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Database Design and Programming with SQL

Overview
This course engages students to analyze complex business scenarios and create a data modela conceptual representation of an
organizations information. Participants implement their database design by creating a physical database using SQL. Basic SQL syntax
and the rules for constructing valid SQL statements are reviewed. This course culminates with a project that challenges students to
design, implement, and demonstrate a database solution for a business or organization.

Duration

180 hours

Target Audiences
Primary Audience
College/university faculty who teach computer programming, information communications technology (ICT), or a related subject
Secondary school teachers who teach computer programming, ICT, or a related subject.
Secondary Audience

None

Prerequisites
Required

Ease with using a computer

General knowledge of databases and query activity

Suggested

None

Suggested Next Courses

Database Programming with PL/SQL

Lesson-by-Lesson Topics

Database Design
Section1 - Introduction
1-1 Introduction to the Oracle Academy
o Give examples of jobs, salaries, and opportunities that are possible by participating in the Academy.
o Explain how your participation in the Academy can help you take advantage of these opportunities.
1-2 Data vs. Information
o Distinguish between data and information, and provide examples of each
o Describe and give an example of how data becomes information
1-3 History of the Database
o Describe the evolution of the database and give an example of its role in the business world
o Name important historical contributions in database development and design
o List and explain the three major steps in the database development process
o
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Rev: OA_DB_Des_Prog_SQL_2.20.13

1-4 Major Transformations in Computing

o List the major transformations in computing that have occurred since the 1970s.
o Define and give an example of these terms: hardware, operating system, software
o Identify examples of businesses that use database software and explain how it is essential to their success
o Explain the overall mission of the Oracle Corporation

Section 2 - Entities and Attributes

2-1 Conceptual and Physical Models
o Explain the importance of clearly communicating and accurately capturing information requirements
o Distinguish between a conceptual model and its physical implementation
o List five reasons for building a conceptual data model
o Give examples of conceptual models and physical models
2-2 Entities, Instances, Attributes, and Identifiers
o Define and give an example of an entity
o Distinguish between an entity and an instance of an entity
o Name and describe attributes for a given entity
o Distinguish between an attribute and its value
o Distinguish between mandatory and optional attributes, and between volatile and nonvolatile attributes
o Select and justify a unique identifier (UID) for an entity2-3 Generics
2-3 Entity Relationship Modeling and ERDs
o Define the meaning of implementation-free as it relates to data models and database design implementation
o List the four goals of entity relationship modeling
o Identify an entity relationship diagram (ERD)2-5 Collections Part II
Section 3 - Relationship Basics
3-1 Identifying Relationships
o Interpret and describe relationship optionality
o Interpret and describe relationship cardinality
o Relate (connect or join) entities by applying the rules of cardinality and optionality
3-2 ER Diagramming Conventions
o Construct ER diagram components that represent entities, attributes and relationships according to diagramming
conventions
3-3 Speaking ERDish & Drawing Relationships
o State relationships between entities in precise words (ERDish)
o Draw and label relationships correctly on an ERD
3-4 Matrix Diagrams
o Identify relationships using a matrix diagram
o Draw an ERD from a matrix diagram
Section 4 - Super/Sub Types and Business Rules
4-1 Supertypes and Subtypes
o Define and give an example of a subtype
o Define and give an example of a supertype
o State the rules relating to entities and subtypes, and give examples of each
o Apply the rules of supertype and subtype by evaluating the accuracy of ER diagrams that represent them
o Apply the rules of supertype and subtype and include them in a diagram when appropriate
4-2 Documenting Business Rules
o Define and compose a structural business rule
o Define and compose a procedural business rule
o Recognize that some business rules will require programming
o Diagram business rules when they can be represented in an ER model
Section 5 - Relationship Basics
5-1 Relationship Transferability
o Describe and give an example of relationship transferability
o Understand the difference between transferable and nontransferable relationships
o Illustrate nontransferable relationships on ERDs
5-2 Relationship Types
o Recognize and give examples of a one-to-one relationship
o Recognize and give examples of a one-to-many relationship
o Recognize and give examples of a many-to-many relationship
o Recognize redundant relationships and remove them from the ERD
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5-3 Resolving Many-to-Many Relationships

o Identify attributes which belong to many-to-many relationships
o Demonstrate the steps to resolve a many-to-many relationship using an intersection entity
o Identify the UID of an intersection entity and represent it in the entity relationship diagram
5-4 Understanding CRUD Requirements
o Create ER models that reflect all business rules gathered during the interview process
o Identify the create, retrieve, update, and delete (CRUD) requirements of the business
o Validate your ER model by performing a CRUD analysis

Section 6 - UIDs and Normalization

6-1 Artificial, Composite, and Secondary UIDs
o Define the different types of unique identifiers (UIDs)
o Define a candidate UID and explain why an entity can sometimes have more than one candidate UID
o Analyze business rules and choose the most suitable primary UID from the candidates
o Recognize and discuss the issues of identification in the real world
6-2 Normalization and First Normal Form
o Define the purpose of normalization in database models
o Define the rule of First Normal Form in the normalization process
o Determine if an entity conforms to the rule of First Normal Form
o Convert an entity to First Normal Form if needed
6-3 Second Normal Form
o Define the rule of Second Normal Form in the normalization process
o Examine a non-normalized entity and determine which rule, or rules of normalization are being violated
o Apply the rule of Second Normal Form to resolve a violation in the model
6-4 Third Normal Form
o Identify transitive dependencies in a data model
o Define the rule of Third Normal Form in the normalization process
o Examine a non-normalized entity and determine which rule, or rules of normalization are being violated
o Apply the rule of Third Normal Form to resolve a violation in the model

Section 7 - Arcs, Hierarchies, and Recursive Modeling

7-1 Arcs
o Define the term "constraint" as it applies to data modeling
o Identify an exclusive OR relationship in a business scenario
o Diagram an arc constraint to represent an exclusive OR relationship
o Distinguish between the use of an arc and a subtype in the data model
7-2 Hierarchies and Recursive Relationships
o Define and give an example of a hierarchical relationship
o Identify the UIDs in a hierarchical model
o Define and give an example of a recursive relationship
o Represent a recursive relationship in an ERD given a scenario
o Construct a model using both recursion and hierarchies to express the same conceptual meaning

Section 8 - Changes and Historical Modeling

8-1 Modeling Historical Data
o Identify the need to track data that changes over time
o Construct ERD models that incorporate elements of data over time
o Identify the UID of an entity that stores historical data; explain and justify the choice of UID
8-2 Modeling Change: Time
o Distinguish between using date as an attribute and DAY as an entity in a data model, depending on business
requirements
o Solve the problem of keeping characteristics of a date by constructing a model that uses DAY as an entity
o Identify at least three time-related constraints that can result from a time-sensitive model
o Define and give an example of conditional non-transferability in a time-constrained model
8-3 Modeling Change: Price
o Solve the business requirement of tracking changes in price or values by constructing a model that uses a historical
entity
o Describe the meaning of journaling/logging
o Identify the business need for journaling/logging and construct a model that addresses this requirement

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8-4 Drawing Conventions for Readability

o Apply the Oracle drawing conventions to a data model diagram
o Identify high volume entities in a data model diagram and explain their significance to the business
o Redraw a given data model diagram to increase clarity and readability
o Recognize the usefulness of dividing a complex ERD into a number of functional sub-diagrams

Section 9 - Mapping
9-1 Introduction to Relational Database Concepts
o Define a primary key
o Define a foreign key
o Define a column-integrity rule
o Identify row, column, primary key, unique key, and foreign key elements given a diagram of a table containing these
elements
o Identify violations of data-integrity rules
9-2 Basic Mapping: The Transformation Process
o Distinguish between a conceptual model and a physical model
o Apply terminology mapping between the two models
o Understand and apply the Oracle naming conventions for tables and columns used in physical models
o Transform an entity into a table diagram
9-3 Relationship Mapping
o Apply the rule of relationship mapping to correctly transform 1:M and barred relationships
o Apply the rule of relationship mapping to correctly transform M:M relationships
o Transform 1:1 relationships
o Apply the rule of relationship mapping to correctly transform relationships in an arc
9-4 Subtype Mapping
o State and apply the table, column, identifiers, relationship, and integrity constraint rules for mapping:

supertype implementations

subtype implementations

supertype and subtype arc implementations

Section 10 - Creating Database Projects

10-1 System Development Life Cycle
o List and describe the different stages of the system development life cycle (SDLC)
o Identify the role of data modeling in the system development life cycle
o Relate the project tasks to the different stages of the system development life cycle
10-2 Project Overview and Getting Started
o Identify a data-modeling project to solve a business information need
o Demonstrate essential skills in solving business problems using technology, and professionally presenting these
solutions
o Demonstrate effective team-building skills

10-3 Presentation Project Management

o Track responsibility and progress on a project by using a project-management document
o Show evidence of progress on the final presentation project by filling in the final project tracking grid
10-4 Final Presentation Components
o Organize the final oral presentation content in logical outline order
o Identify appropriate content for each part of the presentation
o Assign presentation roles to each group member

Section 11 - Presenting Database Projects

11-1 Creating Tables for the Final Presentation
o Create sample tables from the final project presentation ERD
o Insert sample data to the created tables
11-2 Preparing Written Documentation
o Compose well-organized written documentation to accompany a presentation
o Create a rough draft of, review, and finalize the written documentation.
11-3 Preparing Visual Materials
o Construct entity relationship diagrams that demonstrate industry conventions
o Prepare tables and visuals that support their database documentation
o Demonstrate and provide examples of table formatting for database documentation
o Demonstrate and refine oral presentation skills during rehearsal and refinement
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11-4 Final Presentations

o Demonstrate the use of a central message and supporting arguments for a final presentation
o Demonstrate logical analysis of the business rules, operations, and processes in a way that is clear and easy for the
client to understand
o Demonstrate the selection of appropriate business attire for a final presentation

Programming with SQL

Section 1 - Introduction
1-1 Oracle Application Express
o Distinguish between application software and system software and give an example of each
o Log-in to the Oracle Application Express practice environment
o Execute a simple query to retrieve information from the Database
o Apply the rules of SQL to display all columns and a subset of columns specified by criteria
1-2 Relational Database Technology
o Define and give an example of a relational database
o Identify table-key terms, including row, column, field, primary key, and foreign key
o Relate the importance of databases to everyday life
1-3 Anatomy of a SQL Statement
o Match projection and selection with their correct capabilities
o Create a basic SELECT statement
o Use the correct syntax to display all rows in a table
o Use the correct syntax to select specific columns in a table, modify the way data is displayed, and perform calculations
using arithmetic expressions and operators

Section 2 SELECT and WHERE

2-1 Columns, Characters, and Rows
o Apply the concatenation operator to link columns to other columns, arithmetic expressions, or constant values to create a
character expression
o Use column aliases to rename columns in the query result
o Enter literal values of type character, number, or date into a SELECT statement
o Define and use DISTINCT to eliminate duplicate rows
o Edit, execute, and save SQL statements in Oracle Application Express
2-2 Limit Rows Selected
o Apply SQL syntax to restrict the rows returned from a query
o Demonstrate application of the WHERE clause syntax
o Explain why it is important, from a business perspective, to be able to easily limit data retrieved from a table
o Construct and produce output using a SQL query containing character strings and date values
2-3 Comparison Operators
o Apply the proper comparison operator to return a desired result
o Demonstrate proper use of BETWEEN, IN, and LIKE conditions to return a desired result
o Distinguish between zero and NULL, the latter of which is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable
o Explain the use of comparison conditions and NULL

Section 3 - WHERE, ORDER BY, and Intro to Functions

3-1 Logical Comparisons and Precedence Rules
o Evaluate logical comparisons to restrict the rows returned based on two or more conditions
o Apply the rules of precedence to determine the order in which expressions are evaluated and calculated
3-2 Sorting Rows
o Construct a query to sort a result set in ascending or descending order
o State the order in which expressions are evaluated and calculated based on the rules of precedence
o Construct a query to order a result set using a column alias
o Construct a query to order a result set for single or multiple columns
3-3 Introduction to Functions
o Identify appropriate applications of single-row functions in query statements
o Classify a function as a single-row or multi-row function
o Differentiate between single-row functions and multi-row functions and the results returned by each
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Section 4 - Single Row Functions Part I

4-1 Case and Character Manipulation
o Select and apply single-row functions that perform case conversion and/or character manipulation
o Select and apply character case-manipulation functions LOWER, UPPER, and INITCAP in a SQL query
o Select and apply character-manipulation functions CONCAT, SUBSTR, LENGTH, INSTR, LPAD, RPAD, TRIM, and
REPLACE in a SQL query
o Write flexible queries using substitution variables
4-2 Number Functions
o Select and apply the single-row number functions ROUND, TRUNC, and MOD in a SQL query
o Distinguish between the results obtained when TRUNC is applied to a numeric value and ROUND is applied to a
numeric value
o State the implications for business when applying TRUNC and ROUND to numeric values
4-3 Date Functions
o Demonstrate the use of SYSDATE and date functions
o State the implications for world businesses to be able to easily manipulate data stored in date format

Section 5 - Single Row Functions Part II

5-1 Conversion Functions
o Provide an example of an explicit data-type conversion and an implicit data-type conversion
o Explain why it is important, from a business perspective, for a language to have built-in data-conversion capabilities
o Construct a SQL query that correctly applies TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, and TO_DATE single-row functions to produce
a desired result
o Apply the appropriate date and/or character format model to produce a desired output
o Explain and apply the use of YY and RR to return the correct year as stored in the database
5-2 NULL Functions
o Demonstrate and explain the evaluation of a nested function
o List at least four general functions that work with any data type and relate to handling null values
o Explain the use of the COALESCE and the NVL functions
o Explain the use of general functions to deal with null values in data
o Construct and execute a SQL query that correctly applies NVL, NVL2, NULLIF, and COALESCE single-row functions
5-3 Conditional Expressions
o Compare and contrast the DECODE and CASE functions
o Construct and execute a SQL query that correctly uses the DECODE and CASE functions
o Construct and execute two methods for implementing IF-THEN-ELSE conditional logic

Section 6 - JOINs Part I

6-1 Cross Joins and Natural Joins
o Construct and execute a natural join using ANSI-99 SQL join syntax
o Create a cross join using ANSI-99 SQL join syntax
o Explain the importance of having a standard for SQL as defined by ANSI
o Describe a business need for combining information from multiple data sources
6-2 Join Clauses
o Construct and execute a join with the ANSI-99 USING Clause
o Construct and execute a join with the ANSI-99 ON Clause
o Construct and execute an ANSI-99 query that joins three tables
6-3 Inner versus Outer Joins
o Compare and contrast an inner and an outer join
o Construct and execute a query to use a left outer join
o Construct and execute a query to use a right outer join
o Construct and execute a query to use a full outer join
6-4 Self-Joins and Hierarchical Queries
o Construct and execute a SELECT statement to join a table to itself using a self-join
o Interpret the concept of a hierarchical query
o Create a tree-structured report
o Format hierarchical data
o Exclude branches from the tree structure

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Section 7 - JOINs Part II

7-1 Oracle Equijoin and Cartesian Product
o Name the Oracle proprietary joins and their ANSI/ISO SQL: 99 counterparts
o Construct and execute a SELECT statement that results in a Cartesian product
o Construct and execute SELECT statements to access data from more than one table using an equijoin
o Construct and execute SELECT statements that add search conditions using the AND operator
o Apply the rule for using table aliases in a join statement
7-2 Oracle Nonequijoins and Outer Joins
o Construct and execute a SELECT statement to access data from more than one table using a nonequijoin
o Create and execute a SELECT statement to access data from more than one table using an Oracle outer join

Section 8 - Group Functions Part I

8-1 Group Functions
o Define and give an example of the seven group functions: SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX, STDDEV, VARIANCE
o Construct and execute a SQL query using group functions
o Construct and execute group functions that operate only with numeric data types
8-2 Oracle Nonequijoins and Outer Joins
o Construct and execute a SQL query using the COUNT group function
o Use DISTINCT and the NVL function with group functions

Section 9 - Group Functions Part II

9-1 Using Group By and Having Clauses
o Construct and execute a SQL query using GROUP BY
o Construct and execute a SQL query using GROUP BY HAVING
o Construct and execute a GROUP BY on more than one column
o Nest group functions
9-2 Using Rollup and Cube Operations, and Grouping Sets
o Use ROLLUP to produce subtotal values
o Use CUBE to produce cross-tabulation values
o Use GROUPING SETS to produce a single result set
o Use the GROUPING function to identify the extra row values created by either a ROLLUP or CUBE operation
9-3 Using Set Operators
o Define and explain the purpose of Set Operators
o Use a set operator to combine multiple queries into a single query
o Control the order of rows returned using set operators

Section 10 Subqueries
10-1 Fundamentals of Subqueries
o Define and explain the purpose of subqueries for retrieving data
o Construct and execute a single-row subquery in the WHERE clause
o Distinguish between single-row and multiple-row subqueries
10-2 Single-Row Subqueries
o Construct and execute a single-row subquery in the WHERE clause or HAVING clause
o Construct and execute a SELECT statement using more than one subquery
o Construct and execute a SELECT statement using a group function in the subquery
10-3 Multiple-Row Subqueries
o Correctly use the comparison operators IN, ANY, and ALL in multiple-row subqueries
o Construct and execute a multiple-row subquery in the WHERE clause or HAVING clause
o Describe what happens if a multiple-row subquery returns a null value
o Understand when multiple-row subqueries should be used, and when it is safe to use a single-row subquery
o Distinguish between pair-wise and non-pair-wise subqueries
o Create a query using the EXISTS and NOT EXISTS operators to test for returned rows from the subquery
10-4 Correlated Subqueries
o Identify when correlated subqueries are needed.
o Construct and execute correlated subqueries.
o Construct and execute named subqueries using the WITH clause.

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Section 11 Ensuring Quality Queries Part I

11-1 Ensuring Quality Query Results
o Create a query to produce specified data
o Modify a query to produce specified data
Section 12 - DML
12-1 INSERT Statements
o Explain the importance of being able to alter the data in a database
o Construct and execute INSERT statements which insert a single row using a VALUES clause
o Construct and execute INSERT statements that use special values, null values, and date values
o Construct and execute INSERT statements that copy rows from one table to another using a subquery
12-2 Updating Column Values and Deleting Rows
o Construct and execute an UPDATE statement
o Construct and execute a DELETE statement
o Construct and execute a query that uses a subquery to update and delete data from a table
o Construct and execute a query that uses a correlated subquery to update and delete from a table
o Explain how foreign-key and primary-key integrity constraints affect UPDATE and DELETE statements
o Explain the purpose of the FOR UPDATE Clause in a SELECT statement
12-3 DEFAULT Values, MERGE, and Multi-Table Inserts
o Understand when to specify a DEFAULT value
o Construct and execute a MERGE statement
o Construct and execute DML statements using subqueries
o Construct and execute multi-table inserts

Section 13 - DDL
13-1 Creating Tables
o List and categorize the main database objects
o Review a table structure
o Describe how schema objects are used by the Oracle database
o Create a table using the appropriate data type for each column
o Explain the use of external tables
o Query the Data Dictionary to obtain the names and other attributes of database objects
13-2 Using Data Types
o Create a table using TIMESTAMP and TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE column data types
o Create a table using INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH and INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND column data types
o Give examples of organizations and personal situations where it is important to know to which time zone a date-time
value refers
o List and provide an example of each of the number, date, and character data types
13-3 Modifying a Table
o Explain why it is important to be able to modify a table
o Explain and provide an example for each of the DDL statementsALTER, DROP, RENAME, and TRUNCATEand the
effect each has on tables and columns
o Construct a query and execute the ALTER TABLE commands ADD, MODIFY, and DROP
o Explain and perform FLASHBACK QUERY on a table
o Explain and perform FLASHBACK table operations
o Track the changes to data over a period of time
o Explain the rationale for using TRUNCATE versus DELETE for tables
o Add a comment to a table using the COMMENT ON TABLE command
o Name the changes that can and cannot be made to modify a column
o Explain when and why the SET UNUSED statement is advantageous

Section 14 - Constraints
14-1 Intro to Constraints; NOT NULL and UNIQUE Constraints
o Define the term "constraint" as it relates to data integrity
o State when it is possible to define a constraint at the column level, and when it is possible at the table level
o State why it is important to give meaningful names to constraints
o State which data integrity rules are enforced by NOT NULL and UNIQUE constraints
o Write a CREATE TABLE statement which includes NOT NULL and UNIQUE constraints at the table and column levels
o Explain how constraints are created at the time of table creation

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14-2 PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK Constraints

o Define and give an example of a PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK constraint
o Explain the purpose of defining PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK constraints
o Demonstrate the creation of constraints at the column level and table level in a CREATE TABLE statement
o Evaluate a business problem requiring the addition of a PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY constraint and write the
code to execute the change
14-3 Managing Constraints
o List four different functions that the ALTER statement can perform on constraints
o Write ALTER TABLE statements to add, drop, disable, and enable constraints
o Name a business function that would require a DBA to drop, enable, and/or disable a constraint or use the CASCADE
syntax
o Query the data dictionary for USER_CONSTRAINTS and interpret the information returned

Section 15 - Views
15-1 Creating Views
o List three uses for views from the standpoint of a database administrator
o Explain, from a business perspective, why it is important to be able to create and use logical subsets of data derived
from one or more tables
o Create a view with and without column aliases in the subquery using a single base table
o Create a complex view that contains group functions to display values from two tables
o Retrieve data from a view
15-2 DML Operations and Views
o Write and execute a query that performs DML operations on a simple view
o Name the conditions that restrict your ability to modify a view using DML operations
o Write and execute a query using the WITH CHECK OPTION clause
o Explain the use of WITH CHECK OPTION as it applies to integrity constraints and data validation
o Apply the WITH READ ONLY option to a view to restrict DML operations
15-3 Managing Views
o Create and execute a SQL statement that removes a view
o Create and execute a query using an inline view
o Create and execute a top-n-analysis query

Section 16 - Sequences and Synonyms

16-1 Working With Sequences
o List at least three useful characteristics of a sequence
o Write and execute a SQL statement that creates a sequence
o Query the data dictionary using USER_SEQUENCES to confirm a sequence definition
o Apply the rules for using NEXTVAL to generate sequential unique numbers in a table
o List the advantages and disadvantages of caching sequence values
o Name three reasons why gaps can occur in a sequence
16-2 Indexes and Synonyms
o Define an index and its use as a schema object
o Name the conditions that cause an index to be created automatically
o Create and execute a CREATE INDEX and DROP INDEX statement
o Create and execute a function-based index
o Create private and public synonyms
Section 17 - Privileges and Regular Expressions
17-1 Controlling User Access
o Compare the difference between object privileges and system privileges
o Construct the two commands required to enable a user to have access to a database
o Construct and execute a GRANT ON TO statement to assign privileges to objects in their schema to other users
and/or PUBLIC
o Query the data dictionary to confirm privileges granted
17-2 Creating and Revoking Object Privileges
o Explain what a ROLE is and what its advantages are
o Construct a statement to create a ROLE and GRANT privileges to it
o Construct a GRANT .. ON .. TO.. WITH GRANT OPTION statement to assign privileges on objects in your schema to
other users and/or PUBLIC
o Construct and execute a statement to REVOKE object privileges from other users and/or from PUBLIC
o Distinguish between privileges and roles
o Explain the purpose of a database link
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17-3 Regular Expressions

o Describe regular expressions
o Use regular expressions to search, match, and replace strings in SQL statements
o Construct and execute regular expressions and check constraints

Section 18 - TCL
18-1 Database Transactions
o Define the terms COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT as they relate to data transactions
o List three advantages of the COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT statements
o Explain why it is important, from a business perspective, to be able to control the flow of transaction processing

Section 19 - Final Project and Exam Review

19-1 Testing
o Develop and apply a strategy for testing that a database functions as designed
19-2 Final Project Database Creation
o Apply SQL concepts to create a functional database appropriate for a small business
19-3 Final Exam Review
o Review the key points about case and character manipulation
o Review number, date, conversion, and general functions
o Review conditional expressions
o Review Cartesian product and join operations
o Review non-equijoins, outer joins, self joins, cross joins, natural joins, and join clauses
o Review group functions, group by syntax, and having clauses
o Review single-row and multiple row subqueries
o Review pair-wise and non-pair-wise subqueries
o Review correlated subqueries
o Review DML statements insert, update, delete, merge, and multi-table inserts
o Review DDL statements CREATE, ALTER, RENAME, TRUNCATE, FLASHBACK TABLE, DROP, and FLASHBACK
QUERY
o Review DCL statements CREATE and REVOKE object privileges

Section 20 - Ensuring Quality Queries Part II

20-1 Ensuring Quality Query Results - Advanced Techniques
o Create an advanced query to produce specified data
o Modify an advanced query to produce specified data

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