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20.3
= BAcos Thus,
(a) = (5.00 x 10-5 T)(20.0 x 10-4 m2)cos(0) = 1.00 x 10-7 T m2.
(b) = (5.00 x 10-5 T)(20.0 x 10-4 m2)cos(30) = 8.66 x 10-8 T m2.
(c) = (5.00 x 10-5 T)(20.0 x 10-4 m2)cos(90) = 0.
20.4
The magnetic field lines are tangent to the surface of the cylinder, so that no magnetic field lines
penetrate the cylinder. The total flux through the cylinder is zero.
20.5
(a)
(b)
20.6
Every field line that comes up through the area A on one side of the wire goes back down
through area A on the other side of the wire. Thus, net = 0.
The magnetic field lines are all parallel to the plane of the coil and do not thread through it.
= 0.
250 turns
We have B = onI, where n = 0.20 m = 1250 turns/m.
Thus, = BAcos= onIA, or
m
turns
= 4 x 10-7 T A1250 m (15.0 A) (2 x 10-2 m)2 = 2.96 x 10-5 T m2.
2.51 x 10-2 T m2
= 8.38 x 10-2 V = 84 mV.
0.30 s
= Nt
(BA)
A
A
=
= B so < > = N B .
t
t
t
t
-3
2
18 x 10 V = (1) B(0.10 m /s), and B = 0.18 T.
but,
This gives:
20.10
< > =
=
= 3.39 x 10-2 V = 34 mV.
0.20 s
t
20.11
Also, = N
where,
=
t
t
t
Thus,
20.12
0.80 V = (75)
= i - f = B
Thus, B =
=A
B
.
t
B
B
(0.050 m)(0.080 m) , and
= 2.7 T/s.
t
t
20.13
< > =
=
= 9.42 x 10-2 V = 94 mV.
1.5 s
t
20.14
(a)
(b)
< > = N
=
= 6.28 x 10-8 V.
3.00 s
t
Therefore,
20.15
300 turns
Bi = onIi = (4x-7 Tm/A) 0.20 m (2.0 A) = 3.77 x 10-3 T, and
300 turns
Bf = onIf = (4x-7 Tm/A) 0.20 m (5.0 A) = 9.42 x 10-3 T.
(a) = (Bf - Bi)A = ( 9.42 x 10-3 T - 3.77 x 10-3 T)(0.015 m)2, or
(b)
20.16 Take upward through the plane of the coil as the positive direction for the magnetic flux. Then, the
initial flux through the coil is:
20.18
4.4 T m2
< > 44 V
R = 5.0 = 8.8 A.
To produce a 0.50 A current through 6.0 of resistance, the induced emf in the bar must be:
IR = (0.50 A)(6.0 ) = 3.0 V.
3.0 V
But, v = Bl , so v = (2.5 T)(1.2 m) = 1.00 m/s.
= Blv = (40.0 x 10-6 T)(5.00 m)(10.0 m/s) = 2.00 x 10-3 V = 2.00 mV.
Using the right hand rule shows that the direction of the magnetic force on a positive charge in the
wire is directed toward the west. Thus, a charge will drift to the western end of the wire, so the
western end is positive relative to the eastern end.
20.19 The time for the blade to complete one revolution is t = 0.50 s. During this time, the blade sweeps
out an area of A = l 2 = (3.0 m)2 = 9.0 m2 . The number of field lines (flux) cut by the blade in
this time is therefore
= BperpendicularA = (5.0 x 10-5 T)(9.0 m2) = 1.4 x 10-3 T m2, and the magnitude of the
induced emf is:
1.4 x 10-3 T m2
= t =
= 2.8 x 10-3 V = 2.8 mV
0.50 s
20.20
We must first find the speed of the beam just before impact. We use conservation of mechanical
1
2
energy:
2 mv = mgh, or
v = 2gh = 2(9.80 m/s2)(9.0 m) = 13.3 m/s.
The magnitude of the induced field is:
= BLv = (18 x 10-6 T)(12.0 m)(13.3 m/s) = 2.87 x 10-3 V = 2.87 mV.
20.21
(a)
(b)
The top of the loop must behave as a south pole in order to oppose the approaching south
pole of the bar magnet. Thus, the current must be clockwise as viewed from above.
After the magnet falls through the loop, the lower side of the loop must act as a south pole to
oppose the movement of the north pole of the falling magnet. Thus, the current is
counterclockwise as viewed from above.
20.22
20.23
20.24
(a)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(c)
20.27 (a) The maximum induced emf in a rotating coil may be written as:
field
10.5 rad/s and the area enclosed by
max=
max = NBA= (100)(2.0 x 10-5 T)(4.0 x 10-2 m2)(157 rad/s) = 1.3 x 10-2 V.
20.29
(a)
Io = R =
(b)
I=
(c)
20.30
240 V
= 8.0 A.
30
- back
R
240 V - 145 V
= 3.2 A.
30
120 V
R = I = 11 A = 10.9 .
(b)
When the motor has reached operating speed, the current is 4.0 A, and
Thus,
- back = IR.
20.31
(a)
max
20.32
(b)
max occurs when the flux through the loop is changing the most rapidly. This is when the
plane of the loop is parallel to the magnetic field.
(a)
(b)
(c)
t = T/4 = 4 =
=
= 0.12 s.
2 2(12.6 rad/s)
oN2A
20.34
N
T m2
Vs
J
= C s = V s. Thus, the units are the same in
= LI
t
20.36
(a)
L=
(b)
I
From = L ,
t
20.37
1.5 A - 0.20 A
= (3.0 x 10-3 H)
= 1.95 x 10-2 V = 20 mV.
0.20 s
oN2A
75 x 10-3 V
I
=L =
= 38 A/s.
t
1.97 x 10-3 H
24.0 x 10-3 V
I
From = L , we have: L =
= 10.0 A/s
= 2.40 x 10-3 H,
t
I
t
N
LI (2.40 x 10-3 H)(4 A)
and from L = I , we have: = N =
, or
500
= 1.92 x 10-5 T m2.
I
20.38 Let us use = L
to find the fundamental units of L.
t
L=
20.39
I
t
Vs
= A = s. Thus,
=R =
s
= s.
(a)
L
Using C = L, or RC = R , we get R =
L
C =
(b)
3H
= 1000
3 x 10-6 F
L
V 6.0 V
= R = 600 x 10-6 s = 6.00 x 10-4 s. Imax = R = R = 0.300 A, which yields
R = 20 Therefore, L = R = (6.00 x 10-4 s)(20 ) = 1.2 x 10-2 s = 12 mH.
20.40
20.41
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
20.42
VR = iR At t = 0, i = 0. thus, VR = 0.
At t = , i = 63.2% of Imax.
V
6.0 V
Imax =
(b)
24.00 V
= 4.00 A.
6.00
(a)
=R =
3.00 H
= 0.500 s. Thus,
6.00
1
1
W = 2 LI2 = 2 (70.0 x 10-3 H)(2.00 A) 2 = 0.140 J.
The inductance is;
oN2A (4 x 10-7 N/A2)(300)2(0.0500 m)2
1
L=
=
= 4.44 x 10-3 H, and W = 2 LI2 =
0.200 m
1
-3
2
-4
2 (4.44 x 10 H)(0.500 A) = 5.55 x 10 J.
20.45
24 V
1
1
= 3 A, and W = 2 LI2 = 2 (4.0 H)(3.0 A) 2 = 18 J.
8
At t = , i = 0.632Imax = (0.632)(3.0 A) = 1.90 A, and
1
1
W = 2 LI2 = 2 (4.0 H)(1.90 A) 2 = 7.2 J.
(a)
Imax = R =
(b)
20.46
20.47
20.48
max
NA
0.5 V
= (50)(0.20 m)(0.30 m)(90 rad/s) = 1.9 x 10-3 T.
20.49
According to Lenz's law, a current will be induced in the coil to oppose the change in magnetic
flux due to the magnet. Therefore, current must flow from b to a through the resistor. Hence Va Vb will be negative.
20.50
I=R =
20.51
(a)
5.89 x 10-3 V
= 7.4 x 10-4 A.
8.0
The primary circuit (containing the battery and solenoid) is an RL circuit with R = 14.0
oN2A
and L =
, or
(4 x 10-7 T m/A)(12500)2(10-4 m2)
= 0.28 H. The time for the current to reach 0.63
0.0700 m
L
0.28 H
times its maximum is one time constant which is: = R =
= 0.020 s.
14.0
L=
(c)
(d)
I
(I - 0)
The average emf is <> = L
= L
, where
t
60.0 V
I = 0.63Imax = 0.63
= 2.7 A.
14.0
2.7 A
Thus, <> = (0.28 H)0.020 s = 37.8 V.
The rate of change of flux in the 820 turn coil is the same as that in the solenoid. This rate
can be found by realizing that the back emf in the solenoid at any time is = N( ) when N
t
< >coil = Ncoil( ) = 820(3.02 x 10-3 V) = 2.48 V, and the average induced current is:
t
< >coil =
20.52
10 mV
( t)
( b)
( a)
5 mV
Or ig inal C ur ve
( c)
t ( ms)
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
- 5 mV
- 10 mV
(a)
(b)
Doubling the number of turns doubles the amplitude but does not alter the period.
Doubling the angular velocity doubles the amplitude and also cuts the period in half.
20.53
Doubling the angular velocity while reducing the number of turns to one half the original
value leaves the amplitude unchanged but does cut the period in half.
12 V
= 18A = 0.67
- back = IR, or
The flux through the coil at any instant is the same as the flux through the solenoid. The magnetic
field along the axis of the solenoid is given by Bs = onI.
The rate of change of this field is:
Bs
I
= on( )
t
t
1600 1.5 A - 6.0 A
= (4 x 10-7 N/A2)(0.80 m )( 0.20 s
) = - 5.6 x 10-2 T/s
Thus, the rate of change of flux through the solenoid (and therefore the coil) is:
Bs
( )=(
)Asolenoid = (-5.6 x 10-2 T/s)[(0.05 m)2] = -4.4 x 10-4 V
t
t
The induced emf in the coil is then:
20.55
When the wire is moving downward at speed v, an emf, = Blv, is induced in the wire. The left
Blv
end of the wire is at a higher potential than the right end. Thus, an induced current, I = R = R ,
flows
counterclockwise around the circuit and right to left through the wire. The magnetic field exerts an
upward force of
B2l2v
Fm = BIl = R on the wire. The wire will reach terminal speed when this force equals the
downward gravitation force on the wire. When this occurs, Fm = mg,
or
20.56
B2l2vt
= mg. Thus,
R
mgR
vt = 2 2
B l
20.57
1.21 x 10-2 T m2 - 0
= (100)
= 1.15 x 105 V.
t
10.5 x 10-6 s
20.58
20.59
The area of the tent that is effective in intercepting magnetic field lines is the area perpendicular to
the direction of the magnetic field. This is the same as the base of the tent. In the initial
configuration, this is A1 = L(2Lcos) = 2(1.5 m)2cos60 = 2.25 m2. After the tent is flattened, the
area of the base is A2 = L(2L) = 2L2 = 2(1.5 m)2 = 4.5 m2. Thus, the initial flux is:
(a)
(b)
i=R =
5.00
= 2.00 x 10 A = 20 A.
(d)
(e)
(f)
(a)
(c)
20.61
= BAi - BAf = BAi = (25.0 x 10-3 T)( 10-4 m2) = 7.85 X 10-6 T m2.
7.85 x 10-6 T m2
=
= 1.57 x 10-4 V = 0.157 mV,
t
50.0 x 10-3 s
and Lenz' law shows that the induced current will flow from A to B. (End B will be
positive.)
= BfA - BiA = (100 mT)A - (25.0 mT)A = (75.0 X 10-3 T)(10-4 m2 ), or = 2.36 X
(b)
10
3T/4
O T/4
t
T=2/
T/2
O
20.63
Using = IringR =
we get: I = R .
t
t
t
T=2 /
1
When current I flows in the solenoid, the magnetic field is B = 2 onI, so the rate of change of the
field is:
B 1
I
1
=
n = (4 x 10-7 T m/A)(1000/m)(270 A/s) = 0.170 T/s,
t 2 o t 2
and the rate of change of flux is:
B
=
A = (0.170 T/s)((0.030 m)2) = 4.80 x 10-4 V.
t
t
so I = 1.6 A
20.64
(a)
(b)
(BA)
NBa2
=-N
= - N
= - 2 ,
t
t
t
t
2(2.00 rad/s)
1
(1)(0.500
T)(0.500
m)
or: = - 2 NBa2 = = - 0.125 V.
2
At t = 0.250 s, = t = (2.00 rad/s)(0.250 s) = 0.500 radians, and the arc length from P to Q
is: s = a = (0.500 m)(0.500 rad) = 0.250 m. The total length of material in the loop is a +
a + a = 0.500 m + 0.500 m + 0.250 m = 1.25 m, and the resistance is: R = (5.00
/m)(1.25 m) = 6.25 .
We begin with:
=-N
I=R =
0.125 V
= 0.02 A.
6.25
(a) Motional emf = Bwv appears in the conducting water. Its resistance, if the plates are
submerged is
L w
A = ab
Kirchoff's loop rule says
Iw
Bwv - IR =0
ab
Bwv
abvB
Therefore,
I=
=
abR
w
+ w
R + ab
(b) Isc =
23.66
Ba2
2
(a)
= BLv = 0.36 V
I = R = 0.900 A
11
2. Consider the copper tube to be a large set of rings stacked one on top of the other. As
the magnet falls toward or falls away from each ring, a current is induced in the ring. Thus,
there is a current in the copper tube around its circumference.
4. The tape has small pieces of iron oxide embedded in it. A nearby magnet will attract
these pieces of iron, drawing the tape toward it. This experiment will cause the alignment
of the oxide to be altered to what it was before. Thus, the information encoded on the tape
will be lost. Try this with an old tape.
6. Let us assume the north pole of the magnet faces the ring. As the bar magnet falls
toward the conducting ring, a magnet field is induced in the ring pointing upward. This
upward directed field will oppose the motion of the magnet preventing it from moving as a
freely-falling body. Try it for yourself to show that an upward force also acts on the falling
magnet if the south end faces the ring.
8. As the aluminum plate moves into the field, eddy currents are induced in the metal by
the changing magnetic field at the plate. The magnetic field of the electromagnet interacts
with this current producing a retarding force on the plate, slowing it down. In a similar
fashion, as the plate leaves the magnetic field, a current is induced, and once again there is
an upward force to slow the plate.
10. If an external battery is acting to increase the current in the inductor, an emf is induced
in a direction to oppose the increase of current. Likewise, if one attempts to reduce the
current in the inductor, the emf set up tries to support the current. Thus, the induced emf
always acts to oppose the change occurring in the circuit, or it acts in the "back" direction to
the change.
12. As water falls, it gains velocity and kinetic energy. It then pushes against the blades of
a turbine transferring this energy to the rotor or coil of a large alternating current generator.
This rotor moves in a strong external magnetic field and a voltage is induced in the coil.
This induced emf is the voltage source for the current in our electric power lines.
14. If the bar were moving to the left, the magnetic force on the negative charges in the bar
would be upward, causing an accumulation of negative charge on the top, and positive
charges at the bottom. Hence, the electric field in the bar would be upward.
12