Carthage

Founded by Phoenicians in 814 BC

On the coast of North Africa
Enormous trading empire in the western Mediterranean
Controlled colonies from Spain to Sicily, largest & richest state (before Rome)
Scared Rome, fought Punic Wars
Sacrificed children
Punic Wars
Punic from the work Punicus = Carthaginian
Began in 264 BCE
First of three: Carthage had an excellent Navy, so Rome had to create a Navy,
naval ships made exactly like Carthage ship; Romans won, 23 year war; received
Sicily and Sardinia
Second of three: Hannibal crosses the alps with thousands of men and elephants
to have the element of surprise, they continued; Hannibal was winning and taking
out Rome until he ran out of men; Rome gets Spain
Third of three: 50 years later, Rome goes to Carthage and completely destroys it
Hannibal
Son of Carthaginian general, promised his dad he would kill the romans
Very young when he became army general
Archenemy of Rome
Lead his army through the alps with elephants during second Punic war
Almost won against Rome until he didnt have more men
SPQR
Meaning: senate and people of Rome
Set up by Octavian
Patrician
Wealthy landowners
Became Romes ruling class
Could vote & be elected to politics
Plebeian
Less wealthy landowners, small farmers, crafts people, and merchants
Basically anyone not a patrician
Could vote
Could not marry patrician; mad about this because they defend Rome
Had the council of plebs so they could participate
400 BCE, plebeians can marry patrician and treated more equal ccx
509 BCE
Rome overthrows the last Etruscan King
Beginning of the Roman Empire

Rome establishes a republic

Romes goal: have complete control of the mediterranean
Consuls
Chief executive officers of the Roman Republic
2 consuls
chosen every year
ran the govt, led the Roman Army into battle, and in charge of civil law
can appoint a dictator in emergencies (pressure)
elected senators
could not veto/override things
Senate
300 participants, served for life
at first, only had to advise govt officials, but later it had the force of the law
influence over the consuls & army
decided how $$ was spent
Assembly
Centuriate Assembly
Elected the senate and consuls & passed laws
Control of army/declares war and peace treaties
Chooses what to conquer
Julius Caesar
Wanted full power
Defeated the forces lead by Pompey
45 BC- made dictator/absolute ruler
great military man and politician
poor people liked him because he came up with bread and circuses
everyone liked him besides the senate because they wanted the power divided
evenly but Caesar wanted it all
March 15 44 BC- assassinated by senate members; Ides of March
granduncle of Octavian
Pompey
Defeated by Julius Caesar
First Triumvirate
Tried to keep the republic from falling by putting 3 generals into power (Caesar,
Marcus Crassus, and Pompey)
Had their own armies; army men were loyal to their general, not Rome
By 44 BC, everyone is dead
Octavian (Augustus)
Grandnephew of Julius Caesar

in charge of Rome at only 18; very inexperienced

Defeated Mark Antony and took control of Rome
Created a new order which began the roman empire
27 BC, Senate awards him with the title of Augustus meaning the reverted one
became imperator = emperor of Rome
ruled the west of Rome- at war with Antony
one of the smartest political propagandists
set up SPQR
Battle of Actium
Antony vs. Octavian battle
31 BCE
end of Triumvirate
Egypt is a part of Rome now
31 BC- AD 14 is the Age of Augustus
Marc Antony
Boyfriend of Cleopatra so he could add Egypt to the empire
Ruled the East of Rome- at war with Octavian
Defeated by Octavian
Second Triumvirate
The solution
Antony, Octavian, and Marcus Lepidus
Antony and Octavian team up to kill Marcus
Octavian remains, everyone else dead
Last Triumvirate
Pax Romana
The Roman Peace
27 BC- AD 180
5 emperors ruled during it - Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus
Aurelius all respected ruling classes, ended executions, and maintained peace
Colosseum
= Flavian Amphitheatre
became known as the colosseum because the other takes longer to say and the
amphitheater replaces the colossus statue
gladiator vs. gladiator games, gladiator vs. animals
not pretty anymore because now its just the info structure; used to be marble (for
wealthy) or wooden (for Bread and Circuses) seats and sand on the floor
beast held in a maze thing
gladiator and beast have different entrances
during summer, half the colosseum gets shaded with sun
seats taken out when Christianity takes over

Flavian Amphitheatre
= colosseum
Flavian = the family that comes after Augustus
Roman Forum
Pompeii
79 CE, mount Vesuvius spews hot rock and ash
similar to Herculaneum homes, forums, and wall paintings
Herculaneum
79 CE, Mount Vesuvius erupts hot mud/lava
similar to Pompeii with homes, forums, and wall paintings
79 CE
Mount Vesuvius erupts all over Pompeii and Herculaneum
Citizens thought it was just a big earthquake because they were used to those,
but it just got shakier and shakier
Bread and Circuses
Farmers wanted to move to the city after Hannibal; too little jobs
Solution attempt: move the farmers back into the land and give small plots of
land; this is too much $$
Solution: give the poor free bread and free entertainment so they wont cause
trouble for the govt
Arch of Titus
Triumphal Arch
Every time Romans one wars, they would build an arch of triumph, and the
winning war general would ride through the arch
The one devoted to Judea/Palestine
Sculpture has people with a menorah
Symbolizes worst part in Jewish history (besides Holocaust)
Ara Pacis
Altar of peace
Has a wall sculpture that surrounds entire altar of everyone on opening day;
includes children/family of Octavian
Promotes a) having a family b) its safe for kids to be out (peace)
Includes Augustus favorite things a) peace b) family/children c) livestock/animals
(during war, crops are fought over, represents peace)
There are also a) earth b) sky (represented by a goose) c) water (theres a sea
monster)
Mainly propaganda because it advertises the beauty thats because of him
Spartacus

Sadducee
Pharisee
Sanhedrin
Zealot
Essene
Dead Sea Scrolls
End of Days
Herod
Hillel
Jochanan Ben-Zakai
Sicarii
Vespasian
Josephus
Mount Vesuvius
Masada
Ides of March
The 15th of every month
Death of Caesar March 15 44 BCE