BIOMATERIALS

Biomedical Engineering
Sem-III

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

Module 4: Properties and

Applications of Metallic
Biomaterials and its Bio
Compatibility

Semester: III

Introduction
Stainless Steel and its alloys
Ti and Ti-Based alloys
Cobalt-Cr based alloy
Properties and Applications
Corrosion of Metals

Biomaterials

Module 4

OVERVIEW

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4
Biomaterials

INTRODUCTION
Metals have been used in various forms of
Implants
First metal used for human use Sherman
Vanadium Steel, used to manufacture fracture
plates and screws
One of the concerns in Metallic Implants is their
ability to corrode.
This results into loss of material, which will
*weaken the implant
*Corrosion products that will create
undesirable effects

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

STAINLESS STEEL

Biomaterials

First Stainless Steel>18-8(302 Modern Classification)

18-8 Stronger than
resistant to corrosion

vanadium

steel and more

18-8s alloy was introduced later which contains Mo,

this improves corrosion resistance in salt water
(Type 316)
Carbon content in 316 was reduced from 0.08 wt% to
0.03 wt% this offered better corrosion in chloride
solution (Type 316L)

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS STEEL

Biomaterials

Cr is the major component of corrosion

resistant steel (11 wt%)
Alloys of Cr can be passivated to give excellent
corrosion resistance
Type 316 and 316L are mostly used for implants
These are hardened by cold treatment
Non magnetic and possess better corrosion
resistance.
Introduction of Mo in steel improves Pititng
Corrosion resistance in salt water.
Ni serves to stabilize austenitic phase at RT and
improve corrosion properties

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4
Biomaterials

COMPOSITION OF STAINLESS STEEL

Composition wt%
Element

Grade 1

Grade2

Carbon

0.08

0.03

Manganese

2.00

2.00

Phosphorus

0.03

0.03

Sulfur

0.03

0.03

Silicon

0.75

0.75

Chromium

17.00-20.00

17.00-20.00

Nickel

12.00-14.00

12.00-14.00

Molybdenum

2.00-4.00

2.00-4.00

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
STAINLESS STEEL

Biomaterials

Tensile Strength: TS or UTS is the maximum

stress that a material can withstand when
stretched or pulled.
Yield Strength: YS or YP is the stress at which
the materials starts to deform plastically.
Elongation: Something that can be elongated
(Lengthening)
Rockwell Hardness: Rockwell is a method of
measuring hardness(HRB: Hardness Rockwell B)

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
STAINLESS STEEL
Condition

Ultimate
Tensile
Strength
(psi)

Yield
Strength(ps
i)

Elongation
50.8 mm
(%)

Rockwell
Hardness

Grade 1 (316)
Annealed

75,000

30,000

40

93 HRB

ColdFinished

90,000

45,000

35

---

Cold Worked

1,25,000

1,00,000

12

300-350

Biomaterials

Grade 2 (316L)
Annealed

73,000

78,000

40

95 HRB

ColdFinished

88,000

43,000

35

---

Cold Worked

1,25,000

1,00,000

12

---

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

MANUFACTURING IMPLANTS USING

STAINLESS STEEL

Module 4

Biomaterials

Stainless steel hardens very rapidly, therefore cold

working done with intermediate heat treatment.
Heat should not induce Chromium Carbide, in grain
boundaries this may lead to corrosion.
Distortion of components controlled by uniformity in
heating.
Due to heating, formation of surface oxide scales,
which is removed either chemically or mechanically.
After scales are removed surface is polished to mirror
or mat finish.
Surface is cleaned, degreased and passivated in Nitric
acid.
Component is washed cleaned before packaging

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

ADVANTAGES OF STAINLESS STEEL

Biomaterials

Diverse Application - can be used for all types of

medical devices - economies of scale - reducing raw
material costs.
Rust Proof - reduces the risk of infection from rust
and other surface imperfections caused by oxidation.
High Corrosion Resistance
Recyclable
Antibacterial properties
It does not stain - so it can be cleaned and re-used
many times in the medical field.
Non Magnetic - perfect for operating theatres or
implants within the body
High heat resistance
Once work-hardened Stainless Steel will keep its
shape.

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

10

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

APPLICATIONS OF STAINLESS STEEL

Biomaterials

Precision stainless steel tubing

Orthopaedic implants (Predominantly 316 / 316L)
Artificial heart valves (Predominantly 316 / 316L)
Bone fixation
Speciality guide wires
Screws / prostheses / plates
Medical needles
Medical syringes
Sensor probes
Catheters
Otolaryngology ear scope nozzles
Sinks / bowls / surfaces / trays / knives

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

11

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

TITANIUM AND TI BASED ALLOYS

Biomaterials

Attempts to use titanium for implant fabrication

in late 1930s.
It was found that titanium was tolerated in cat
femurs, as was stainless steel and Vitallium
(CoCrMo alloy).
Its low density and good mechano-chemical
properties are salient features for implant
applications.
Major disadvantage being the relatively high cost
and reactivity

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

12

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

TITANIUM AND TI BASED ALLOYS

Biomaterials

Although pure titanium is very useful material,

alloying additives have produced even better
results.
The most important alloy is Ti - 6%Al - 4%V
(Ti6Al4V)
This alloy is used for the production of hip
prostheses and fracture equipment and replaced
pure metals in many applications

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

13

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

There are four grades of unalloyed titanium for

implant application.
The impurity contents distinguish them; oxygen,
iron and nitrogen should be controlled carefully.

Biomaterials

Module 4

COMPOSITION OF TI AND TI BASED

ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

14

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

Oxygen in particular has a great influence on

ductility and strength. The chemical compositions
of some titanium alloys are given in Table

Biomaterials

Module 4

COMPOSITION OF TI AND TI BASED

ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

15

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

COMPOSITION OF TI AND TI BASED

ALLOYS

The main alloying elements of the alloy are

aluminum (5.56.5 %) and vanadium (3.54.5 %).
There are some other wrought Ti alloys being
used for implant fabrication

Biomaterials

One titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) is widely used to

manufacture implants.

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

16

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

COMPOSITION OF TI AND TI BASED

ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

17

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

COMPOSITION OF TI AND TI BASED

ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

18

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Module 4

Semester: III

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TI

ALLOYS

Biomaterials

Titanium is light alloy having a density of 4.5

/3 at 25oC (compared to 7.9 /3 for 316
stainless steel, 8.3 /3 for cast CoCrMo, and
9.2 /3 for wrought CoNiCrMo alloys) and has
good mechano-chemical properties; which are
salient features for implant application.
Titanium is an allotropic material that exists as
a hexagonal close- packed structure (-Ti) up to
882oC and a body-centered cubic structure (-Ti)
above that temperature.

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

19

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4
Biomaterials

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TI

ALLOYS

The addition of alloying elements to titanium

enables it to have a wide range of properties:

1.

Aluminum tends to stabilize the phase, that

is, increase the transformation temperature
from to phase.

2.

Vanadium stabilizes the phase by lowering

the temperature of the transformation from to
.

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

20

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

The alloys have single-phase microstructure

which promotes good weldability.
The stabilizing effect of the high aluminum
content of these groups of alloys makes for
excellent strength characteristics and oxidation
resistance at high temperature (300600C).

Biomaterials

Module 4

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TI

ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

21

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

MECHANICALPROPERTIES OF TI
ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

22

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

MECHANICALPROPERTIES OF TI
ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

23

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

MECHANICALPROPERTIES OF TI
ALLOYS

Titanium derives its resistance to corrosion by

Module 4

the formation of a solid oxide layer.

Under in vivo conditions the oxide (TiO2) is the

only stable reaction product.

The oxide layer forms a thin adherent film and

Biomaterials

passivates the material.

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

24

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

MANUFACTURE OF TI IMPLANTS
1.

Titanium is very reactive at high temperature

Module 4

and burns readily in the presence of oxygen.

2.

It therefore requires an inert atmosphere for

high-temperature processing or is processed by
vacuum melting.

Biomaterials

3.

Oxygen diffuses readily in titanium, and the

dissolved oxygen embrittles the metal. As a

result any hot-working or forging operation
should be carried out below

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

925oC.

25

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

MANUFACTURE OF TI IMPLANTS
4.

Very sharp tools with slow speeds and large

5.

Electrochemical machining is an attractive

means.

Biomaterials

Module 4

feeds are used for making Ti Implants

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

26

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

MANUFACTURE OF TI IMPLANTS
6.

Titanium is a very reactive metal; therefore its surface may

Module 4

be modified in some ways

7.

There are four general types of treatments available. Firstly,

the oxide layer may be enhanced by a suitable oxidizing

treatment such as anodizing.

8.

Secondly, the surface can be hardened by the diffusion of

Biomaterials

interstitial atoms into surface layers

9.

Thirdly, the flame spraying of metals (such as molybdenum)

or metal oxides onto the surface may be employed.

10.

Finally, other metals may be electroplated onto the surface.

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

27

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

MANUFACTURE OF TI IMPLANTS
6.

Titanium is a very reactive metal; therefore its surface may

Module 4

be modified in some ways

7.

There are four general types of treatments available. Firstly,

the oxide layer may be enhanced by a suitable oxidizing

treatment such as anodizing.

8.

Secondly, the surface can be hardened by the diffusion of

Biomaterials

interstitial atoms into surface layers

9.

Thirdly, the flame spraying of metals (such as molybdenum)

or metal oxides onto the surface may be employed.

10.

Finally, other metals may be electroplated onto the surface.

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

28

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

APPLICATIONS OF TI IMPLANTS
Orthopaedic Implants

Biomaterials

Module 4

Titanium is commonly used in orthopaedic implants such as

joint replacements and bone pins, plates and screws.

Implant components for a total hip replacement

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

29

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

APPLICATIONS OF TI IMPLANTS
Orthopaedic Implants

On the left is the femoral stem made of a titanium alloy.

The long round section fits down into the thigh bone or
femur. The white section is a hydroxyapatite coating to

Biomaterials

encourage bone bonding to the implant.

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

30

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

APPLICATIONS OF TI IMPLANTS
Orthopaedic Implants

Total knee replacement prosthesis.

Biomaterials

Module 4

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

31

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Dental Applications

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

APPLICATIONS OF TI IMPLANTS

Titanium pins and posts are used to secure dental implants. They
use threaded fixtures to secure them into the jaw.

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

32

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

These are referred as cobalt chromium alloys.

Two basic types are there CoCrMo (used to cast a product)

CoNiCrMo .which is usually wrought.

Module 4

Semester: III

CO BASED ALLOYS

The castable CoCrMo has been used for many decades in

Biomaterials

dentistry and in making artificial joints.

The wrought CoNiCrMo alloy is a newcomer now used for

making stems of prostesis for heavily loaded applications

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

33

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

CO BASED ALLOYS

ASTM List four types of Co Based Alloys for Medical

1.

Cast CoCrMo Alloy

2.

Wrought CoCrWNi alloy

3.

Wrought CoNiCrMo

4.

Wrought CoNiCrMoWFe

Biomaterials

Module 4

Applications

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

34

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CO BASED

ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

35

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4
Biomaterials

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CO BASED

ALLOYS

65 wt% is Cobalt and the remained is

chromium.

Mo is added to produce finer grains, which

results in higher strengths after casting and
forging.
Most promising Co based alloy is CoNiCrMo alloy
called MP35N (Standard Steel pressed Co.)

Contains 35 wt% Co Ni each

Has higher degree of corrosion resistance in
sea water
Cold working further increases strength

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

36

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Relation between Tensile Strength and the

amount of cold work for CoNiCrMo alloy

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CO BASED

ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

37

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

PROPERTIES OF CO BASED ALLOYS

Module 4

The abrasive properties of wrought

CoNiCrMo alloys are similar to those of the
cast CoCrMo alloy

0.14mm/year

Biomaterials

CoCrMo not recommended for bearign surfaces

like joint prosthesis because of its reduced
frictional properties

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

38

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

PROPERTIES OF CO BASED ALLOYS

Superiors fatigues, UTS makes CoNiCrMo

Module 4

alloy

suitable

for

long

service

life

applications.

Increased

strength

is

accompanies

by

decreased ductility.
Biomaterials

Both

cast

and

wrought

variety

have

excellent corrosion resistance

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

39

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CO
BASED ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

40

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4
Biomaterials

NI RELEASE IN CO BASED ALLOYS

Rate of Ni Release in studied fro CoNiCrMo alloy
and Stainless steel
Temp 37degC, In Ringers Solution

Ringer's solution is the name given to a solution of

several salts dissolved in water for the purpose of
creating an isotonic solution relative to the bodily
fluids of an animal.
Ringer's
solution
typically
contains
sodium
chloride,
potassium
chloride,
calcium
chloride and sodium bicarbonate

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

41

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

NI RELEASE IN CO BASED ALLOYS

Rate of Ni Release 3 1010 2 per day

Co alloys contains three times more Ni as compared to Steel

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

42

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Lost Wax or Investment Casting

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

MANUFACTURE OF CO BASED ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

43

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Lost Wax or Investment Casting

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

MANUFACTURE OF CO BASED ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

44

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

MANUFACTURE OF CO BASED ALLOYS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

45

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

DENTAL METALS
Dental Amalgam
Alloy containing component metal mercury
Why mercury?
Mercury is liquid at RT, reacts easily with
other metals to for a mass that can be filled
It hardens as time passes on.

Biomaterials

Material is deformable and easily gets

packed into the tooth as an excellent tooth
filling materials

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

46

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4
Biomaterials

DENTAL METALS
AMALGAM consists of an alloy materials and
mercury

Alloy materials consists of at least 65% silver, and

not more than 29% tin, 6% copper, 2% zinc and 3%
mercury

45 to 55 % Mercury
Strength of restoration increases as time passes
on
Attains one quarter of its final strentgh in first
hour
Final strength after 1 Day

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

47

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

48

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

49

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Biomaterials

Module 4

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

50

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III
Module 4

DENTAL METALS
GOLD
Gold is used in dentistry because of their
Durability
Stability
Corrosion Resistance

Biomaterials

Gold fillings introduced by Casting and

Malleting

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

51

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS
Cast Restoration involves

Module 4

Taking Wax impression of prepared cavity

Making a mold from the impression by using

gypsum silica

Biomaterials

Casting molten gold into the mold

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

52

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS
Gold alloys are used for cast restorations since

Module 4

They have excellent mechanical properties as

compared to Gold
Excellent Corrosion resistance if 75 w% is of gold
and other noble metals.

Biomaterials

Copper is also used with gold to increase

strength.
Platinum is also used, but not more than 4% as
this cause elevation in melting point

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

53

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

Gold alloys of different compositions are

available
83% Gold are used for Inlays that are not
subjected to much stress

Biomaterials

Module 4

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

54

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Harder Alloys are used with gold for crowns

and cusps

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

55

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Harder Alloys are used with gold for crowns

and cusps

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

56

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Harder Alloys are used with gold for crowns

and cusps

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

57

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS
Malleted Restorations are done used gold foils

Module 4

Layers of foils are welded together by pressure at

RT.
Metal layers join by diffusion of atoms from one
layer to another

Biomaterials

Intimate contact is required else this may lead to

contamination
Malleted Restorations not used for excessive
stress dental areas

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

58

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS
Malleted Restorations are done used gold foils

Module 4

Layers of foils are welded together by pressure at

RT.
Metal layers join by diffusion of atoms from one
layer to another

Biomaterials

Intimate contact is required else this may lead to

contamination
Malleted Restorations not used for excessive
stress dental areas

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

59

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS
Nickel Titanium Alloys (Nitinol)

Module 4

These are shape memory alloys shows Shape

Memory Effect Property

SME

was

first

observed

in

US

Naval

Ordnance Factory

Biomaterials

Nitinol exhibits an excellent Thermoeleastic

Property

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

60

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Nitinol exhibits following property

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

61

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Nitinol exhibits following property

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

62

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Nitinol exhibits following property

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

63

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Nitinol used in orthodontic Arch Wires

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

64

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Nitinol used in Arterial Blood vessel stents

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

65

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.

Nitinol used in Orthopaedic Implants

Biomaterials

Module 4

Semester: III

DENTAL METALS

Prof. Arunkumar Ram

Case Studies???

66

Dept. of Biomedical Engg.