APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Basic Biology with the tittle Maskular System. Which
made by:
Name
: Elsa Sulastri
Reg. Num (ID)
: 131 4441 003
Class
: ICP A of Biology Education
Group
: 2 (Two)
has been checked by Assistant and Assistant coordinator, so this report was
accepted.
Assistant Coordinator

Surahman Nur S.Pd, M.Pd

Makassar, May 15th 2016

Assistant

Ferry Irawan
ID : 1214440001
Known,
Lecture of Responsibility

Dr. Drs. A. Mushawwir Taiyeb, M.Kes

NIP: 19640416198803 1 002

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Muscles are motion tools active. In general, the animals have the ability
to move. The movement is due to the cooperation between the muscles and
bones. Bones can not function as a motion if it is not moved by muscles.
Muscles are moving bones because it has the ability to contract. Human
skeleton is a skeleton inside, which is composed of hard bone (osteon) and
cartilage (cartilage).
Muscle is an organ / tool that can move this is an essential for the
organism. Locomotor muscle is said to be active. The movement is due to the
cooperation between the muscles and bones. Bones can not function as a
motion if it is not moved by muscles. Muscles are moving bones because it
has the ability to contract. In everyday life is known as the muscle meat.
Muscle is a connective tissue in the body whose primary job
contraction. Muscle contraction used to move parts of the body and the
substance in the body. Muscles attached to cartilage (cartilage), joint
connective tissue (ligament), and skin (integument). On the skin and hair, can
only move when moved by muscles. Circulation or transport of nutrients in
the intestines and blood in the blood vessels, also indirectly driven by the
muscle. Muscles can contract due to the stimulation. Generally, the muscles
contract not because of the stimulus, but because of a series of stimulus
consecutive. stimulus both strengthen the first stimulation and arousal third
strongger second stimulus. thus it came to pass that the maximum tension or
tone.maximum tone continues - again called tetanus.
Based on morphology, working system and its location in the body, the
muscles can be divided into three, namely the striated muscle, smooth
muscle, and cardiac muscle. Based on the above to understand more about
Muscle System, it is necessary to the holding of a practicum that talks about
this.
B. Purpose

The purpose of this experiment is to know the anatomical position of

the human body
C. Benefit
After we doing this experiment appertice can know where the
anatomical posisition to our body.

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Muscle is an organ / tool that enables the body can move. This is an
important property for the organism. Motion occurs because the cell cytoplasm to
change shape (see how the movement of amoeba). In cells, the cytoplasm is fine
threads called myofibrils long. If the muscle cells receive stimulation of the
myofibrils will be shortened. In other words, the muscle cells will shorten itself in
a particular direction (contracts). In the outline of muscle cells can be divided into
three categories, namely: motoritas muscle, autonomic muscle, and cardiac
muscle (Syaifuddin, 2006: 87).
Muscles are active because of locomotor ability to contract. Auto retracts
when being contracted and elongated if relaxation. Muscle contraction occurs
when the muscle is doing activities, whereas muscle relaxation occurs when the
muscle is at rest. Thus muscles have three characters, namely: Kontraksibilitas the
ability of muscles to shorten and shorter than its original size, it teriadi if the
muscles are doing activities. Ektensibilitas, ie the ability of muscles to elongate
and longer than its original size. Elasticity: the ability of muscles to return to its
original size.
Muscles are composed of two kinds of basic filaments, which filaments of
actin and myosin filaments. Thin actin filaments and myosin thick filaments. Both
of these filaments make up myofibrils. Myofibrils compose muscle fibers and
muscle fibers muscle fibers make up the muscles
(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/thumb/c/c3/Otot_rangka.jpg/300
pxOtot_rangka.jpg).
The skeletal muscles do not work alone but in groups to carry out the
movements of the various parts of the skeleton. Each group opposed to another
called antagonist muscles. Is an antagonist flexor and extensor and abductor of the

adductor. Several groups are working to stabilize the parts moving member while
the other part: this is called muscle fixation. Another strengthens the joints while
the other moves, as flexor of wrist muscles strengthen when the finger
straightened. This is called a synergistic (Pearce, 2004: 102).
In the body there are three types of muscle tissue is smooth muscle, striated
muscle striated muscle involuntary and voluntary. Smooth muscle does not pay
attention to their transverse stripes and is present in systems to function
automatically. Smooth muscle found in the walls of the digestive treatus involved
in motor activity. Muscle fibers are arranged as a bundle wrapped by fibrous
tissue, connective tissue between individual muscle fibers called endomisium
(Frandson, 1992: 137).
Three different kinds of muscle found in vertebrates, which is the heart
muscle is the muscle that make up the walls of the heart. Smooth muscle found in
the walls of hollow organs all (except the heart). Smooth muscle contraction is
generally uncontrolled, reduce the size of the structures of this hollow. Blood
vessels, bowel, bladder, and uterus are some examples of wall structures
consisting mostly of smooth muscle. So smooth muscle contraction carry out
various tasks such as forwarding our food from the mouth to the gastrointestinal
tract, passing urine and the skeleton, muscles are controlled intentionally
(Kimball, 1983: 697).
Muscle tissue is composed of cells of different and contain contractile
proteins. Structural biology of these proteins generate the pressure needed for
contraction cellular create movement among certain organs and body as a whole,
most of the muscle cells derived from mesoderm and deferensiasinya primarily
occurs through a process of lengthening gradually called protein manufacturing
miofibril (Kelley, 1995 : 10).
Striated muscle or skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle. These
muscles work under consciousness. In striated muscle, fibril-fibrilnya mempunvai
dark transverse lines (anisotropic) and light (isotropic) is arranged criss-hose.

Cells and mempunvai banvak cylindrical core. Skeletal muscle can contract
quickly and have a rest period of many - times. It has a collection of skeletal
muscle

fibers

are

wrapped

by

super

(http://www.docstoc.com/docs/25972416/Sistem-Alat-Gerak).

facial

fascia

CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Place and Time

Day, Date: Tuesday, May 10th 2015
Time

: At 04.00 p.m until 05.00 p.m

Place

: Laboratory of Biology third floor FMIPA UNM

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools
a. Ruler
b. Paper
c. Pen/ pencil
2. Materials
a. Probandus
C. Work Procedure
1. Prepare the tools and materials
2. Choose your friends as probandus
3. Draw the skeletal system of your friends (probandus)

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result
B. Discussion
Muscle is a connective tissue in the body whose primary job
contraction. Muscle contraction used to move parts of the body and the
substance in the body. Locomotor muscles are also said to be active. The
movement is due to the cooperation between the muscles and bones. Bones
can not function as a motion if it is not moved by muscles. Muscles are
moving bones because it has the ability to contract. Aside from being able to
contract (shorten) muscles are also able to recharge. If the muscles are
contracted the bones will be lifted, and the muscles are called myofibrils.
Myofibrils composed by actin and myosin. muscle has three characters,
namely: kontraksibilitas the ability of muscles to shorten and shorter than its
original size, it teriadi if the muscles are doing activities; ektensibilitas,
namely the ability of muscles to elongate and longer than its original size;
elasticity, ie the ability of the muscle to return to its original size. Muscles are
composed of two kinds of basic filaments, which filaments of actin and
myosin filaments. Thin actin filaments and myosin thick filaments. Both of
these filaments make up myofibrils. Myofibrils compose muscle fibers and
muscle fibers muscle fibers make up the muscles.
Based on the type, the muscle can be divided into three parts, namely:
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle (skeletal muscle).
Smooth muscle is one muscle that has a form that is plain and bergelondong.
How it works is not realized (not according to the will) / invontary, have one
nucleus, located in the center of the cell. This muscle is usually found in the
gastrointestinal tract such as the stomach and intestines. The heart muscle is
found only in the heart. This muscle is the muscle most special because it has
a shape similar to the striated muscle, which has a striated-but the difference

with the striated skeletal muscle is that muscle lyrics have one or two nuclei
located in the center / edge of the cell. The heart muscle is the only muscle
that has ramifications called duskus interkalaris. This muscle also has
similarities with smooth muscle in terms of how it works that is involuntary
(unconscious). Striated muscle (skeletal muscle) is a type of muscle attached
to the entire frame, realizing how it works (at will), elongated shape with a lot
of striated-striated, have many nuclei located at the cell edge, for example,
muscles in the arms.
Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle, because the fibers
kontraktilnya for reflecting light alternately dark and light form the ribbon
vertikel Last lined to the axis of the brain. Cells or fibers cylindrical frame.
Each lot of nucleated cells located around the sarcoplasmic. Skeletal muscle
is working under the consciousness that is called the Voluntary muscle.
Contraction fast, powerful but easy tired. Skeletal muscles are usually
attached to the frame, tongue, lips, ears, eyelids, and diaphragm.
Smooth

muscle

is

also

called

autonomous

muscle,

because

protoplasmanya slippery and has no transverse stripes. Smooth muscle is

shaped like a spindle for large middle section, while both tapered and have a
cell nucleus, located in the middle. When viewed from the nature of its work,
the smooth muscle to move slowly and are influenced by the autonomic
nerves. Thus smooth muscle work outside of our consciousness. This muscle
is found in the internal organs, such as the ventricles, bladder, blood vessels
and others.
Resembles the heart muscle or muscle shaped transverse fibers inside
the cell where there protoplasmanya transverse fibers branching. These
muscles differ from skeletal muscle cells as long. Cell nucleus is elliptical and
pale, which is located in the middle of the fibers. Cardiac muscle fibers
transverse stripes, but not as clearly as the skeletal muscles. The heart muscle
may move itself automatically, or out of consciousness as it gets stimuli from
the outside (the arrangement of autonomy).

Differentiated nature of muscular work on the antagonist and

synergistic. Antagonist is a working muscle contractions cause the opposite
effect of motion, for example, is: extensor (straightening) and flexor
(bending), such as triceps and biceps; Abductor (away from the body) and
adductor (closer to the body), such as hand gestures and attitude perfectly
parallel to the shoulder; depressor (down) and adductor (above), for example,
motion their heads down and looked up; and supinator (looking up) and
pronator (lying face down), for example, hand movement and motion
upturned palms face down. Synergistic are the muscles that cause movement
in the direction of contraction, for example pronator teres and pronator
quadratus.
Based on the location of muscle can be divided into several parts,
namely: the muscles of the head, neck muscles, shoulder muscles, chest
muscles, the abdominal muscles, back muscles, arm muscles and thigh
muscles.
Muscle head. This muscle is divided into five parts, namely; head
shoulder muscles, whose function fraction formed gales apeneurotika also
called muscular oksipitafrontalis which is divided into two parts namely the
frontal and occipital muscle; facial muscles, consisting of eye muscles, the
muscles of the eyeball, the circumference of the eye muscles, the muscles of
the eyelid; the muscles of the mouth or the lips and cheeks, is divided on the
corner of the eyes and mouth muscles functioning pull down corners of the
mouth, upper lip muscles, muscle quadratus labile inferior contained on the
chin, muscular buksinator, forming the side wall of the oral cavity and
zygomatic muscle; masticatory muscles, muscles work during chewing
consisting of the masseter muscle, which raised the lower jaw when the
mouth is open, the temporalis muscle that lifts the lower jaw to the top and
back, muscle and the external pterygoid interesting intermus lower jaw
forward; tongue muscles is very useful in helping the senses to chew
consisting of muscular geniglous pushing the tongue forward and muscular
stiloglosus interesting tongue upward and backward.

Neck muscles. This muscle consists of 3 parts, namely; muskulus

PLASTIMA contained in sampaing cover the neck to the chest;
sternocleidomastoid muscle on the right and left side of the neck there is a
very strong tendon that functions pull the head to the left and right;
longisimus capitis muscle consisting of splenus and semipinalis capitis. Third,
there are muscles in the back of the neck, extending from the back of the head
to the spinal processes korakoid.
Shoulder muscles. This muscle covers only a single joint and wrap the
base of the arm bone and scapula acromion palpable from the outside. This
muscle consists of 6 ie muscle deltoid muscles (triangles) that make up
lengkang shoulder and originate at the side of the skeleton tip of the shoulder,
scapula bone and bone diafise base of the arm; subsakapularis muscular
muscles (front of the shoulder blade muscles), which began the front of the
shoulder blades manuju Taju base of the arm; supraspinatus muscle (the
muscle on bone scapula) that originate in the curve of the upper toward large
Taju base of the arm bone. Infrapinnatus muscle (the muscle under the
scapula bone) that originate in the lower curve of the scapula bone and
heading to the base of the arm bone big Taju; teres major muscle (the large
round arm muscles) which originate in the elbow under the shoulder blades
and head to the base of the arm bone Taju small; teres minor muscle (small
shoulder arm) which originate in the elbow on the outside of the shoulder
blade and heading to the big Taju base of the arm bone.
Chest muscle. Consisting of a large chest muscle (pectoralis major
muscle) which originate in the middle end of the collarbone, sternum and rib
cartilage; small chest muscle (pectoralis minor muscle) located under the
large breast muscles that originate in the ribs 1, 4 and 5 to get to the processus
karakoid; under the collar muscle (muscle subklavikula) located between the
collarbone and the first rib tip, on the lower chest clavicle; front saws muscle
(muscle hundred anterior) that originate in the ribs 1 and headed to the middle
of the shoulder blades, but most nation points downward; True chest muscles

are the muscles between the ribs outside and the muscles between the ribs
inside.
Abdominal muscles. Consisting of internal abdominis muscle
(abdominal wall). Line in the middle of the abdominal wall muscles called the
linea alba outside; once the outer layer is formed by the external oblique
muscle (muscle obiqus externus abdominis) that originate in the ribs V until
ribs are down once; both the muscle layer under the muscle is formed by the
abdominal muscles (obliqus internus abdominis muscle) fibers are tilted
toward the top and to the middle; transversus abdominis muscle that
merupaka xiphoid head to the costal artikule continue to symphysis.
Back muscles. Consisting of the muscle of the back, which consists of
three parts, namely the muscles that move the arm of whom joined the
trapezius muscle (muscle veil) contained in all phases segments of the spine;
latismus dorsi muscle (back muscle width) which originate in the fifth
vertebra of the lower fascia lumboid, the edge of the backbone and ribs 3 to
the bottom, the point of covering the rear armpit; rumboid muscle (muscle
split ktupat), stems from Taju thorns, from V neck bones, vertebra V, pulled
off the middle of the shoulder blades; the muscles between the spine and ribs
that work moving the ribs or muscles breathing apparatus consisting of two
muscles, namely muscular hundred posterior inferior (muscle saws to back
down) that is located under the back muscles of the neck, originate in the
fascia lumbodorsalis and towards the rib V from below , one hundred
posterior superior muscle, the muscle is located below the rhombus and neck
vertebrae originate in the sixth and seventh of the second vertebra; muscle
punngung true that consists of muscle interspinalis transversions and
muscular semispinalis, contained between the left and right transverse process
and the process of the spine, muscle Erector spinal situated beside the
vertebrae left and right, muscle quadratus lumborum, located between the
iliac crest and the bones of the rib.
Arm muscle. Consists of a base of the arm up and down. The base of
the upper arm that consists of tight muscles (flexors) is muscular biceps

brachii (two-headed muscle). These muscles include two joints and two
pieces of the head; brankialis muscle (biceps in) that originate below the
triangular muscle on the bone base of the arm, muscular korakobrakialis
rooted in processes korakoid and heading to the base of the arm bone;
forearm muscles consisting of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle,
muscular extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris muscle,
muscular carpi radialis, extensor polieis longus muscle.
Thigh muscle. Has a very strong membrane wrapping and called fascia
lata are divided into three groups, namely the abductor muscle comprising
maldanus abductor muscle inside, abductor brevis muscle next to the center,
and the abductor longus muscle outside; extensor muscle (muscle-headed
four) is the largest consisting of muscle rectus femoris, vastus lateralis muscle
of external, internal medial vastus muscle, muscle vastus femoris intermedial
and flexor muscles.
Under the direction of crossbars consists of four parts, namely a
hundred muscles, muscle obliqus, rectus and transverse muscles. Hundred
muscles are muscles that form a basin at her muscles semicircle where the
muscle is usually found in the anterior portion of the abdominal muscles.
Muscles obliqus a direction oblique muscle, which is found in the muscular
abdominal muscles, especially the right part of the internal. Rectus muscle is
a muscle which is directed straight down the line forming an axis that is
found in the abdominal muscles, especially the superior part. Transversus
muscle is a muscle that forms a horizontal direction and baisanya horozontal
line found on abdominal muscles medially.
Based on his head, muscles fusiform differentiated into muscle,
muscular biceps, muscular biventer, muscular intersectus, muscular planus,
semipennatus muscle, and muscular pennatus. Fusiform muscle (muscleheaded one), in which the muscles fibers are on one side of the muscles that
form a straight line from top to bottom. Muscular biceps muscles (twoheaded), this muscle divides to form two sections with fiber-participation are
on the side of the boundary cleavage, is at arm muscles in his biceps, a long

head attached at the shoulder joint, the head of the short-sticking on the
outside , Biventer muscle (muscle belly two), fibers toward the top that makes
up bladder abdominal muscles that have 4 pieces straight transverse veins.
Intersectus muscle (muscle belly lot), wherein each of stomach No sekatnya
bounded by muscle fibers in various directions. Muskulus planus (manyheaded muscle) with a horizontal direction of muscle fibers in which the
muscle is found in the muscles of the arm where the veins attached to the
olikrani. Semipennatus muscle (the muscle that stringy one side), the
direction of muscle fibers horizontal and numerous. Pennatus muscle (muscle
stringy two sides) that the direction of muscle fibers mebentuk vertical
direction on the left and right.
How it works is if the Neuromuscular synapses impulse spread to motor
neurons in the somatic sensory system causes muscle fibers to contract in the
framework of the expiry. The connection between a terminal motor neurons
and muscle fibers called Neuromuscular connection. Its properties are quite
similar to a motorcycle synaptic axon terminals containing thousands of
vesicles that store acetylcholine. When a nerve impulse reaches the axon
terminal, hundreds of vesicles secrete acetylcholine to the surface of the
muscle fibers, so it will be a contraction of muscle.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Muscle is divided into three parts, namely smooth muscle, skeletal
muscle and cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle is one muscle that has the smooth
muscle and bergelondong. The heart muscle is like a muscle fiber where in
the cell protoplasmanya transverse fibers are cross-branching, striated muscle
is a muscle that attaches the entire frame usually many cell nucleus. Muscles
are composed of two elementary filaments, the actin filaments and myosin
filaments. Thin actin filaments and myosin thick filaments. Both filaments
arrange miofibril. Myofibrils compose muscle fibers and muscle fibers make
up the muscles.
B. Suggestion
Expected to the next experiment, that the Preparat preservation surveyed
probandus not of human but of manikins.

BIBLIOGRAPY
Frandson, 1992. Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Yogyakarta.
Kelley, R., 1995. Histologi Dasar. EGC. Jakarta.
Kimball, J. W., 1983. Biologi Jilid 2 Edisi Kelima. Erlangga. Jakarta.
Pearce, E., 2004. Anatomi dan Fisiologi Manusia untuk Paramedis. Gramedia
Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Syaifuddin, 2006. Anatomi dan Fisiologi untuk Mahasiswa Keperawatan. Buku
Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ms/thumb/c/c3/Otot_rangka.jpg/300pxOtot_rangka.jpg) accesed on may 15th 2016.
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/25972416/Sistem-Alat-Gerak accesed on may 15th
2016.