BASIC MATHEMATICS

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COMPILED BY
GHULAM HUSSAIN
M.SC APPLIED CHECMISTRY &
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI
BASIC CONCEPT OF MATHEMATICS
FOR THE PREPARATION OF
FPSC,PPSC,NTS,KPK & SINDH SERVICE COMMISSION TESTS.
FACEBOOK: 'FPSC Custom Inspectors BS16 &
Preventive Officer BS16 Prepartion
group
Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.
Winston S. Churchill
Success is getting what you want, happiness is wanting what you get
W.P. Kinsella
DATE: August-2015

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CONTENT
1.

Geometry

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Circle

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12

3.

Algebra

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15

4.

Profit & Loss -----------------------------------

22

5.

Percentage

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26

6.

Ration & Proportion -------------------------

31

7.

Introduction to Sets ------------------------

35

8.

Set theory Formula -----------------------

36

9.

Average

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38

10.

HCF & LCM

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39

11

Speed & Velocity

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41

12

Basic Math definition

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Geometry
Geometry:
is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the
properties of space.

Angle
The word angle comes from the Latin word angulus, meaning "corner".
an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint,
called the vertex of the angle.

Parts of an Angle

Names of Angles

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Positive and Negative Angles

*a positive angle goes counterclockwise (opposite direction that clocks go)
*a negative angle goes clockwise

Classification of Angles

1. Zero Angle: When the measure of the angle is 0 o, that is when the two arms coincide, the measure
of the angle is 0o ( read as zero degree ).
2. Acute angle: When the angle measure more than 0 o and less than 90 o, then the angle is called an
acute angle.Example: 20o , 1o , 899 .
3. Right angle: When the angle measure exactly 90o, then the angle is called a right angle or we call
that the two arms are perpendicular to one another.

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4. Obtuse angle: When the measure of the angle is more than 90o and less than 180o , then the angle is
called an obtuse angle.
Example: 91o , 100o , 179o
5. Straight angle: When the angle measure exactly 180o , then the angle is called a straight angle.
6. Reflex angle: If the measure of angle is more than 1800 , and less than 360o , then the angle is
called reflex angle.
Example: 181o , 200o, 300o , 359o.
7. Complete angle: An angle whose measure is 360o is called a complete angle. In a complete angle
the moving arm would have completed one rotation about the fixed point and coincide with the fixed
arm, like the zero angle.

Triangle:
A triangle is a polygon (Plane shape) with three edges (corners) and three vertices (the point where
two lines intersact each other). It is one of the basic shapes in geometry
it is denoted by ABC it content Base, perpendicular and hypothenious.
The Sum of internal angles of triangles= 180o
Triangles can be classified according to the relative lengths of their sides and angles:

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Pythagoras' Theorem
A= Perpendicular ,b=base, c=hypothenious

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Problems:
Question 1
Given a triangle with the base of 3cm and the height of 4cm. Find the area of this triangle.
Solution:
Since the base is given as 3cm, we can substitute b with 3. Similarly, since the height is given as 4cm,
we can substitute h with 3. After doing so, we can calculate for A, as shown below:

Ans is 6.0cm2
Question 2
Given a triangle with the area of 20in2. Find the height of this triangle given that its base is 5cm.
Solution:
Since the value of the area is given as 20in2, we can substitute A with 30. Similarly, since the base is
given as 5cm, we can substitute b with 5. After doing so, we can simplify the equation as shown below:

=>h=40/5= 8 in Ans
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Pythagoras formula Questions

Q. If a=5 b=12 the find c

a 2 + b2 = c 2
52 + 122 = c2
25 + 144 = c2
169 = c2
c2 = 169
c = 169
c = 13
Q. if a=9 c=15 then find b
Solution:
a 2 + b2 = c 2
92 + b2 = 152
81 + b2 = 225
Take 81 from both sides:
b2 = 144
b = 144
b = 12

Rectangle
A rectangle is any quadrilateral with four right angles.

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Question1: Find the area of the rectangle of length 15 cm and breadth 17 cm ?

Solution:
Given,
Length of the rectangle = l = 15 cm
Breadth of the rectangle = b = 17 cm
Perimeter of the rectangle
= 2(l + b)
= 2(15 + 17) cm
= 2 32 cm
= 64 cm
Area of the rectangle
=lb
= 15 17 cm2
= 255 cm2
Diagonal of the rectangle
= l2+b2\sqrt{l^{2}+b^{2}}
= 152+172
= 225+289
= 514
= 22.672 cm

Square
A 4-sided flat shape with straight sides where:
all sides have equal length, and
every interior angle is a right angle (90)
It is a Quadrilateral and a Regular Polygon

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Area = a2
a = length of side
Perimeter = 4a

Parallelogram

Area = b h
Perimeter = 2(b+s)

Trapezoid

Area =a+b/2 h
Perimeter = a+b+c+d

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Circle:
A circle is a simple shape It is the set of all point in a plane that are at a given distance
from a given point, the centre; equivalently it is the curve traced out by a point that
moves so that its distance from a given point is constant.

A circle with circumference (C) in black, diameter (D) in cyan, radius (R) in red,
and centre (O) in magenta.

Circumference=2 radius= diameter

Circle Area = r= d

Length of circumference
The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter is (pi), an irrational constant
approximately equal to 3.141592654. Thus the length of the circumference C is related

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to the radius r and diameter d by:
C=2 * * r

= 3.141592654 or 22/7

Mid point formula between two points M

Distance formula between two points d

Slop formula M

Q1. Find the midpoint between (1, 2) and (3, 6).

Solution:
Apply the Midpoint Formula:

So the answer is P = (1, 2).

Q2.Find the midpoint between (6.4, 3) and (10.7, 4).

Solution:
Apply the Midpoint Formula:

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So the answer is P = (2.15, 3.5)

Q3. Find the slope of the line that passes through the points (-1 , 0) and (3 , 8).
Solution:
m = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1) = (8 - 0) / (3 - (-1) = 2
Q4.The perimeter of a square is 8 cm. What is the area?
Solution:
If the perimeter is 8 cm, then the length of one side is 2 cm since 2 cm + 2 cm + 2 cm +
2 cm = 8 cm
Area = 2 cm 2 cm = 4 cm2
Q5. The area of a square is 4 inches. What is the length of a side?
Solution:
Area = s s= 4 4 = 16 inches2

Q6.Find the area of the following rectangle

Solution:
Area = length width = 10 2 = 20 square inches or 20 inches2

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Algebra
Algebra (from Arabic "al-jabr" meaning "reunion of broken parts") is one of the broad parts of
mathematics
algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols.

A Puzzle
What is the missing number?

OK, the answer is 6, right? Because 6 2 = 4. Easy stuff.

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Well, in Algebra we don't use blank boxes, we use a letter (usually an x or y, but any letter is fine). So
we write:

It is really that simple. The letter (in this case an x) just means "we don't know this yet", and is often
called the unknown or the variable.
And when we solve it we write:

How to Solve
Algebra is just like a puzzle where we start with something like "x 2 = 4" and we want to end up with
something like "x = 6".

Why did we add 2 to both sides?

Another Puzzle
Solve this one:

x + 5 = 12
Start with:

x + 5 = 12

What we are aiming for is an answer like "x = ...", and the plus 5 is in the way of that!
We can cancel out the plus 5 by doing a subtract 5 (because 55=0)

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So, let us have a go at subtracting 5 from both sides:
x+5 5 = 12 5
A little arithmetic (55 = 0 and 125 = 7) becomes:

x+0 = 7

Which is just:

x=7
Solved!

(Quick Check: 7+5=12)

Types of algabric equations
1 - linear equation
ax+by+c=0 (where a and b are not both equal to zero)
2 - quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (where x represents an unknown, and a, b, and c represent known numbers such
that a is not equal to 0.)
3 - cubic equation
ax3+bx2+x=c

(the coefficients a, b, c, d are real numbers)

4 - quartic equation
ax4+bx3+x2+x=c
5 - quintic equation
-x^5 + bx^4 + cx^3 + dx^2 + ex + f = 0
n - polynomial equation of degree n
axn + bxn-1 + . . . + rx + s = 0,. where a, b, . . . , r and s are constants.

Problems.
Example. 68 less than 5 times a number is equal to the number. Find the number.
Let x be the number. Note that "68 less than 5 times the number" translates to the expression
not
. So the problem statement gives

Example. When 142 is added to a number, the result is 64 more than 3 times the number. Find the
number.
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Let x be the number. The problem statement gives

Q1.The variables of linear equation is implicitly raised to

1.
2.
3.
4.

first power
second power
third power
four power

Ans.1
Q2. The example of linear equation involving two variables is
1.
2.
3.
4.

7x+3y+4z = 20
6x+2y = 10
8x = 2+10
7a+8b+9c = 10+5

Ans. 2
Q3. In the linear equation 'ax+by = c' the a,b and c are considered as
1.
2.
3.
4.

variable
constants
zero
real numbers

Ans. 2
Q4. In the linear equation 'ax+by = c' the a and b cannot be equal
1.
2.
3.
4.

to rational numbers
to one
to zero
set of even numbers

Ans.3
Q5.The two variables x and y if involved in linear equation then the equation is
1.
2.
3.
4.

ax+by = c
ab+xy = c
ac+bx = y
ax+bc = y

Ans.1
Q6. solve for x
8x - 3 = 2x
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Solution:
8x - 3 = 2x
8x 3 + 3 =2x + 3 (Add 3 on both sides)
8x =2x +3
8x 2x =2x -2x + 3 (Add -2x on both sides)
6x = 3
6x /6 = 3 / 6 (both sides by divided 6)
X = 1/2

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Glossary of algebraic symbols:

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Profit and loss

Profit and Loss Formulae
SP = Sales Price
CP = Cost Price
MP = Marked Pric

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Q1.Alfred buys an old scooter for Rs. 4700 and spends Rs. 800 on its repairs. If he sells the
scooter for Rs. 5800, his gain percent is:
Explanation:
Cost Price (C.P.) = Rs. (4700 + 800) = Rs. 5500.
Selling Price (S.P.) = Rs. 5800.
Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.) = Rs.(5800 - 5500) = Rs. 300.
Gain % =

300
5
x 100 % = 5 %
5500
11

Q2. The cost price of 20 articles is the same as the selling price of x articles. If the profit is 25%,
then the value of x is:
Explanation:
Let C.P. of each article be Re. 1 C.P. of x articles = Rs. x.
S.P. of x articles = Rs. 20.
Profit = Rs. (20 - x).
20 -x
x 100 = 25 x
x
2000 - 100x = 25x
125x = 2000
x = 16.
Q3. If selling price is doubled, the profit triples. Find the profit percent.
Explanation:
Let C.P. be Rs. x and S.P. be Rs. y.
Then, 3(y - x) = (2y - x) y = 2x.
Profit = Rs. (y - x) = Rs. (2x - x) = Rs. x.
Profit % =

x
x 100 % = 100%
x

Q4. A man buys an article for Rs. 27.50 and sells it for Rs 28.60. Find his gain percent
Explanation:
So we have C.P. = 27.50
S.P. = 28.60

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Gain = 28.60 - 27.50 = Rs. 1.10
Gain%=(Gain/Cost 100)%=(1.10/27.50 100)%=4%
Q5. A TV is purchased at Rs. 5000 and sold at Rs. 4000, find the lost percent.
Explanation:
We know, C.P. = 5000
S.P. = 4000
Loss = 5000 - 4000 = 1000
Loss%=(Loss/Cost 100)%=(1000/5000 100)%=20%
Q6. A person incurs a loss of 5% be selling a watch for Rs. 1140. At what price should the watch
be sold to earn 5% profit.
Explanation:
Let the new S.P. be x, then.
(100 - loss%):(1st S.P.) = (100 + gain%):(2nd S.P.)
=>(95/1140=105/x)=>x=1260
Q7.A book was sold for Rs 27.50 with a profit of 10%. If it were sold for Rs. 25.75, then would
have been percentage of profit and loss ?
Explanation:
Please remember
S.P.=(100+gain%/100 C.P)So,
C.P. =(100/110 25.75)
When S.P. = 25.75 then
Profit=25.7525=Re.0.75
Profit%=0.75/25 100=3%
Q8. Alfred buys an old scooter for Rs. 4700 and spends Rs. 800 on its repairs. If he sells the
scooter for Rs. 5800, his gain percent is
Explanation:
Whenever we get this type of question, we should have formula in mind that,
Gain% = (gain/cost)*100
Cost = 4700 + 800 = Rs. 5500
S.P. = Rs. 5800
Profit = 5800 - 5500 = 300
Gain%=300/5500 100=5.454%
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Q9. If the cost price is 25% of selling price. Then what is the profit percent.
Explanation:
Let the S.P = 100
then C.P. = 25
Profit = 75
Profit% = 75/25 * 100 = 300%

Q10. A man buys an item at Rs. 1200 and sells it at the loss of 20 percent. Then what is the selling
price of that item
Explanation:
Here always remember, when ever x% loss,
it means S.P. = (100 - x)% of C.P
when ever x% profit,
it means S.P. = (100 + x)% of C.P
So here will be (100 - x)% of C.P.
= 80% of 1200
= 80/100 * 1200
= 960
Q11.A plot is sold for Rs. 18,700 with a loss of 15%. At what price it should be sold to get profit of
15%.
Explanation:
This type of question can be easily and quickly solved as following:
Let at Rs x it can earn 15% pr0fit
85:18700 = 115:x [as, loss = 100 -15, Profit = 100 +15]
x = (18700*115)/85
= Rs.25300

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Q12. If the cost price of 12 items is equal to the selling price of 16 items, the loss percent is
Explanation:
Let the Cost Price of 1 item = Re. 1
Cost Price of 16 items = 16
Selling Price of 16 items = 12
Loss = 16 - 12 = Rs 4
Loss % = (4/16)* 100 = 25%

Percentages (%)
One percent (1%) means 1 per 100.
50% means 50 per 100
(50% of this box is green)

Basic "Percent of" Word Problems

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Q1. What number is 2% of 50 ?
This is just another way of saying 2% of 50 is___
So, set up the proportion as example #1:
is/50 = 2/100
Replace is by y and cross multiply to get:
y 100 = 50 2
y 100 = 100
Since 1 100 = 100, y = 1
Therefore, 1 is 2 % of 50
Q2. What percent of 20 is 30?
We have the original number (20) and the comparative number (30). The unknown in this problem is the
rate or percentage. Since the statement is "(thirty) is (some percentage) of (twenty)", then the variable
stands for the percentage, and the equation is:

30 = (x)(20)
30 20 = x = 1.5
Since x stands for a percentage, I need to remember to convert this decimal back into a percentage:

1.5 = 150%
Thirty is 150% of 20.
Q3. What is 35% of 80?
Here we have the rate (35%) and the original number (80); the unknown is the comparative number
which constitutes 35% of 80. Since the exercise statement is "(some number) is (thirty-five percent) of
(eighty)", then the variable stands for a number and the equation is:

x = (0.35)(80)
x = 28
Twenty-eight is 35% of 80.

Q4. 45% of what is 9?

Here we have the rate (45%) and the comparative number (9); the unknown is the original number that
9 is 45% of. The statement is "(nine) is (forty-five percent) of (some number)", so the variable stands for
a number, and the equation is:

9 = (0.45)(x)
9 0.45 = x = 20
Nine is 45% of 20.

Q5. One fourth of one third of two fifth of a number is 15. What will be40% of that
number?
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Explanation:
(1/4) * (1/3) * (2/5) * x = 15 then
x = 15 * 30 = 450
40% of 450 = 180
Q6. 12.5% of 192=50% of?
Explanation:
12.5/100 * 192 = 50/100 * x then
x = 12.5 * 192 * 2 / 100
= 48
Q7. What will be the fraction of 20%
Explanation:
It will 20*1/100 = 1/5
Q8. 2.09 can be expressed in terms of percentage as
Explanation:
While calculation in terms of percentage we need to multiply by 100, so
2.09 * 100 = 209.
Q9. Half of 1 percent written as decimal is
Explanation:
It will be 1/2(1%) = 1/2(1/100) = 1/200 = 0.005
Q10.Your friend diets and goes from 125 pounds to 110 pounds. What was her
percentage weight loss?
First, I'll find the absolute weight loss:

125 110 = 15
This fifteen-pound decrease is some percentage of the original, since the rate of change is always with
respect to the original value. So the percentage is "change over original", or:

15 = (x)(125)
15 125 = x
15 125 = 0.12
The change is a percentage, so I need to convert this decimal to percentage form:
She lowered her weight by 12%.

Q11. In a video store, a DVD that sells for $15 is marked, "10% off". What is the discount?
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What is the sale price of the DVD?
Solution:
The rate is 10%. The discount is: 0.10 x $15.00 = $1.50
The sale price is calculated as follows:
$15.00 original price
-1.50
- discount
$13.50
sale price
Answer: The discount is $1.50 and the sale price is $13.50.
Q.12 In a department store, a $40 dress is marked, "Save 25%." What is the discount? What is
the sale price of the dress?
Solution:
The phrase, "Save 25%," refers to the rate.
The original price of the dress is $40.
The rate is 25%.
The discount is: 0.25 x $40.00 = $10.00
The sale price is calculated as follows:
$40.00 original price
-10.00
- discount
$30.00
sale price
Answer: The discount is $10.00 and the sale price is $30.00.
Q13. In a grocery store, a $12 case of soda is labeled, "Get a 20% discount." What is the
discount? What is the sale price of the case of soda?

Solution:

The rate is 20%.

The discount is: 0.20 x $12.00 = $2.40
The sale price is calculated as follows:
$12.00
-2.40
$ 9.60

Answer:

original price
- discount
sale price

The discount is $2.40 and the sale price is $9.60.

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Q14. A pizzeria has a coupon that reads, "Get
What is the sale price of the cheese pizza?

off a $9.00 cheese pizza." What is the discount?

Analysis:The phrase, " off," refers to the rate. It is expressed as a fraction.

Solution: T

he rate is given as the fraction .

The discount is:

x $9.00 = $3.00

The sale price is calculated as follows:

$9.00
-3.00
$6.00

original price
- discount
sale price
Answer: The discount is $3.00 and the sale price is $6.00.

Q15.Ann works in a supermarket for $10.00 per hour. If her pay is increased to $12.00, then what
is her percent increase in pay?
Solution:
Analysis:When finding the percent increase, we take the absolute value of the difference and divide it
by the original value. The resulting decimal is then converted to a percent. Solution:

Answer: The percent increase in Ann's pay is 20%.

Q16. At a supermarket, a certain item has increased from 75 cents per pound to 81 cents per
pound. What is the percent increase in the cost of the item?
Solution:

Answer:

There was an 8% increase in the cost of the item.

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Ratio and Proportion

Real life applications of ratio and proportion are numerous! The concept occurs in many places in
mathematics
When you prepare recipes, paint your house, or repair gears in a large machine or in a car transmission,
you use ratios and proportions.
Say a recipe to make brownie requires 4 cups of flour for 6 persons
You may want to know how much flower to put for 24 persons
As a former math teacher, I used to tell my students to set it up as you see below:
You just cannot go wrong when you take this first step:

4/x=6/24

Ratios
A ratio compares values.
A ratio says how much of one thing there is compared to another thing.

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1. Ratio
When two numbers are represented in the form of another; this is done by expressing one number as a
fraction of another.
Thus, we have a:b; where a is the antecedent, and b is the consequent (a little general knowledge
doesn't hurt even in math!)
Thus when we write 4:16,
it can be re-written as 2:8 and further simplifying it can be said to be 1:4.
Which actually means, the number 4 is 4 times to get the figure 16.
And all of you know, that 1:4 can also be written as .

2. Ratios to percentages:
This 1/4 ratio can be denoted as a percentage too! Its 25% How?
Well, 1/4 x 100 = 25% [1/4th is also known as one quarter, that is one part out of 4 parts.]
2/4 = 1/2 =50%
3/4 = 75%
and, 4/4 = 100%

. Proportions
Proportions is where two ratios are compared and equated.
Where a:b is a ratio and c:d is another ratio, and if they are equal,
then, they can be re-written as a:b :: c:d. { the :: sign means equal to}
Therefore, a:b = c:d
Q1. Find the unknown value in the proportion:2 : x = 3 : 9.
solution
2:x=3:9
First, I convert the colon-based odds-notation ratios to fractional form:

.
Then I solve the proportion:

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9(2) = x(3)
18 = 3x
6=x

Q2. If 4 pencils cost $10, then what will 6 pencils cost?

Solution:
NumberofpencilsandtheirCostarequantitiesthataredirectlyproportional.
So,wecanframetheexpression
4isto10issameas6istoWhatPriceP?
i.e.4:10::6:P,then
4P=106,soP=(106)/4=15
So,6pencilswillcost$15
Q3.If3menfinishaworkin4hours,then4menwillfinishthesameworkinwhattime?

Solution:
Since,NumberofmenandTimetakentofinishtheworkareinverselyproportional,wecan
write:
3isto4issameasNisto4,whereNistherequirednumberofdays.
3:4::N:4.
Fromtherule,wewrite:
34=4N,
So,N=3days.
Q4.Tofinishasameamountofwork,if4mentake6daysworking5hoursaday,thenhow
manydayswill6mentakeworking4hoursaday?
Solution:
Usingtheformula:
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M1D1H1=M2D2H2
465=6D24
Weget:D2=5days.
Q5. If twelve inches correspond to 30.48centimeters, how many centimeters are there
in thirty inches?
I will set up my ratios with "inches" on top, and will use "c" to stand for the number of centimeters for
which they've asked me.

12c = (30)(30.48)
12c = 914.4
c = 76.2
Q6.Afarmerhasenoughcattlefeedtofeed300hensfor20days.Ifhebuys100morehens,howlong
wouldthesameamountoffeedfeedthetotalhens?
Sol.
Hen:days
300:x
400:20300/400=x/20x=15

Solve:

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IntroductiontoSets
Definition
What is a set? Well, simply put, it's a collection.
exampleistypesoffingers.

Thissetincludesindex,middle,ring,andpinky.
Notation
There is a fairly simple notation for sets. We simply list each element, separated by a comma, and then
put some curly brackets around the whole thing.

Thecurlybrackets{}aresometimescalledsetbracketsorbraces.
.The first set {socks, shoes, watches, shirts, ...} we call an infinite set,
.The second set {index, middle, ring, pinky} we call a finite set.
the set of letters:
{a, b, c, ..., x, y, z} In this case it is a finite set (there are only 26 letters, right?)
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Numerical Sets
So what does this have to do with mathematics? When we define a set, all we have to specify is a
common characteristic. Who says we can't do so with numbers?
Set of even numbers: {..., -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, ...}
Set of odd numbers: {..., -3, -1, 1, 3, ...}
Set of prime numbers: {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, ...}
Positive multiples of 3 that are less than 10: {3, 6, 9}

Subsets
When we define a set, if we take pieces of that set, we can form what is called a subset.
So for example, we have the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. A subset of this is {1, 2, 3}. Another subset is {3, 4} or
even another, {1}. However, {1, 6} is not a subset, since it contains an element (6) which is not in the
parent set. In general:
A is a subset of B if and only if every element of A is in B.
So let's use this definition in some examples.

Is A a subset of B, where A = {1, 3, 4} and B = {1, 4, 3, 2}?

1 is in A, and 1 is in B as well. So far so good.
3 is in A and 3 is also in B.
4 is in A, and 4 is in B.
That's all the elements of A, and every single one is in B, so we're done.
Yes, A is a subset of B

Set Theory Formula.

A A=A
AA=A
A B=B A
AB=BA
(A B) C=A (B C)
(A B) C=A (B C)
A (BC)=(A B)(A C)
A(B C)=(AB) (AC)
De-Morgans Laws.
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Demorgan's First Law: (A B)' = (A)' (B)'
Demorgan's Second Law: (A B)' = (A)' (B)'

PowerSet
Iftheoriginalsethasnmembers,thenthePowerSetwillhave2nmembers
example:howmanypowersetsofA={1,2,3}
={},{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3},{3,1},{1,2,3}
Note:totalset=822=8
Q1.LetA={x:xisanaturalnumberandafactorof18}

B={x:xisanaturalnumberandlessthan6}
FindABandAB.
Solution:
A={1,2,3,6,9,18}
B={1,2,3,4,5}
AUB={1,2,3,4,5,6,9,18}
AB={1,2,3}
Set Notation:

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Average
Definitions
Mean (aka Arithmetic Mean, Average) - The sum of all of the numbers in a list divided by the
number of items in that list.
For example, the mean of the numbers 2, 3, 7 is 4 since 2+3+7 = 12 and 12 divided by 3 [there
are three numbers] is 4.
Thefollowingistheformulaforthearithmeticmean,statedinamorereadableand
understandableform.

A = average (or arithmetic mean)

N = the number of terms (e.g., the number of items or numbers being averaged)
S = the sum of the numbers in the set of interest (e.g., the sum of the numbers being averaged)
BasicExamples
ateachertutoredfivestudentsandtheysubsequentlyscored96,94,92,87,and81,whatwasthe
averagescoreofthestudentswhomtheteachertutored?
N=5sincethereare5students
S=96+94+92+87+81=450

Q2.Theaverage(arithmeticmean)of3numbersis60.Iftwoofthenumbersare50and60,
whatisthethirdnumber?
Solution

60=50+60+x/3
60*3=110*x
180=110+x

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x=180110
x=70
Q2. The average of 5 quantities is 6. The average of 3 of them is 8. What is the average of the
remaining two numbers?
ExplanatoryAnswer
The average of 5 quantities is 6.
Therefore, the sum of the 5 quantities is 5 * 6 = 30.
The average of three of these 5 quantities is 8.
Therefore, the sum of these three quantities = 3 * 8 = 24
The sum of the remaining two quantities = 30 - 24 = 6.
Average of these two quantities =6/2= 3.

Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple

The highest common factor (HCF) of two whole numbers
is the largest whole number which is a factor of both.

HCF Example
Consider the numbers 12 and 15:
The factors of 12 are : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
The factors of 15 are : 1, 3, 5, 15.
1 and 3 are the only common factors (numbers which are factors of both 12 and 15).
Therefore, the highest common factor of 12 and 15 is 3.
Q1. Find the highest common factor of 20 and 30 by following the steps below:
What are the factors of 20?
What are the factors of 30?
What is the highest common factor of 20 and 30?

The lowest common multiple (LCM) of two whole numbers

is the smallest whole number which is a multiple of both.

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LCM Example
Consider the numbers 12 and 15 again:
The multiples of 12 are : 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, ....
The multiples of 15 are : 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, ....
60 is a common multiple (a multiple of both 12 and 15), and there are no lower common multiples.
Therefore, the lowest common multiple of 12 and 15 is 60.
Q2. Find the lowest common multiple of 5 and 7 by following the steps below:
What are the first ten multiples of 5?
What are the first ten multiples of 7?
What is the lowest common multiple of 5 and 7?

Finding HCF & LCM with prime factorisations

We want to find the HCF and LCM of the numbers 60 and 72.
Start by writing each number as a product of its prime factors.

60 = 2 * 2 * 3 * 5
72 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3
To make the next stage easier, we need to write these so that each new prime factor begins in the same
place:

60 = 2 * 2
*3
*5
72 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 3 * 3
All the "2"s are now above each other, as are the "3"s etc. This allows us to match up the prime factors.
The highest common factor is found by multiplying all the factors which appear in both lists:

So the HCF of 60 and 72 is 2 2 3 which is 12.

The lowest common multiple is found by multiplying all the factors which appear in either list:
So the LCM of 60 and 72 is 2 2 2 3 3 5 which is 360.
Q3. The greatest number of four digits which is divisible by 15, 25, 40 and 75 is:
Explanation:
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Greatest number of 4-digits is 9999.
L.C.M. of 15, 25, 40 and 75 is 600.
On dividing 9999 by 600, the remainder is 399.
Required number (9999 - 399) = 9600.

Speed and Velocity

Q: While on vacation, Lisa Carr traveled a total distance of 440 miles. Her trip took 8 hours.
What was her average speed?
To compute her average speed, we simply divide the distance of travel by the time of travel.

Basic Math Definitions

Subtraction is

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Division is

A Decimal Number is

The end ..................................................Best of luck...............................................................................

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