Catalog D220

Decimal and Metric Equivalents

Conversion of Small Inch Measurements
Conversion of Small Metric Measurements
American / Metric Gear Equivalents
Functions of Numbers
Trigonometric Functions & Equations
Values of Trigonometric Functions
Solution of Triangles
Properties of the circle
Circumferences and Areas
Dimensions of Circular Segments
Formulas of: Energy, Inertia, Torque, Power & Work
Inertia of Round Discs
Conversion of SI Units
Multipliers for SI Units
Hardness Conversion Charts
Fasteners
Standards for Inch Size Threads
Standards for Metric Threads
Screw Head Dimensions
Strength of Fasteners
Strength of Screws and Pins
Non-Metallic Fasteners
Hub Fasteners
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= Center Angle
= Length of Arc
c = Length of Chord
h = Height of segment
a = Area of Segment
r = Radius of Circle

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Many components such as clutches, brakes, couplings, drive belts, etc. are used in applications
where starting, stopping or reversing of a load is involved. Factors and formulas needed to
establish the power requirements are given here.
Kinetic Energy of Relation
Starting from basic equation
E = mV .........ft lb
2

(1)

where
m is mass =

W in slugs i.e. lb/sec

G
ft
V is velocity in ft
sec

W = weight in lbs.
G = gravitational acceleration in ft/sec
(G = 32.2 ft/sec = 386 in/sec)

If we assume that the entire mass is concentrated at the radius of gyration k then we can
substitute
V = 2kN .... ft where N is in RPM; k is in feet
60
sec
Substituting values for V and G in the basic equation we obtain
E = Wk . N = WkN ..............ft lb
G
182.5
5878

(2)

Inertia
In simple terms, Inertia is the property of a body at rest to stay at rest, or in motion to remain in
motion.
Expression =

Wk =IG is known as mass moment of Inertia and is given in ft. lb. sec.
G

Often, expression Wk = I in lb. ft is used as "moment of inertia in weight units. It is

proportional to IG and its proportionality factor G = 32.2 is often lumped with other constants.
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Table below tabulates the values of Wk for commonly used cross sections.

Table compiled based on References 1 and 2.

Nomographs on subsequent pages facilitate conversion of different units of inertia. A table shows
actual inertia values for discs of different diameters.
Equivalent Inertia
Must be considered when inertia has to be reflected to a shaft which rotates at a different speed.

Torque
If a body of inertia IG is accelerated at a constant angular acceleration radians/sec the
necessary constant torque is
T = IG .......... lb.ft
(3)
If the acceleration speeds up the load N RPM within t seconds then the angular acceleration can
be expressed as:

where is the change of angular velocity in radians/sec.

Substitution into (3) yields

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Work and Power

Work is the product of the magnitude of a force and the distance moved in the direction of the
force Power is the time rate at which the work is performed Unit of power is

Since torque T = P r. The following table can be constructed. (Note that 1 HP = 745.7 watts.)

The functional relationships between power, torque and speed can be illustratively expressed in
graphs or nomograms as shown on the following pages.
REFERENCES:
1. "The Significance of WK and How to Calculate it", Product Engineering June 27, 1960 page
39.
2. ASME Handbook, Engineering Tables, McGraw Hill Co., 1956.
3. Calculating Mass Moments of Inertia" Product Engineering, Jan. 1956 p. 215
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To determine WR of a shaft or disc multiply numbers given in this table by the length of shaft or
thickness of disc in inches.
For hollow shafts or rings, subtract WR of the I.D. from the WR of the O.D. and then multiply
by length or thickness in inches.

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FOR RUBBER AND PLASTICS

CONVERSION ARE APPROXIMATE

VALUES DEPENDENT ON GRADES AND CONDITIONS OF MATERIALS INVOLVED
*Courtesy of Shore Mfg. Co. New York

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The fasteners most frequently used by machinery designers are screws, nuts, retaining rings and
various types of pins because of the basic role that they play In the assembly of all mechanisms.
There are many instances where these fasteners have been improved by patented innovations
and are familiar to most designers.
Our staff of experienced engineers after careful consideration, compiled in this catalog a
group of fasteners which are most often used by designers of all types of machine devices. This
technical section on fasteners consists of a number of useful design tables and are presented in
the following order:
1. Screws
Table
1. Stress Areas of Unified Screw Threads, UNC and UNF
2. Standards For Inch Size Fasteners
3. Standards For Metric Threads
4. Screw Head Dimensions
5. Max. Torque Values For Fasteners of Different Materials
6. Max. Tightening Torques For Hex Socket Head Screw Products
7. Torsional Holding Power (in-lbs) For Cup-Point Set Screws
2. Pins
Table

8. Shear Strength For Solid Pins

3. Non-Metallic Fasteners
Table
9. Properties of Zytel and PVC
10. Nylon Thread Rod and Screw Torque Data
11. Nylon Nut Torque Data
4. Hub Fasteners
Table 12. Correlation of Bores and Sot Screw Sizes

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H = 0.86603P
h3 = 0.61343P
H1 = 0.54127P
r = H = 0.14434P
6
d2 = d - 0.64953P (Effective-Pitch-Diameter)
D1 = d - 2H1 (Minor Diameter - Internal)
d3 = d - 2h3 (Minor Diameter - External)
D = (Major Diameter)

NOTE:Above limits are based on DIN 13 Sheet 13 for medium tolerance class. For
external threads: For internal threads:
M1 - Tolerance 6h
M1 - Tolerance 5H
M1.6 and up - Tolerance 6g
M1.6 and up - Tolerance 6H
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TABLE 5 SUGGESTED MAXIMUM TORQUE VALUES FOR FASTENERS OF DIFFERENT

MATERIALS (SCREW STRENGTH)

TABLE 6 SUGGESTED MAXIMUM TIGHTENING TORQUES FOR HEX SOCKET SCREW

PRODUCTS (SOCKET HEAD STRENGTH)

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The holding ability of an alloy steel setscrew bearing down directly on the shaft is given in Table 7
Marring of the shaft has to be anticipated due to the cup point of the screw.
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TABLE 7 TORSIONAL HOLDING POWER (IN- LBS ) FOR

CUP-POINT SETSCREWS

Pins
Pinning is a reliable and positive fastening method. The pin can be designed to shear under
overload conditions. Straight pins require precision because of their interference fit, whereas
tapered pins avoid reaming to critical diameter dimensions. The strain on the shaft caused by a
tightly driven taper pin can cause shaft bowing. Roll pins and Spirol pins present an economical
solution.
The allowable shearing force and torque is given in the following table. It has to be noted
that if recommended shaft size is used the shaft strength will be the limiting factor rather than
the pin.
TABLE 8
SHEAR STRENGTHS FOR SOLID PINS

This table is calculated based on C1212 and S.S. 18-8 shearing strength of 65,000 psi, and
90,000 psi, respectively.
*Shear torque values should be divided by a safety factor of 8 to yield recommended working
torques.

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(a) Nylon
Nylon offers good insulating properties plus resistance to heat, shock, vibration and chemical
solvents Also nylon possesses lightness elasticity and superior torque strength Nylon 6/6 is used
for 80 or 9O% of all nylon fastener applications. Nylon 6/10 is used for ultraviolet applications or
where high temperatures are Involved Nylon should not be used in mineral acids Also, nylon
should be carefully considered for use in direct sunlight application because It has a tendency to
oxidize and embrittle.
(b) PVC
Used for outdoor weathering, and applications where there are high concentrations of mineral
acids The prime reason PVC fasteners are used in industry is because of their corrosion
resistance to acids.

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Hubs are usually fastened to shafts by means of setscrews, pins or special fasteners.
Whenever the size of hub permits there are 2 setscrews supplied usually 90 apart. The diameter
of the setscrew used is dependent on the bore size and the configuration of the hub.
The usual correlation of bores and setscrews is shown on Table 12.
Inch Size
Setscrew
4-40
4-40, 6-32, 6-40
6-32, 6-40, 8-32
8-32, 10-32
10-32
1/4-20

Shaft Size
Inch
.125
.187
.250
.312
.375
.500

Metric
3
4
6
8
10
12

Metric
Setscrew Size
M2
M2.5
M3
M4
M5
M6

The hub outside diameter should be designed large enough to accommodate a setscrew
which has a length approximately 15 times its diameter. It is a minimum requirement that the
setscrew engagement with the hub must be at least as long as the outside diameter of the
setscrew.
A patented FAIRLOC hub fastener is available if phasing, positioning or overload protection
is required. This clamping feature is based on the following principle:

Two slots are machined into the hub, one oriented radially, the other angularly, to create a
transverse wedge which remains attached to the solid portion of the hub on one side. The
resultant cantilevered clamping section has a tapped hole to accept a cap screw which passes
through a clearance hole in the solid portion of the hub, and into a threaded hole in the
transverse wedge section. As the screw is tightened the cantilevered section clamps the shaft
securely. The screw can be tightened and released repeatedly without marring the shaft or
affecting its torque transmitting abilities.
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