Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
EPSL-09192; No of Pages 10
Emily R. Johnson a,, Paul J. Wallace a, Katharine V. Cashman a, Hugo Delgado Granados b, Adam Kent c
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Article history:
Received 14 September 2007
Received in revised form 27 February 2008
Accepted 1 March 2008
Available online xxxx
Editor: R.W. Carlson
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1. Introduction
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Monogenetic basaltic cinder cones are abundant on Earth and exhibit a wide range of eruptive styles,
including violent explosions. However, the mechanisms driving explosive cinder cone eruptions are still
poorly understood. Here we investigate relations between volatiles, degassing, and crystallization in a longlived, historical, cinder cone eruption to better understand the plumbing systems of monogenetic volcanoes.
We present volatile (H2O, CO2, S, Cl), major, and trace element data for olivine-hosted melt inclusions,
estimates of olivine residence times based on FeMg zoning, and measurements of groundmass crystallinity
for tephra from the eruption of Volcn Jorullo, Mexico. Jorullo melt inclusions trapped some of the most
volatile-rich (5.3 wt.% H2O, 1000 ppm CO2), primitive (10.5 wt.% MgO) melts yet measured in an arc
setting, as well as more degassed, evolved compositions. Furthermore, the melt inclusions record temporal
changes in both melt composition and crystallization. Early erupted inclusions are Mg-rich and record
variable trapping pressures (10400 MPa), whereas late inclusions were trapped only shallowly beneath the
volcano (319 MPa) and contain increasingly evolved melts. Disparities between the compositions of the
melt inclusions and the whole-rock lava samples provide evidence for a two-stage crystallization process:
1) cooling-induced fractionation of amphibole + olivine clinopyroxene in the lower crust, which drove the
bulk melt evolution over time; and 2) degassing-induced crystallization of melts during ascent at pressures
b 400 MPa. Additionally, olivine residence times calculated from diffusion proles suggest that as the
eruption progressed, olivine crystals were being stored for longer periods of time (up to 1300 days) within
more evolved melts that had risen from depth. These data, taken together with temporal decreases in
crystallization depths and increases in groundmass crystallinity, suggest the formation of a shallow reservoir
(or simply an enlarged region of the conduit) beneath the volcano late in the eruption. Shallow storage
permitted degassing and crystallization of the Jorullo melts, and facilitated assimilation of the host rock by
the resident magma.
2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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Keywords:
melt inclusions
volatiles
degassing
crystallization
basalt
cinder cone
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Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 541 337 0693; fax: +1 541 346 4692.
E-mail address: ejohns10@uoregon.edu (E.R. Johnson).
lization (e.g., Sisson and Layne, 1993; Mtrich et al., 2001; Roggensack,
2001; Atlas et al., 2006; Blundy et al., 2006). However, most studies
have focused on persistently active, larger volcanoes, often with
evolved melt compositions.
Our research focuses on high-Mg basaltic magmas from a cinder
cone eruption. Cinder cones are the most numerous volcanoes on land
(Vespermann and Schmincke, 2002), and due to their small volumes
and relatively short eruption durations (~1 day to 15 yr), the magmas
often undergo limited evolution by fractional crystallization and
assimilation. In spite of their relative abundance, the hazards posed by
cinder cone eruptions are commonly underestimated, and the
eruption processes that form cinder cones are not well understood.
Most cinder cone eruptions are brief (b1 yr; Wood, 1980) and the
magmas do not evolve over the course of the eruption. Longer lived
eruptions, like Jorullo and Parcutin in Mexico (15 and 9 yr,
Please cite this article as: Johnson, E.R., et al., Magmatic volatile contents and degassing-induced crystallization at Volcn Jorullo, Mexico:
Implications for melt evolution and the plumbing systems..., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.004
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E.R. Johnson et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters xxx (2008) xxx-xxx
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Fig. 1. Map of Jorullo and surrounding area, modied from Luhr and Carmichael (1985). Squares mark locations of the two tephra sections used in this study; the 2004 section contains
the Early (in contact with the paleosol) and Middle samples, and the more complete 2006 section contains the Late sample. Inset shows plate tectonic boundaries associated with
the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, with major volcanoes shown as dots.
Please cite this article as: Johnson, E.R., et al., Magmatic volatile contents and degassing-induced crystallization at Volcn Jorullo, Mexico:
Implications for melt evolution and the plumbing systems..., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.004
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t1:1
OF
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Table 1
Corrected melt inclusion oxides and volatiles, host olivine compositions, and inclusion entrapment pressures
Group inclusion
Early
1
Early
12_1
Early
12_2
Early
12_3
Early
13_1
Early
13_2
Early
14
Early
17_1
Early
17_2
Early
17_A
Early
20
Early
23
Early
24
Early
28
Early
29_1
Early
29_3
t1:4
t1:5
t1:6
t1:7
t1:8
t1:9
t1:10
t1:11
t1:12
t1:13
t1:14
t1:15
t1:16
t1:17
t1:18
t1:19
t1:20
t1:21
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeOT
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
H2O
CO2 ppm
S ppm
Cl ppm
Total
P (bars)
Olivine (Fo%)
%PEC
51.15
0.79
15.66
7.84
0.15
10.51
9.20
3.74
0.77
0.18
0.9
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1149
1103
99.17
343
91.1
14.2
51.54
0.68
16.77
7.38
0.13
9.23
9.34
4.13
0.65
0.15
4.7
243
1195
1179
97.05
2542
90.3
6.9
52.06
0.63
17.25
7.30
0.06
9.00
8.57
4.20
0.77
0.16
2.5
207
1379
1197
97.18
1064
89.9
12.4
51.58
0.75
16.96
7.36
0.08
9.44
8.91
4.04
0.73
0.15
4.2
915
1751
1239
96.28
3445
90.4
10.6
50.60
0.88
18.90
7.65
0.08
7.75
8.92
4.26
0.81
0.16
3.4
1591
1285
97.07
1152
88.4
3.5
50.11
0.75
19.46
7.26
0.21
7.43
9.21
4.59
0.83
0.16
n.a.
n.a.
1560
1406
98.22
n.a.
88.4
4.4
50.93
0.67
17.15
7.46
0.02
9.99
9.01
3.89
0.70
0.17
1.2
307
1718
1381
97.50
808
90.5
17.9
52.90
0.74
16.44
7.47
0.10
9.29
8.28
4.01
0.65
0.13
5.4
805
1751
1239
96.18
4027
90.1
9.1
51.32
0.80
17.21
7.52
0.10
9.64
8.55
4.04
0.67
0.15
2.6
692
1665
1308
96.14
2080
90.3
12.5
51.19
0.74
17.46
7.41
0.04
9.25
8.93
4.17
0.68
0.14
n.a.
n.a.
2066
1286
95.42
n.a.
90.1
9.7
51.22
0.88
16.74
7.55
0.15
9.91
9.14
3.60
0.61
0.19
1.5
594
1847
1267
95.34
1481
90.5
11.6
50.63
0.75
17.15
7.56
0.07
10.03
8.96
4.00
0.66
0.19
3.8
988
1882
1196
94.10
3444
90.7
10
49.89
0.73
17.87
7.62
0.05
10.46
8.60
3.92
0.72
0.14
2.2
1776
1185
95.88
515
90.6
20.6
51.57
0.65
16.63
7.48
0.10
9.82
8.55
4.25
0.84
0.12
1.0
688
1105
96.99
101
90.0
18
51.01
0.76
17.69
7.65
0.14
8.69
8.92
4.21
0.77
0.16
2.9
358
1737
1176
96.36
1668
89.3
8.5
50.26
0.71
17.55
7.57
0.09
9.56
9.21
4.21
0.66
0.16
3.4
556
1644
1206
96.72
2309
90.2
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Group inclusion
Middle 4
Middle 5
Middle 6
Middle 7_1
Middle 10
Late 1
Late 3_1
Late 3_2
Late 4
Late 5
Late p1
Late p2
Late p3a
t1:23
t1:24
t1:25
t1:26
t1:27
t1:28
t1:29
t1:30
t1:31
t1:32
t1:33
t1:34
t1:35
t1:36
t1:37
t1:39
t1:40
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeOT
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
H2O
CO2 ppm
S ppm
Cl ppm
Total
P (bars)
Olivine (Fo%)
%PEC
52.92
0.76
17.42
7.48
0.12
7.26
9.05
4.02
0.82
0.15
1.4
1407
910
99.47
186
88.2
4.8
52.99
0.88
18.09
6.75
0.11
6.53
8.87
4.45
1.15
0.17
0.5
1299
1247
102.86
24
88.0
6.7
50.15
0.90
20.14
6.79
0.10
5.97
10.61
4.32
0.83
0.20
1.1
2040
1094
97.24
115
86.6
2.0
50.24
0.89
19.69
7.07
0.12
6.93
9.70
4.30
0.84
0.21
1.1
1786
1127
99.93
121
88.4
3.8
51.70
0.76
20.32
6.92
0.07
6.80
7.28
5.06
0.93
0.17
0.8
1781
1419
100.11
62
87.3
11.2
51.34
0.98
19.83
6.76
0.08
6.06
9.71
4.29
0.74
0.22
0.5
1442
1239
100.10
26
86.7
4.5
52.54
0.95
19.07
7.07
0.15
5.83
8.96
4.34
0.85
0.23
0.8
1143
1162
100.01
64
85.6
5.9
55.21
1.12
18.02
6.69
0.03
5.53
8.29
4.07
0.85
0.20
0.8
74
1020
99.25
65
85.6
6.4
53.66
0.88
18.01
7.47
0.06
5.91
8.13
4.66
1.02
0.20
0.8
918
994
99.39
68
84.9
8.1
51.95
0.84
20.42
6.68
0.10
5.15
9.55
4.24
0.83
0.24
1.0
1490
1065
98.51
87
85.0
1.6
50.66
1.06
20.25
6.89
0.08
6.15
9.50
4.50
0.72
0.19
n.a.
n.a.
2106
1298
100.02
n.a.
86.7
4.1
54.13
0.98
18.59
6.73
0.06
6.05
8.26
4.28
0.75
0.17
n.a.
n.a.
1477
1206
100.00
n.a.
86.2
11.8
55.14
0.91
17.87
6.76
0.04
6.06
8.72
3.72
0.60
0.17
n.a.
n.a.
1479
936
99.96
n.a.
86.8
2.3
t1:41
Total = sum of all oxides plus S and Cl in original (uncorrected) microprobe analyses, %PEC = wt.% post-entrapment crystallization. All melt inclusion data were corrected for postentrapment crystallization (%PEC) of olivine (Sobelev and Chaussidon, 1996) and diffusive loss of Fe (Danyushevsky et al., 2000; see Supplementary material). Major element oxides
reported are normalized to 100% on a volatile-free basis. The average standard deviation (absolute) based on multiple (24 points) analyses is as follows: SiO2: 0.27, Al2O3: 0.20, FeO:
0.16, MgO: 0.22, CaO: 0.36, Na2O: 0.27, K2O: 0.03, TiO2: 0.10, MnO: 0.05, P2O5: 0.03, S: 0.009, Cl: 0.006.
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Please cite this article as: Johnson, E.R., et al., Magmatic volatile contents and degassing-induced crystallization at Volcn Jorullo, Mexico:
Implications for melt evolution and the plumbing systems..., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.004
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E.R. Johnson et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters xxx (2008) xxx-xxx
MELTS and pMELTS (Ghiorso and Sack, 1995; Asimow and Ghiorso,
1998; Ghiorso et al., 2002).
To track changes in crystallinity of the melts throughout the
eruption we took images of the groundmass from the three
representative tephra layers. Images were collected using an FEI
Quanta scanning electron microscope (SEM) at the University of
Oregon. These images were then analyzed using SCION image analysis
software to calculate the groundmass crystallinity and the size (crystal
area) of groundmass microlites for each sample.
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4. Results
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of 296 L/mol cm was calculated following Dixon and Pan (1995). Based
on uncertainties in thickness measurements and absorbance values,
average 1 standard deviation uncertainty in H2O is 0.2 wt.% and in
CO2 80 ppm. The background subtraction procedure that we used for
the carbonate peaks is described in Roberge et al. (2005).
We measured compositional proles across zoned olivine crystals
by electron microprobe. We calculated residence times for the olivine
crystals predicated on the assumption that the zoning was produced
by a magma mixing event (discussed in Section 5.5), and followed the
methods of Costa and Chakraborty (2004). We used the simple, 1-D
diffusion equation:
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Fig. 2. Major elements vs. MgO for Jorullo melt inclusions, tephra groundmass glass,
bulk tephra, and lava whole-rock samples (lava analyses are from Luhr and Carmichael,
1985). In both gures, MELTS calculations (see Fig. 8) indicate that olivine-only
crystallization explains much of the range in MgO, K2O, and CaO whereas some
inclusions record plagioclase clinopyroxene crystallization. The MELTS calculations
were done to simulate a probable ascent path (varying both pressure and temperature),
the solid line shows an ascent path with greater cooling than the path of the dotted line.
In contrast, the bulk melt evolution, as shown by the lava trend, corresponds to
fractionation of 17.3 wt.% amphibole + 6.7 wt.% olivine (thick dashed line), based on
major element modeling. Also shown are the average standard deviations based on
multiple analyses per sample.
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h pi
C C1 Co C1 4 erf x= 2 D4t
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Fig. 3. Trace element analyses for melt inclusions (laser ablation ICP-MS) and bulk
tephra (ICP-MS). Fig. 3a shows Ba vs. La and Fig. 3b shows Zr vs. Y. Both gures show a
solid line representing 40% fractionation (an upper limit of crystallization, as suggested
by Fig. 9) and an analysis of the La Huacana granite bedrock (Luhr and Carmichael,
1985). Light gray bands indicate mixing between the Jorullo melts and the granite,
suggesting a role for assimilation in the later melts.
Please cite this article as: Johnson, E.R., et al., Magmatic volatile contents and degassing-induced crystallization at Volcn Jorullo, Mexico:
Implications for melt evolution and the plumbing systems..., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.004
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density curves for olivine core compositions from the lava ows (Luhr
and Carmichael, 1985) and the tephra throughout the eruption.
Olivine from the early and middle tephra are overall more forsteriterich than olivine from the early and middle lava ows, suggested they
were erupted prior to effusion of the lavas. The olivine cores exhibit an
increasing compositional range from the early tephra (Fo8891) to the
late tephra (Fo8388) to the latest lava ows (Fo7387).
Olivine crystals from both the tephra and lava ows are normally
zoned (Fig. 5). Zoned rims range from abrupt in the early tephra (Fig. 5a)
to more gradual in the late tephra (Fig. 5b), suggesting that crystals may
have resided in more evolved magmas for varying lengths of time. Using
transects across these zoned crystals and the equations described earlier,
we have modeled the zoning proles (solid lines, Figs. 5a, b) and the
corresponding residence times for olivine from the early, middle and late
stages of the eruption. We calculate a range of olivine residence times,
from ~10200 days for the early-erupted olivine to ~801300 days for
the late-erupted olivine (Fig. 5c). Implications for these residence times
are discussed in Section 5.5.
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increasing K2O (0.81.1 wt.%). Groundmass glasses have low MgO (3.7
4.3 wt.%) and higher K2O (1.31.6 wt.%), indicating that extensive
crystallization occurred after melt inclusion entrapment. Importantly,
the lavas show increases in K2O and decreases in CaO with decreasing
MgO that differ from many of the melt inclusions. These deviations
imply differences in magmatic processes for lavas and melt inclusions,
and the signicance of this will be discussed in Section 5.3.
Melt inclusion incompatible trace element concentrations also
generally increase from the early to late stages of the eruption (Fig. 3).
While some elements show steady increases from early to late in the
eruption, several elements seem to be anomalously enriched in the
late melt inclusions. Similar enrichments were seen in some trace
elements in the late-stage lavas (Luhr and Carmichael, 1985).
The bulk tephra analyses from the early, middle and late tephra
layers are all less evolved than the earliest lavas (Fig. 2), suggesting
that the preserved tephra sequence that we sampled may have been
erupted prior to most, if not all, of the lava ows. This interpretation is
supported by descriptions of the eruption that suggest that the early
phases of activity were mainly explosive and that lava ows may not
have issued from the cone until the eruption was in its fth year
(Gadow, 1930). An alternative possibility is that the proximal tephra
deposits that we sampled were enriched in dense olivine relative to
the lower density, vesicular pyroclasts ejected during eruption and
fallout of the tephra.
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Fig. 4. Probability density curves for olivine core compositions from tephra (lower) and
lava (upper; Luhr and Carmichael, 1985), where E = Early, M = Middle, L = Late (for
olivine from both tephra and lava), and LS = latest (lava). These plots illustrate the
general decrease in olivine core Fo-content throughout the eruption. Early and middle
tephra samples appear to correspond to an earlier phase of the eruption based on high
olivine Fo-content and the narrow range of olivine compositions, and the primitive
composition of bulk tephra. Observations of the eruption that describe explosive
activity only during the rst few years of the eruption (Gadow, 1930) and a thinning of
tephra onto the earliest lava ows support this interpretation. The early phase of
erupted lava appears to correlate roughly with our middle to late tephra.
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The tephra groundmass contains abundant microlites of plagioclase, as well as minor olivine and clinopyroxene (Fig. 7a, b). Measurements of microlite abundance in the groundmass from the
three tephra layers show a slight increase in crystallinity from early
(41% 1%, average 1 s.e.) to late (47% 2%) in the eruption (Fig. 7c).
Additionally, there are notable increases in microlite size (area), as
seen visually in the comparison of the early groundmass (Fig. 7a) and
late groundmass (Fig. 7b). The average size of olivine and clinopyroxene crystals increases from 60 13 m2 (early) to 145 13 m2 (late),
and the average size of plagioclase laths increases from 124 7 m2
(early) to 180 20 m2 (late) (Fig. 7d).
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Please cite this article as: Johnson, E.R., et al., Magmatic volatile contents and degassing-induced crystallization at Volcn Jorullo, Mexico:
Implications for melt evolution and the plumbing systems..., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.004
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Spilliaert et al., 2006). The low H2O, high CO2 inclusions could result
from several processes, including disequilibrium degassing of melts
before entrapment (Gonnermann and Manga, 2005) or post-entrap-
ment diffusive loss of H2 of H2O through the melt inclusion host 308
crystals. The former process is difcult to evaluate because of the lack 309
of data on H2O and CO2 diffusivities in hydrous basaltic melts (Baker 310
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Fig. 5. Olivine zoning and residence time calculations. Fig. 5a and b show representative electron microprobe transects from core-to-rim for early and late olivine crystals,
respectively. Also shown are modeled diffusion proles (thick solid lines). Fig. 5c shows the calculated residence times for olivine from the early, middle and late stages of the tephra
section. Fig. 5d illustrates the positive relationship between olivine residence time and olivine core composition from the late olivine samples. This suggests that earlier, less evolved
melts crystallized olivine that then resided for potentially long periods of time in more evolved melts. Standard deviations were calculated based on multiple transects and models,
but error bars are smaller than the symbol size.
Fig. 6. Melt inclusion CO2 vs. H2O for early (diamonds), middle (squares), and late (triangles) samples. Also shown are calculated vapor saturation isobars, open and closed-system
degassing paths, and vapor isopleths for 40, 60 and 80% CO2, all calculated using VolatileCalc (Newman and Lowenstern, 2002). For many inclusions, the pressures based on dissolved
H2O and CO2 are minimum values because the inclusions contain a small shrinkage vapor bubble (formed post-entrapment) that contains some additional CO2. However, most low
H2O, low CO2 inclusions contain no such shrinkage bubble. The average standard deviation was calculated based on multiple analyses per inclusion.
Please cite this article as: Johnson, E.R., et al., Magmatic volatile contents and degassing-induced crystallization at Volcn Jorullo, Mexico:
Implications for melt evolution and the plumbing systems..., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.004
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Fig. 7. Groundmass crystallinity from SEM image analyses. a and b show images of groundmass tephra from the early and late tephra samples, respectively. c shows the average
crystallinity for early, middle and late samples based on SCION image analysis estimates. d shows an increase in size of groundmass plagioclase from early to late in the eruption,
where size is the area of a groundmass crystal as calculated using SCION image analysis software. Error bars show 1 standard error based on analysis of multiple images for each
sample.
Fig. 8. Phase diagram for early Jorullo melt composition (10.5 wt.% MgO) constructed
using MELTS (Ghiorso and Sack, 1995; Asimow and Ghiorso, 1998) and pMELTS (Ghiorso
et al., 2002). Circle with cross indicates hypothetical starting melt based on the highest
melt inclusion entrapment pressure of 400 MPa with 5.3 wt.% H2O. The adiabatic ascent
path was calculated using MELTS and pMELTS and includes the effects of crystallization,
gas exsolution, and gas expansion; the widening at low pressures reects variability
between the two models. Amphibole liquidus region is based on experimental studies
by Holloway (1973), Holloway and Ford (1975), Moore and Carmichael (1998), Grove et
al. (2003), and Nicholis and Rutherford (2004).
Please cite this article as: Johnson, E.R., et al., Magmatic volatile contents and degassing-induced crystallization at Volcn Jorullo, Mexico:
Implications for melt evolution and the plumbing systems..., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.004
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Fig. 9. Pressure (MPa) vs. K2O for melt inclusions and groundmass glasses. Pressures for
melt inclusions were calculated based on dissolved CO2 and H2O (Fig. 6) using the
VolatileCalc solubility model (Newman and Lowenstern, 2002). Percent total crystallization required to relate various compositions to the parental melt is calculated
assuming that K2O is perfectly incompatible. Also shown is the calculated MELTS ascent
path, which predicts 48% total crystallization and correlates very well with the data
(gray circle). Error bars show 1 standard deviation based on multiple analyses. Where
not shown, error is smaller than symbol size.
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Please cite this article as: Johnson, E.R., et al., Magmatic volatile contents and degassing-induced crystallization at Volcn Jorullo, Mexico:
Implications for melt evolution and the plumbing systems..., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.004
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While it seems that most of the bulk melt evolution can be explained
by fractionation of amphibole + olivine clinopyroxene at depth, there is
also evidence for shallow assimilation of granitic bedrock (Rubin et al.,
2004). Granitic xenoliths were erupted in several of the middle and late
lava ows at Jorullo, and in some localities are quite abundant.
Disaggregated xenoliths in the lavas and the presence of plagioclase
and quartz xenocrysts in thin section suggest efcient consumption of
the granites by the Jorullo magmas. Additionally, some trace elements
are far more enriched in the late melt inclusions and bulk lavas (Luhr and
Carmichael, 1985) than would be expected from simple fractionation.
Fig. 3 shows trace element data for melt inclusions and bulk tephra. The
early and middle samples show increases in trace elements (Ba, La, Zr, Y)
that t well with simple fractionation (solid line). However, the late melt
inclusions and late bulk tephra show enrichments in some elements
(La, Zr, Y) that do not t with the modeled 40% crystal fractionation. Also
plotted in these gures are analyses of the La Huacana granite that
comprises the bedrock around Jorullo and the xenoliths present in the
lava ows; mixing between this granite and Jorullo melts can explain the
enrichments in the later samples. Furthermore, these data suggest that
the plumbing system at Jorullo evolved such that efcient assimilation of
the shallow granite occurred, lending additional support to the
development of a shallow storage region late in the eruption.
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Olivine crystals in both the tephra and lava ows (Luhr and
Carmichael, 1985) show Fo-rich cores with more evolved rims. Most
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This research gives new insight into the volatile content, crystallization processes, and plumbing system evolution of a cinder cone
volcano. The eruption of Jorullo is the longest historically recorded
cinder cone eruption, during which time the melts evolved. By
comparing the bulk lava record (Luhr and Carmichael, 1985) to the
melt inclusion record, we have found evidence for a multi-stage
crystallization history at Jorullo. The melt inclusions record extensive
crystallization in the upper crust driven by ascent, degassing, and gas
streaming, whereas the bulk lava and tephra compositions record
deeper fractionation processes. Primitive, volatile-rich magma likely
rose from the mantle beneath Jorullo, stalled and cooled in the lower
crust, where it fractionated amphibole + olivine during the 15-yr
eruption. Such cryptic amphibole fractionation in the lower arc crust
has recently been suggested by Davidson et al. (2007) to be a
widespread phenomenon.
Whereas this initial stage of fractionation was likely driven by deep
cooling, the Jorullo melt inclusions record evidence for crystallization
driven by degassing during magma ascent. The early Jorullo melts rose
from depth, likely in a complex network of dikes and sills, and
crystallized olivine from 16 km to the near-surface (calculated assuming
upper crustal density of 2600 kg/m3). Olivine crystallized at pressures of
200400 MPa due to uxing of CO2-rich gases through the conduit
system, which forced melts to degas H2O, and thus placed the melts
below the relevant H2O-undersaturated olivine-in curves. Subsequent
degassing under near H2O-saturated conditions as the melts rose
induced further crystallization. The later-erupted melt inclusions record
a signicant change in the plumbing system, with olivine crystallization
localized very shallowly beneath the volcano (80700 m) and the
addition of plagioclase clinopyroxene as crystallizing phases.
The shallowing of olivine crystallization depths, combined with both
the extensive crystallization recorded by the groundmass and the
increasing olivine residence times indicated by diffusion proles,
suggest that a shallow reservoir developed as the eruption of Jorullo
progressed, facilitating degassing, crystallization, and melt storage. A
similar shallow degassing region was suggested by Krauskopf (1948) to
explain the extrusion of degassed lava laterally from the base of
Parcutin. This model would also hold for Jorullo, as degassed lavas
effused from the base of the cone for much of the eruption. Additionally,
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olivine from the early and middle tephra have broad homogeneous
cores and narrow, normally zoned rims. Olivine from the late tephra
have more gradual normal zoning. We interpret the narrowness of the
zoned rims in early and middle tephra to be the result of magma
mixing or entrainment of earlier formed crystals by less Mg-rich melts
just before eruption. Additionally, early olivine crystallized at a wide
range of depths but were deposited within the same tephra layer, or
eruptive unit. This suggests that olivine from various levels of the
plumbing system were re-entrained by the evolving melts rising from
depth, consistent with the Jorullo bulk melt evolution driven by
amphibole + olivine fractionation in the middle to lower crust.
The olivine residence time data (Fig. 5c, d) also support the formation of a shallow reservoir or storage system as the eruption
progressed. The range of timescales for olivine storage increases from
early to late in the eruption, suggesting that longer storage of crystals
is facilitated late in the eruption by such a reservoir. Additionally, the
observed correlation in the late-erupted olivine between crystal
residence time and olivine core compositions (Fig. 5d) suggests that
the olivine with more Fo-rich cores crystallized far earlier in the
eruption (with residence times up to 1300 days), and then resided at
shallow levels (based on the low entrapment pressures of middle and
late melt inclusions) in a more evolved melt. Together, these data
require the development of a region for long-term (months to years)
crystal and melt storage at shallow levels, and support the idea of deep
melt evolution followed by shallow olivine-dominated crystallization.
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Please cite this article as: Johnson, E.R., et al., Magmatic volatile contents and degassing-induced crystallization at Volcn Jorullo, Mexico:
Implications for melt evolution and the plumbing systems..., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.004
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Acknowledgements
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Implications for melt evolution and the plumbing systems..., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.004
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