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Fixed
Volume
Manner
Vibration /
Rotation
Compression
Liquid
Fixed but follow
Gas
Far Apart from
the shape of
each other
container
Packed in Orderly Packed closely
Move in random
Manner
Vibrate
manner
Vibrate and
Vibrate and
Cannot
rotate
Cannot be
rotate
Can be done
Liquid
Gases
2. The rate for diffusion for solid, liquid and gases are totally different.
Compared the situation below,
Molecule
Ions
5. The atom is neutral because the number of protons and the number of
electrons are equal.
Subatomic
particles
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Symbol
P
N
e-
Relative
mass
1
1
1/1837 0
Relative
charge
0
-1
A
Naphthalene is in solid state at any temperature below its melting point.
The particles are very closely packed together in an orderly manner.
The forces between the particles are very strong. The particles can only vibrate at a fixed
position.
A-B
As the naphthalene is heated, heat energy is converted to kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy increases and the molecules vibrate faster about their fixed positions and the
temperature increases.
B
Naphthalene is in solid state at any temperature below its melting point.
The particles are very closely packed together in an orderly manner.
The forces between the particles are very strong. The particles can only vibrate at a fixed
position.
B-C
Naphthalene exists in both solid and liquid states.
The temperature remains constant because the heat that supplied to naphthalene is used to
overcome the forces of attraction that hold the particles together.
The constant temperature is called the melting point.
The heat energy that absorbed to overcome the intermolecular forces is named as the latent
heat of fusion.
C
All the naphthalene has completely melted.
Solid naphthalene has turned into liquid.
C-D
Naphthalene is in liquid state.
As the liquid naphthalene is heated, the molecules gain more heat energy and the temperature
continues to increase.
The particles move faster and faster because their kinetic energy is increasing.
D
Naphthalene still exists in liquid state.
Naphthalene molecules have received enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction
between the particles in the liquid.
Some of the naphthalene molecules start to move freely and liquid naphthalene begin to
change into gashave received enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between the
particles in the liquid. Some of the naphthalene molecules start to move freely and liquid
naphthalene begin to change into gas
D-E
Naphthalene exists in both liquid and gaseous states.
The temperature remains unchanged.
The is because the heat energy absorbed is used to overcome the intermolecular forces
between the particles of the liquid rather than increase the temperature of the liquid.
E-F
The gas particles continue to absorb more energy and move faster.
The temperature increases as heating continues.
SUPERCOOLING
higher temperature.
Why this is happen?
1. No even heating.
2. Without stirring uniformly.
3. The cooling is not uniform.
2.4 ISOTOPE
The isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different
neutron number due to different numbers of neutrons. In an atom in the neutral
state, the number of electrons also equals the number of protons.
For example, the carbon-13 and carbon-14
The carbon-13 have 6 electrons (6 protons) and have 7 neutrons.
The carbon-14 have 6 electrons (6 protons) and have 8 neutrons.
Isotope
Use
Carbon14
Medical tracer to study & treat the thyroid gland & used in the
diagnosis of adrenal medullary & for imaging suspected neural crest
and other endocrine tumours
Isotope prepared in a nuclear reactor