body
cake
collar
account
balance
boiling
camera
colour
acid
band
bone
canvas
comb
across
base
book
card
come
act
basin
boot
care
comfort
addition
basket
bottle
carriage
committee
adjustment
bath
brain
cart
common
after
beautiful
brake
cause
company
again
because
branch
certain
comparison
against
before
brass
chain
competition
agreement
behavior
bread
chalk
complete
almost
behaviour
breath
chance
complex
among
belief
brick
change
condition
amount
bell
bridge
cheap
connection
angle
bent
bright
cheese
conscious
angry
berry
broken
chemical
control
animal
between
brother
chest
cook
answer
bird
brown
chief
copper
apparatus
birth
brush
church
copy
approval
bite
bucket
circle
cord
argument
bitter
building
clean
cork
army
black
bulb
clear
cotton
attack
blade
burn
clock
cough
attempt
blood
burst
cloth
country
attention
blow
business
cloud
cover
attraction
blue
but
coal
crack
authority
board
butter
coat
credit
23
crime
disgust
expert
fork
hate
cruel
distance
face
form
head
crush
distribution
fact
forward
healthy
current
division
fall
fowl
hear
curtain
door
false
frame
hearing
curve
doubt
family
frequent
heart
cushion
down
farm
friend
heat
damage
drain
fat
front
help
danger
dress
father
fruit
high
dark
drink
fear
future
history
daughter
driving
feather
garden
hole
dead
drop
feeble
general
hollow
dear
dust
feeling
glass
hook
death
early
female
glove
hope
debt
earth
fertile
gold
horn
decision
east
fiction
good
horse
deep
edge
field
grain
hospital
degree
education
fight
grass
hour
delicate
effect
finger
great
house
dependent
elastic
fire
green
humour
design
electric
first
grey
idea
desire
engine
flag
grip
important
destruction
enough
flame
group
impulse
detail
equal
flat
growth
increase
development
error
flight
guide
industry
different
even
floor
hammer
insect
digestion
event
flower
hand
instrument
direction
example
fold
hanging
insurance
dirty
exchange
food
happy
interest
discovery
existence
foolish
harbour
invention
discussion
expansion
foot
hard
iron
disease
experience
force
harmony
island
24
jelly
lift
medical
need
peace
jewel
light
meeting
needle
pencil
join
like
memory
nerve
person
journey
limit
metal
night
physical
judge
line
middle
noise
picture
jump
linen
military
normal
pipe
keep
liquid
milk
north
place
kettle
list
mind
nose
plane
key
little
mine
note
plant
kick
living
minute
number
plate
kind
lock
mist
observation
please
kiss
long
mixed
offer
pleasure
knee
look
money
office
plough
knife
loose
month
operation
knot
loss
moon
opinion
point
knowledge
loud
morning
opposite
poison
land
love
mother
orange
polish
language
machine
motion
order
political
last
make
mountain
organization
poor
late
male
mouth
ornament
porter
laugh
man
move
oven
position
law
manager
much
over
possible
lead
map
muscle
owner
potato
leaf
mark
music
pain
powder
learning
market
nail
paint
power
leather
married
name
paper
present
left
mass
narrow
parallel
price
leg
match
nation
parcel
let
material
natural
part
prison
letter
meal
near
past
private
level
measure
necessary
paste
probable
library
meat
neck
payment
process
25
produce
represent
sea
simple
special
profit
request
seat
sister
sponge
property
respect
second
size
spoon
prose
responsible
secret
skin
spring
protest
rest
secretary
skirt
square
public
reward
see
sky
stage
pull
rhythm
seed
sleep
stamp
pump
rice
seem
slip
start
punish
right
selection
slope
statement
purpose
ring
self
slow
station
push
river
send
small
steam
put
road
sense
smash
steel
quality
rod
separate
smell
stem
question
roll
serious
smile
step
quick
roof
servant
smoke
stick
quiet
room
sex
smooth
sticky
quite
root
shade
snake
stiff
rail
rough
shake
sneeze
still
rain
round
shame
snow
stitch
range
rub
sharp
soap
stomach
rate
rule
sheep
society
stone
ray
sad
shelf
sock
store
reaction
safe
ship
soft
story
reading
sail
shirt
solid
straight
ready
salt
shock
some
strange
reason
same
shoe
song
street
receipt
sand
short
sort
stretch
record
scale
shut
sound
strong
regret
school
side
soup
structure
regular
science
sign
south
substance
relation
scissors
silk
space
sudden
religion
screw
silver
spade
sugar
26
suggestion
thought
tree
wash
wind
summer
thread
trick
waste
window
support
throat
trouble
watch
wine
surprise
through
trousers
water
wing
sweet
thumb
true
wave
winter
swim
thunder
turn
wax
wire
system
ticket
twist
way
wise
table
tight
umbrella
weather
woman
tail
till
under
week
wood
take
time
unit
weight
wool
talk
tin
value
well
word
taste
tired
verse
west
work
teaching
together
very
wet
worm
tendency
tomorrow
vessel
wheel
wound
test
tongue
view
when
writing
than
top
violent
where
wrong
that
touch
voice
while
yellow
theory
town
waiting
whip
yesterday
there
trade
walk
whistle
young
thick
train
wall
white
thin
transport
war
wide
thing
tray
warm
will
27
SENTENCE FORMATION
Given below is a simple format of forming sentences. Most of the sentences shown in the table are
formed based on first person (I, I am). These can be modified in the following manner.
I go
They go
We go
I eat
They eat
We eat
I am
He is
I am going
She is
It is They are
He is going
I am a student
She is going
He is a student
We are
It is going
She is a student
We are going
We are students
I am
I am not
I am
very/so/too/extremely
I am in/at/on
Describing about
Adding descriptive
yourself/your
are not
words
physical location/place
situation/position
or using something
I am Ramesh.
I am not a girl.
I am very tired.
I am in the kitchen.
I am a student.
I am not a teacher.
I am so happy.
I am in the garage.
I am tired.
I am not a thief.
I am too hungry.
I am in a car.
I am confused.
I am not Ramesh.
I am extremely excited.
I am in a playground.
I am happy.
I am not hungry.
I am very nervous.
I am in a school.
I am not playing.
I am in Chennai.
I am hungry.
I am not a singer.
I am in the park.
I am nervous.
I am in my home.
I am excited.
I am at the
I am sick.
supermarket.
I am thirsty.
I am at the theatre.
I am from Hyderabad.
I am at the hospital.
I am getting married.
I am at the airport.
I am on the phone.
I am on my computer.
I am on a train.
I am on duty.
I am good at
I am + (verb)
28
I am getting
I am trying + (verb)
Describing an action
expertise or ability in
done by you
going to have
planning or doing
something
something
doing something
I am good at computers.
I am eating lunch.
I am getting married.
I am trying to learn.
I am good at drawing.
I am brushing my
I am trying to
I am good at cricket.
teeth.
the match.
understand.
I am good at swimming.
I am happy.
I am getting a head
I am trying to pass.
I am good at driving.
I am driving.
ache.
I am trying to call my
I am good at singing.
I am singing.
I am getting a call.
friend.
I am good at sports.
I am writing a letter.
I am getting bored.
I am good at running.
I am making juice.
I am trying to wake up
I am good at dancing.
I am cleaning my
I am getting a job.
early.
I am good at cooking.
room.
I am getting excited.
I am going to + (verb)
I am drawing a
map.
picture.
I am sleeping.
I am interested in
I am trying to sell my
karate.
books.
I have + (noun)
I have + (past
participle)
I used to + (verb)
Used to show a
Used to describe a
do currently or in the
by you
future
now
I have a car.
exams.
I have a laptop.
college.
letter.
classes.
I have a headache.
money.
I have forgotten my
the job.
purse.
29
from my parents.
I am going to invite my
desk.
I used to go to library
Sunday.
I am going to donate
blood.
I have to + (verb)
I want to + (verb)
I dont want to +
(verb)
I would like to +
(verb)
Used to describe an
Used to describe
Used to describe
Used to describe
action which is
to do
want to do
interested to do
I want to go home.
I dont want to go
home.
cream.
dress.
I would like to go to
new dress.
picnic.
today.
sweets.
some sweets.
restaurant.
classes.
exams.
for exams.
cake.
cricket.
clothes.
do
I do not/dont +
(verb)
I promise to + (verb)
Used to describe
Used to describe
Used to assure or
cannot do something
to do now or in the
or like.
be done by you
future
30
I promise to remind
bus.
write a letter.
you.
food.
I don't smoke.
sleep.
work.
colour.
truth.
I promise to come on
bill.
I dont like
time.
mathematics.
play.
for help.
tomorrow.
I dont support
meet my friends.
I promise to be
for him.
ragging.
punctual to college.
I promise not to +
(verb)
I would rather +
(verb)
I feel like +
(verb+ng)
Used to assure or
prefer to do over
like doing
again.
for a holiday.
college.
your feelings.
ice cream.
food.
you.
for exams.
time.
work on Sundays.
I would rather do it
sports car.
myself than
classes.
depending on others.
I am busy +
(verb+ing)
I was busy +
(verb+ing)
31
I want you to +
(verb)
I am here to + (verb)
Used to speak of an
Used to speak of an
need someone to do
are at a place
something
past
I am busy writing notes.
I am here to attend a
I am busy listening to
notes.
well.
seminar.
news.
I am here to meet my
news.
me.
friend.
I am busy talking to my
I am here to buy a
friend.
chess.
daily.
book.
my friend.
with me.
driving license.
I am thinking of +
(verb+ing)
Let me + (verb)
have something to do
seeking permission to
planning to do.
do something
I have something to
I am thinking of
for you.
me.
I am thinking of
you.
cooking today.
dinner.
my wedding.
I am thinking of
you.
visiting my
to you.
the gift.
I have something to
grandmother.
show you.
I am thinking of
coffee.
my home.
buying a pen.
you.
I am thinking of
applying for the job.
me a lift.
32
Can I + (verb)
I should have +
(past participle)
Please + (verb)
Used to request
to do something
someone to do
something
Please help me
say.
you.
Please call me
tomorrow.
Please be quiet.
good book?
the bills.
Please be on time to
Can I get an
college.
appointment?
computer?
Don't + (verb)
Used to tell someone
33
COMPREHENSION PASSAGE
Comprehension is a vital section in several English exams. It tests a students ability to read,
understand, and interpret the contents of a passage. Each passage is followed by a set of
questions to be answered based on the understanding of the passage language and
contents. If a single question is well attempted, there is a fair chance of solving other
questions easily.
For solving a comprehension passage, a proper framework has to be followed. Firstly, you
should have proper understanding of the topic discussed in the passage.
The following are the series of steps to be followed for solving a comprehension passage:
1.
Content Review
The passage should be read multiple times before you begin to attempt answering
any question. This will help you in getting a thorough grip on the content, its focus
and analyse according to your understanding of the information provided in the
passage.
2.
Topic in Focus
Initially you should try to understand the central theme or idea of the passage. You
should understand what the passage is focusing on.
3.
Filter Information
Information given in the passage has to be filtered out leaving behind unwanted
things. Underlining important things will help you identify useful information from
the rest of the content in the comprehension passage.
4.
Derive Facts
From the underlined information, facts can be derived which can provide more fine
details like Who? What? When? Where and How?
Derive facts according to the focus of the passage and skip those which do not show
relevance to the focus of the passage.
5.
34
Authors Opinion
Authors opinion on the given topic is very vital and you should understand how the
author portrays or presents his views on the topic. Based on this, you have to
understand authors agreement or disagreement regarding the topic.
6.
Analysis
Most often few passages call for answers based on the analysis of the topic or
situation discussed in the topic.
7.
Inference or Outcome
Based on the analysis, inferences can be drawn and the outcome can be determined.
Based on this, you have to note down the key findings from the passage.
35
CONVERSATIONAL PRACTICE
GREETING
There are different ways to greet people
Greeting means welcoming someone with particular words or a particular action.
When meeting people formally for the first time, we greet by shaking hands and saying
"How do you do?" or "Pleased to meet you."
"How do you do?" isn't really a question, it just means "Hello".
When young people meet informally they sometimes greet and say "Give me five!" and slap
their hands together (high five).
Generally we do not greet by shaking hands with people we know well. We greet by just
saying 'hi' or 'hello'.
Here are some expressions you can use to greet people.
Greeting
Hi, hello.
Good morning, good afternoon, good evening.
How are you?
How are you doing?
How do you do?
Responding to greeting
Hi, hello.
Good morning/Good afternoon/Good evening.
I'm fine thank you (thanks)/Okey! Thank you (thanks)/Can't complain/Not bad.
How about you?/And you?
How do you do?
36
1.
Speak clearly and confidently. Make sure your voice is loud enough for everyone to
hear you. Avoid mumbling by enunciating your consonants crisply.
2.
Make eye contact with a few people. Don't stare down or at some aimless point in the
corner of the room. Move your gaze around the group to make eye contact with a few
people as you speak. If you don't like the thought of looking into that many eyes, look at
their eyebrows or noses - they won't be able to tell the difference.
3.
Say hello, and state your name. If you're at a formal gathering, say "Hello, my name is
[first name] [last name]." If the gathering is informal, tone it down accordingly - you could
say something like "Hey, I'm [first name]."
4.
Share basic information about yourself. The sort of information you share will depend
on the audience you're addressing. If you're introducing yourself on the first day of school,
you might say where you're from and what you did over the summer. If you're introducing
yourself to a group of business associates, you might tell them what exactly your job is and
how long you've been with the company.
5.
Close the introduction. If you're going to be interacting more closely with these people in
the future, say something like "I look forward to getting to know you all of you better." If you
probably won't be talking a lot of these people later, close with something like "It's been a
pleasure speaking to you this morning/this afternoon/tonight."
37
2.
Always Smile
Smile is a very refreshing thing. It would keep the other person also feel comfortable. Always
keep a good smile on your face. This would help you to begin the conversation easily.
3.
Offer a handshake
A proper and firm handshake would show your confidence levels. Avoid crunching the other
persons hand. A handshake should be gentle but firm and should last for few seconds.
4.
Exchange names
Introduce yourself by saying, "Hello, I'm <your name>" and ask for the other persons
name. Frequently use the persons name in your conversation. It would help you to
personalize more easily.
5.
6.
Tips
Introducing yourself
Here are some expressions to introduce yourself:
My name is ...
I'm ....
Nice to meet you; I'm ...
Pleased to meet you; I'm ...
Let me introduce myself; I'm ...
I'd like to introduce myself; I'm ...
Introducing others
Here are some expressions to introduce others:
Shekhar, please meet Ali.
Shekhar, have you met Ali?
I'd like you to meet Sameer.
I'd like to introduce you to Bhaskar.
Ali, this is Joseph. Joseph this is Ali.
38
39
Expressing ability
In the present
Express ability in the present as follows:
I can speak good English.
I can't stand on my head.
In the past
Express ability in the past as follows :
I was unable to visit him.
I couldn't eat at all when I was ill.
In the future
Express ability in the future as follows :
I will be able to buy a house when I get a good job.
The teacher can assist you after class if you have any questions.
Things to remember
Can is always followed by an infinitive without "to."
Examples:
I can ride my bike and I can drive a car, but I can't drive a lorry.
Can in the past is was able or could
Examples:
When I was young I was able to earn my living pretty well. Now I can't; I'm too old.
I couldn't hear what he was saying.
Can in the future is will be able.
Example:
When I finish my studies, I will be able to find a job.
40
Giving Permission
41
Dialogue
Liza, eight years old, is asking her mother for permission to use the computer.
Sara:
Her mother:
Sara:
Her mother:
Sara:
42
Deepika:
Amena:
Deepika:
Amena:
Chetan Bhagat.
Deepika:
I like Shakespeare.
Responding
43
44
MAKING OFFERS
It is common that English speakers make offers in conversations in order to be polite and
helpful. When they do so they use these expressions:
Can I ?
Shall I ?
Would you like ?
How about ...?
English learner must be able to make offers as well as accept or reject them. The following
are useful expressions to do so.
Making offers
Can
Shall
help you?
get you some juice?
some pizza?
Examples
"Can I help you?"
"Shall I open the window for you?"
"Would you like another cup of coffee?"
"Would you like me to clean the board?"
"How about a juice? "
45
Remember
Shall, can and will are followed by the verb without to.
Example:
"Can I help you?"
"Shall I bring you the mobile phone?
Shall is more formal than can.
Would you like is followed either by a noun, or by the verb with to.
Example:
"Would you like some tea ?"
"Would you like to drink some coffee?
Responding to offers
Accepting
Yes please. I'd like to.
Declining
It's OK, I can do it myself.
Examples
"Can I help you?"
"No thanks, I'm just having a look." (With a shop assistant.)
46
47
MAKING AN APPOINTMENT
Making an Appointment
Being able to make and cancel an appointment is an important skill in English. You need to
be able to:
make an appointment,
respond to an appointment and
cancel an appointment.
Here are some expressions you can use to do this concisely and clearly.
Asking to Meet
Are you
Can we
Would
What about
next ... ?
Is
Examples:
"Are you available on the 17th?"
"Can we meet on the 16th?"
"How does the 3rd sound to you?"
"Are you free next week?"
"Would Friday suit you?"
"Is next Tuesday convenient for you?"
"What about sometime next week?"
48
Responding to an Appointment
Yes,
....
I'm afraid
I'm sorry
I really don't think I can
... is fine.
.... would be fine.
suits me.
would be perfect.
I can't on ....
I won't be able to... on ...
on ...
Examples
"Yes, Monday is fine."
"Monday suits me."
"Thursday would be perfect."
"I'm afraid I can't on the 3rd. What about the 6th?"
"I'm sorry, I won't be able to make it on Monday. Could we meet on Tuesday
instead?"
"Ah, Wednesday is going to be a little difficult. I'd much prefer Friday, if that's alright
with you."
"I really don't think I can on the 17th. Can we meet up on the 19th?
Cancelling an Appointment
PREFERENCES
Replies
I prefer cricket.
I'd prefer to drink juice.
I'd rather drink mineral water.
If I had a choice, I would eat a dosa.
A cup of coffee would be suitable.
2.
49
50
MAKING INVITATIONS
Making invitations
Do you know how to invite someone to your house for dinner or to go to the movies?
What do you say in English when someone invites you?
Here are some common expressions you can use when making or responding to invitations.
Inviting
Do you want to go to the movies tonight?
Would you like to go to the theater tomorrow?
Would you be interested in going to the stadium next Sunday?
How do you fancy going to the restaurant for dinner?
How about going to the movies?
Care to come over for lunch?
I was just wondering if you would like to come over for a drink.
We'd be delighted to have you over for my birthday party.
Accepting invitations
Sure. What time?
I'd love to, thanks.
That's very kind of you, thanks.
That sounds lovely, thank you.
What a great idea, thank you.
Sure. When should I be there?
Declining invitations
I can't. I have to work.
This evening is no good. I have an appointment.
That's very kind of you, but actually I'm doing something else this afternoon.
Well, I'd love to, but I'm already going out to the restaurant.
I'm really sorry, but I've got something else on.
I really don't think I can, I'm supposed to be doing something else.
Expressing likes
I like
I love...
I adore
Im crazy about
Im mad about
I enjoy
Im keen on
Expressing dislikes
I dont like
I dislike...
I hate
I abhor
I cant bear...
I cant stand
I detest...
I loathe...
Examples of likes and dislikes
I'm mad about basketball, but I cant bear ice hockey.
I adore reading poetry, but I loathe doing the housework.
If you neither like nor dislike something
"I don't mind doing the housework."
51
52
When these expressions are followed by a verb, the latter is put in the -ing form.
Examples:
"I like listening to music."
"I hate wearing sunglasses."
I like
VERB+ING
I detest
I don't mind
2.
Note that" very much" and a lot" always come after the things you like.
Examples:
"I like basketball very much/a lot. NOT" I like very much/a lot basketball."
3.
Tell
Responses
Well, she's old, young, middle aged, fat, overweight, slim, thin, skinny,
blonde, red-head, well-built, tall, dark, beautiful, funny, cute,
really rich, gorgeous ...
She has
oval face, square face, round face, long, black hair, straight
got
hair, curly hair, blue eyes, round face, long nose, fair skin ,
bushy eyebrows, regular teeth, crooked teeth, rosy cheeks...
She's kind chubby, thin, slim, obese, tall, skinny, short, intelligent, silly,
of
nice, naughty...
It's
53
54
EXPRESSING OBLIGATION
Expressing obligation
When it is necessary or obligatory to do something, you express obligation.
Things to remember
1.
The difference between "have to" and "must" is that "have to"indicates that
someone else has imposed conditions on us.
2.
3.
4.
Dialogue
Policeman: Don't you know that you must stop when the traffic lights are red?
Driver:
55
EXPRESSING PROHIBITION
Examples
Parking is strictly prohibited between these gates.
Students aren't allowed to come too late to school.
Drivers mustn't park their cars here.
It is forbidden to walk on grass.
Smoking isn't permitted in hospitals.
People aren't permitted to throw rubbish here.
56
Giving advice
If I were you, I would go to the dentist.
Why don't you go to the dentist?
You'd better brush your teeth regularly.
You ought to/should avoid eating sweets.
If you take my advice, you'll go to the dentist.
It might be a good idea to brush your teeth on a regular basis.
I advise you to brush your teeth on a regular basis.
Have you thought about seeing a dentist.
57
58
"Advise" is a verb.
Example:
"I advise you to learn English. You will undoubtedly need it in your higher studies"
2.
"Advice" is a noun.
Example:
"My father gave me this piece of advice when I was young: never give up"
3.
"Ought to" has nearly the same meaning as "should". The only difference is that
"ought to " refers to a moral or external obligation but should is more of an advice.
Example:
"You ought to stop smoking."
"You should stop smoking."
4.
I'm terrible at English and I think I should do something about it. What do
you advise me to do?
Teacher:
I think you should try this website. It's a fantastic website for beginners.
Student:
I've heard about it, but what do you think I should start with?
Teacher:
59
To express lack of necessity (also called absence of obligation), speakers usually use "don't,
have to", don't need to", "needn't" .
The form that we use to express lack of necessity could be one of the following:
He doesn't have to get up early.
He doesn't need to get up early.
He needn't get up early.
Expressing lack of necessity in the present
I don't have
need
I
needn't
didn't
have
need
I
needn't
have
taken my raincoat.
I didn't have to tell him about my project. He already knew everything about it.
Expressing lack of necessity in the future
I
won't
have
need
I won't have to call on my grandfather tomorrow morning. He'll be at the doctor's for
his regular medical check up.
2.
3.
Dialogue
A student is asking the teacher about his homework:
Teacher:
You don't have to write a long essay; a short one would be ok!
Student:
Teacher:
Student:
Teacher:
Good bye!
60
Accepting Suggestions
Ok. Yes, let's.
Yes, I'd like to.
Yes, I'd love to.
What a good idea!
Why not?
Yes, with pleasure.
Yes, I feel like taking a walk.
That sounds like a good idea.
61
Refusing suggestions
No, let's not.
No, I'd rather not.
I don't feel like it.
I dislike going for a walk.
What an awful / bad idea!
1.
2.
"That" is optional:
"I suggest that we should visit Paris."
"I suggest we should visit Paris."
62
Agreeing or disagreeing
Agreeing with an opinion:
I agree with this opinion.
I completely agree with this view.
This is absolutely right.
I couldn't / can't agree more.
63
Partial agreement
I agree with this point of view, but...
This idea is right, but...
I agree with you, but...
Disagreeing with an opinion:
I'm afraid. I can't agree with you.
I disagree with you.
I don't agree with you.
I'm not sure I agree with you.
I think you're wrong.
64
65
Complaining
Here are expressions you can use when complaining:
I have a complaint to make. ...
Sorry to bother you but...
I'm sorry to say this but...
I'm afraid I've got a complaint about...
I'm afraid there is a slight problem with...
Excuse me but there is a problem about...
I want to complain about...
I'm angry about...
Examples
I have a complaint to make.
1. I'm afraid I've got a complaint about your child. He's too noisy .
2. I'm afraid there is a slight problem with the service in this hotel.
3.Excuse me but you are standing on my foot.
4. I want to complain about the noise you are making.
5. I'm angry about the way you treat me.
66
Responding to complaints
Positive response to complaints
67
EXPRESSING HOPE
The difference between "wish" and "hope"
How to use "wish"
Hope can also be used in expressions of goodwill, but the grammar is slightly
different:
Examples:
I hope (that) you have a Merry Christmas. (some time in the future)
I hope (that) you had a nice Birthday. (some time in the past)
Hope can be used to specify a desired outcome. For future hopes, the possibilities
remain open, but for past hopes, the outcome has usually been determined already.
Examples:
I hope you can come to the party on Saturday.(future possibility)
I was hoping that you would come to the party.(but you didn't)
I had hoped to see you at the party on Saturday. (but I didn't)
68
Agreement
It is worthwhile saying that silence is not understood as agreement. If you agree with an
opinion or an idea, you are expected to say so.
Expressions
There is no doubt about it that...
I completely/absolutely agree with you.
I agree with you entirely.
I totally agree with you.
I simply must agree with that.
I am of the same opinion.
I am of the same opinion.
Thats exactly what I think.
Disagreement
Expressing disagreement is always respected as honest, and sometimes as courageous.
Expressions
I don't agree with you.
Im sorry, but I disagree.
I'm afraid, I can't agree with you.
The problem is that...
I (very much) doubt whether...
This is in complete contradiction to...
With all due respect,
I am of a different opinion because ...
I cannot share this/that/the view.
69
Partial agreement
You can also agree but with reservation especially when there is a doubt or feeling of not
being able to accept something completely.
Expressions
It is only partly true that...
Thats true, but
I can agree with that only with reservations.
That seems obvious, but...
That is not necessarily so.
It is not as simple as it seems.
I agree with you in principle, but
I agree with you in part, but
Well, you could be right.
70
global warming
is pollution.
Global warming
is caused by
pollution.
is due to
Thanks to
he passed the
exam.
71
72
+ Noun
Because of
Owing to
Thanks to
because
since
Subject + Verb
as
for
Examples
73
EXPRESSING PROBABILITY
Expressing probability or improbability
There are many ways to say that something will probably or improbably happen.
Probability/improbability
...
...
may
might
can
could
... will
probably
It's
probable
improbable
likely
unlikely
that ...
doubt
suppose
guess
'd be surprised
if ....
Examples of probability
It is probable that my grandfather repairs my bike.
May be/perhaps the problem wont be serious.
It will probably rain this evening.
Im likely to do the work myself.
Examples of improbability
No, probably not.
I don't suppose my grandfather will repair the bike.
I doubt my father will buy me a new computer, either.
She is unlikely to return home early this evening.
I'd be surprised if he got the best score.
It's unlikely he will find his lost keys.
74
May
have
Past Participle
might
can
could
He may have not lived in this town. Nobody seems to know him.
She can't have helped him in his crime as they have never met before.
75
APOLOGIZING
To apologize is to tell someone that you are sorry for having done something that has
caused him inconvenience or unhappiness.
Examples
I must apologize to Isabel for my late arrival.
I'd like to apologize for my trouble making.
Trains may be subject to delay on the northern line. We apologize for any inconvenience
caused.
Here are some expressions you can use to make and respond to apologies:
Making apologies
I do apologize for...
I must apologize for...
I apologize for...
I'd like to apologize for...
I am so sorry for...
I shouldn't have...
It's all my fault.
I'm ashamed of...
Please, forgive me for...
Excuse me for ...
I'm terribly sorry for...
Pardon me for this...
Please, forgive me for my....
Please, accept my apologies for...
Accepting apologies
Remember
"I'd like to apologize" is the short form of "I would like to apologize".
76
77
EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY
Expressing Possibility
My grandmother may travel alone.
May be she will make the trip alone.
Perhaps she will visit London.
Possibly, she will go by plane.
It's possible that someone will meet her at the airport.
She might buy some presents for the family before she goes.
I suppose she might spend a lot of money on the presents.
There's a chance she'll like the city.
She will take an umbrella as it could rain heavily there.
Expressing impossibility
No, it's impossible to repair that old Chevrolet.
Even a good mechanic can't possibly fix it.
We may not be able to travel by car.
There's no chance my father repairs it tomorrow.
78
Will you
Could you possibly
Would you mind
Making Request
Can you show me your photo album, please?
Will you lend me your book, please?
Could you possibly show me the way to the post office, please?
Would you help me with this exercise, please?
Would you mind lending me your pen, please?
Responding to request
Sure, here you are.
Okey.
No, I'm sorry I need it.
I'm afraid I can't.
79
2.
3.
It was a
terrifying ordeal.
It
Short dialogue
Lubna is talking about her fear when she saw the criminal.
Neha:
Lubna:
80
81
MAKING PREDICTIONS
Predictions
When making predictions (what we think will happen in the future) we can either use:
will followed by the verb without to
or going to followed by the verb
What (do you think) will happen?
is going to happen?
(I think) ...
will ...
won't ...
is going to ...
isn't going to ...
"He won't do it" is the short form of " he will not do it.
82
I'm
absolutely
he will.
sure
quite sure
certain
positive
definitely.
certainly.
of course.
or
No,
I'm
absolutely sure
quite sure
certain
positive
definitely not.
certainly not.
of course not.
he won't.
83
Expressing uncertainty
When you are not sure whether something or someone will or will not happen, use the
following expressions.
For example, to the question:
"Will John follow a career in business?"
You may respond as follows:
Well,
it's possible,
I suppose,
but
it's impossible,
it might be,
I doubt it.
it could happen,
it's doubtful.
It's highly/very unlikely.
you never know of course,
no one can know for certain.
I can't tell you for sure.
84
Here is a list of useful English phrases you can use to express lack of understanding (that is,
when you fail to understand what has been said to you) and seek clarification from the
person you are talking to.
85
Giving directions
To give directions use these expressions:
Go straight on.
Turn left/right.
Take the first (turning) to the left/right.
Go past the restaurant/school...
The ... is beside/in front of/next to...the....
86
SHOPPING
Shopping expressions
These are expressions used when you go shopping:
Can/may I help you?
Can I try it/them on?
What size do you wear? What size are you?
What color would you like?
Extra small, small, medium, large, extra large
How does it fit?
Where is the changing room?
How would you like to pay?
Can I pay by credit card/in cash?
87
B: Thank you.
A: How does it fit?
B: It's fantastic. I like it.
A: Yes it looks nice on you.
B: Thank you. I'll buy it.
A: OK, how would you like to pay?
B: Do you take credit cards?
B: Yes, we do.
A: OK, here's my credit card.
B: Thank you. Have a nice day!
A: Thank you, goodbye.
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SELF DISCIPLINE
A journey of a thousand miles must begin with one step.
Chinese Proverb
Learning how to cultivate the trait of self-discipline is one of the most important success
skills that you could ever learn, as by taking the time to master it, you will become a much
more productive person who is able to accomplish more with their life and waste less time
in the process.
Self discipline means that when you have something to do, you do it, regardless of whether
you like it or not. Often this will mean having to overcome your natural urge to do what is
fun, easy and quick, and being able to do the things which are hard and necessary instead.
Since most of the things in life that will bring you long-lasting success require many hours of
hard work, just think how much your life would change if you were able to ignore all the
meaningless distractions around you and stay focused on the achievement of your goals.
But dont worry if you currently lack self-discipline at the moment, as nobody is born a
naturally disciplined person. Just like any other skill, it is something that you can learn with
practice, and the more you practice, the better you will become at it.
Improving self-discipline
To improve self discipline you may follow the following steps :
Know what you want
You should have a thought through plan. The best way to think through your plan is to
write it down. Then leave it for couple of days and read it again. Most probably you want to
change something. If you have a plan in place, make a to-do list. Just keep in mind not to
overload your list. Just add some steps and smaller goals. This ensures that you will stay
motivated for longer period of time.
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Reward yourself
To keep yourself motivated, you have to reward yourself after every small achievement.
Pick something you like and reward yourself with it. Rewarding yourself reinforces good and
productive behavior. It is much easier to stay disciplined when you have something good to
wait for.
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Start Small
Start with your room. Clean it and then keep it clean. When something is out of place, train
yourself to put it where it belongs. Then extend the discipline of neatness to the rest of your
home.
Be on time
That may not seem very spiritual, but it's important. If you're supposed to be somewhere at
a specific time, be there on time. Develop the ability to discipline your desires, activities, and
demands so that you can arrive on time.
Accept correction
Correction helps make you more disciplined because it shows you what you need to avoid.
Don't avoid criticism; accept it gladly.
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Practice self-denial
Learn to say no to your feelings. Learn to do what you know to be right even if you don't
feel like doing it. Sometimes it's even beneficial to deny yourself things that are acceptable
to have, like a doughnut in the morning or dessert after dinner. Exercising such self-restraint
helps you develop the habit of keeping other things under control. Cultivating discipline in
the physical realm will help you become disciplined in your spiritual life.
Welcome responsibility
Welcome responsibility when you have an opportunity to do something that needs to be
done. Volunteer for it if you have talent in that area. Accepting responsibility can force you
to organize yourself.
Learn to manage your time efficiently and avoid postponing your work.
Organise your work and try to finish things in time.
Plan your studies to evade last minute preparation for exams.
Solve problems daily.
Determine difficult portions from all subjects and concentrate on them first.
Do not hesitate to get your doubts clarified from your lecturers.
Maintain running notes for every session and read the corresponding chapter from
the text book and study material.
Note down important formulae and memorize the formulae and the steps to solve
problems.
Indulge in group discussions on subject related topics with your classmates. This
would increase your subject knowledge.
Practice engineering drawing and understand its steps.
Learn new words daily and try to use them in your daily conversations.
Watch English news and read articles from leading newspapers.
Buy a story book and learn usage of words and sentence formation.
Maintain self-discipline at your home, college, neighbourhood and society at large.
Take care of your health. Eat healthy and exercise daily to stay fit.
Do not take stress and avoid night outs if you can read at day time.
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SELF ASSESSMENT
He
(b)
She
(c)
It
(d)
They
in
(b)
on
(c)
at
(d)
after
by
(b)
through
(c)
on
(d)
with
go
(b)
gone
(c)
went
(d)
will go
(a)
few
(b)
some
(c)
any
(d)
much
95
arrived
(b)
will arrive
(c)
arriving
(d)
would arrive
a, the
(b)
a, a
(c)
an, the
(d)
an, a
(b)
an
(c)
the
live
(b)
lives
(c)
living
(d)
have lived
Identify the parts of speech in the following sentences. (noun, pronoun, verb, preposition,
adverb, adjective, conjunction or interjection) Q.No 10-14
96
India is a vast country with a population of more than 1.2 billion. It is the worlds biggest
democracy.
10.
India ________
11.
Vast ________
12.
With ________
13.
Of ________
14.
It ________
15.
16.
17.
18.
(a)
have
(b)
is
(c)
are
(d)
has
been
(b)
felt
(c)
feel
(d)
feeling
does
(b)
is
(c)
do
(d)
are
it
(b)
they
(c)
there
(d)
these
97
19.
20.
21.
do
(b)
are
(c)
could
(d)
will
should
(b)
will
(c)
could
(d)
are
He is __________
a) very
b) much
c) more
d) too
22.
23.
is
(b)
can
(c)
are
(d)
am
(b)
me
(c)
my
(d)
our
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24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
will
(b)
shall
(c)
did
(d)
are
All the tickets for the match were sold out so we ____________ back.
(a)
come
(b)
came
(c)
coming
(d)
had came
cheer
(b)
chase
(c)
run
(d)
fly
living
(b)
leaving
(c)
losing
(d)
loving
praised
(b)
pleased
(c)
involved
(d)
insulted
99
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
used
(b)
use
(c)
using
(d)
am
did
(b)
does
(c)
am
(d)
can
up
(b)
on
(c)
forward
(d)
by
which
(b)
if
(c)
whether
(d)
what
neither
(b)
so
(c)
not
(d)
and
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34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
had
(b)
have been
(c)
should have
(d)
will have
because of
(b)
in case of
(c)
instead of
(d)
in case
He spends his time playing ____ ____ studying for the test.
(a)
in case
(b)
instead of
(c)
because of
(d)
if only
on
(b)
by
(c)
with
(d)
in
by
(b)
with
(c)
of
(d)
to
101
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
which
(b)
whose
(c)
when
(d)
who
that
(b)
when
(c)
why
(d)
which
few
(b)
little
(c)
a little
(d)
not
win
(b)
winning
(c)
won
(d)
winner
suggested
(b)
offered
(c)
invited
(d)
told
102
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
so
(b)
that
(c)
absolutely
(d)
such
got used to
(b)
get used to
(c)
changed to
(d)
used to
regret
(b)
shouldnt
(c)
ought not to
(d)
shouldnt have
She wouldnt have lost her purse, if she had been more _____.
(a)
careful
(b)
carefully
(c)
careless
(d)
caring
both
(b)
rather
(c)
either
(d)
neither
103
49.
50.
has left
(b)
had leave
(c)
has leave
(d)
had left
was having
(b)
had
(c)
were having
(d)
are having
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