PL-SQL - 3 Cursors

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Cursors
u To process a SQL statement, PL/SQL opens a work area called a
context area.
u PL/SQL uses this area to execute SQL statements and store processing
information
u A PL/SQL construct called Cursor allows you to name a context
area, access its information and in some cases, control its processing
Explicit Cursors
Defined by the user to keep track of which row is being processed, when a
query returns multiple rows
Defining a Cursor
u A cursor is defined in the declarative part of the PL/SQL block by
naming it and associating it with a query
CURSOR <cursorname> IS
<SELECT statement>;
u Example
CURSOR emp_cur IS
SELECT empno, ename, job, sal
FROM emp;
u A Cursor can be manipulated using
OPEN
FETCH
CLOSE
u Cursor must be declared before it can be referenced using the OPEN,
CLOSE or FETCH statements
The OPEN Statement
u Initializes or opens a cursor
u Cursor must be opened before any rows are returned by the query
OPEN <cursorname>
Example -OPEN emp_cur;
The FETCH Statement
u Can be executed repeatedly until all rows have been retrieved
FETCH <cursorname> INTO var1, , varN;

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OR
FETCH <cursorname> INTO record_variable;
u Example
FETCH emp_cur INTO mrec;
The CLOSE Statement
u Closes the cursor and makes the active set undefined
CLOSE <cursorname>;
u Example
CLOSE emp_cur;
u Once a cursor is closed, it can be reopened by using the OPEN
statement
Attributes of Explicit Cursors
u Every cursor has four attributes that can be used to access the cursors
context area
%NOTFOUND
%FOUND
%ROWCOUNT
%ISOPEN
u To use these attributes, simple append them to the name of the cursor
u %NOTFOUND
evaluates to TRUE if last FETCH failed because no more rows
were available
evaluates to FALSE if last FETCH returned a row
u %FOUND
evaluates to TRUE if last FETCH returned a row
evaluates to FALSE if last FETCH failed because no more rows
were available
u %ROWCOUNT
returns the number of rows FETCHed from the active set so far
u %ISOPEN
evaluates to TRUE if an explicit cursor is open
evaluates to FALSE if an explicit cursor is closed

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Examples of Cursor
1)
To transfer names and sal of employees from emp table where sal >=
3500 in table try1
create table try1
(no number,
ename varchar2(50),
sal number);
Declare
Cursor cf is
select ename,sal
from emp
where sal >= 3500;
M cf%rowtype;
N number;
Begin
Open cf;
N := 0;
Loop
Fetch cf into M;
Exit when cf%notfound;
N := cf%rowcount;
Insert into try1
values(N,M.ename,M.sal);
End Loop;
Close cf;
End;
2) Use of %FOUND attribute
Accepting the job from user and finally showing how many such jobs
are there.
Declare
Cursor cf is
select *
from emp
where job ='&J';

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M cf%rowtype;
N number;
J Emp.Job%type;

Begin
Open cf;
N := 0;
Loop
Fetch cf into M;
Exit when cf%notfound;
If cf%found then
N := N + 1;
End if;
End Loop;
Close cf;
If N > 0 then
dbms_output.put_line('Total number of job ' || J || ' is '|| N);
else
dbms_output.put_line('No such job');
End If;
End;
---------------------------------------------------------------------3) Use of IsOpen attribute
Declare
Cursor cf is
select ename, deptno
from emp
where deptno = 20;
M cf%rowtype;
/*The cursor is not opened before Loop. So using IsOpen attribute to
open the
cursor if it is not open.*/
Begin
/* Cursor is not opened!!! */

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Loop
If cf%IsOpen then
Fetch cf into M;
else
Open cf;
dbms_output.put_line('Cursor is now opened');
End if;
exit when cf%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(M.ename ||'--' || M.deptno);
End Loop;
End;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4) Transferring the first five records from emp table into another table
FirstFive
create table firstfive
as
select empno,ename,sal,deptno
from emp
where 1=2;
Declare
Select *
from emp;
M cf%rowtype;
N number;
Begin
Open cf;
N := 1;
while N <= 5
Loop
Fetch cf into M;
Insert into firstfive
values(M.empno,M.ename,M.sal,M.deptno);
N := N +1;
End Loop;
End;
5) Displaying the 3rd record entered in the table emp

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Declare
Cursor cf is
select *
from emp;
M cf%rowtype;
Begin
Open cf;
Loop
fetch cf into M;
if cf%rowcount = 3 then
dbms_output.put_line(M.empno||'-'||M.ename||'-'||M.sal||'-'||
M.deptno);
end if;
exit when cf%notfound;
End Loop;
End;

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6) To see the first person( or first record entered) who has got salary >
2800
Declare
Cursor cf is
select *
from emp
where sal > 2800;
M cf%rowtype;
Begin
Open cf;
Loop
fetch cf into M;
if cf%rowcount = 1 then
dbms_output.put_line(M.empno||'-'||M.ename||'-'||M.sal||'-'||
M.deptno);
end if;
exit when cf%notfound;
End Loop;
End;
Cursor FOR Loop
u Implicitly declares its loop index as a record of %ROWTYPE,
u Implicitly opens the cursor
u Repeatedly fetches rows of values from the active set into fields in the
record
u Implicitly closes the cursor when all rows have been processed or the
loop is exited
u The statements in the loop construct are executed once for each row
that satisfies the query associated with the cursor name
u Cursor FOR loop is used to simplify coding
u No need of -1)Open cursor
2)Fetch
3)Exit
4)Close cursor
7) To show records where salary is > 3000
Declare
Cursor cf is
select *

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from emp
where sal >= 3000;
Begin
For mrec in cf
Loop
dbms_output.put_line(mrec.ename||' '||mrec.sal||' '||
mrec.deptno);
End Loop;
End;
Cursor FOR UPDATE OF and CURRENT OF
u CURRENT OF clause is used in an UPDATE or DELETE statement
to refer to the current row of the cursor
u The cursor must be declared with the FOR UPDATE OF clause and
must be open and positioned on a row
u If the cursor is not open, CURRENT OF clause results in an error
8) Example of Cursor FOR UPDATE OF and CURRENT OF
create table esal
(empno number,
sal number);
insert into esal
values(1,16000);
insert into esal
values(2,14000);
insert into esal
values(3,8000);
insert into esal
values(4,6500);
insert into esal
values(5,9000);
insert into esal
values(6,11000);
insert into esal
values(7,5500);
insert into esal
values(8,3500);
insert into esal
values(9,2200);
insert into esal

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values(10,7000);
Multiple updations depending on the salary clause in one pl/sql block
Declare
Cursor cf is
select * from esal
For Update of sal;
M cf%rowtype;
Begin
Open cf;
Loop
Fetch cf into M;
exit when cf%notfound;
If M.Sal >= 16000 Then
M.Sal := 20000;
ElsIf M.Sal >= 14000 Then
M.Sal := 18200;
ElsIf M.Sal >= 12000 Then
M.Sal := 16700;
ElsIf M.Sal >= 10000 Then
M.Sal := 13500;
ElsIf M.Sal >= 8000 Then
M.Sal := 11000;
ElsIf M.Sal >= 6000 Then
M.Sal := 9500;
ElsIf M.Sal >= 4000 Then
M.Sal := 7500;
Else

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M.Sal := 5000;
End If;
Update esal
set sal = M.Sal
Where Current Of cf;
End Loop;
End;
Implicit Cursors
Automatically defined and opened, by Oracle, to process
each SQL statement
most recently opened context area is referred to as a
SQL% cursor

Attributes of Implicit Cursors

u Although OPEN, CLOSE and FETCH statements cannot be used to
manipulate the SQL% cursor, the attributes can be used to access its
context area
u Attributes evaluate to NULL, before the cursor is opened
automatically
u The following four cursor attributes can be used to access the
SQL% cursors context area
u SQL%NOTFOUND
u SQL%FOUND
u SQL%ROWCOUNT
u SQL%ISOPEN
u SQL%NOTFOUND
u evaluates to TRUE if an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE
statement affected no rows, else it evaluates to FALSE
u SQL%FOUND
u logical opposite of SQL%NOTFOUND

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u evaluates to TRUE if an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE

affected one or more rows, else it evaluates to FALSE
u SQL%ROWCOUNT
returns the number of rows affected by an INSERT, UPDATE
or DELETE statement
u SQL%ISOPEN
Oracle automatically closes an implicit cursor after executing
its associated SQL statement
For an implicit cursor SQL%ISOPEN always evaluates to
FALSE
9) Example of Implicit Cursors
Begin
Delete from emp
where ename = '&name';
If SQL%Found Then
dbms_output.put_line('Record found and it is deleted');
End If;
If SQL%NotFound Then
dbms_output.put_line('No record is present of the given name.');
End If;
End;

10) Implicit Cursor for rowcount

Begin
Update Emp
set sal = sal + 500
where deptno = &deptno;

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/*If no record is updated since the deptno supplied is wrong then giving
the customised error message.*/
If SQL%Rowcount = 0 then
dbms_output.put_line('No records are updated since the department
number entered is not in the table.');
End if;
/*To prevent sal to be updated where deptno is > 3 */
If SQL%RowCount > 3 then
Rollback;
dbms_output.put_line('Cannot update since there are more than 3
deptnos');
End If;
If SQL%RowCount Between 1 and 3 then
dbms_output.put_line( SQL%RowCount || ' records updated.');
End If;
End;