Beruflich Dokumente
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Topics covered
Current fire models available in the literature will be
briefly introduced.
Fire zone models and fire field models (application of
Computational Fluid Dynamics or Numerical Heat
Transfer) are discussed.
How they are used in some projects with fire safety
provisions, both active protection systems and passive
building
construction
elements,
through
fire
engineering approach are outlined.
Only an introduction, student should take subject
Computational Fire Modelling for Building Design.
1. Introduction
Fire codes in most countries or cities are basically
prescriptive, governing passive building constructions
and active fire protection systems such as in Hong
Kong.
Glass
Solar heat
Heat transfer
reduced
Flashover fire
Air gap
up to 2 m
Glass
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FS Code
MoE Codes
MoA Codes
BS5588?
FRC Codes
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Passive
(Buildings Department
BD)
Design revised
Active
(Fire Services Department FSD)
PBC design
following FS
code
FSI design
following FSI
code
Submission
to BD
Submission
to FSD
Design revised
Approved ?
Opportunities
for revision ?
Y
Opportunities
for revision ?
FEA
Fire hazard
assessment by fire
consultant
Approved ?
FEA ?
FEA ?
Y
Y
Opportunities
for revision ?
Fire Engineering
Report considered
by FSC, BD
N
Approved
?
Fire hazard
assessment by fire
consultant
Design
rejected
Design
rejected
Y
FEA
Project approved
Fire Engineering
Report considered by
ACFSO, FSD
Approved
?
Opportunities
for revision ?
N
Design
rejected
Design
rejected
2. Fire Models
Prescriptive fire codes have to be updated actively,
but this takes time to come up with a document.
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3. Zone Models
Many zone models, e.g. Fire Simulation Technique
FIRST, Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and
Smoke Transport CFAST, BRI2, ARGOS and
NRCC had been validated (or verified?) by
different research groups in different parts of the
world.
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Ceiling jet
Hot gas buoyant layer
Hot gas out
Convection
Plume
Radiation
FIRE
Fuel
Conduction
Cool air in
Mass
Internal energy
Upper layer
Density
U
Temperature
Layer interface
Volume
Plume
Lower
Natural vent
layer L
Fire
There are 11 variables and 11 equations:
(mU, EU, rU, TU, VU), (mL, EL, rL, TL, VL), P (pressure)
7 constraints on those 11 variables
Only (11-7) or 4 equations are solved for 4 variables.
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FIRST
The model Fire Simulation Technique FIRST
comes from HAVARD-N which is perhaps one
of the early fire zone models.
CFAST
The model Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and
Smoke Transport CFAST developed at the Building and
Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards
and Testing, U.S.A. is one of the most recent zone models
with updated development available in literature.
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Field models had been applied to simulate the fireinduced field of flow, temperature and smoke
concentrations within an enclosure.
At the moment, the flow and temperature field can
be simulated successfully by taking the burning
object as a heat source.
To the best of knowledge, combustion effects of the
burning process had not been simulated successfully
apart from using the simple chemical reacting
system approach, although attempts were made to
use the flamelet model to develop a chemistry
library, and use empirical formula on the burning
rate.
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(1)
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Example:
Domain
5 MW fire
63 m
80 m
99 m
Airport terminal
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6.00ms-1
a) Velocity vectors
6.00E+00
Min: 2.93E-02
Max: 8.19E+00
RANS:CFX
LES:FDS