1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1. Village
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a
hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from few
hundreds to few thousands (usually 5000). Villages are normally permanent,
with fixed dwellings. The dwellings of a village are fairly close to each other
and are not scattered broadly over the landscape as a dispersed settlement.

Fig.1.Scattered Village Model

1.1.1. Development Of Village

- Village development is the process of improving the quality of life and
economic well- being of people living in the village.
- Village development has traditionally centered on the exploration of
land intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry.
- However modern development techniques have changed the
character of the village areas.
-The need for rural communities to approach development from a wider
perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development
goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource
based businesses.
- Education, entrepreneurship, physical infrastructure and social
infrastructure all play an important role in development of the village.

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- The village development is also characterized by its emphasis on

locally produced economic development strategies.
- In contrast to urban regions, which have many similarities,
villages/rural areas are highly distinctive from one another. Due to this,
there is a large variety of village development approaches used
globally.
1.1.2. Development Actions
- The main aim of the rural government policy is to develop the
undeveloped villages of
the country.
- Village development actions are mainly and mostly to development
aim for the social
and economic development of rural areas.
- Village development programs are usually top-down from the local or
regional
authorities, regional development agencies, NGOs, national
governments or international development organizations.
- But then, local populations can also bring about endogenous
initiatives for
development.
- The village development aims at finding the ways to improve the
rural lives with
participation of the rural people themselves so as to meet
the required need of the
village area.
- The development of the village is possible in many ways. But it
needs support of the
villagers and that is possible only if they are
convinced properly.
- During the development actions are carried out, one thing should be
broadly
considered that, the culture of the village and the villagers
should not be harmed any
how due to the development plan.

Fig.2.Development Actions
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1.1.3. Need Of Village Development

Villages are the smallest unit of the country where people use to live
with their community. In India, maximum population lives in villages. In India
out of total population of 121crores, 83.3crores live in rural areas (according
to Census of India 2011). The main income source of almost all of this
population is farming. And, as it depends totally on weather conditions, no
fixed income is considered for them. Also, these rural populations can be
characterized by mass poverty, low levels of literacy and income, high levels
of unemployment and poor nutrition and health status. Along with this,
villages are not well developed as compared to other towns. No basic
facilities are provided in villages. This can create serious health and social
problems in the villages. To develop country, it is very necessary to develop
each and every component of it. And villages are the most important
components of the country acquiring largest area of the country. Hence, in
order to tackle these problems it is most important to convert existed
villages into well planned and developed villages for the improvement of the
quality of the life of the villagers.
Villages should be developed to overcome following problemsa) No supply of water
b) No provision of sanitation system
c) No fixed income
d) No primary education
e) No proper electricity
f) No transportation and communication facilities
g) No health facilities
They are discussed bellow.
A] No Supply Of Water
As there is no provision of the supply of water in villages for the
drinking and domestic use, the people in the villages has to travel long to
bring water. This leads to the wastage of time and energy of the people. This
unwanted loss of time and energy strongly affects the economical conditions
of the villagers and it ultimately has direct and indirect effect on the growth
of the village.
B] No Provision Of Sanitation System
Sanitation systems are not provided in the villages. This creates
unpleasant and unhealthy environment which leads to major health issues in
the villages. Hence it is important to provide systematic sanitation system.

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Provision of sanitation system in the village can solve many basic health
issues.

C] No Guaranteed Income
As most of the villagers rely on farming and agriculture related
businesses, their income is not fixed due to varying yield in it. This varying
income leads to the poorer lifestyle. Hence it is very much important to make
them available some fixed and guaranteed income sources for stable and
happy lifestyle.
C] No Primary Education
In most of the villages no primary education is available. For this
students have to travel some miles to reach to the nearby schools. Due to
this most of the children never go to schools and they remain illiterate.
Hence to decrease the percentage of illiterates in the villages and ultimately
in the country, it is very necessary to make provision of at least primary
educations in the village itself.
D] No Proper Electricity
Still in many villages there are no electricity facilities are provided. And
where they are provided, they are provided for very short time. This restricts
the development of the villages. to avoid this electricity should be provided
regularly.
E] No Health Facilities
In many villages, no primary health centers are available. This can lead
patients to travel in search of primary health centers nearby which is not
convenient for them.
F] No Transportation And Communication Facilities
Due to improper road networks and transportation and communication
facilities, the villagers are not connected with the external advanced and
developing world. This limits the growth of the villages.

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1.2. Self Sustainable Village

A village that is not dependent on resources that are not available in
the village and it can sustain or can fulfill its needs with the recreation of
energies from the available resources in the village, can be termed as a Self
Sustainable Village.
With the increasing population and growth of village, it is not always
possible to complete the needs of the village with the available resources in
it. The growth of the village leads to the scattered increase in the plan of the
village with improper management of the social and economical services.
This creates many problems for the people living in the respective village.
And hence, the village loses its self sustaining capacity. Therefore it is very
important to control the haphazard growth of village. This can only be
achieved by planned growth of village and with the improved lifestyle of
people by providing them good income sources and healthy environment.
This will lead a growth of the village to a Self Sustainable Village. The actual
effects of sustainability are shown in following diagram.

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Fig.3.Effects of Sustainability

1.3. Features Of Self Sustainable Village

To convert a village into the self sustainable one, the village should
have following important features1.3.1. Sustainable Agriculture
The agricultural productivity should be optimized such that it would
produce a sustainable or required economy for the growth of the village.
1.3.2. Side Business To Farming
The farmers should run some side business to farming. This will be
helpful for having income sources during off-crop seasons.
1.3.3. Recreational Centers In The Village
The planned and well developed recreational centers like gardens and
parks will serve a good aesthetic view for the village. It will also provide a
space to get relaxed in healthy environment.
1.3.4. Facilities For Tourists
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A sustainable village is always a role model for other villages. It is also

an important topic for researchers and a good place to have educational visit
for students. In such a case some basic facilities like guesthouses, parking,
general stores etc. should be available for those tourists and visitors. This
will also provide an another income source for villagers.
1.3.5. Primary Health Center
Health of the people living in the village is the most important. And
hence at least a primary health center should be provided in the village.
1.3.6. Primary Educational Facilities
Primary education to each and every child of the village should be
given. The access to the school should be hence easy. This education should
be given with minimum expenses. The education helps indirectly for the self
sustainability of the village.
1.3.7. Easy Transportation Systems
The provision of easy transportation is made to reach the nearest town
with minimum loss of time and with maximum convenience. This saved time
hence can be used for other works and can be converted to income sources.
1.3.8. Proper Sanitation System
Provision of a well designed sanitation system should be provided in
each and every house with no defect in it. This will lead to a healthy life of
villagers. This also helps to improve the pleasant environment of the village.
1.3.9. Proper Water Supply System
A well designed water supply system should be provided in the village.
Separate or common systems can be provided according to the demand and
availability of funds.
1.3.10. Energy Creation Plants
A self sustainable village should have its own energy creation plants
like power generation from solar and wind energy, biogas generation from
waste dung of animals and society etc. to supply energy according to the
need of village. This will make the village completely independent.
1.3.11. Local Market
Local market should be provided in the village which will be able to
supply daily needs of the villagers.
1.3.12. Water Harvesting Plants

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According to the rate of rain fall and need of water, the water
harvesting plants are constructed if necessary.
1.3.13. Energy Generation Plants/Systems
To fulfill the need of energy requirement of the village, it is important
to establish some energy generation plants in the villages. According to
availability of natural sources like wind, sun and water the type of energy
creation systems are to be chosen.

1.4. The Goals Of Design Of The Model Sustainable Village

- To promote economic growth
- To foster a strong community
- To protect the environment
1.4.1. To Promote Economic Growth
To improve the quality of life promotes sustainable economic growth
bya) Strengthening the physical infrastructure of traditional
agriculture.
b) Creating new industries in village.
c) Creating a site plan for homes and shops in the village that
promotes economic and
social interaction.

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d) Using advances in technology to integrate the infrastructure of the

village (energy,
water, transport and communication) to the
greatest extent possible.
1.4.2. To Foster A Strong Community
Fosters a community, emphasizing individual needs bya) Allowing maximum flexibility for individual, to choice in living
conditions.
b) Building a community center that promotes personal interaction of
village residents.
c) Taking account of the villages culture, heritage in designing the
village.
d) Using advances in internet technology to promote the villages
cultural heritage.
1.4.3. To Protect The Environment
The minimum damage to the environment can be achieved bya) Using the villages land and resources to meet the need of the
village to the greatest
extent possible.
b) By maximum re-use of waste in human and economic activity to the
greatest extent
possible.

2. ABOUT THIS PROJECT

2.1. Aim of The Project
The basic aim of the project is to prepare an ideal, re-planned model of
en existing village, provided with all the amenities and facilities.
The actual thinking behind this is, if this project is considered for
further development work of the selected village, then the development of
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this village will definitely be an ideal model for other villages. And this will be
helpful for other villages to have development in them following to this
planned and developed village. The aim is described in figure below.

Fig.4.Facilities To Be Provided In Village

2.2. Project Description

Self Sustainable Village, the name itself elaborates the whole
meaning of the project. Basically, this project will lead a step ahead for the
development of villages. This project includes the study and proposal of a
development plan for an existing village.
Under this project, a village will be selected. Required basic survey will
be carried out in this village. Collection of data will be done from the village.
According to collected data study will be done related to the development of
a self sustainable village. The collected data and relative study will be
helpful for re-planning of the village. Using all this, a model of this village will
be prepared in which a re-developed, self sustainable village will be shown.
This will be so prepared that, all the government lows and facilities will be
taken into the considerations. This will help the actual execution of the
project on field to be economic, systematic, well planned and legal.
2.3. Why This Project?
Around 70% of the population of the India lives in the villages. India is
one of the fastest developing countries in the world. India aims to be a
developed country till 2020. And hence, to be a developed country it is very
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much important that each and every part of the country should be well
developed and should be independent for their needs.
The project Self Sustainable Village will fulfill all the requirements for
the developed India. Also it will help the villagers to live a healthy and safe
lifestyle. This project will help in the following ways.
a) To improve the lifestyle of villagers.
b) To make village independent for all its needs.
c) To solve basic problems of the village.
d) To provide basic amenities in the village.
e) To have a good communication with nearby towns.
f) To make an ideal village for other villages.

Fig.5.Sustainable Village Model

3. LITERATURE RIVIEW
3.1. Paper-1
A Case Study Of Rural Development Programmes In India
(By Farooq Ahemad Ganiee)
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3.1.1. Abstract:
The rural development generally refers to the process of improving the
quality of life and economic welfare of people living in relatively isolated and
sparsely populated areas. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MNREGA) is considered as a silver Bullet for eradicating
rural poverty and unemployment, by way of generating demand for
productive labour force in villages. It provides an alternative source of
livelihood which will have an impact of reducing migration, restricting child
labour, alleviating poverty, and making villages self sustaining through
productive assets creation such as road creation, cleaning of water tanks,
soil and water conservation works, etc. For which it has been considered as a
largest anti poverty programme in India. In this paper, based on the
secondary data, an attempt has been made to comprehensively understand
the development effort to rebuilt the rural life and livelihood.
3.1.2. Paper IncludesA) Introduction
In introduction of this paper the present status of the villages is stated.
Also, rural development is defined as the overall development of the rural
areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. Along with this,
introduction also have given some names of schemes of Indian Government
which are related to the rural development like Rastriy Sama Vikas Yojana
(RSVY), Indira Awas Yojana (IAY), Sampoorn Gram Rojgar Yojana (SGRO),
Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP), etc.
B) MNREGA: The Historic Overview
This includes information about this act (MNREGA, 2005). When it
came into force, how it was applied, how it came into existence, how it was
implemented, etc. all this has been given under this heading.
C) Present Study
Under this, the present conditions are given. For this, secondary data
from May 2013 to December 2013 is taken into consideration. The pros and
cons associated with this act are studied with reference to some objectives.
D) MNREGA: Present Condition
Present state of the act has been described using the information
published by various authors. The act related problems are also highlighted
under this heading.
3.2. Paper-2
Need Of Rural Development In India For National Building
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(By Abhishek Chauhan)

3.2.1. Abstract:
There are no universally accepted approaches to rural development. It
is a choice influenced by space, time and culture. The term rural
development connotes overall development of rural areas to improve the
quality of life of the rural people. In this sense, it is comprehensive and
multidimensional concept, and encompasses the development of agricultural
and allied activities, village and cottage industries and crafts, socio-economic
infrastructure, community services and facilities and, above all, human
resources in rural areas. As a phenomenon, rural developments are the end
results of the interactions between various social, technological, economical,
cultural, physical and institutional factors. As a strategy, it is designed to
improve the economic and social wellbeing of a specific group of people-the
rural poor. As a discipline, it is multi disciplinary in nature, representing an
intersection of agriculture, social, behavioral, engineering and management
science (Katar Singh 1999).
Rural development has been an important issue in all discussions
pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries,
throughout the world. In the developing countries and some formally
communist societies, rural mass comprise a substantial majority of the
population. Over 3.5 billion people live in the Asia and about 63% of them in
rural areas. Although millions of rural people escaped poverty as a result of
rural development in many Asian countries, a large majority of people
continue to suffer from persistent poverty. The socio- economic disparities
between rural and urban areas are widening and creating tremendous
pressure on the social and economic fabric of many developing Asian
countries.
3.2.2. Paper IncludesA) Introduction
It includes various definitions, especially of rural developments. Also
scope and importance for the development of rural areas is mentioned.
B) Rural Development In India
Different strategies used in the India for the development of villages
are mentioned in this topic. Also specific objects are given.
C) Conclusion
The paper is concluded using some social, economical and logical
factors.
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3.3. Paper-3
A successful case of participatory watershed management at
Ralegan Siddhi Village
(By B. Mishra)
3.3.1. Abstract:
In recent years the notion of sustainable development has emerged as
a reaction to the highly technological and centralized processes that have
governed thinking on development, the green revolution being a classic
example. The process of sustainable development envisages that people
should not merely participate, but be in charge of their own development.
Some initiatives in India have grappled successfully with this complex
process, and different models of people driven development have emerged.
Perhaps the most notable of these is the remarkable work of Mr. Annasaheb
Hazare in Ralegan Siddhi village. When he first returned to his village in 1975
it was a extremely degraded village. There was large scale migration, ill
health, low productivity and a flourishing business in the illegal distilling of
alcohol, resulting into violence especially against women. Today Ralegan is
unrecognizable. Productivity has increased manifold. There is a sense of
community and sharing among all the people, and complete self-sufficiency
in food grains. Ralegan only demonstrates what village people can do when
they take control of their own development. It serves as a testimony to
community interest taking precedence over self-interest.
3.3.2. Paper IncludesThe paper gives the achievement steps of the development of Ralegan
Siddhi.
A) The emergence of local leadership
Annasaheb Hazare is from the village and his intimate knowledge of
the community, its culture and traditions and his exposure to the outside
world enabled him to play the role of a catalyst and a bridge.
B) Underpinning of moral sanctions
He recognized the conflict in development between old and new,
traditional and modern, violent and peaceful. His intervention gave space to
the traditional leadership to reassert their moral authority and lay the
foundation for a moral just and human social order. The basis
of Annasaheb Hazare 's intervention is a moral and voluntary code of
conduct which has been adopted by the entire village community. This is a
six point program that includes: ban on open grazing; ban on tree felling; ban
on dowry; ban on consumption of liquor; family planning; and donation of
labor (Shramdan).
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C) Involvement of all sections of society, especially the weak and vulnerable

Right from its inception, the Ralegan village participation process
involved women and lower castes (Harijans) in all planning and
implementation.
D) Identification of People's Priorities
Annasaheb Hazare being a son of the soil, was able to identify water
development us the primary need of the village, and that helped to mobilize
popular opinion in his favor.
E) The use of simple but effective technology
Annasaheb recognized that merely providing strong moral basis would
be insufficient to motivate people towards constructive change. His
intervention to manage rain-water runoff through watershed development
was cheap, local, and maximized their use of local resources especially labor.
F) Holistic and sustained development
Having started with water management, Annasaheb Hazare went on to
include community work to prevent erosion and to promote widespread
afforestation. The holistic impact of these measures began to be felt within a
decade. It is note worthy that the villagers have been working continuously
on this process for the last 20 years by now. Thus, long term continuity is a
vital ingredient in the strategy for sustainable development.
G) The primacy of the village assembly (Gram Sabha)
Although Annasaheb has taken the leadership in Ralegan, all major
decisions are taken in the Gram Sabha, which has institutionalized a
democratic style of functioning.

Fig.6.Watershed In RaleganSiddhi

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Fig.7.Water Storage In Hiware Bazar

4. METHEDOLOGY
As of this project is directly related to the study and planning of an
existing village, this project can be completed in a very systematic manner.
The achievement of the decided aim of the project is possible with the
following methodology.
- Clear aim of the project
- Literature and Related study
- Survey for Selection of site
- Site selection
- Primary Survey
- Secondary survey and data collection
- Re-planning of the site
- Re-planned model/map preparation
4.1 Aim Of The Project
The clear and exact aim of the project is decided initially. This helped in
preparing the proper management and methodological steps required for the
further work. This leads the project to complete in allotted time and with
minimum problems. The outcome of such project is hence so impressive
then.
4.2. Literature Study
Before proceeding to the field work, it was very much important to
have a deep knowledge about the subject we are working for. Literature and
other related study was so helpful for providing the detailed knowledge
about the subject. This helped for the better output of the project work.

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Under this, many published journals were referred from which final
values for the design or proposals have been chosen. After studying these
references standard estimations for respected works are given.
4.3. Survey For Selection Of Site
This project included a model or map making of an existing village with
the proposed amenities. This needed to have a detailed information and data
about a village to be worked on. Hence, for further work a village should be
decided first of all. For this, some villages are to be surveyed and one of
them is selected.
This includes collection of data like water sources to the villages,
primary education facilities in the villages, primary health facilities in the
villages, sanitation systems in the villages (if any), transportation facilities in
the villages, etc. After knowing this it was very easy to decide the works to
be done in the village

4.4. Site (Village) Selection

Four villages around the Aurangabad city are surveyed for the
selection of a village. The information collected from the different villages is
studied and compared well. The scope for the work is observed. Then a
village named CHAUKAWADI is fixed for further project with possible scope
for work.
4.4.1. Location of Chaukawadi

Fig.8.Distance of Chaukawadi from Aurangabad

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Chaukawadi

Fig.9. Location of Chaukawadi

4.5. Survey
Secondary Information
After the selection of village, the primary survey is necessary. This
survey includes collection of basic information of the village. This includes
population of the village, number of families (houses) in the village, different
communities living in the village, occupations of the villagers, number of
children, male-female ratio. Basically primary survey is important to mix up
with the villagers and to know them for our further work. It helps us to have
a great support of them in future if necessary.
According to the requirement all the information is collected from the
village and from Census of India documents. To collect the information about
the needs of the villagers, questioner was prepared and circulated amongst
the villagers.

4.5.1. Information about Population of Chaukawadi

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4.6. Primary Survey

Primary survey is important to know the geographical and
topographical study of the selected village. This information is necessary to
provide proper water supplies, proper sanitation systems, easy
transportation systems, preservation of ground water, rain water harvesting
systems, etc. This data includes collection of levels of the village site, water
table depth, sizes of houses, road widths. This data is collected in the
numeric form.
From collected information a map of existing village is prepared for
further references. In this map residential area, educational area, public area,
water bodies, farms, hills, etc. are separated.

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COLOUR

NOTATION FOR
Fig.10. Map of existing Chaukawadi

4.7. Re-planning Of Village

The collected numeric data is studied and then converted into
diagrammatic form. This will be then used for the re-planning of the village.
Further village should be so planned that all the required aim is achieved and
a self sustainable village is formed. This includes provision of water supply
system, sanitation system, water harvesting system. Along with this
provision of primary health services are proposed in the plan. Also, options of
income sources other than farming are also made available in the plan. This
information is very helpful for preparation of model/map.
For re-planning the Chaukawadi, it was important to propose some
development plans. Hence, following schemes are proposed.
1. Rectangular Pit Trenches
2. Solar Street Lights
3. Community Toilets
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4. Hand-Pumps
5. Garbage Collectors
6. Rural Tourism Plan

5. Rectangular Pit Trenches

A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is
generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully, or ditch), and
narrow compared to its length.

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6. Solar Street Lights

Solar energy is the most demanding energy source due to fact that it is the most
abundant and most effective energy source on earth. Solar energy is derived from sun, and
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this energy is not only environment free but also costless. Latest technology allows the
harnessing of solar energy through cells known as solar cells or photovoltaic cells.
Photovoltaic cells are placed in direct sunlight, when the direct sunlight hits these cells
chemical reaction takes place which produce electric currents. These electric currents are
later on converted into electricity which are used to power everyday items like street lights,
schools and households. In most of the areas street lights in India receive electrical energy
from national grid, so we need to look for another alternative source of electrical power
which does not depend on national grid.
For this purpose we use solar energy. LED based lightning system is used which
received charge from lead batteries charged by solar panels. Solar system and LED lightning
combination enables its interest in governing authorities to lighten street lights and schools
in remote areas without setting up any external infrastructure in a meager traditional way.
Stand alone solar street lightning solutions are popular and usually built with customized PV
panels and design. Solar energy systems are also used in schools for lightning purpose,
internet installing equipment and laptop charging. This system includes photovoltaic cell,
batteries and other connectivity equipments. Photovoltaic street lighting systems are in
three different lamps namely low pressure sodium lamp, high pressure sodium lamp and
fluorescent lamp to determine suitable system in rural areas of the country. The three
different lamps are mounted in the same unit and wattage in different areas. The analysis of
PV lightning systems with fluorescent lamp is suitable system for installation in rural areas.
An experiment is conducted using the PV panel to supply electricity in each building in the
schools like classrooms, guard house etc. Since we know that energy especially electricity is
the basic requirement for the social and economic development of a country. Therefore, the
use of electricity is increasing day by day in every field or department of a country e.g.,
industries and streets lights require continuous and uninterrupted supply of electrical
energy.
The main aim for installing solar systems was to promote different solar energy projects in terms of
photovoltaic systems based on energy policy of the country. These projects are supported by government budget,
involves PV systems such as pumping system, street lightning, school lightning, solar home system (SHM) and
board of faculty map. Different energy sources like coal, oil and natural gas are presented in the country in which the
author pointed out that these sources are limited in the country and if they are used at the current rate it will finish
quickly in the upcoming decades. The stand alone photovoltaic systems sustainability passes through the
complement of the systems installed in the field. This stand alone PV system is implanted by the research center in
schools of isolated communities and inside solar lightning program. The need of electrical energy is the crucial part
of life and increase with each passing day parallel to the developments in technology. But the fact is that cost rises
after meeting these needs and damage was done to nature.
So energy is being obtained from clean energy sources such as wind and solar
energies. Solar energy gives direct solution for grid to cutoff some loads for stability. One of
these loads is street lightning, school lightning especially during summer. This energy
provide energy free system where there 2 is less or no power from grid. Chaukawadi is one
of the richest places in resources in Aurangabad district and has the potential of different
renewable energy sources such as geothermal, wind, coal and solar energy. Among all of this
we consider solar energy as a best option for continuous electricity due to fact of greater
radiations of sun in Chaukawadi. It requires low cost, simple maintenance and initial
implementation cost.

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6.1. Advantages of Solar Street Lights

Zero cost of electricity and high economic returns.

Maximum safety from electric shocks.

Zero power lines maintenance.

Low installation cost.

Zero CO2 emission.

Non hazardous.

Ability to reconfigure the positioning it.

6.2. System Model

In this section, we present the basic components used in the installation of our
proposed solar system. Description of some of the components like photovoltaic solar
panels, batteries, LED lightning, poles, charge controller and inverters etc.

A) Solar Panels
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Solar panels are designed to absorb sun rays as a source of energy for generating electricity and heating. It is also
called photovoltaic as it converts light energy directly into electrical energy. Solar panel is made up of solar cells. A
large number of small solar cells are spreaded over a large surface area which can work together for provision of
sufficient power to be used. Larger the amount of light that falls on a cell, larger is the amount of electricity
generated. Two forms of solar panels are used to achieve electricity. The most common is the solar electricity cells.
Different design of solar panels which are increasing in popularity are the solar water heating panels which can
provide all part of homes hot water supply, heat swimming pools and for other purposes. Using solar electricity
panels some form of battery storage is attached to the system. This allows the storage of electricity produced through
the day which is used at night.

B) LED Lights

The solar streets lights are light sources which are powered by photovoltaic panels mounted on lightning structure or
integrated itself in the pole. The PV panels charge a rechargeable battery which powers a fluorescent or LED lamp
during night. Led lights are usually used for lightning source for modern solar light. These lights provide much
higher lumens with lower energy consumption. LED lights give energy consumption up to 50 percent lower than
high pressure sodium lamp (HPS) which is widely used as lightning source in traditional street lights. The LEDs
lack of warm up time also allows motion detectors for additional gain of efficiency. LED lights are also used in
schools for lightning in classroom and examination hall.

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C) Batteries
Batteries are the most important component in the installation of solar system. Batteries store electricity from solar
panels during day time and deliver this energy to the fixture during night. The life cycle of battery is very important
to the lifetime of light and capacity of battery will affect the backup days of the lights. Two types of batteries are
usually used which are Gel Cell Deep Cycle battery and Lead Acid Battery and many more. During charging time,
electrical energy is converted into chemical energy and stored in the form of chemical energy and during discharging
time the chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
The proper selection of batteries for PV systems depends upon the best knowledge of their design features,
operational requirements and performance characteristics. Batteries are manufacture by the combination of different
sequential and parallel processes. Conduction of charging and discharging cycles on batteries are done necessarily
before bringing them to the market for distribution to consumers. Important components of batteries are cells, active
element, electrolyte, grid plate, separator, terminal posts, cell events and case.

D) Charge controller
Page | 29

A charge controller is an essential part of nearly all power systems that charge batteries. It is also very important for
solar street lights and school lightning system. Controllers usually decide to switch on/off charging and lights. The
function of charge controller is quite simple, it blocks the reverse current and prevents battery from overcharging.
Some charge controllers also prevent battery from over discharge, protect from electrical overload and display
battery status and power flow. The PV panels works by pumping electric current to the battery in one direction. At
night PV panels pass a little bit current in the reverse direction, causing a slight discharge from battery. The potential
loss is minor but it can easily be prevented. Different types of wind turbine and hydro generators also draw reverse
current when they are stop. In most charge controllers current passes through semiconductor, which acts like a valve
to control current. This is known as semiconductor because current passes only in one direction. This prevents
reverse current without any extra effort or cost.

E) Pole
Each street light contains its own photovoltaic panel, independent from other street lights. Number of panels is
installed as a central power source on a separate location which supplies power to number of street lights. Pole Lock
is designed for pole mounted solar panel framing system which is a component of Sun Lock family of solar framing
products.
Many types of frames are assessable for two small panels i.e., 80 W and 85 W panels. They are also obtainable for
one, two, three or more larger panels i.e., for 250 W or more.

Page | 30

F) Inverters
Solar inverter is the important component in solar energy system. It converts DC output power into AC current
which is fed into grid and directly influences the reliability and efficiency of solar energy system. Mostly 220v AC
and 110v
AC are needed for power supply because direct output from solar system is usually 12v DC, 24v DC or 48v DC. For
this purpose there is a need of DC-AC inverter in order to supply power of 220v AC to electronic devices. Inverters
are usually rated by the amount of AC power that can supply continuously.
The manufacturers provide 5 second and hour surge figures which is able to give indication of how much power is
supplied by the inverters. Large number of inverters is used in power application. They are also referred to as a
voltage source inverters (VSI). In grid interconnected PV power system DC output power of photovoltaic array is
converted into AC power of the utility power system. Below this condition an inverter convert DC power into AC
power is required. In solar panels, core technology is associated with these systems is a power conditioning unit
(inverter) which convert solar output electricity attuned with the grid.

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6.3. Installation of solar System

In this section whole solar system for street lights and schools are described. We
mainly focus on our project constraints, sizing array, battery array, cost of the projects,
number of poles used and site of system integration.
A) Basic Requirement
This project gives cheap and easy power to street lights and schools to different
areas of Chaukawadi. The system requires low fixed cost, easily installed and reliable. The
project gives great idea to install street lights in such areas where there is no light or less
power.

B) Collecting Data
In this section we focus on total load for street lightning and number of schools in
different areas of Chaukawadi. This work presents an independent street lightning system
positioned on solar energy as a primary source and batteries as a secondary source, lighting
emitting diodes (LEDs) as a lighting source. This system is also proposed for remote areas
like roads and cross roads. Furthermore, it is highly efficient because all power stages are
implemented in DC current. The architecture of LEDs fixture, in order to compensate a 70 W
high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp, is performed. The solar system for streets lights and
schools improve the life style of peoples, prevents robberies and literacy in these areas. We
visited different areas of Chaukawadi and collecting data regarding total number of solar
street lights poles and number of schools. We finally summarized and calculated the
combine data of solar street lights pole and number of schools in which solar system is
installed.
Energy Calculations: In this section we shall calculate generalized form of energy.
Total number of solar street poles = 25
One LED frame load = 12watt
One solar street pole wattage = 12watt
Total number of pole wattage = 25 *12 = 300watt
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Daily solar LED energy units used at night 300*10 = 3kwhr

Where 10 is the total number of hours in which solar LED is used.
If we calculate load for 1 week:
Solar LED energy units used in 1 week 300 * 70 = 21khwr
In the same way we can calculate the total load of school by knowing the total number of
lights and fan used in school.
C) Balance of System Design
It illustrates the basic design of our system which includes mounting of solar street panels, wiring in system and
system equipment.
Solar panels array: The wiring of solar system is made in such a way that solar system is separated from each street
light to provide power to huddle of street lights.
The PV array gives us the ability to sculpt unlimited solar panels individually or in groups to connect them in
series or parallel combination to form solar array.
Poles directly mounted into the ground or fixed in concrete.
Ground work mounts, such as concrete slabs or poured footings.
Ballasted foot mounts i.e., concrete or steel based that use weight to sheltered solar module system in position do
not required ground penetration.
Pole mounts which are directly attached to the roof structure used additional rails for attaching frames or module
racking.
Wiring: Wiring of the system can be made by the position of the components. The panels
are placed parallel to the ground and the wiring is done in such a way that could be simple
and easy to understand. The infrastructure like poles and wiring are not replaced to lodge
because the system has no similar constraint as standalone system. The end result is that
the system can be intended as big as required with the sufficient batteries and solar panels
to supply enough power to the LED lights. The batteries of the system are kept in a cabinet
where it is insulated to give maximum power protection against heat. A monitoring device is
equipped with the system which alerts the authorities of any tampering or removal of
equipment from the system. Due to this device the threat of theft will not eliminate but
reduce time to caught culprits red handed. The wiring and maintenance is done at one point
for several lights and combined with the monitoring system. The maintenance is done on
system from the central computer.
IV. BUDGET ANALYSIS
In this section, we discussed the final execution of our project which includes civil
work combination, possession of solar components and the total cost of the project. In start
large expenditure is needed for LED and PV solution, however excavating work for power
wires and energy expenses are not useful. The extravagant sustainment work can be
lessened with the help of long LED lifetime causing profit by LED over usual lighting. Several
stages of our system installation occur. All the members of our team work hard. We predict
after purchasing LED lights, street light pole, batteries, wiring, charge controller and system
tools to be purchased to the areas of Chaukawadi. While completing our system components
we shall calculate our skilled workers per person labor charges. After all this, we shall
implement our solar street lights system. All these system components are shifted to the
site by road transportation.

Page | 33

SR.
NO.

NAME

DESCRIPTION

COST(RS.)

LED Solar Power Street Light

12W/24W

79000/-

Solar Street Light Battery

12V 100ah

144000/-

Solar Charger Controller

12V/24V auto

18000/-

Solar Power Inverters

5KW 12V 220V

57760/-

Solar Street Light Pole

4m/12W

45000/-

Electric High Temp Shield Wire

5mm

10000/-

LED Poles Installation

20 poles

40000/-

Skilled Workers

10 men

60000/-

Final Installation

75000/-

10

Transportation

10000/-

11

GRAND TOTAL

538760/-

7. Community Toilets
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7.1 Sanitation, Health and Community Toilets

Sanitation, in this Guideline, refers to safe disposal of human excreta. Human excreta is
associated with more than fifty diseases and it causes nearly 80% of sickness in India1. With
proper disposal of human excreta by inexpensive methods, these
Box 1
diseases can be brought under control and the entire sanitation
Pune Model
situation of the country can be improved. Studies have established
City government in Pune,
that without proper sanitation the full health benefits of providing
worked out a partnership
safe water supply are not achieved.
between
the
municipal
government,
Human faeces contain many organisms that have no
NGO/TRUST/FOUNDATIONs
pathology in the lower ends of the alimentary canal but that become
and
community-based
harmful pathogens if introduced elsewhere in the body. Unless
organizations, and built more
human excreta are safely disposed of, these pathogens from the
than 400 community toilet
faeces can and do get transmitted to human food a phenomenon
blocks between 1999 and
commonly referred to as faecal-oral transmission. If we do not
2001,
greatly
improving
sanitation
for
more
than half
wash our hands carefully after post-defecation ablutions our fingers
a
million
people.
It also
get contaminated and we risk transferring these pathogens from
demonstrated the potential
faeces to our food. Even when we wash our hands carefully, if faecal
of
municipalcommunity
matters remain in open, flies transfer the pathogens from faeces to
partnerships
to
improve
food leading to faecal-oral transmission. Open defecation is
conditions for low income
groups.
considered to be a major cause of diarrheal diseases that can prove
In 1999, Pune municipal
to be fatal for young and elderly
commissioner
sought
to
Poor people are particularly susceptible to faecal-oral
greatly increase the scale of
transmission. They are forced to defecate in the open, often for want
public toilet construction and
of toilet facilities and the ubiquitous flies contaminate their food and
to
ensure
that
more
water. The problem is more acute in towns and cities where
appropriate toilets got built.
population density is high and for defecation one cannot go to a
Advertisements were placed
in
newspapers,
inviting
place which is far from human habitation. Few urban poor have
NGO/TRUST/FOUNDATIONs
toilets in their homes. Community toilets can provide everyone,
to make bids for toilet
even the poorest, with sanitation. And the costs of provision for
construction
and
everyone can be afforded. Moreover, a community toilet is
maintenance.
recognition of the fact that the community exists.
NGO/TRUST/FOUNDATIONs
were expected to quote at
7.2 Public toilets and Community toilets
less than the cost estimated
Public toilets are meant for floating population i.e. for people
by the corporation. Bids from
on the move; community toilets are meant for a community that
eight
resides in the vicinity of the toilet blocks i.e. meant for a static
NGO/TRUST/FOUNDATIONs
population a known and well defined group of people. Public
were accepted after a review
toilets serve the needs of whoever happens to be passing by, whether
of their track records. The
NGO/TRUST/FOUNDATIONs
a local or a stranger. A community toilet is constructed for a
designed and costed the
community. A community toilet is often managed by the community,
unlike a public toilet which is managed by the city government who
can, of course, contract the management to any party. Keeping a community toilet clean is easier
than keeping a public toilet clean; the known group of users makes it relatively simpler to train

Page | 35

the users and monitor. Keeping a public toilet clean requires a lot of
efforts and a lot more perseverance.
The toilet block should provide sufficient area for the users
to move about / wait. This area should be kept uncovered to let in air
and sun light. If it is not possible to keep it open to the sky adequate
lighting and ventilation must be provided for. The superstructure of
the block should be well ventilated and designed with material and
specification suitable for a thirty year life.
7.3 Involving Community
Often in past the toilet blocks were built without consulting the
communities regarding the location, design, construction and
provision for maintenance. Communities, for whom these toilet
blocks were built, did not feel that they owned the facilities. They
had little attachments to these structures and less motivation to keep
them maintained. ULBs found it difficult to maintain the
community toilets properly and often the areas around the toilet
blocks became sites for open defecation. Unless the community is
involved the community toilets cannot be expected to remain clean
and in good repairs. This by itself is a weighty reason for involving
the community.
A still more important reason is that by no other means we can
ensure the use of the toilets. The objective of this initiative is not
construction of toilets. Construction of toilets is but the means, an
inescapable necessity. The objective is to ensure that people are not
exposed to the health risks that are inevitably associated with open
defecation. (And, unless adequate number of toilets is constructed
where else can people defecate if not in open?) We will have failed
in our mission if open defecation continues even though we will
have helped construction / renovation of an impressive number of
toilets blocks.
It is not unlikely that some community members continue with open
defecation even after a community toilet block (CTB) is constructed
at a convenient place. There is a very strong tradition of open
defecation in our society and any real or imaginary cause can
dissuade people from using toilets. Our ultimate objective is to
change this mind set. If we are successful at it, community toilets, in
new settlements, will be demanded by communities. Our mission is
not merely adding to the number of latrines; it is also ensuring that
each latrine is a wanted latrine.

7.4. Norms for Toilet Constructions

Box 2
Trichi Case
In 1999, Water Aid, an
international
NGO/TRUST/FOUNDATION
collaborated with three local
NGO/TRUST/FOUNDATIONs
and with active support of
Trichi Corporation repaired
25 public toilets. Women
immediately started using
these toilets paying 50 paise
per visit. A recent study
revealed
reduction
in
medical expenditure by 88%
per family! These repaired
toilets were maintained by
SHGs created under tutelage
of
the
NGO/TRUST/FOUNDATIONs
The toilets managed by
SHGs were so clean that
Trichy Corporation took a
policy decision to hand over
maintenance of all public
toilets
to
them.
The
NGO/TRUST/FOUNDATIONs
trained the user-groups of
each toilet block to form
SHGs and to run the toilets
in a hygienic manner. Now a
few of the most successful
SHGs reportedly have bank
balances crossing Rs. one
lakh. Some have put up
community centre buildings
worth one to two lakhs for
common purposes and most
of them are advancing loans
to
members
in
need.
Everyday about 20,000 slum
dwellers in Trichi are visiting
the community toilets and
everyone is paying for this
facility. Most of the toilets
are kept open for 16 hours
and a few round the clock.
But the usage is still not
uniform. Only about 20 per
cent of the males use the
toilets.
Trichi experience shows that
if
administration,

Page | 36

The following norms for number of sites and urinals may be adopted:
Type of toilets
Toilet Seats
Urinal Units
Area (Toilet)
Community
One seat per 30 One unit per 50 750900
Toilet
users
users

Area (Urinal)
500600

7.5. Proposed Plan for Toilet Section

PLAN

SECTION X-X

Page | 37

7.6. Water Requirement/Supply

Water supply is a critical design consideration.
Lack of adequate water causes unhygienic conditions. It
is important to assess water requirements for each use
and store enough water for at least half a days
requirements. If municipal water supply is available (and
reliable) the toilet blocks can have underground sump
that can store half a days needs and overhead tanks for
another half days needs. If municipal water supply is
not available, a toilet block can have its own bore well
and pump and no underground sump would be needed.
Alternatively a hand tube well can be used for storing
water in an elevated (not overhead) tank. Communities
can decide for themselves after considering the costs,
both capital and maintenance.

7.8. Calculations for Total Setups Required

Population of Chaukawadi = 549
Number of Male = 282
Number of Female = 267
According to the norms,
No. of Toilet seats for Male =

282
=9.4
30

No. of Toilet seats for Female =

267
=8.9
30

Hence, from calculations 10 setups as shown

in the diagram can be proposed for the
Chaukawadi.
7.9. Economic Model/ Setup
Economic model/setup of community toilets
can be possible if it is constructed using
prefabricated materials like walls, etc.
This will give maximum benefits to the
villagers with minimum expenditure of government.

Box 3
Wastewater generated
and disposal system:
Black water, Grey Water

It is useful to divide
the wastewater from
house-holds
in
two
categories: black water
and grey water. Black
water is the wastewater
from
toilets
that
contains faecal matter
and urine. It usually has
a lot of pathogens. Grey
water is the waste from
washing
activities

bathing,
kitchen,
washing clothes etc.
Grey water is also called
sullage water or simply
sullage.
If per capita use of
water (in community
toilets) is relatively low,
depending on ground
conditions
and
population density, all
wastewater
can
be
safely disposed on-site.
Even with high per
capita consumption, onsite disposal of black
water is still possible,
but sullage water will
need to be disposed of
off-site. If sullage and
black
water
are
combined
on-site
to
produce sewage, off-site
disposal is required with
sewerage.
The
design
water

Page | 38

8. Hand Pumps
9. Garbage Collectors
10. Rural Tourism Plan

4.8. Model/Map Preparation

With the help of information and plan so available, the model is made
for the re-planed village. This will clear all the idea of the project within very
short time and with great sense.

5. REFERENCES
1. Longju model sustainable village Guanghan, China. A paper by John W.
Spears (International Centre for Sustainable Development Gaithersburg,
Maryland, USA).
2. Model Village Plan, April 2012. By DRISTEE (connecting India village by
village).
3. Papers on Rural Development, November 2000. By David Freshwater.
4. Ecovillages as Model for Sustainable Development: A Case Study
Approach. By Bhavana Gesota.
Page | 39

5. Development plans of villages RaleganSiddhi in Maharashtra.

6. A development of Smart Village implementation plan for agriculture: A
pioneer project in Malaysia. By Norizan Abdul Razak, Jalaluddin Abdul Malik
and Murad Saeed.
7. MANUAL- Integrated Village Planning and Development. Lessons from
Hiwre
Bazar,
Gangadevapalli,
Ramachandrapuram
and
Piplantri
Grampanchayats.
8. Design of Smart Villages: INDIA moving up the service chain. By N.
Viswanadham, Sowmya Vedula.

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